A

Seminar
ON
Practical training
Taken at
“ AKASHVANI, NEW DELHI ”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
Electronics & communication

( 2009-2010)

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr. YOGESH BHOMIA ASHISH PANDEY
(HOD) ROLL NO: 10
ECE, A.I.ET

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR
 AKASHVANI,
A.I.R
some facts
All India Radio is the first and the foremost radio broadcaster of
the nation.
AIR today has a network of 232 broadcasting centers with 149
medium frequency(mw), 54 high frequency (SW) and 171 FM
transmitters.
The coverage is 91.79% of the area , serving 99.14% of the
people in the largest democracy of the world.
AIR covers 24 languages and 146 dialects in home services. In
external services, it covers 27 languages; 17 national and 10
foreign languages
 Causes to choose AIR as
training provider are :
To get a practical knowledge about various communication
related theory.
To get a practical domain view of what I studied till now.
To gain an insight in topics like Sat. Comm. ,Broadcasting, uplink
chain, downlink chain…….
A chance to know about practical implementations of A.M & F.M
signals.
To analyze various modulation techniques.
To get an overview of networking between different fields of
engineering.
 IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF
A.I.R
The studio and related components,
The server room, and
The Satellite communication.
In a general view we can call that, the
signals i.e. various programs are produced at
the studios and then transmitted through the
satellite communication medium ,in-between
them server room provides the important
operations.
The studio & its
Interconnections
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Second level
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● Fifth level
 Typical diagram of a
console
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● Fifth level
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A Control booth controlling the studios and

signals in digital format to next level.
Master Switching
SecondRoom
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level
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● Fifth level
Monitoring in MSR
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 Flow of information within
the network
Stu Control Master Satellite Transmitter
dios Booth Switching Link (STL)
Room
 Server Room
If studios are the heart of New Broadcasting House then
Server room is the brain of New Broadcasting House.
All the 150 computers in the entire building are connected to
the server room as clients.
All the clients are not connected to the central switch
directly. Instead, many mini LAN rooms have been provided
on various floors of the building to which these clients are
connected.
These rooms in turn are connected to the central switch.
There are 7 such mini LAN rooms. Central switch are
connected to LAN room by OFC while clients are connected
to LAN rooms by RJ-45 lines.
Special lease line provided by VSNL.
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Second level
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● Fifth level
 Satellite
Communication
Satellite Communication is the outcome of the desire of man to achieve the concept of global village. Penetration of
frequencies beyond 30 Mega Hertz through ionosphere force people to think that if an object (Reflector) could be
placed in the space above ionosphere then it could be possible to use complete spectrum for communication
purpose.

This is only means which can provide multi access two way communication.

The cost of transmitting information through satellite is independent of distance involved.

Satellites are capable of handling very high bandwidth. Normally any satellite can accommodate about 500 MHz in C
Band. For example the bandwidth of INSAT-I is 480 MHz in C Band and 80 MHz in S Band. INSAT-II has a
bandwidth of 720 MHz in C Band and 80 MHz in S Band.

It is possible to provide large coverage using satellite. For example Geostationary satellite can cover about 42% of
earth surface using global beam.

Satellite can provide signal to terrestrial uncovered pockets like valleys and mountainous regions.

Satellites can provide uniform signals for urban areas or rural areas unlike terrestrial service which will lay more
signal to urban areas (where the transmitters are located) as compared to rural areas.

It is easy and quicker to establish new satellite link using SNG terminal or VSAT terminal from any point to any other
point as compared to any other means.
 STUDIO TRANSMITTER
LINKS
normally transported AT A.I.R
The high quality sound programs from AIR studio centers are
to the AIR transmitting centers with the
help of Department of Telecommunications land lines. These
gave way to VHF-FM transmit/receive systems in some of the
AIR centers.
Now, AIR has introduced the new generation microwave studio-
transmitter link (STL) for better reliability and quality.
AIR is having three types of STL called STL-01, STL-02 and
STL-05. The numbers 01, 02 and 05 describe the number of
base band (50 Hz - 15 kHz) channels that could be transported
 Block Diagram for
STL Tx Second level
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 The STL transmitter
essentially consists of eight
section
A single audio input transformer (LT 11) which splits the audio input into two equal audio outputs for
(1+1) system.
The base band unit (1+1) consisting of a music amplifier AT 01, and a base band interface unit GT 01
which is a 15 kHz low pass filter.
The radio frequency unit (1+1) which generates the carrier, FM modulates and generates microwave
(RF) power. (L1 TR SR04 A/B).
An antenna change over unit which selects one of the (1+1) RF outputs for feeding to the antenna.
(L1RF-Tx).
A low loss cable connected to a microwave dish antenna at suitable height above the ground.
Two identical (1+1) dc-dc power supplies. (DC-11).
Two identical (1+1) monitoring (CM-01) and Alarm inter-face units. (AI 01).
One each of logic (LO 11) and parameter control card (PC 02) which selects one of the RF outputs to be
connected to the transmitting antenna.
 Radio Networking
required to relay Terminal
certain programs which (rnt)
The various All India Radio stations spread throughout the nation are
are originating from Delhi.
Similarly there are certain programs which are originating from capital
stations are relayed by the other stations in that region.
In order to link Delhi and capital stations with other AIR stations, Radio
Networking through INSAT is not only cost effective but also provide the
good technical quality as compared to DOT lines and SW linkage.
The Radio Networking terminal located at AIR stations receive S-Band or C
Band transmissions.
The programs thus received after processing are fed to the transmitter for
broadcast purposes in local area. Thus RNT acts as the ground terminal for
satellite signal reception.
Block Diagram of S-Band
Receive Terminal
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 Frequency ranges
used
Down link frequencies : Uplink frequencies :

S-Band=2.5 to 2.7 GHz S-Band=Down link freq. +

3300 MHz
C-Band=3.7 to 4.2GHz
C-Band/=Down link freq. +
Ex-C Band=4.5 to 4.8
2225 MHz
GHz
Conclusion
In this way we got an idea about how
different elements work together for radio
broadcasting and reception.
We got a chance to learn about satellite
communication.
To and get an implemented view of various
electronic devices and principles.
 Any queries ?

“Feel free to
ask”