STA1610/201/2/2015

Tutorial Letter 201/2/2015

Introduction to Statistics

STA1610
Semester 2
Department of Statistics

SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT 01

BAR CODE

Learn without limits.

university
of south africa

QUESTION 1

1. Correct
Profit is a variable, continuous.
2. Correct
Stock exchange (list of companys stock) represents a qualitative variable.
3. Correct
Rand amount: We can count. This represents a quantitative variable.
4. Incorrect
This represents a nominal variable as there is no logical order within the categories.
5. Correct
Debt is a variable, we can count.
Option (4)
QUESTION 2

1. Correct
2. Correct
3. Correct
4. Correct
There is a logical order within the categories.
5. Incorrect
The numbers help for coding to rank the top 10 college football. Consider here you have 10
different names of college football.
Option (5)
QUESTION 3

1. Incorrect
Three different pay scheme represent a nominal variable.
2. Incorrect
This represents a qualitative variable.

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3. Correct
We can count as the variable time is in minutes.
4. Incorrect
Job (yes, no), represents a nominal variable.
5. Incorrect
You can measure the masses, this represents a quantitative variable.
Option (3)
QUESTION 4
Option (4)
QUESTION 5
The total number of students: 250
The total number of outcomes D frequency of .c/ D 75
75
number of outcomes
D
D 0:3
The relative frequency D
total
250
Option (4)
QUESTION 6
The stemandleaf
3
4
5
6
7
8

0
2
5
1
2
3

6
6
1
7

7
4
7

The sample is
30
64

42
66

46
72

55
77

56
77

57
83

61

61

Option (1)
QUESTION 7
1. The range: The largest number the smallest number D 83

30 D 53

2. The median is the middle number after we arrange the data set from the smallest to the
largest number.
61 C 61
There are two numbers at the middle. The median is the average of the two:
D 61
2
3

3. The mode is the most repeated number D 61 and 77:

Incorrect option

4. Correct
30

42

46

55

56

57

61

64

61

66

72

77

77

83

The 6 th largest value

xi
847
D
D 60:5
n
14
Since the value of the mean XN D 60:5 is different than the median D 61 therefore the data
is not symmetrical distribution. This is a negative skewed since the mean is smaller to the
median.

5. The mean XN D

Option (3)
QUESTION 8
The data is
32

36

31

38

33

31

36

39

33

32

Xi
n
32 C 36 C 31 C 38 C 33 C 31 C 36 C 39 C 33 C 32
D
10
341
D
10
D 34:1

The mean XN D

Option (4)
QUESTION 9

The Ranked data: 31

1st
The Position

1. The position of Q 1 D
2.

31
2nd

32 32
3rd 4th
#
2:75
Q1

z }| {
33 33
5th 6th
#
5:5
Q2

N C1
10 C 1
11
D
D
D 2:75
4
4
4

1) The value of Q 2 D 2

N C1
4

D 2 .2:75/ D 5:5

36
7th

36
38
th
8
9th
#
8:25
Q3

39
10th

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2) The value of Q 2 ; we refer to the position of Q 2 D 5:5 and we consider the average of the
5th and 6th value as 5; 5 falls between the 5th and 6th position.
33 C 33
66
The value of Q 2 D
D
D 33
2
2
3. The value of Q 3
To calculate the value of Q 3 ; we need first the position of Q 3
N C1
D 3 .2:75/ D 8:25
4
2) The value of Q 3 ; we round 8; 25 to 8 and we consider the 8th value from the ranked data
that is 36:

1) The position of Q 3 D 3

4. The interquartile range Q 3 Q 1 value. To calculate Q 1 value, we refer to the position of

Q 1 D 2:75: To calculate the value of Q 1 ; we round first 2:75 to 3 and we consider the third
value D 32
Therefore the interquartile rang D Q 3

Q 1 (value) D 36

32 D 4

5. Correct
33 C 34
66
D
D 33
2
2
The value of Q 2 D 33

The median D
Option (4)
QUESTION 10
The data is

The variance

s2

3:0 6:0 7:5 15:0 12:0 6:5

9:0 4:0 6:0 5:0 12:0 1:0
3:5 3:0 7:5 5:0 10:0 8:0
4:0 9:0 2:0 6:5 1:0 5:0
N 2
.xi x/
n 1
3:0 C 9:0 C 7:5 C 15:0 C 12:0 C 6:5C
xi
C 1:0 C 5:0
xN D
D
n
24 1
151:5
D
D 6:3125
24
P

The variance
s

D
D

.xi D 6:3125/2
23
.3:0 6:3125/2 C .6:0

6:3125/2 C ::: C .5:0

23

6:3125/2

294:9063
23
D 12:8220

D
Option (3)

QUESTION 11
The data is
1:52 1:80 1:65 1:45 1:59
1:70 1:78 1:72 1:66 1:73
The coefficient of variation D
S D the standard deviation
xN D the value of the mean

s
xN

The mean
P

xi
xN D
D
n
16; 6
D
10
D 1:66

1:52 C 1:80 C 1:65 C 1:45 C 1:59 C 1:70C

1:78 C 1:72 C 1:72 C 1:66 C 1:73
10

The variance
P

N 2
.xi x/
n 1
.1:52 1:66/2 C .1:80 1:66/2 C .1:65 C 1:66/2 C .1:45 1:66/2
C .1:70 1:66/2 C .1:78 1:66/2 C .1:72 1:66/2 C .1:66 1:66/2
C .1:73 1:66/2
D
10 1
0:1128
D
9
D 0:0125
p
The standard deviation s D 0:0125 D 0:1118
Therefore the coefficient of variation is
s

s
xN

0:1118
1:66
D 0:0673
D

Option (1)
QUESTION 12
This is a probability question. The contingency table is
Potential for advancement
Sales ability
Fair Good Excellent Total
Below average 16
12
22
50
Average
45
60
45
150
Above average 93
72
135
300
Total
154 144
202
500

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1. P .Fair/ D

154
D 0:308
500

2. P .Below average and good/ D

3. P .Below average/ D
4. P Average/Fair

12
D 0:024
500

50
D 0:1
500
This is a condition as probability (use formula).
D
D

P .Average and Fair/

P .Fair/
45
500

0:308
0:09
D
0:308
D 0:2922

5. If events fair and average are not mutually exclusive than P .Fair and average/ 6D 0
45
D 0:09
Let us verify: P .Fair and average/ D
500
Because 0:09 6D 0
Correct

Option (2)
QUESTION 13
A and B are independent events. That means P .A and B/ D P .A/
P .A/ D 0:2
P .B/ D 0:5
P .A or B/ D
D
D
D
D

P .B/

P .A/ C P .B/ P .A and B/

0:2 C 0:5 P .A/ P .B/
0:2 C 0:5 0:2 0:5
0:2 C 0:5 0:1
0:6

Option (4)
QUESTION 14
P .A=B/ D

3
D 0:75
4

P .A and

B/ D

1
D 0:5
2

P .B/ D?

We know that
P .A=B/ D
0:75 D

P .A and B/
P .B/
0:5
P .B/

Multiply both sides with P .B/

P .B/
P .B/

0:5
P .B/
0:75 D 0:5
0:75 D

P .B/

Divide both side by 0:75

P .B/ 0:75
0:5
D
0:75
0:75
0:5
P .B/ D
D 0:660
0:75
2
D
3
Option (2)
QUESTION 15
1
1
D 0:25
P .B/ D D 0:5
4
2
1
P .A and B/ D D 0:125
8

P .A/ D

1. P A0 D 1
2. P .A=B/ D

P .A/ D 1

0:25 D 0:75 D

3
4

P .A and B/
0:125
1
D
D 0:25 D
P .B/
0:5
4

3. P .A or B/ D P .A/ C P .B/

P .A and B/ D 0:25 C 0:5

0:125 D 0:625 D

5
8

4. If events A and B are dependent than

P .A and B/ D
6
P .A/ P .B/
0:125 6D 0:25 0:5
0:125 D 0:125
Therefore A and B are not dependent instead A and B are independent events.
Incorrect

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5. Correct

since P .A and B/ D 0:126 6D 0

Option (4)
QUESTION 16

Matric
Diploma
Degree
Total

Fair
160
75
210
445

Medium
40
90
100
230

Good
50
225
50
325

Total
250
390
360
1000

P Job skill is good / the person has a diploma

P .Job skill is good and the person has a diploma/
D
P .the person has a diploma/
225
D
1000
D 0:225
Option (5)
QUESTION 17
This is a question from chapter 6, random variable.
X
P .X /

0
1
2
3
4
0:15 0:16 0:20 0:18 0:15

5
6
0:10 0:06

1.
P .X > 4/ D P .5/ C P .6/
D 0:10 C 0:06
D 0:16
2.
P .2

X < 6/ D P .2/ C P .3/ C P .4/ C P .5/

D 0:20 C 0:18 C 0:15 C 0:10
D 0:63

3.
P .X > 2/ D P .3/ C P .4/ C P .5/ C P .6/
D 0:18 C 0:15 C 0:10 C 0:06
D 0:49
9

4.
P .X

3/ D P .0/ C P .1/ C P .2/ C P .3/

D 0:15 C 0:16 C 0:20 C 0:18
D 0:69

5.
E .X / D

6
X

xi P .xi /

iD1

D x0 P .x0 / C x1 P .x1 / C x2 P .x2 / C x3 P .x3 /

Cx4 P x4 C x5 P .x5 / C x6 P .x6 /
D 0 0:15 C 1 0:16 C 2 0:20 C 3 0:18 C 4
C5 0:10 C 6 0:06
D 0 C 0:16 C 0:40 C 0:54 C 0:60 C 0:50 C 0:36
D 2:56

0:15

Option (1)
QUESTION 18
This is a question for chapter 5: random variable.
X
0
P .X / 0:20
The mean

2
3:5
0:05 0:30

5
6
Total
0:25 0:20 1:00

X
D
xi P .xi /
D 0 0:20 C 2 0:05 C 3:5 0:30 C 5
D 0 C 0:1 C 1:05 C 1:25 C 1:20
D 3:6

0:25

The variance
2

n
X

.xi

/2 P .xi /

iD1

D .0 3:6/2 0:2 C .2 3:6/2 0:05 C .3:5

C .6 3:6/2 0:2
D 2:592 C 0:128 C 0:003 C 0:49 C 1:152
D 4:365
The standard deviation
p
4:365
D
D 2:089
D 2:0893
Option (3)

10

3:6/2

0:30 C .5

3:6/2

0:25

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QUESTION 19
X
4
P .X / 0:15

0
4
8
0:25 0:20 0:40

The probability of at least 0 D

D
D
D

P .X 0/
P .0/ C P .4/ C P .8/
0:25 C 0:20 C 0:40
0:85

Option (1)
QUESTION 20
This is a Binomial probability question.
The two options are having large screen TVs or having small screen TVs.
The probability of successes

D 90% D 0:90

The sample size n D 9

P .X more than 5/? D P .X > 5/?
P .X > 5/ D P .6/ C P .7/ C P .8/ C P .9/
Using the table E.6
Because D 0:90 is more than 0:5 than we:
Use the right margin for n D 9 and x D 6; 7; 8 and 9 as requested above.
Use

D 0:90 from the bottom line of the table.

n
2
::
:
::
:

0:01

0:02

0:10

0:50

0:3874

0
9

0:3874

0:1722

0:0446

4
5
6
7
8
9

0:0074
0:0008
0:0001
0:0000

5
4
3
2
1
0

0:99

0:90

0:60

11

P .X > 5/ D P .6/ C P .7/ C P .8/ C P .9/

D 0:0446 C 0:1722 C 0:3874 C 0:3874
D 0:9916
Option (2)
QUESTION 21
D 10% D 0:10
n D 10
P .X D 5/?
Because 0:10 is less than 0:50I we use n D 10 from the left margin as shown below
n

10

0:10

0:01

0:3487
0:3487
0:1937
0:0574

6
5
4
3

0:0112
0:0015

2
1

0:0001
0:0000

0:99

0:90
P .X D 5/ D 0:0015

Option (5)
QUESTION 22
The variance
2

12

0
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10

Option (3)

0:50

D n .1
/
D 10 0:10 .1
D 0:9

0:10/

0:50

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QUESTION 23
This is a Poisson probability question.
The average 3
P .X more 4/ D P .X > 4/
There are 2 ways of calculating P .X > 4/ :
1. P .X > 4/ D P .5/ C P .6/ C P .7/ C
X D 12
2. P .X > 4/ D P .X
P .X

P .X

5/ D 1

C P .12/ as we refer to table E.7, the largest value of

4/

4/ D P .0/ C P .1/ C P .2/ C P .3/ C P .4/

Table E.7

X
0
1
2
3
4
5
P .X

2:1

2:2

3:0
0:0498
0:1494
0:2240
0:2240
0:1680
0:1008

4/ D P .0/ C P .1/ C P .2/ C P .3/ C P .4/

D 0:0498 C 0:1494 C 0:2240 C 0:2240 C 0:1680
D 0:8152
P .X > 4/ D 1 P .X 4/
D 1 0:8152
D 0:1848

Option (1)

13

QUESTION 24
The mean

D 4:0

Table E.7
X 3:1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

4:0

3:2

0:0183
0:0733
0:1465
0:1954
0:1954
0:1563
0:1042
0:0595
0:0298
0:0132
0:0053
0:0019
0:0006
0:0002
0:0001

1. Correct
2. P .X < 1/ D P .0/ D 0:0183
3. P .X > 1/ D P .X
or

3/ D P .2/ C P .3/ C
P .Y

4. P .X
or

1/ D P .1/ C P .2/ C

2/ D
D
D
D
D

C P .14/
1 P .X 1/
1 [P .0/ C P .1/]
1 [0:0183 C 0:0733]
1 0:0916
0:9084

P .14/
P .X

1/ D 1 P .X 0/
D 1 0:0183
D 0:9817

5.
P .At most 1/ D P .X 1/ D P .0/ C P .1/
D 0:0183 C 0:0733
D 0:0916
Option (3)

14

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QUESTION 25
The mean D 2:8
P .X D 0/ D 0:0608

Table E.7

Option (4)
QUESTION 26
This the normal distribution question.
There are two parameters:
The mean

D 15

The variance

D 25

P .X < 20/?
Transform X into Z using zscore D

ZD

5
20 15
D D1
p
5
25

Than P .X < 20/ D P .Z < 1/

We can use the standardize E.2 tables.
Because z D 1:00 is positive, we use E.2 with a big shade.
Table E.2
0:00
Z
0:01
0:09
0:0
0:1
::
:
::
:
::
:
::
:
1:0
0:8413 0:8438

0.8413

1.00

15

P .Z < 1/ this indicates the left area from the position of 1. When using E.2 tables, all the values
read from the table correspond to the left area of the position of the number of z:
Option (5)
QUESTION 27
Normal distribution:
The mean D 102:50
The standard deviation

D 17:50

P .X > 95/?
Transform X into
x

Z D
Z D
P .X > 95/ D P .Z >

102:50
7:5
D
17:50
17:5
0:43 (use two decimals)
D

95

0:43/

1 - 0.3336
= 0.6664

0.3336

_ 0.43 0

0:01

0:01

0:02

0:03

0:09

0:3446

0:3409

0:3372

0:3336

0:3121

0:4

The value we read from E.2 table corresponds to the left area of z D
0:43 is 1 0:3336 D 0:6664:
Option (5)
QUESTION 28
Normal distribution:
The mean

D6

The variance

16

x D 10
D 25

0:43: The above area to

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The standard deviation

Z score D

10

6
5

p
25 D 5
D

4
D 0:8
5

Option (2)
QUESTION 29
The mean D 2:5
The standard deviation
P .X > 5/?

D1

P .Z > 5/ D P .Z > 2:50/

1 - 0.9938
= 0.0062

0.9938

2.50

Table E.2

0:00

0:01

0:09

2:5

0:9938

0:9940

0:9952

Option (3)
QUESTION 30
Normal distribution:
The mean

D 50

The standard deviation

D8

The value X ?

17

 The probability of the below area is 0:08

P .X < a/ D 0:08
1. To transform X into Z , we use Z D

ZD

50
8

2. The value 8% D 0:08 is a result of E.2 table that we need zvalue the corresponding value of
it.
0:01
Z
0:00
0:02
0:09

2:5

0:0808

0:0793

0:0778

#
We round 0:08; than z D

0:0681
1:41

Let us equal (1) and (2) above as they are zvalues.

a
8

Option (3)

18

50
8
50

1:41

D
1:41 8 (multiply both side by 8)
8
a 50 D
11:28
1 D
11:28 C 50
D 38:72