Matter and Change Notes

Name __________________ Period__

_MATTER is anything that has _MASS_ and takes up _SPACE_. Stuff!

There are three basic states of matter:
_SOLID_____ (_s_) has definite shape and volume
_LIQUID______(_l_) shape can change, still has definite volume
_GAS______ (_g_) no definite shape or volume
Draw a representation of the states of matter here. (look at the order)

Solid

Gas

Liquid

__PHASE_______ Changes
Matter can change from one _STATE____(or phase to another)
There are _SIX__ possible __PHASE___ changes. _ENERGY____ is either
absorbed or __RELEASED_________.
_FREEZE__, sublimation, condensation & _MELT_ evaporation, deposition

Energy
The universe consists of matter and energy. _ENERGY______ does not
have _MASS_____ or take up _SPACE______.
_ENERGY_is involved when matter __CHANGES__ from one _STATE__
to another.
Solid + Energy Liquid _MELTING________
Example:
Ice (s) + heat energy Water (l)

Energy Changes
ENDOTHERMIC_- a process which requires, or absorbs energy. (Feels COLD
in chemical changes)
Ex: H2O (s) + energy H2O (l)
Ex: Melting, evaporating, _BOIL___
Ex: baking soda reacts with acid
EXOTHERMIC- a process which releases or _GIVES OFF__ heat. (Feels
_____WARM OR HOT____ in chemical reactions)
Gasoline burns and _RELEASES______ heat
Exercising muscles produces body heat
Ex: freeze, condensation

MIXTURES

HOMOGENEOUS

SUBSTANCES

HETEROGENEOUS
Ex. H2O

Classification of __MATTER_____
There are _TWO___ kinds of matter:
_PURE___ Substances (elements and compounds)
__MIXTURE__________
_ELEMENTS______- are pure substances
-CANNOT be broken down by ordinary means
Are found on the _PERIODIC TABLE___
Usually found as _A SINGLE ATOM______ _____
Some __GASEOUS__ elements exist as
two atoms bonded together (The HOFBrINCl gases) like O2

ELEMENTS
Ex. Hydrogen

 Compounds- are also _PURE ____ _SUBSTANCES____________

_CAN_____ be broken down by _CHEMICAL_________ reactions only
Are made up of __TWO____ or more _ELEMENTS_________chemically combined, or
_BONDED____________
Always have a chemical _FORMULA________ that doesnt change
The compound has __NEW__PROPERTIES__, not the same as the original elements.

Examples of Pure Substances

Elements:
Carbon
Oxygen
Gold
Neon
About 110 more!

(If you are not sure, check the

_PERIODIC TABLE____.)

Compounds:
_WATER______, H2O
Sodium chloride, _NaCl_____
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
Methane, CH4
___BAKING___SODA__ NaHCO3
Glucose (sugar) C6H12O6
There thousands and thousands of known
compounds!
( Know this! If it has a _CHEMICAL FORMULA_, its a compound.)

_MIXTURE__- a __PHYSICAL___ combination of _TWO__ or more substances.

A mixture _CAN_ be separated by _A PHYSICAL_______means
The components of the mixture _RETAIN_(keep) their original properties
The composition _CAN_____ VARY___ (change)

(EX. A mixture could be 50% A and 50% B, or it could be only 30% A and 70% B.)
(chocolate milk mixture do you like a lot of chocolate or only a little chocolate in yours?)

There are two kinds of _MIXTURES_.

HOMOGENEOUS_______ mixtures:
Appear _UNIFORM_, or the _SAME _ throughout
Also known as _SOLUTIONS____ Ex Kool-aid
HETEROGENEOUS_ mixtures:
_NOT_ _UNIFORM_____ in appearance or composition

Examples of Mixtures
HOMOGENEOUS_:
Air
- Salt water
Granite rock
Brass
Solutions

HETEROGENEOUS_:
_SOIL__
SAND_____ and water mixture
Sometimes you must look very closely, or even
_MAGNIFY___ to see the _DIFFERENT_ parts

Separation of Mixtures
Mixtures _CAN__ _BE separated by A PHYSICAL_ means.
Physical means include:
_FILTRATION_________ separates components based on their size
_DISTILLATION____________ separates components based on their
different boiling points
_CHROMATOGRAPHY_______________ separates based on
differences in solubility
Distillation

Filtering muddy water !

Physical and Chemical Changes

_PHYSICAL___ Change Is usually _REVERSIBLE_(can be _UNDONE_______)
All _PHASE__ changes are __PHYSICAL___changes
List the six phase changes here:
(s) (l) melting
(l) (s) freezing
(l) (g) EVAPORATION
(s) (g) SUBLIMATION (g) (l) CONDENSATION (g) (s) DEPOSITION
__DISSOLVING___ is a physical change
__SHAPE__ changes are physical changes
(such as: tearing, bending, etc.)
_CHEMICAL_______ Change Always produces a _NEW__ _SUBSTANCE___ The new substance will
have __DIFFERENT_properties
Evidence of Chemical Change
_COLOR__ change --__BUBBLES____ of gas appear (fizz or smoke)

A _NEW___SOLID__ forms (a _PRECIPITATE___)

_TEMPERATURE_____ change
Chemical Changes are also called _CHEMICAL _____REACTIONS_________.
Chemical reactions _ALWAYS_ produce a new substance:
_RUSTING
--Cooking
There are many more!
BURNING __
-- DIGESTION __
A + B
___REACTANTS__ (start)

----------------- >
C
yields
_____PRODUCTS_____(end)

Chemical reactions must obey the Law of _CONSERVATION____ of Mass:

The mass of the products must _EQUAL_______ the mass of the reactants.
In other words, matter is neither __CREATED______ nor __DESTROYED_____
Example: 5 grams of A + 5 grams of B yields _10__ grams of C

Properties
A _PROPERTY__________ is something you can observe or __MEASURE___.
There are two types of properties, _PHYSICAL_ and _CHEMICAL___.
_PHYSICAL__ properties can be measured or observed _WITHOUT_ changing or
_DESTROYING__ the sample
Examples of physical properties
_MASS________
___COLOR______
__DENSITY____
Melting and boiling points
Ductility- (can make wire) and malleability (__FLEXIBILITY____)
There are two types of physical properties
__EXTENSIVE__- these depend on the amount of the substance.
(_MASS_, _LENGTH_, and _VOLUME__)
_INTENSIVE__- stay the _SAME___ no matter what the _AMOUNT_
of the substance is.
(__COLOR_, __DENSITY__, conductivity, etc.)
_CHEMICAL__ Properties- _HOW_ a substance _REACTS WITH_ other
substances
_REACTS___ with water
_REACTS_____ with _OXYGEN____
_REACTS___ with __WHATEVER____
Even if it _DOESNT REACT___, that is also a _CHEMICAL PROPERTY__

These are easy to recognize, always React

Solid Oxidizer Test : measures the

potential of a solid substance to
increase the burn rate or intensity of
a combustible substance