Third Edition
BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY
SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
17
Chapter
9.5 9.6
by
Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf
SPRING 2003
ENES 220 Mechanics of Materials
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 1
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Introduction
The integration method discussed earlier
becomes tedious and time-consuming
when several intervals and several sets of
matching conditions are needed.
We noticed from solving deflection
problems by the integration method that
the shear and moment could only rarely
described by a single analytical function.
Slide No. 2
Singularity Functions
Introduction
For example the cantilever beam of Figure
9a is a special case where the shear V and
bending moment M can be represented by
a single analytical function, that is
V ( x ) = w(L x )
and
(15a)
M ( x ) = w L2 + 2 Lx x 2
(15b)
Slide No. 3
Singularity Functions
Introduction
Figure 9
L/4
L/2
x
L
(a)
(b)
Slide No. 4
Singularity Functions
Introduction
While for the beam of Figure 9b, the shear
V or moment M cannot be expressed in a
single analytical function. In fact, they
should be represented for the three
intervals, namely
0 x L/4,
L/4 x L/2, and
L/2 x L
Slide No. 5
Singularity Functions
Introduction
For the three intervals, the shear V and the
bending moment M can are given,
respectively, by
wL
P+
for 0 x L / 4
wL
V ( x) =
for L/4 x L / 2
2
wL w x L for L / 2 x L
2
2
x
L/4
L/2
Slide No. 6
Singularity Functions
Introduction
and
w
x
L/4
L/2
PL 3wL2
wL
+ Px +
x
4
8
2
3wL2 wL
M ( x) =
+
x
8
2
2
2
w
L
3wL wL
+
x
8
2
2
2
for 0 x L / 4
for L/4 x L / 2
for L / 2 x L
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 7
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Introduction
We see that even with a cantilever beam
subjected to two simple loads, the
expressions for the shear and bending
moment become complex and more
involved.
Singularity functions can help reduce this
labor by making V or M represented by a
single analytical function for the entire
length of the beam.
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 8
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 9
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Definition
A singularity function is an expression for x
n
written as x x0 , where n is any integer
(positive or negative) including zero, and x0
is a constant equal to the value of x at the
initial boundary of a specific interval along
the beam.
Slide No. 10
Singularity Functions
x x0
( x x0 )n
=
0
when x x0
when x < x0
(16)
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 11
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Selected Properties
x x0
x x0
( x x0 )n
=
0
1
=
0
(17)
(18)
Slide No. 12
Singularity Functions
x x0 dx =
d
x x0
dx
1
x x0
n +1
= n x x0
n +1
+ C when n > 0
(19)
when n > 0
(20)
n 1
Slide No. 13
Singularity Functions
y = x 1
y=
1
x
4
2
1
x
-1
1
(a)
x
-1
Figure 10
(b)
Slide No. 14
Singularity Functions
y = 2 x2
y
1
y = x +1 x 1
2 x2
2
1
2
1
x
-1
1
(c)
x
-1
Figure 10
2
(e)
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 15
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 16
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 17
ENES 220 Assakkaf
M 1 = RL x
M 2 = RL x P(x x1 )
M 3 = RL x P(x x1 ) + M A
M 4 = RL x P(x x1 ) + M A
(21)
w( x x3 )
for x2 < x < xL
2
Slide No. 18
Singularity Functions
MA
Figure 11
w
3
x
x1
4
x2
x3
RL
RR
L
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 19
ENES 220 Assakkaf
M (x ) = RL x P x x1 + M A x x2
1
w
x x3
2
(22)
10
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 20
ENES 220 Assakkaf
MA
2
x
x1
RL
4
x2
RR
x3
L
M ( x ) = RL x P x x1 + M A x x2
1
w
x x3
2
Singularity Functions
(22)
Slide No. 21
ENES 220 Assakkaf
11
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 22
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 23
ENES 220 Assakkaf
12
Slide No. 24
Singularity Functions
w0
y
x
x1
M w0 =
x1
w0
x x1
2
w0
y
x
x1
M w0 =
w0
x x1
6(L x1 )
M w0 = k x x1
n+2
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 25
ENES 220 Assakkaf
w0
1
x
x1
Figure 13
w0
M w0 =
-w0
x1
w0
w
2
x 0 + 0 x x1
2
2
13
Singularity Functions
w0
x1
1
x
x2
L
Figure 14
y
x1
w0
x2
L
Singularity Functions
-w0
Slide No. 26
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Slide No. 27
ENES 220 Assakkaf
x1
w1 L x1
w (L x1 )
=
w1 = 0
w0 x2 x1
x2 x1
x
The moment at section 1
due to distributed load
alone is
x2
L
w0
w1
M w0 =
x1
-w0
-w1
x2
L
w0
w0
3
x x1 +
x x2
6(x2 x1 )
6(x2 x1 )
w0 x x2
Figure 15
14
Slide No. 28
Singularity Functions
x1
x2
w=
w0 ( x x1 )
x2 x1
1 w ( x x1 )
(x x1 ) x x1 = w0 (x x1 )3
M = 0
2 x2 x1
3 6( x2 x1 )
x
From similar triangles :
w
x x1
=
w0 x2 x1
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 29
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 4
Use singularity functions to write the
moment equation for the beam shown in
Figure 16. Employ this equation to obtain
the elastic curve, and find the deflection at
x = 10 ft. y
2000 lb/ft
Figure 16
E = 29 106 psi
I = 464 in
4 ft
11 ft
5 ft
15
Slide No. 30
Singularity Functions
Example 4 (contd)
2000 lb/ft
x
11 ft
4 ft
5 ft
R1
R2
= 0; R1 (16 ) 2000(15)(5 +
15
)=0
2
R1 = 23,437.5 lb
+ Fy = 0; R1 + R2 2000(15) = 30,000
R2 = 6,562.5 lb
Slide No. 31
Singularity Functions
Example 4 (contd)
A single expression for the bending
moment can be obtained using the
singularity functions:
2000 lb/ft
x
4 ft
R1
11 ft
5 ft
M (x ) =
R2
2
2000( x ) 2000 x 15
+
2
2
+ 23,437.5 x 4
(23a)
16
Slide No. 32
Singularity Functions
Example 4 (contd)
The elastic curve is found by integrating
Eq. 23 twice
2000 x 2 2000 x 15
EIy = M (x ) =
+
2
2
+ 23,437.5 x 4
EIy = EI = 2000
23,437.5 x 4
x 3 2000 x 15
+
+
6
6
2
x 4 2000 x 15
EIy = 2000 +
24
24
+ C1 (23b)
23,437.5 x 4
+ C1 x + C2
Slide No. 33
Singularity Functions
(23c)
Example 4 (contd)
Boundary conditions:
y = 0 at x = 4 ft and at x = 20 ft
(4) 4 2000 4 15
+
24
24
23,437.5 4 4
6
2000 20 15
( 20)
+
24
24
4
20C1 + C2 = 2,718,750
+ C1 (4) + C2
4C1 + C2 = 21,333.3
EIy (20) = 0 = 2000
23,437.5 20 4
6
(23d)
3
+ C1 (20) + C2
(23e)
17
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 34
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 4 (contd)
From Eqs 23d and 23e, the constants of
integrations are found to
C1 = 168,588.54
and
C2 = 653,020.88
1
( x) 4 2000 x 15
+
2000
24
24
EI
23,437.5 x 4
6
+ 168,588.5 x 653,020.9
(23f)
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 35
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 4 (contd)
The deflection at any point along the beam
can be calculated using Eq. 23f (elastic
curve equation). Therefore, the deflection
0
y at x = 10 ft is
(10) 4 2000 10 15
+
2000
24
24
23,437.5 10 4
+ 168,588.5(10) 653,020.9
y (10) =
1
EI
y (10) =
18
Slide No. 36
Singularity Functions
Example 5
A beam is loaded and supported as
shown in Figure 17. Use singularity
functions to determine, in terms of M, L,
E, and I,
a) The deflection at the middle of the span.
b) The maximum deflection of the beam.
Slide No. 37
Singularity Functions
Example 5 (contd)
y
M
E, I
Figure 17
19
Slide No. 38
Singularity Functions
Example 5 (contd)
E, I
RA
+
C
RB
= 0; RA (2 L ) + M = 0
M
2L
+ Fy = 0; RA + RB = 0
RA =
RB =
M
2L
Slide No. 39
Singularity Functions
Example 5 (contd)
Singularity functions to describe the
bending moment:
y
M
A
R
A
x
L
Mx
+M xL
2L
or
M ( x) =
E, I
B
L
R
B
EIy =
Mx
+M xL
2L
(24a)
(24b)
20
Slide No. 40
Singularity Functions
Example 5 (contd)
Integrating Eq. 24.b twice, we get
Mx
0
EIy =
+M xL
2L
Mx 2
1
(24c)
EIy =
+ M x L + C1
4L
2
Mx 3 M x L
(24d)
EIy =
+
+ C1 x + C2
12 L
2
Slide No. 41
Singularity Functions
Example 5 (contd)
Boundary conditions:
At x = 0, y = 0
At x = 2L, y = 0
Thus,
Therefore: C2 = 0
Therefore: C1= ML/12
M
2
x 3 + 6 L x L + L2 x
48EIL
M
y ( L) =
L3 + L3 = 0
48EIL
y=
(24e)
(24f)
21
Singularity Functions
Slide No. 42
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 5 (contd)
(b) Finding the maximum deflection:
y =
M
1
3 x 2 + 12 L x L + L2
12 EIL
ymax when y = 0
Therefore : 3 x 3 + 12 x L + L2 = 0 x = L / 3
ymax = y L / 3 =
=
M L3
L3
2 ML2
+
=
12 EIL 3 3
3 36 3EI
3ML2
54 EI
22