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April, 2010
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RUMUS RUMUS
KOREKSI
NATRIUM
Normal : 135 145 mEq / L
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RMS OSMOLARITAS
Osm = 2 ( Na + K ) + GDS + Ureum ( mOsm )
18
6
Fluid Deficit ( FD ) : Osm 295 x 0,6 x BB
295
Catatan :
Hitung Osmolaritas ini tidak selalu dapat
menggambarkan FD yang sebenarnya krn
tergantung kadar GDS dan Ureum.
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MAGNESIUM ( Mg )
Koreksi :
Hipomagnesemi ringan : Renapar / Aspar 1
tab / 8 jam
Hipomagnesemi berat : Mg SO4 injeksi
Sediaan Mg SO4 20% atau 40 % @ 25 cc
( biasa dipakai 40 % )
HIPOKALSEMIA
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ETIOLOGI :
hipo-albuminemia
sindrom hiperventilasi
gagal ginjal kronik
transfusi darah masif
pemberian bikarbonat berlebihan
hungry bone syndrome.
Manifestasi hipokalsemia
Susunan saraf
Visual
Pulmoner
Kardiovaskuler
Gastrointestinal
Genitourinaria
Klinis &
Pengobatan
hipokalsemia
Klinis HIPERKALSEMIA
Dehidrasi
Ensepalopati metabolik
Keluhan saluran pencernaan
Bila asimptomatik : kalsium oral dan vit D ( agar kadar Kalsium plasma N )
Bila simptomatik :
i.v. bolus 10 30 cc Kalsium Glukonas 10% dalam 150 cc Dekstrose 5%
selama 10 menit.
Dosis maintenance : 0,5 2 mg /kgBB /jam
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Pengobatan
HIPERKALSEMIA
Atasi volume deficit :
NaCl 2-4 liter perhari selama 48 jam
Kalau terjadi overload
gunakan furosemide bukan HCT.
Selama 3- 5 hari hidrokortison IV 200-300 mg
Akan menurunkan kalsium secara cepat.
Mencegah resorbsi tulang bifosfonat,
calcitonin.
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ASAM BASA
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Hendersen-Hasselbalch
Normal
pH = 6.1 + log
Normal
[HCO
GINJAL
BASA ]
3
HCO
HCO 3
3
Kompensasi
ASAM
pCO2
PARU
CO
CO22
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pH
PRIMER
ASIDOSIS
METABOLIK
HCO3-
RESPON
KOMPENSASI
pCO2
ALKALOSIS
METABOLIK
HCO3-
pCO2
ASIDOSIS
RESPIRATORI
pCO2
HCO3-
ALKALOSIS
RESPIRATORI
pCO2
HCO3-
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Stewart
DEPENDEN
T
VARIABLES
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VARIABEL INDEPENDEN
CO2
STRONG ION
DIFFERENCE
pCO2
SID
WEAK ACID
Ato
t
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CO2
CO2 Didalam plasma berada Rx dominan dari CO2 adalah rx
absorpsi OH- hasil disosiasi air
dalam 4 bentuk
dengan melepas H+.
sCO2 (terlarut)
H2CO3 asam karbonat
K+ 4
SID
Na+
140
[Na+]
140 mEq/L
Cl102
[K+]
4 mEq/L -
[Cl-]
102 mEq/L
[SID]
=
34 mEq/L
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Konsentrasi [H+]
[H+]
[OH-]
Asidosis
()
Alkalosis
SID
(+)
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WEAK ACID
[Protein H]
[Protein-] + [H+]
disosiasi
Kombinasi protein dan posfat disebut asam lemah total (total weak
acid) [Atot]. Reaksi disosiasinya adalah:
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Gamblegram
Mg++
Ca++
K+ 4
HCO324
Weak acid
(Alb-,P-)
Na+
140
KATION
Cl102
ANION
SID
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DEPENDENT VARIABLES
H+
HCO3OH-
AH
CO3-
A-
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Strong Ions
Difference
pCO2
Protein
Concentration
pH
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PRINSIP UMUM
Hukum kekekalan massa (Law of Mass):
Jumlah dari suatu zat/substansi akan selalu konstan
kecuali ditambahkan atau dikurangi dari luar, atau
dibuat/dirusak oleh suatu reaksi kimia.
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Elektrolit = Ion-ion
Ion-ion kuat
(Strong ions) :
Ion-ion lemah
(Weak ions) :
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I. Respiratori
ASIDOSIS
PCO2
ALKALOSIS
PCO2
[Na+], SID
[Cl-], SID
[Na+], SID
[Cl-], SID
[UA-], SID
[Alb]
[Alb]
[Pi]
[Pi]
RESPIRASI
METABOLIK
Abnormal
pCO2
Abnormal
SID
AIR
Anion kuat
Cl-
Alkalosis
Turun
kekurangan
Hipo
Asidosis
Meningkat
kelebihan
Hiper
Abnormal
Weak acid
Alb
PO4-
UA-
Turun
Positif
meningkat
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RESPIRASI
pCO2 berbanding terbalik terhadap pH
pCO2
pH
HOMEOSTASIS
40-45 mmHg
7.35-7.45
pCO
2
pH
pH
Acidosis
2
pCO
Alkalosis
RESPIRASI
METABOLIK
Abnormal
pCO2
Abnormal
SID
AIR
Abnormal
Weak acid
Anion kuat
Cl-
Alkalosis
Turun
kekurangan
Hipo
Acidosis
meningkat
kelebihan
Hiper
Alb
PO4-
UA-
turun
Positif
meningkat
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Plasma
Plasma
1 liter
liter
SID : 38 76 = alkalosis
ALKALOSIS KONTRAKSI
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Plasma
1 Liter
H2O
1 liter
140/2 = 70 mEq/L
102/2 = 51 mEq/L
SID = 19 mEq/L
2 liter
SID : 38 19 = Acidosis
ASIDOSIS DILUSI
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GANGGUAN PD SID:
Pengurangan ClPlasma
SID
2 liter
ALKALOSIS
ALKALOSIS HIPOKLOREMIK
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GANGGUAN PD SID:
Penambahan/akumulasi
ClPlasma
SID
2 liter
ASIDOSIS
ASIDOSIS HIPERKLOREMIK
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Plasma
NaCl 0.9%
1 liter
1 liter
SID : 38
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2 liter
SID : 19 Asidosis
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Plasma
Ringer laktat
Laktat cepat
dimetabolisme
Na = 140 mEq/L
Cl- = 102 mEq/L
SID= 38 mEq/L
+
1 liter
1 liter
SID : 38
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2 liter
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Plasma;
Plasma + NaHCO3
asidosis
hiperkloremik
25 mEq
NaHCO3
1 liter
1.025
liter
HCO3 cepat
Na = 165 mEq/L dimetabolisme
+
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Jika [CO32-] maka calcium yang terionisasi akan diikat oleh [CO32-]
hipokalsemia akut; sensitifitas membran sel tetany, hyperexcitability of
muscles, sustained contraction, dan gangguan kontraksi otot jantung.
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UA = Unmeasured Anion:
Laktat, acetoacetate, salisilat,
metanol dll.
K
HCO3-
SID
SID
KetoA-
A
-
Na+
HCO3-
Na+
Cl-
ClLactic/Keto asidosis
Normal
Ketosis
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HCO3
SID
Na
Cl
Normal
SID
Alb-/P
Alb-/P-
Na
HCO3
Asidosis
hiperprotein/
hiperposfate
Cl mi
Acidosis
HCO3
SID
Alb/P
Na
Cl
Alkalosis
hipoalbumin/h
ipoposfatemi
Alkalosis
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Anaerobik met
(syok, MODS), DM
Na
pH
Cl
SO4
Cl4
PO
PaCO2
Kompensasi akut
hiperventilasi
Kompensasi kronik
Laktat- / keto-
CO2
SID
NH4
Cl
Amoniagenesis
Sintesis Alb <<
Hipokloremi
NH4Cl
Hipoalbumin
pH n
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PCO2
pH
SID
PPOK
sis
e
n
ge
nia
o
Am
NH4
Cl
NH4Cl
Absorpsi Cl
Hipokloremi
Hipoalbumin
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Dedicated to mykynaocc
Rapid regulation
(short-term)
Chronic control
(long-term)
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NUTRISI PADA
PASIEN KRITIS
Physiologic benefit
Potential Physiologic
Risk
Protein
catabolism
Ensure adequate
substrate for acute
phase response,
gluconeogenesis,
wound healing,
immune function
Functional tissue
loss,
hypoalbuminemia
Hyperglycemia
Ensure substrate
availabiility
Hypoalbuminemia,
hyperglycemia, osmotic
diuresis, immune
dysfunction
Maintain iv volume
Hyponatremia,
hypervolemia, pulmonary
edema, CHF,
Hypokalemia, Hypo
Mgemia
Cardiac work,
myocardial ischemia,
arrhythmia
Microvasc thrombosis, DVT,
dan CARS
Inflamasi yang
hebat
Katabolisme
protein
Supresi sistim imun
Disfungsi organ
Gagal Organ
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Adaptive response
Anabolic phase
Cytokines reduction
Hormonal response
gradually diminishes
gluconeogenesis
catecolamines
aldosterone and ADH
Salt and water loss
insulin and glucagon
protein anabolism
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Lama perawatan di
ICU & RS
Morbiditas
Mortalitas
Biaya alat dan
obat2an
Biaya perawatan
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2. Tentukan jenis
substrat nutrisi yang
diperlukan
Evaluasi kebutuhan
kualitatif
3. MONITOR
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Substrat nutrisi
Kebutuhan energi,
cairan dan elektrolit
Air cc/kgBB/hari
Jumlah
20-25 (kritis)
30 50
Energi
Kcal/kgBB/hari
20-25 (kritis)
30 50
As.Amino/prot
Gr/kgBB/hari
1,2 1,5
Na meq/kgBB/hari
1 -2
K meq/kgBB/hari
Glukosa : lemak
3:1 - 1;1
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:
:
:
:
:
BB ( kg )
= kg/m2
TB (m) kuadrat
malnutrisi
Underweight
Normoweight
Overweight
> 29
KEBUTUHAN PROTEIN
Anjuran: 0.6-0.8 g/kg/bb/h normal; 0.8-1.0 dirawat; 1.1-1.5
untuk severe burn saja. (Untuk perhitungan gunakan IBW)
mengganti >1.5 g
Diperlukan AA esensial (Val, Le, IsL, Tre, Tri, FA, Mt, His, Lys)
BCAA (v,l,il) /AAA (ty,tr,fa) untuk mencegah false
neurotransmitter ( octopamine + -feniletanolamine)
Kebutuhan Lemak
Diperlukan lemak ( kalori kompak, membran, f.s.vit, palatable )
Komposisi lemak makanan 35% SF, 40%MUFA, 15% PUFA
EFAD perlu dicegah
EFAs : aa linoleat, linolenat, arachidonat prostaglandin, prostaCyclin, thromoboxan, leukotrienes.
Masukan tak lebih dari 30% kalori total
NUTRISI POST OP :
1. GUT FEEDING (post op hari I ) : 10 -15 cc D5% / jam selama 4 jam
. jika residu (-) dinaikkan menjadi 50 cc / 4 jam.
2. ENTERAL NUTRISI
3. PARENTERAL
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POTACOL-R @ 500 cc
-5 % maltose dalam RL
-Maltose : 50 gr/L
-Na 130 mEq/L
-K 4 mEq/L
-Kalori : 200 Cal /L
-Osm : 412
-Suplai kalori
-Pengganti ci ekstra seluler
-Perbaiki asid metabolik
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AMINOLEBAN : @ 500cc
- As amino essensial = non essensial
-Tot as amino : 79,9 gr/L
- Karbohidrat ( sorbitol ) : - gr/L
-Tot Kalori : - Elektrolit & vitamin (-)
- Osmolaritas : 768 mOsm/L
- Ensefalopati hepatikum, sepsis, ggg fungsi
hati
COMAFUSIN HEPAR
- Dosis tinggi as amino rantai cabang
- Xylitol
- Vitamin
- Elektrolit
- Precoma & coma hepatikum
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AMIPAREN : @ 500cc
- As amino essensial > non essensial
-Tot as amino : 100 gr/L
- Karbohidrat ( sorbitol ) : -Tot Kalori : - Elektrolit & vitamin (-)
- Osmolaritas : 888 mOsm/L
- Suplai as amino, malnutrisi, pasca bedah
LEMAK
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Manitol @ 500 cc
Manitol 200 g/L
Osm : 1098 mOsm/L
Menurunkan TIK, tingkatkan diuresis
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CAIRAN KOLOID :
FIMAHES 6 % @ 500 ml
HEMOHES 10 % @ 200 ml
Expafusin 6 % @ 500 ml ( HES 40 )
HAES STERIL 6 % @ 500 ml
GELOFUSIN @ 500 ml
Pemberian KOLOID max : 20 cc/kgBB/hr
Ggg koagulasi
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SINDROMA KORONER
AKUT
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SINDROMA KORONER
AKUT ( SKA )
5
-
SUBSET/MANIFESTASI IHD :
Silent angina ( asimtomatis )
Angina Pektoris Stabil ( APS )
Angina Pektoris tak stabil ( APTS )
Infark miokard NSTEMI ( Non Q )
Infark miokard ST Elevasi ( STEMI /Q
atau
STEMI
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Karakteristik Nyeri :
APS :
nyeri dicetuskan aktifitas ttt
Dalam 30 hr tdk ada perubahan frekuensi,
lama, fc pencetus
Lama nyeri </= 15 menit
APTS :
o Terdapat perubahan pola : frekuensi, durasi,
beratnya nyeri & fc pencetus ( PROGRESIF &
CRESENDO ), perlu obat dg dosis lebih besar
o Rest angina
o Lama > 20 menit
o Angina berat onset baru ( CCS III )
Nyeri > 20 menit : sudah sebabkan infark .
NSTEMI & STEMI , nyeri > 20 menit
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DIAGNOSIS INFARK :
o Ax : karakteristik nyeri dada ( > 20 mnt, tak
berhub dg aktif & tdk hilang dg nitrat )
o Perubahan khas EKG
o Perub enzim > 1 kali
CKMB meningkat ( tjd stlh 4 jam )
Troponin T lebih spesifik
- Ditegakkan jika memenuhi 2 dari 3 kriteria
- Perubahan EKG lebih dulu dp perub enzim
SEHINGGA pengobatan Trombolitik tdk perlu
tunggu enzim. OK trombolitik hrs < 12 jam
( bahkan sebaiknya < 6 jam=golden period )
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PRINSIP TERAPI
APS : Goal : keseimbangan suplai & demand
- Perbaiki suplai : ACEI, CCB, Nitrat
- Menurunkan demand : B Bloker, KI :
asma
- Kurangi risiko trombosis : antiplatelet
UA / NSTEMI : Sama dg APS + stabilisasi plaq
( double
platelet =Aspirin/Ticlopidin
+ Clopidogrel )
STEMI : Sama dg diatas
+ REFERFUSI
+Heparin
/ LMWH
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HEPARIN
AMI > 12 jam :
- Heparin bolus 5000 U slnjtnya 1000 U jam
- ASA 160 / 24 jam
- ISDN 10 mg / 8 jam ( sss kan tensi )
- Ticlopidin 250/24 jam atau Plavix 1 tab / 24 jam
- Laxadin syr CI / 24 jam atau Bisacodyl 2 tab / 24 jam
- Diazepam 5 mg / 24 jam (p.r.n)
PTTK :
< 1,5 dari standar Heparin
dinaikkan 250 U
1,5 2 x dari standar tetap
> 2 x dari standar Heparin
diturunkan
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KI MUTLAK :
Kecurigaan diseksi aorta
Perdarahan gastrointestinal baru ( terbukti )
Kejadian stroke baru ( < 6 bulan )
Kejadian trauma mayor atau bedah baru ( < 1 bulan )
KI RELATIF
o Kehamilan
o Menstruasi
o Punksi arteri atau baru cabut gigi
o Resusitasi jantung paru yang lama
o Hipertensi tidak terkontrol
o Alergi thd streptokinase (gunakan Reteplase rPA atau
Alteplase )
o Pemberian streptokinase > 5 hari sebelumnya
( gunakan Reteplase rPA )
o Retinopati diabetik proliferasi
o Gg hemostasis ( Trombo < 20.000, > 50.000 dg
perdarahan ) atau
mendapat antikoagulan warfarin.
JIKA
NYERI
DADA
>> :
Yanfile
yans file
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Backward failure
Impedance
Cardiac output
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PRINSIP
PENANGANAN
:
UMUM
: Reperfusi
miokard
Perbaiki pertuk gas
Koreksi hipoksia
KHUSUS
: Kontraktil miokard
Pre load , After load
Impedance , Oedem paru
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OBAT
KONTRAKTIL MIOKARD
Lung edem
Dopamin : bila hipotensi (+)
Penghambat PDE :
Amrinon & Milrinon
Klp Digitalis : bila AF (+)
OBAT
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PRE LOAD
Kelompok nitrat
Venodilatasi
Redistribusi (+)
Pre load
Efek arterial sekunder
Diuretika : pre load , elektrolit ,
CO , SRA , impedance
Kombinasi gagal
+ dobutamin
OBAT
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OBAT
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KONGESTI PARU
Kelompok nitrat
Dilatasi V sistem + paru
Redistribusi
Kongs paru
PRINSIP TATALAKSANA
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Obat tambahan
I
II
III
Kaptopril
Kaptopril, nitrat (parentral)
Kaptopril, nitrat (parentral), morfin,
furosemid (parentral), dobutamin,
dopamin (dosis rendah)
Nitrat (parentral), furosemid (parentral),
dobutamin, dopamin (dosis tinggi),
digitalis (?)
IV
IMA
Disf sistol
GJ
LVAD
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ARITMIA
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APPROACH :
1. Macam disritmia ( nilai EKG 12 lead )
2. Ada tdknya ggg hemodinamik ancam jiwa
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NSR
A
Flutter
SINUS BRADIKARDI
A Fibrilasi
SVT
SINUS TAKIKARDI
VT
VF
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Asystole
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VES
multifokal
VES salvo
VES
R on T
PENANGANAN
ARITMIA
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SVT :
Gel P tersembunyi dlm gel T ok frekuensi
sgt cepat
( 151 250 x / menit )
Terapi : ( versi UPJ )
TANPA GGG HEMODINAMIK
o Manuver valsava ( masagge sin
karotikus ). Hati2 : jk ada bruit : ada
plak,bl dimasagge Ruptur SYOK
o Jika tdk berhasil :
ATP 6 mg bolus cepat tanpa pengenceran
( < 3 dtk )
Tunggu 5 menit : tdk berhasil : ulang 12
CARA LAIN :
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ATRIAL FIBRILASI
Gel P tak teratur, tdpt perbedaan interval &
tinggi gel P
Tjd ok peningkatan iritabilitas semua sel jantung
dlm atrium ( byk t4 yg memulai impuls ) tdk
semua dihantarkan ( depolarisasi atrium tdk
sempurna ), hanya timbul getaran shg gel P
hanya seperti garis gelombang
Dlm menghitung frekuensi, yg dihitung adalah
RESPON VENTRIKEL ( dihitung jumlah QRS
complek dlm lead II panjang )
Frek gel P : 380 600 / mnt
Respon Ventrikel : N ( 60 -100x/mnt ), CPT ( >
100 x /mnt )
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PRINSIP PENGOBATAN AF :
HEMODINAMIK BAIK
1.Kontrol Rate
2.Konversi ke sinus
3.Prevensi stroke / Tromboemboli
HEMODINAMIK TERGANGGU : DC SYOK
KONTROL RATE : ( VERSI UPJ )
1.LANOXIN 0,5 mg / 0,25 mg diencerkan dg D5% 10
cc Injeksi lambat ( 10 mnt ). Jika HR <
100x/mnt STOP ganti oral
@ 1 amp = 0,5 mg. MONITOR EKG lead II
Jika TABLET :
Digoksin Loading Dose : 2 : 1 : 1 tiap 6 jam Sljutnya
maintena (1/2 tb/12 jam)
Keuntungan : Absorbsi 100 %. Hati2 : intoksikasi Digitalis
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VES
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o VES MALIGNA :
- > 5 / menit
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VES :
Bila Frekuensi irama dasar BRADIKARDI, VES dpt
merupakan
upaya jantung me + frekuensi jtg agar sirkulasi
adekuat.
Tdk semua VES memerlukan pengobatan .
Dianggap berbahaya jika :
- VES Maligna
- Kejadian VT
- Hemodinamik tak stabil
TERAPI : ( ICU / UPJ )
JIKA HEMODINAMIK BAIK
LIDOKAIN / XYLOCAIN : memperlambat
repolarisasi
Bolus 1 1,5 mg / kg BB diencerkan . Ulang tiap 3
menit dengan dosis dss awal. Max 3 mg/kgBB
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VT
asal dari 1 tempat di ventrikel ( Frek : 41 250 )
Gel P (-)
QRS lebar & bizzare
VF :
asal dari byk tempat di ventrikel
tdk ada waktu depol/gel P (-) & repol/ QRS (-), PR
int (-), PP
RR int (-)
grs2 gel kacau
TORSADE : VT yg mendekati VF
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PENGELOLAAN VT :
Umum : - rawat ICU
- O2 2 3 ltr/mnt
- Infus line D5%
- diet Lunak
KHUSUS :
Hemodinamik baik : XYLOCAIN : Bolus 1 1,5 mg / kg
BB diencerkan
tunggu 15 mnt
Hemodinamik BURUK :
Pulse (+) : DC shock 50 100 J ( sincronized:
deteksi QRS )
Pulseless : terapi sss VF, DC shock 200 300 J
asincronized 360 J
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BRADIARITMIA
o Sulfas Atrofin 0,4 atau 0,5 mg iv tiap 5 menit, max
2,4 mg
o SA 1 ampul = 1 cc = 0,25 mg
o SA dosis kecil berefek BRADIKARDI, dosis > 2 mg berefek
TAKIKARDI
ATAU :
ALUPENT ( ORCIPRENALINE ) ampul iv bolus , bl
respon (+) teruskan drip : 5 amp + 500 cc D5%
Adrenalin
12 tts / menit
Dosis 0,1 mikrogram/kgBB/mnt dinaikkan bertahap tiap 10
Sediaan
Alupent tab : 20 mg
mnt bl
HR blm naik. Max 0,4 mikrogram / kgBB/mnt. Sasaran HR
100x/mnt
Sediaan: 1 amp: 1 cc= 1 mg
SP : Program x BB x Pengenceran x 60 mnt
x ampul x 1000
Indikasi :
- Blok dengan ggg hemodinamik
- AV blok derajad III/ blok total
- Jk respon (+) Adrenalin tapp off selanjutnya ganti Efedrin 50 mg / 8
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Antidotum :
Dedicated to mykynaocc
ASMA
Pengobatan
Pengobatanawal
awal::
Nebulizer
Nebulizer2-agonis
2-agoniskerja
kerjapendek
pendek//20
20menit
menitselama
selama11jam
jam
Oksigen,
Oksigen,targen
targenSa
SaO2
O2>>90%
90%
Serangan
Seranganberat
beratsistemik
sistemiksteroid
steroid
Penilaian
Penilaianulang:
ulang:
APE,
APE,FEV1,
FEV1,SaO2
SaO2
Serangan
Serangansedang:
sedang:
inhalasi
inhalasi2-agonis
2-agonisdan
dan
Antikolinergik
Antikolinergik/ /60
60menit
menit
Pertimbangkan
steroid
Pertimbangkan steroid
Respon
Responbaik:
baik:
Dipulangkan
Dipulangkan
Serangan
Seranganberat
berat::
inhalasi
inhalasi2-agonis
2-agonisdan
dan
Antikolinergik
Antikolinergik/ /60
60menit
menit
Sistemik
2-agonis,
Metilsantin
Sistemik 2-agonis, Metilsantiniv,
iv,Mg
Mgiv
iv
Respon
Responsebagian
sebagian1-2
1-2jam:
jam:
Rawat
Rawatinap
inap
Klinik
Klinikmemburuk
memburukrawat
rawatICU
ICU
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Oksigen
Infus aminofilin
Dedicated to mykynaocc
PATOFISIOLOGI
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Pre load
After load
Kontrak jnt
Frek jantung
Curah jantung
Auto regul
Tekanan darah
Viabilitas
Perfusi jaringan
25 %
6 12 jam
Td diast :
110 100 mmHg
bbrp hari
+ OATDTO
Normotensif
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Dedicated to mykynaocc
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Dedicated to mykynaocc
EDEMA PARU
AKUT
Dedicated to mykynaocc
ETIOLOGI
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Dedicated to mykynaocc
B. Noncardiac causes
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Symptom
Dedicated to mykynaocc
dyspnea
tachypnea
orthopnea
tachycardia
hypertension
thoracic oppression
cold extemities with cyanosis or not
cough with a frothy or pink sputum
extensive use of accessory muscles of respiration
moist rales with or without wheezing .
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Diagnosis
1. Pemeriksaan darah: darah rutin dg dif
count, eletrolit, BUN, kreatinin dan konsentrasi
protein serum
2. Urianalisis dan pemeriksaan mikroscopik
urin: dapat ditemukan proteinuria
3. Analasis gas darah arteri: pertama terjadi
penurunan PO2 and PCO2. Kemudian terjadi
penurunan PO2 sedangkan PCO2 meningkat.
Bila nilai PO2 < 50 mmHg and PCO2 > 50
mmHg merukakan keadaan yang berat dan
memerlukan ventilasi mekanik
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Dedicated to mykynaocc
PENGOBATAN
Anamnesis yang jelas, pemeriksaan fisik dan tes
laboratororium untuk mengetahui penyebab,
sehingga dapat diobati secara spesifik.
Posisi setengah duduk pernafasan lebih mudah
dan untuk mengurangi aliran vena ke jantung
Oksigen 100% diberikan dengan masker untuk
memastikan oksigenasi yang cukup.
Morfine (2 - 5 mg IV bolus, yang dapat diulang hingga
maksimum15 mg) >< naloxone (0.8 to 2.0 mg IV
bolus)
Furosemide (40 to 100 mg IV bolus) venodilaytasi
dan kemudian sebagai diuresis
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Dedicated to mykynaocc
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Acute heart failure ( AHF ) :
sindroma klinik yang ditandai dengan :
penurunan cardiac output
hipoperfusi jaringan
peningkatan tekanan kapiler paru (PCWP) dan
kongesti jaringan.
Clinical
Clinicalsigns:
signs:Shock,
Shock,hypoperfusion,
hypoperfusion,
Congestive
heart
failure,
acute
Congestive heart failure, acutepulmonary
pulmonaryedema
edema
Most
likely
problem
?
Most likely problem ?
Acute
Acutepulmonary
pulmonary
edema
edema
11ststAcute
Acutepulmonary
pulmonaryedema
edema
Furosemide
iv
0.5
1.0
Furosemide iv 0.5 1.0mg/kg
mg/kg
Morphine
iv
2
4
mg
Morphine iv 2 4 mg
Nitroglycerin
NitroglycerinSL
SL
Oxygen/intubation
Oxygen/intubationasasneeded
needed
Systolic
SystolicBP
BP nd
BP
defines
BP defines22nd
Line
Lineofofaction
action
(see
below)
(see below)
Volume
Volumeproblem
problem
Administer
Administer: :
Fluids
Fluids
Blood
Bloodtransfusions
transfusions
Cause-specific
Cause-specificinterventions
interventions
Consider
vasopressors
Consider vasopressors
Systolic
SystolicBP
BP
<<7070mmHg
mmHg
Signs/symptoms
Signs/symptoms
ofofshock
shock
Systolic
SystolicBP
BP
7070toto100
100mmHg
mmHg
Signs/symptoms
Signs/symptoms
ofofshock
shock
Pump
Pumpproblem
problem
Rate
Rateproblem
problem
Bradicardia
Bradicardia Tachycardia
Tachycardia
Blood
Blood
See
algorithm
See
algorithm
Pressure
Pressure?? See algorithm See algorithm
Systolic
SystolicBP
BP
7070toto100
100mmHg
mmHg
No
sign/symptoms
No sign/symptoms
ofofshock
shock
Systolic
SystolicBP
BP
>>100
mmHg
100 mmHg
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Dedicated to mykynaocc
Systolic
SystolicBP
BP nd
BP
defines
BP defines22nd
Line
Lineofofaction
action
(see
below)
(see below)
Systolic
SystolicBP
BP
<<7070mmHg
mmHg
Signs/symptoms
Signs/symptoms
ofofshock
shock
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine iviv
0.5
0.53030mcg/min
mcg/min
Systolic
SystolicBP
BP
7070toto100
100mmHg
mmHg
Signs/symptoms
Signs/symptoms
ofofshock
shock
Dopamine
Dopamine iviv
551515mcg/kg/min
mcg/kg/min
Systolic
SystolicBP
BP
7070toto100
100mmHg
mmHg
No
sign/symptoms
No sign/symptoms
ofofshock
shock
Dobutamine
Dobutamine iviv
222020mcg/kg/min
mcg/kg/min
22ndnd- -Acute
Acutepulmonary
pulmonaryedema
edema
Nitroglycerin
/
nitroprusside
if
Nitroglycerin / nitroprusside ifBP
BP>>100mmHg
100mmHg
Dopamine
if
BP
70
100
mmHg,
signs/symptoms
Dopamine if BP 70 100 mmHg, signs/symptomsofofshock
shock
Dobutamine
if
BP
>
100
mmHg,
no
signs/symptoms
of
Dobutamine if BP > 100 mmHg, no signs/symptoms ofshock
shock
Further
Furtherdiagnostic
diagnostic/ /therapeutic
therapeuticconsideration
consideration
Pulmonary
artery
catheter
Pulmonary artery catheter
Intra-aortic
Intra-aorticballoon
balloonpump
pump
Angiography
for
AMI
Angiography for AMI/ /ischemia
ischemia
Additional
diagnostic
studies
Additional diagnostic studies
Systolic
SystolicBP
BP
>>100
mmHg
100 mmHg
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglyceriniviv
10102020mcg/min
mcg/min
Consider
Consider
Nitroprusside
Nitroprussideiviv
0.1-5
0.1-5mcg/kg/min
mcg/kg/min
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1. Gagal jantung kongestif akut dengan tanda dan gejala AHF yang
ringan dan tidak memenuhi kriteria cardiogenic shock, pulmonary
oedema atau hypertensive crisis.
2. Hypertensive AHF : tanda dan gejala gagal jantung disertai
tekanan darah yang tinggi dan radiologis thorax menunjukkan
edema paru akut.
3. Edema Pulmo (verified by chest X-ray) disertai severe respiratory
distress, dengan ronki basah diseluruh paru dan orthopnoe,
dengan saturasi O2 biasanya < 90 % pada suhu ruangan sebelum
terapi.
4. Syok Kardiogenik : keadaan dimana terjadi hipoperfusi jaringan
yang diakibatkan oleh gagal jantung.
Tidak ada definisi yang jelas mengenai parameter hemodinamik
namun biasanya ditandai dengan : penurunan TD (systolic BP
<90mmHg atau MAP Turun >30mmHg) & atau Oliguria
(<0.5ml/kg/h), with a pulse rate >60b.p.m. dengan atau tanpa
kongesti organ.
5. High output failure biasanya pada keadaan : high heart rate
(caused by arrhythmias, thyrotoxicosis, anaemia, Paget's disease,
iatrogenic or by other mechanisms),dengan perifer hangat,
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Medical treatment
Dedicated to mykynaocc
1. Morphine , jika ingin diambil efek sedasi
2. Vasodilators in the treatment of AHF (first line terapy)
3.Calcium antagonists TIDAK DIREKOMENDASIKAN
4. ACE-inhibitors TIDAK DIINDIKASIKAN untuk stabilisasi
awal.
5. Diuretik
6. Inotropik
Glyceryl
trinitrate, 5mononitrate
Isosorbide
dinitrate
Nitroprusside
Nesiritide
Indication
Dosing
Main side
effects
Other
Hypotension,
headache
Tolerance on
continuous
use
Hypotension,
headache
Tolerance on
continuous
use
0.35g/kg/min
Hypotension,
isocyanate
toxicity
Drug is light
sensitive
Bolus 2 g/kg +
infusion 0.015
0.03 g/kg/min
Hypotension
Start 20 g/min,
increase to 200 g/min
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Acute Respiratory
Distress Syndrome
(ARDS)
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DEFINISI
American European Consensus Conference Statement 1994 :
ARDS : suatu sindrom inflamasi dan peningkatan permeabilitas yang
disertai adanya gambaran klinik, radiologi, dan gangguan
fisiologi yang tidak dapat diterangkan oleh peningkatan
tekanan atrium kiri atau tekanan kapiler paru.
Tanda khas :
- Injury paru akut.
- Oedema paru nonkardiogenik.
- Hipoksia berat
PATOGENESI
S
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Dedicated to mykynaocc
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Onset : akut.
Kriteria Diagnosis:
1. Riwayat pencetus.
2. Hipoksemia refrakter dengan terapi oksigen
(PaO2/FiO2 <200)
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FAKTOR RISIKO
Indirect lung
injury
Pneumonia
Aspirasi of gastric contents
Pulmonary contusion
Fat emboli
Inhalation injury
Near-drowning
Reperfusion pulmonary edema
Sepsis
Multiple trauma
Multiple blood
transfusion.
Cardiopulmonary
bypass
Burns
Acute pancreatitis
Drug overdose
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GAMBARAN KLINIK
12 24 jam pertama
- Takipnea.
- Takikardi.
- Alkalosis respiratorik
- Proses inflamasi : Gg. Perfusi dan pintas intrapulmonar, hipoksia
berat,
Penurunan rasio PaO2/ Fio2.
48 jam
Infiltrat paru diffuse dan cepat terjadi gagal nafas
RADIOLOGI
TATA LAKSANA :
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Dedicated to mykynaocc
PENCEGAHAN
Identifikasi wkt trakeostomi
Elevasi kepala,suction.
Propilaksis stress ulcer
Batasi plateu pressure
Pneumothaoraks,pneumomediast
inum,
Pneumoperitoneum,emboli
udara
Cardiac/hemodinamik
Hipotensi
Vaskuler
Kerusakan mekanik
Lain lain
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KOMPLIKASI AKUT DM
Dedicated to mykynaocc
KOMPLIKASI AKUT DM
HIPERGLIKEMI
HIPOGLIKEMI
Edema cerebri
Kerusakan SSP
KETOASIDOSIS
LAKTOASIDOSIS
Kontraktilitas miokard
Cardiac output
Tensi
Perfusi ke organ2
Respons vaskuler thd katekolamin
Syok hipovolemi
HIPEROSMOLER
Syok hipovolemi
Trombo-emboli
KETOASIDOSIS
HIPEROSMOLER
LAKTOASIDOSIS
TERAPI
Insulin ( prioritas pembahasan )
Lain-lain :
Cairan
Elektrolit
Nutrisi
Antibiotika
LABORATORIUM
KAD
HONK
> 250
> 600
pH
< 7.3
> 7.3
< 15
> 20
Keton urine
3+
1+
Keton serum
Bervariasi
330
130 140
145 155
56
45
18 - 25
20 - 40
BUN (mg/dl)
50% i.v
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Continous
infusion
Banyak diminati
dalam praktek
efek terapi cepat
komplikasi minimal
Hipoglikemi
Hipokalemi
0.1 u/kgBB/jam me insulin plasma memenuhi
(100 200 u/mL)
kapasitas maksimal
reseptor insulin
am
r
og
Glukosa (< 50-100 mg/dl) dosis (2x)
r
ip
r
IA da
S
N sis
Dosis s/d 100 u/jam + kortikosteroid
A
L do
(menekan resist. Insulin)
mencegah hipoglikemi
menekan ketoasidosis
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DEHIDRASI
REHIDRASI
Koreksi
Sliding Scale
@ 4 jam
s.c
> 300 mg/dl
20 u
Short acting
3x / hari
30 menit sebelum
porsi makan utama
Intermediate acting
malam hari
15 20 unit
Dedicated to mykynaocc
INSULIN IN CRITICALLY
ILL
CRITICALLY ILL
Glucose
uptake
(Brain, RBC,
Wounds)
Disruption of glucoregulation
Increase gluconeogenesis
Insulin resistance
Glucose
uptake
(Skelt muscle,
Heart)
Hyperglycemia
< 215 mg%,
DM with AMI
Improve outcome
Up to 200 mg%
Can be tolerated
DM with severe
hyperglycemia
post op infection
Glycemic
control
Strict glycemic control
<110 mg%
Harmful to vital
organ & system
Reduce morbidity
Halved decrease
Blood stream infection
Prolonged inflammation
HD/HF in ARF
Polyneuropathy
Transfusion
Decrease
prolonged
ventilator
Reduce mortality
Overall ICU mortality
8 to 4.6%
Los > 5 days mortality
20.2 to 10.6%
Insulin treatment:
Continuous infusion
The dose adjustment: titration algorithm
Blood glucose measurement every 1 to 2 hr
until the target was reached within 12 to 24 hr,
and then every 4 hr, unless steep falls or rises,
hourly control after each dose adjustment
To avoid fluctuation in blood glucose levels
Intravenous glucose by infusion pump
To avoid hypoglycemia the dose of insulin
will reduce or stop during interruption of tube
feeding
BG 60 mg% (DM)
Stop Insulin !
Assure glucose intake
Give Glucose 10 g IV bolus
Maintained BG at 81-110 mg/dl
Check BG within next hour
Normoglycemia by receiving
insulin < 2 IU/hr
Stop insulin
Strict maintenance of
normoglycemia
Improvement of:
Coagulation and
fibrinolysis
Macrophage funct.
Insulin
with
Reduce mortality
Reduce morbidity
Bacteremia
Inflammation
Polyneuropathy
Anemia
Acute RF
Strict maintenance
of normoglycemia
(80 110 mg%)
VS
Moderate
hyperglycemia
(110 150 mg%)
Reduce mortality
Reduce morbidity
Bacteremia
Polyneuropathy
Anemia
Acute Renal Failure
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KRISIS TIROID
Trias kecurigaan
krisis:
stroke )
KRISIS TIROID
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Indeks utk status fungsi tiroid :
Indeks Wayne
Gejala
Skor Y / N
Sesak bila bekerja
+1
+3 / -3
Berdebar-debar
+2
+2 / -2
Kelelahan
+2
+2
Lebih suka udara panas
+1
Lebih suka udara dingin
+5
+4 / -2
Keringat berlebihan
+3
+2 / -2
Keguguran
+2
+1
+1 / -1
Nafsu makan bertambah
+3
+4
Indeks
lain :berkurang
New Castle
Nafsu makan
BB naik
-3
BB turun
+3
0
0
Tanda
Skor Y / N
Kelenjar tiroid teraba
Bising kelenjr tiroid
Exopthalmus
-5
-3
-3
Nadi teratur :
< 80 x / mnt
80-90 x / mnt
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Dedicated to mykynaocc
PRINSIP PENGOBATAN :
1. Koreksi Hipertiroidisme
2. Normalkan mekanisme homeostasis yg terganggu ( ci,elekt )
3. Obati faktor pencetus
Secara rinci :
o
Umum : Cairan rehidrasi dan koreksi elektrolit, kalori, vitamin,
oksigenasi.
o
Koreksi hipertiroidisme dg cepat :
o
o
- Blok sintesis ho tiroid : PTU dosis besar ( loading dose 600 1000 mg )
diikuti
200 mg tiap 4 jam dg dosis total sehari 1000 1500 mg. Cara
pemberian :
DI GERUS
- Blok keluarnya simpanan ho tiroid : LUGOL ( 10 tts tiap 6-8 jam ) atau
SSKI
( Kalium Yodida pekat ) 5 tts tiap 6 jam. Jk ada NaI : injeksi 1 gr/8-12
jam
- Hambat konversi T4 mjd T3 diperifer : Propanolol 20 40 mg/6 jam
Hidrokortison dosis stres ( 100 mg/8 jam atau Dexametason 2 mg/6jam).
Alasan : tjd def steroid relatif
Antipiretik : Acetaminofen. NO ASPIRIN ok akan berkompetisi dg ho
tiroksin utk berikatan dg TBG shg meningkatkan kadar T4 ( tiroksin )
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Koma miksedema
( as severe form of prolonged hypothyroidism )
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Komplikasinya :
Koma
Hipotensi
Hipoventilasi
Gagal jantung
Kelainan elektrolit
Hipotermi
Bradikardia
Hiponatremia
Hipoglikemia
PENCETUS :
Infeksi sistemik berat
Paska pembedahan
Efek samping obat narkotika
Akibat obat hipnotika
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Penanganan
koma miksedema
Dosis permulaan : LTiroksin 300
500 ug intra vena
Dosis pertahanan :50 - 100 ug L T4
@ hari
Karena konversi T4 ke T3 gagal
pada keadaan berat ini, berikan L T3
: 12,5 ug intra vena setiap 6 jam
Atasi dehidrasi dan kelainan
elektrolit
Dedicated to mykynaocc
OBAT- OBATAN
RESUSITASI
EPINEPHRINE
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Meningkatkan :
Resistensi vaskuler sistemik
TD diastolik & sistolik
Electrical activity in the myocardium
Coronary and cerebral blood flow
Strength of myocardial contraction
Myocardial oxygen requirements
Automaticity
INDIKASI :
Cardiac arrest from : VF or Pulseless VT
unresponsive to initial
countershocks, asystole, PEA
Symptomatic bradycardia
DOSIS & CARA PEMBERIAN :
o 1 mg IV, repeated every 3-5 minutes
o During cardiac arrest and symptomatic bradycardia
profound hypotension :
continuous infusion, 30 mg Epinephrine HCl added to 250
mL of normal saline
ATROPINE
Dedicated to mykynaocc
A parasympatholytic drug
Enhances both sinus node automaticity and AV conduction via
its vagolytic action
INDIKASI :
Initial therapy for symptomatic bradycardia
In 1st degree AV block, Mobitz type I AV block and bradyasystoloc cardiac arrest :
excessive vagal stimulation.
DOSIS & CARA PEMBERIAN :
Without cardiac arrest : 0.5 1 mg,IV. Repeated at 5 minutes
interval.
Brady-asystolic cardiac arrest : 1 mg IV. Repeated every 3 5
minutes.
HATI
- HATI :
Induce tachycardia
Administered with caution in the setting of myocardial
infarction
Excessive doses can cause : anti-cholinergic syndrome of
delirium, tachycardia,
come, flushed, hot skin and blurred vision
LIDOCAINE
Dedicated to mykynaocc
INDIKASI :
Ventricular ectopy, wide complex tachycardias, ventricular
tachycardia and VF.
Pulseless VT and VF that is refractory to electrical therapy and
epinephrine.
Patient with significant risk factors for malignant ventricular
arrhythmia.
Routine
DOSIS
& CARA
PEMBERIAN
:
prophylactic
Lidocaine
therapy in patient with AMI can
noInitial
longerdose
be : 1,0 1,5 mg / kg I.V. bolus
recommended.
Via ETT : 2 2,5 x IV dose
Second bolus : 0,5 0,75 mg / kg after 10`
Additional bolus : 0,5 0,75 mg/kg every 5 ` -10` (if arrhythmia
persists), until total
dose: 3 mg/kg.
Continuous iv infusion: 2-4 mg/min (spontaneous circulation).
HATI - HATI :
Neurological change
Myocardial & circulatory depression
ADENOSINE
Dedicated to mykynaocc
INDIKASI :
Terminating SVT that involve a re-entry pathways including
the AV node
DOSIS & CARA PEMBERIAN :
Initial dose : 6 mg rapid bolus over 1-3 followed quickly by
20 ml saline flush
Repeat dose : 12 mg, if no response within 1 2 minutes
Patients taking theophylline are less sensitive
HATI HATI :
Flushing, dyspnea, chest pain ( usually resolve within 1 2
minutes )
Transient bradycardia and ventricular ectopy
Produce few hemodynamic effects
VERAPAMIL
Dedicated to mykynaocc
AMIODARONE
Dedicated to mykynaocc
AMIODARONE
DOSIS & CARA PEMBERIAN :
Initially, 150 mg. I V. over 10 minutes,Repeated 150 mg, as
necessary, for recurrent or
resistant arrhythmia
Followed by 1 mg / min infusion (6 hrs). Then, 0,5 mg / min
Max. daily dose : 2 grams
In cardiac arrest due to pulseless VT or VF :
o Initially , 300 mg, rapid infusion, diluted in 20-30 ml saline or
D5W.
o Repeated, 150 mg for recurrent or refractory VT/VF.
o 1 mg / min ( 6 hrs ), then 0,5 mg/min. Max. daily dose: 2 grams
HATI HATI :
- Hypotension
- Bradicardia
- Heart block
Dedicated to mykynaocc
VASOPRESSIN
Dedicated to mykynaocc
INDIKASI :
Shock-refractory VF ( II b)
DOSIS & CARA PEMBERIAN :
40 U, I.V. single dose, 1 time only
Sod. Bicarbonate
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Buffer agent
CO2 generated, during CPR when the transport of CO2 to and
from the lung is
decreased
INDIKASI :
Tissue acidosis resulting acidemia during cardiac arrest and
CPR, it depends on the duration of cardiac arrest and the level
of blood flow during CPR
DOPAMINE
Dedicated to mykynaocc
DOPAMINE
Dedicated to mykynaocc
DOBUTAMINE
Dedicated to mykynaocc
MORPHIN SULPHATE
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Reduce anxiety
Reduce pain and ischemia
Increase venous capacitance
Decrease systemic vascular resistance
Lead to reduced oxygen demands, less ischemia and
infarct extension
INDIKASI :
o Pain and anxiety associated with AMI
o Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema
DOSIS & CARA PEMBERIAN :
o 1-3 mg, at frequent intervals as often as every 5 min.
o GOAL : eliminate pain
HATI HATI :
Respiratory depressant
Excessive narcosis can be reverse by : Naloxone ( 0.4
0.8 mg )
NITROGLYCERIN
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ASPIRIN
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Anti-platelet aggregation
Block the formation of thromboxane A2
Reduce overall mortality from acute MI
Reduce nonfatal reinfarction
Reduce nonfatal stroke
KAPAN DIBERIKAN :
As soon as possible !
Standard therapy for all patients with new pain
suggestive of acute M I
Give within minutes of arrival
DOSIS & CARA PEMBERIAN :
160 320 mg tablet, as soon as possible
Emergency or pre-hospital
Dedicated to mykynaocc
RKP / CPR
Dedicated to mykynaocc
CPR
|
pijat jantung 100 x pm
nafas 12 x pm atau
sinkronisasi 15:2
(satu atau dua penolong)
|
pasang monitor ECG
siap DC-shock
|
VF/VT
|
DC shock
|
Asystole / PEA
|
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DEFIBRILATION
DC shock
Un - Synchronized
Synchronized
VF / VT Pulseless
Asystole-withness
AF - SVT
kardioversi
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PEA
CPR 3 menit
Intubasi, iv line,
adrenalin 1 mg / 3-5 menit
1-1-1 / 1-3-5 mg
|
|
Asystole / PEA
|
ROSC
( Recovery of
Spontaneous Circulation )
CPR 3 mnt
|
|
bradycardia normal
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Cardiac arrest =
carotis (-)
Asystole
= ECG flat,
tak ada gelombang
UNshockable
CPR + adrenalin
(+atropin?)
ROSC < 10%
( Recovery of
Spontaneous
Circulation )
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Dedicated to mykynaocc
PEA =
EMD
P-ulseless
E-lectrical
A-ctivity
E-lectro
M-echanical
D-issociation
VT / Ventricular Tachycardia
|
|
carotis (+)
Lidocain
1 mg/kg iv
cepat
carotis (-)
DC shock
200 Joules
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Dedicated to mykynaocc
VF / VT
Bentuk gelombang
khas
pulseless
VT = Ventricular Tachycardia
VF = Ventricular Fibrillation
DC shock
1. Switch ON
Oles paddles dengan
jelly ECG tipis rata
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Dedicated to mykynaocc
DC
shock
sternum
apex
siap charge
lagi bila
irama masih
shockable
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DC shock
200 Joules
ROSC
|
|
masih VF/VT ROSC ROSC carotis (+)
|
|
200/300 Joules
pertahankan
ROSC
|
oksigenasi
pertahankan
tensi
CPR 1masih
menit, intubasi,
VF/VT iv line, adrenalin 1 mg
intravena, intra-trachea, intra-osseus
RESUME
CPR 1
DC shock 200
- menit,
200/300 - 360
intubasi,
Joules
iv line, adrenalin 1 mgROSC
|
masih VF/VT
|
ROSC
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Dedicated to mykynaocc
DRUGS
adrenalin 1-1-1 / 3-5 menit
atropin 1-1-1 / 3-5 menit
Na-bik hanya 1 mEq/kg dan
paling
akhir
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4H
4T
MA
Hipoksia
Hipovolemia
Hiperkalemia
Hipotermia
Tamponade jantung
Tension
pneumothorax
Thromboemboli
paru
Toxic overdose
B-block, Ca-block
Digitalis, Tricyclic
AD
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GAGAL NAFAS
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GAGAL NAPAS
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Klasifikasi Gagal Napas
I. Gagal Napas Tipe I
(Kegagalan oksigenasi, Hipoksia arterial)
tergantung dari tekanan parsial 02 :
1. Tek. Parsial O2 dalam udara respirasi
2. venttilasi per menit
3. Kuantitas darah yang melewati kapiler paru
4. Saturasi O2
5. Difusi membran alveoler
6. Ventilasi-perfusi
PaO2 < 60 mmHg
Penyebab gagal napas tipe I :
ARDS
Asma
Udema Paru
COPD
Fibrosis intersisial
Pneumonia
Pneumothoraks
Emboli Paru
Hipertensi Pulmonal
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II. Gagal Napas Tipe II
Kegagalan Ventilasi = Hiperkapnia arteri
Peningkatan tekanan parsial CO2 dalam darah arteri (Pa CO2 > 46 mmHg)
Penyebab gagal napas tipe II :
Infark / perdarahan batang otak
Miastenia gravis
SGB
Multiple sklerosis
Flail Chest
Amiotropik lateralis sklerosis
Gagal Napas Tipe III
Kombinasi kegagalan oksigenasi dan kegagalan ventilasi (= kombinasi
hipoksemia dan
hiperkarbia, PaO2 menurun dan PaCO2 menigkat).
Peningkatan perbedaan PAO2 PaO2
Penyebab :
1.
ARDS
2.
Asma
3.
COPD
-
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VENTILATOR
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Ventilator ~ ventilasi
Ventilasi = keluar masuknya udara dari atmosfer ke alveolus
Ventilator = menghantarkan (delivery) udara
udara/gas
/gas TEKANAN
POSITIF ke dalam paru
Ventilasi semenit = TV x RR (frekuensi
(frekuensi nafas)
nafas )
TV
= 5-7 cc/kgBB
cc/ kgBB
RR = 10 12 kali/menit
kali/ menit
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INDIKASI VENTILASI
Mekanik (RR)
> 35x/m
TV (cc/kg)
<5
Oksigenasi (PaO2mmHg)
P(A-aDO2) mmHg
> 350
Ventilasi (PaCO2mmHg)
> 60
NORMAL RANGE
10-20x/m
5-7
75-100 (air)
25-65(FiO2 1.0)
35-45
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Dedicated to mykynaocc
TUJUAN FISIOLOGIS
MEMPERBAIKI VENTILASI ALVEOLAR
MEMPERBAIKI OKSIGENASI ALVEOLAR
(FiO2, FRC,V'A)
MEMBERIKAN PUMP SUPPORT ( ME
WOB)
Consensus conference on mechanical ventilation, Int Care Med 1994,
20:64-79
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Indications for
Mechanical Ventilation
Oxygenation abnormalities
Refractory hypoxemia
Need for positive endexpiratory pressure (PEEP)
Excessive work of
breathing
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Time-cycled breath
Pressure control breath
Constant pressure for preset time
Flow-cycled breath
Pressure support breath
Constant pressure during inspiration
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Modes of Mechanical
Ventilation
SPONTANEUS
SPONTANEUS VENTILATION
VENTILATION
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Continuous
Continuous Positive
Positive Airway
Airway Pressure
Pressure
(CPAP)
(CPAP)
No
No machine
machine breaths
breaths delivered
delivered
Allows
Allows spontaneous
spontaneous breathing at elevated baseline
pressure
pressure
Patient
Patient controls
controls rate
rate and
and tidal
tidal volume
volume
Assist-Control
Ventilation
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Pressure-Support
Pressure-Support
Ventilation
Ventilation
Pressure assist during spontaneous inspiration with flow-cycled
breath
Pressure assist continues until inspiratory effort decreases
Delivered tidal volume dependent on inspiratory effort and
resistance/compliance of
lung/thorax
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Pressure-Support Ventilation
Potential
Potential advantages
advantages
Patient
Patient comfort
comfort
Decreased
Decreased work
work of
of breathing
May
May enhance
enhance patient-ventilator
patient-ventilator synchrony
synchrony
Used
Used with SIMV to support spontaneous breaths
Pressure-Support Ventilation
Potential
Potential disadvantages
disadvantages
Variable
Variable tidal volume if pulmonary resistance/compliance
changes
changes rapidly
rapidly
If
If sole
sole mode
mode of
of ventilation, apnea alarm mode may be only
backup
backup
Gas
Gas leak
leak from
from circuit
circuit may interfere with cycling
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Volume
Volume or
or time-cycled
time-cycled breaths
breaths at
at a
a preset
preset rate
rate
Additional
Additional spontaneous
spontaneous breaths
breaths at
at tidal
tidal volume
volume and
and
rate
rate determined
determined by
by patient
patient
Used
Used with
with pressure
pressure support
support
Potential
Potential advantages
advantages
More
More comfortable
comfortable for
for some
some patients
patients
Less
Less hemodynamic
hemodynamic effects
effects
Potential
Potential disadvantages
disadvantages
Increased
Increased work
work of
of breathing
breathing
Spontaneous
Spontaneous breathing
breathing I:E
I:E =
= 1:2
1:2
Inspiratory
Inspiratory time
time determinants
determinants with
with volume
volume breaths
breaths
Tidal
Tidal volume
volume
Gas
Gas flow
flow rate
rate
Respiratory
Respiratory rate
rate
Inspiratory
Inspiratory pause
pause
Expiratory
Expiratory time
time passively
passively determined
determined
I:E Ratio during Mechanical Ventilation
Expiratory
Expiratory time
time too
too short
short for
for exhalation
exhalation
Breath
Breath stacking
stacking
Auto-PEEP
Auto-PEEP
Reduce
Reduce auto-PEEP
auto-PEEP by
by shortening
shortening inspiratory
inspiratory time
time
Decrease
Decrease respiratory
respiratory rate
rate
Decrease
Decrease tidal
tidal volume
volume
Increase
Increase gas
gas flow
flow rate
rate
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Permissive
Hypercapnia
Acceptance
Acceptance of
of an
an elevated
elevated PaCO
PaCO22, e.g., lower tidal volume
to
to reduce
reduce peak
peak airway
airway pressure
pressure
Contraindicated
Contraindicated with
with increased
increased intracranial
intracranial pressure
pressure
Consider
Consider in
in severe
severe asthma
asthma and
and ARDS
ARDS
Critical
Critical care consultation advised
Auto-PEEP
Can
Can be
be measured
measured on
on some
some ventilators
ventilators
Increases
Increases peak,
peak, plateau, and mean airway pressures
Potential
Potential harmful
harmful physiologic
physiologic effects
effects
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Dedicated to mykynaocc
LAIN LAIN
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Dedicated to mykynaocc
NITRAT
DOSIS
( mikrogr
)
KEC EP
SYR
PUMP
DOSIS
KECEP
SYR PUMP
NITRAT =
10
0,6
150
9,0
Nitrocin ( Gliseril
trinitrat ), Cedocard
(ISDN)
20
1,2
160
9,6
30
1,8
170
10,2
40
2,4
180
10,8
50
3,0
190
11,4
60
3,6
200
12
70
4,2
210
12,6
80
4,8
220
13,2
90
5,4
230
13,8
100
6,0
240
14,4
110
6,6
250
15
120
7,2
260
15,6
130
7,8
270
16,2
140
8,4
280
16,8
290
17,4
1 vial = 10 cc = 10 mg =
10.000 gr. 1 cc = 1 mg =
1000 gr
Pengenceran : 50mg / 50 cc
- Mulai dosis kecil 10
mikro/ mnt
atau 30 mikro/mnt
- Tekanan darah hrs
adekuat dan
Monitor TD ketat
- ES : hipotensi, nyeri
kepala,
tolerance in
300
18
Dedicated
to mykynaocc
Dedicated to mykynaocc
DOPAMIN
Dos
40
kg
45
kg
50
kg
55
kg
60
kg
65
kg
70
kg
75
kg
80
kg
0,6
0,67
5
0,75
0,82
5
0,9
0,97
5
1,05
1,12
5
1,2
1,2
1,35
1.5
1,65
1,8
1,95
2,1
2,25
2,4
Pengencera
n:
200 mg / 50
cc
1cc = 4000
1,8
2,03
2,25
2,48
2,7
2,93
3,15
3,38
3,6
2,4
2,7
3,0
3,3
3,6
3,9
4,2
4,5
4,8
3,0
3,38
3,75
4,13
4,5
4,88
5,25
5,63
6,0
3,6
4,05
4,5
4,95
5,4
5,85
6,3
6,75
7,2
4,2
4,73
5,25
5,78
6,3
6,83
7,37
7,88
8,4
gr
4,8
5,4
6,0
6,6
7,2
7,8
8,4
9,0
9,6
5,4
6,07
6,75
7,43
8,1
8,78
9,45
10,1
3
10,8
10
6,0
6,75
7,5
8,25
9,0
9,75
10,5
11,2
5
12,0
11
6,6
7,43
8,25
9,08
9,9
10,7
3
11,5
5
12,3
8
13,2
12
7,2
8,1
9,0
9,9
10,8
11,7
12,6
13,5
0
14,4
Pengenceran
13
7,8
8,78
9,75
10,7
3
11,7
12,6
8
13,6
5
14,6
3
15,6
Drip infus :
14
8,4
9,45
10,0
5
11,5
5
12,6
13,6
5
14,7
15,7
5
16,8
1 amp : 200
mg
DOSIS : 1 20
gr/kgBB/mnt
Rumus :
Dss x BB x
menit
(dosis x BB x 60
DOBUTAMIN
Dobutrex/
Dobujec
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Dosis
40
kg
45
kg
50
kg
55
kg
60
kg
65
kg
70
kg
75
kg
80
kg
0,48
0,54
0,6
0,66
0,72
0,78
0,84
0,9
0,96
Sediaan:
0,96
1,08
1,2
1,32
1,44
1,56
1,68
1,8
1,92
Dobutrex :
1,44
1,62
1,8
1,98
2,16
2,34
2,52
2,7
2,88
1 vial
:
20 cc = 250
mg
1,92
2,16
2,4
2,64
2,88
3,12
3,36
3,6
3,84
2,40
2,70
3,0
3,30
3,60
3,90
4,20
4,5
4,80
2,88
3,24
3,6
3,96
4,32
4,68
5,04
5,4
5,76
3,36
3,78
4,2
4,62
5,04
5,46
5,88
6,3
6,72
3,84
4,32
4,8
5,28
5,76
6,24
6,72
7,2
7,68
4,32
4,86
5,4
5,94
6,48
7,02
7,56
8,1
8,64
10
4,80
5,40
6,0
6,60
7,20
7,80
8,40
9,0
9,60
11
5,28
5,94
6,6
7,26
7,92
8,58
9,24
9,9
10,5
6
12
5,76
6,48
7,2
7,92
8,64
9,36
10,0
8
10,8
11,5
2
13
6,24
7,02
7,8
8,58
9,36
10,1
4
10,9
2
11,7
12,4
8
14
6,72
7,56
8,4
9,24
10,0
8
10,9
2
11,7
6
12,6
13,4
4
15
7,20
8,10
9,0
9,90
10,8
0
11,7
0
12,6
0
13,5
14,4
0
Dobujec :
1 ampul :
5 cc= 250
mg
Pengenceran :
50 cc
1 cc= 5000
gr
DOSIS : 1
20 gr /
kgBB / mnt
Rumus :
Norpinephrin/
Levoped/Vascon
Sediaan: 1
amp: 4 cc =
4 mg
Pengencera
n:
4 mg / 50 cc
1cc = 0,08
mg = 80
gr
Dosis :
mulai 0,050,15
mikro/kg/m
nt
Rumus :
Dss x BB x
menit
Dedicated to mykynaocc
LEVOPHED
Dosis
40
kg
45
kg
50
kg
55
kg
60
kg
65
kg
70
kg
75
kg
80
kg
0,01
0,3
0,3
4
0,02
0,6
0,6
8
0,03
0,9
1,0
1
0,04
1,2
1,3
5
0,05
1,5
1,6
9
0,06
1,8
2,0
2
0,07
2,1
2,3
6
ADRENALIN
Dedicated to mykynaocc
Dosis
40
kg
45
kg
50
kg
0,01
0,24
0,27
0,3
Pengencera
n:
5 mg / 50cc
0,02
0,48
0,54
0,6
0,03
0,72
0,81
0,9
0,04
0,96
1,08
1,2
1cc = 0,1
mg =
100 gr
0,05
1,2
1,35
1,5
0,06
1,44
1,62
1,8
0,07
1,68
1,89
2,1
0,08
1,92
2,16
2,4
0,09
2,16
2,43
2,7
0,1
2,4
2,7
3,0
3,30
3,6
3,90
4,2
4,50 4,80
0,15
3,6
4,05
4,5
4,95
5,4
5,85
6,3
6,75 7,20
0,2
4,8
5,4
6,0
6,60
7,2
7,80
8,4
0,25
6,0
6,75
7,5
7,5
9,0
0,3
7,2
8,1
9,0
9,9
0,35
8,4
9,45
10,5
0,4
9,6
10,8
12,0
Dosis :
0,01 s/d 0,2
gr/kgBB/m
nt
Rumus :
Dss x BB x
menit
Pengencera
n
55
kg
60
kg
65
kg
70
kg
2,1
75
kg
80
kg
2,25 2,40
3,6
9,0
3,84
9,60
12
(April, 2010)