Q

To me there has never been a higher source of earthly

honor or distinction than that connected with advances
in science.
Isaac Newton

Frames of Reference
You don't always need to see something move to
know that motion has taken place
A reference point is needed to determine the
position of an object
Ever felt like you were slowly moving backwards
when a semi truck passed you on the highway?

Frames of Reference

You have mistakenly made the truck your frame

of reference, measuring your motion relative to
the truck
Both vehicles move forward relative to the
stationary tree (the ground is the proper frame
of reference)

Proper Frame of Reference

Describing One-Dimensional
Motion
Motion- a change in position, measured by distance
and time
The SI unit of length or distance is the meter (m)
Shorter distances are measured in centimeters (cm)
Longer distances are measured in kilometers (km)

The following quantities are used to describe motion:

Speed
The fastest thing travels
Velocity
at ~670,000,000 mph
AccelerationWhat is it? Light

Change in Position
Suppose a runner jogs to the 50-m mark and then
turns around and runs back to the 20-m mark
Distance- quantity that tells you how far something has
moved
The runner travels 50 m in the original direction (east)
plus 30 m in the opposite direction (west), so the total
distance she ran is 80 m

Change in Position
Sometimes you may want to know not only your
distance but also your direction from a reference
point, such as from the starting point

Displacement- the distance AND direction of an objects

position relative to a starting point
Adding displacement: 50 m east, turn around and run 30
m west = 20 m east total displacement

Speed
Speed- the distance traveled by
a moving object over a period of
time
Kilometers/sec, miles/hour,
meters/min

Speed Formula
D = SXT

S = D/T

T = D/S
Example: A rifle bullet travels 1200 meters in 4
seconds.
What is the speed of the bullet?

S=D/T
Step # 1

S = 1200m/4 sec.
Step # 2

S = 300 m/sec.
Step # 3

SPEED! BABY! SPEED!

Constant Speed

A moving object that doesnt change its speed

travels at constant speed
Constant speed- equal distances are covered in
an equal amount of time (i.e. 25 miles/hour)
This results in a linear position vs. time graph

Changing Speed
Usually speed is not
constant
Usually the speed will
change for any
number of reasons
(wind, stop lights,
etc.)

Instantaneous speed
Instantaneous speedspeed at any instant which
the word speed alone is
representing
My speed is 60 miles/h
is referring to your speed
at that particular moment,
but likely to change

Average Speed
Instantaneous speeds

A
A car
car travels
travels at
at 50
50 km/h,
km/h,
slows
slows down
down to
to 00 km/h,
km/h,
and
and speeds
speeds up
up again
again to
to 60
60 km/h
km/h
Its average speed over the whole journey:
overall distance travelled
=
total time of travel

Graphing Motion
On a distance (or position)-time
graph, the distance,
or position, is plotted on the
vertical axis and the time on the
horizontal
axis
Each axis must have a
scale that covers the
range of number to be
plotted
The slope on a distance-time graph
is equal to
speed

Check for Understanding

What is the difference between
distance and displacement?

Check for Understanding

__________ is the distance an
object travels per unit of time.
A. acceleration
B. displacement
C. speed
D. velocity

Check for Understanding

Name two observations you can make about the

cars speed from looking at the graph.
Calculate the speeds of both cars from the graph
by choosing two points on each line.

Check for Understanding

Calculate the average speed of the car below:

Velocity
Velocity- a speed in a given direction
Its possible for two objects to have the same
speed, but different velocities

direction
velocity

magnitude
(speed)

Has
directio
n!

Earths speed at the equator: 1670 km/h

Earths velocity at the equator: 1670 km/h to the East

Velocity
Velocity depends on direction as well as speed,
so the velocity of an object can change even if
the speed of the object remains constant
The speed of this car might be constant, but its
velocity is not because the direction of motion
is always changing

Velocity and Momentum

A moving object has a property called momentum
that is related to how much force is needed to
change its motion
Momentum (p) takes into consideration not only
an objects velocity AND mass
Mass- the amount of matter (atoms) in an object
(kg)

Velocity and Momentum

Momentum is given the symbol p and can

be calculated with the following equation
p = mass (kg) X velocity (m/s)

The unit for momentum is kg m/s. Notice

that momentum has a direction because
velocity has a direction.

Velocity and Momentum

When two objects have the same velocity, the one with the
larger mass has the larger momentum
The 1,000-kg car traveling at 20 m/s east has a momentum
of 20,000 kgm/s east.
p = m X v = 1000kg X 20 m/s
What about the truck?
Law of conservation of momentum- the total momentum of
a system stays the same before and after an interaction

Check for Understanding

Speed or Velocity?
A race car traveling 155 miles per hour
turning left on a circular racetrack
A sprinter running 3 meters/sec
A tornado heading west at 15 km/hour

Check for Understanding

Speed or Velocity?
A race car traveling 155 miles per hour V
turning left on a circular racetrack
A sprinter running 3 meters/sec S
A tornado heading west at 15 km/hour V

Check for Understanding

A 1,500-kg car is traveling west at
100 m/s. What is the cars
momentum?
A. 1,500 kgm/s
B. 150,000 kgm/s
C. 1,400 kgm/s
D. 1,600 kgm/s

Check for Understanding

A 1,500-kg car is traveling west at
100 m/s. What is the cars
momentum?
B. 150,000 kgm/s

Change in Velocity
Velocity rarely stays constant
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity
When the velocity of an object
changes, the object is accelerating
A change in velocity can be either
a change in how fast something is
moving, or a change in the
direction it is moving
Acceleration occurs when an object changes its speed, its direction, or both

Acceleration- the rate at

which velocity changes in
time (speed OR direction
components)

Change in Velocity
In a car we can change our velocity 3
ways:
Speed up
Slow down
Change direction

All of these would be considered

acceleration

Change in Velocity
30 km/h

k
60

/h

60 km/h

60 km/h

We say that this car is accelerating

because its velocity is increasing

60 km/h

We say that this car is accelerating

because its direction is changing as it
turns, which means its velocity is
changingeven though its speed stays
constant

30 km/h

0 km/h

We say that this car is accelerating

because its velocity is decreasing.
Decreasing velocity is still acceleration,
although it is a negative
acceleration

Change in Velocity
Changing speed changes velocity and is
therefore considered acceleration
Positive acceleration speeding up
Negative acceleration slowing down

Acceleration Formula
A = VfinalVinitial

OR

Example: A cars velocity changes from 0.0m/s

south to 50.0m/s south in 10.0 seconds.
Calculate the cars acceleration
Given: Vinitial: 0.0m/s south
Vfinal: 50.0m/s south
Time: 10.0 seconds
Uknown: acceleration
Equation:

A = Vfinal Vinitial

Time

Setup:

A = 50.0m/s 0.0m/s

Solve:

A = 5.0 m/s/s
or m/s2

10.0s

Check for Understanding

A car traveling at 60 mph accelerates to
90 mph in 3 seconds. What is the
cars acceleration?
Given:
Uknown:
Equation:
Setup:
Solve:

Check for Understanding

A car traveling at 60 mph accelerates to
90 mph in 3 seconds. What is the
cars acceleration?
Given:

Velocity(initial) = 60 mph
Velocity(final) = 90 mph
Time = 3 seconds

Unknown: What is the cars acceleration?

Equation: Acceleration = Velocity(final) - Velocity(initial)
Setup:

time

90 mph - 60 mph = 30 mph

=
3 seconds
3 seconds

Solve: = 10 mph/second

Check for Understanding

A car traveling at 60 mph slams on the breaks to
avoid hitting a deer. The car comes to a safe stop
6 seconds after applying the breaks. What is the
cars acceleration?
Given:
Unknown:
Equation:
Setup:

Solve:

Check for Understanding

A car traveling at 60 mph slams on the breaks to
avoid hitting a deer. The car comes to a safe stop
6 seconds after applying the breaks. What is the
cars acceleration?
Given: Velocity = 60 mph Velocity = 0 mph
Time = 6 seconds
(initial)

(finall)

Unknown: Acceleration
Equation: Acceleration = Velocity(final) - Velocity(initial)
time
Setup: = 0 mph - 60 mph = -60 mph
6 seconds
6 seconds
Solve: = -10 mph/second

Velocity vs. Time Graphs

The slope of the line on a speed-time graph
equals the objects acceleration

Negative
acceleration
Positive
acceleration

Change in Velocity
Is the velocity for each car constant or changing?
Which car has the highest velocity?

Acceleration
Velocity vs. Time Graph

Positive
acceleration

Acceleration
Velocity vs.Time Graph
Negative
acceleration

Acceleration in 2D
The speed of the horses in
this carousel is constant,
but they are accelerating
because their direction is
changing
This would be considered
centripetal accelerationacceleration of an object
toward the center of a
curved or circular path

Horizontal & Vertical Motion

Are Independent
The bullet from the gun keeps going
forward while it falls.
Gravity
makes
both
bullets
fall at
the
same
rate

What if the Projectile is Thrown

Upward?
Projectiles keeps moving forward with
.
the same speed.

Gravity
slows projectiles down
while going up
and speeds them up
while going down.

Check for Understanding

Which is NOT a form of acceleration?
A. maintaining a constant speed and
direction
B. speeding up
C. slowing down
D. turning

Check for Understanding

Which is NOT a form of acceleration?
A. maintaining a constant speed and
direction

The question is
Why does
everything in the
universe move?

why?

The answer

Big, huge, massive forces!

And little ones too.

Forces
A force is a pull (an attraction)

Or, a push (a repulsion)

Forces
All forces have two properties:
Direction
Size
A newton (N) is the unit that describes the size
of a force and is equal to 1kg X m/s2

Changing Motion
A force can cause the motion of an object to
change
If you have played pool, you know that you can force a
ball at rest to roll into a pocket by striking it with
another ball
The force of the moving ball causes the ball at rest to
move in the direction of the force

Force does not always change motion, though

Net Force
When all the forces acting on an object are
considered together, you determine the net force
on the object
An object with a net force of anything other than 0
N on it will change its state of motion

Forces in the Same Direction

When forces are applied in the same

direction, they are added to determine the
size of the net force

Forces in Different Directions

When two forces act in opposite directions, you

subtract the smaller force from the larger force to
determine the net force
The net force will be in the same direction as the
larger force

Balanced Forces
Balanced forces cancel each other out!
They are forces that are equal in size and
opposite in direction

Types of Forces
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Friction
Gravity
Electromagnetic
Nuclear
Etc.

1. Friction

Friction- the force that opposes

the sliding motion of two surfaces
that are touching each other

i.e. skateboard stops rolling

It always slows a moving object down
The amount of friction between two
surfaces depends on two
factors the kinds of surfaces and
the force pressing the surfaces
together.

1. Friction
Force on box
by person

Force on person
by box

Force on floor by box Force on box

by floor

Corrugations and imperfections in the surfaces

grind when things slide.
How can we reduce friction?

Cause of Friction
The larger the force pushing the two surfaces
together is, the stronger these microwelds will
be, because more of the surface bumps will
come into contact

Types of Friction
Static-prevents two surfaces from sliding
past each other at all (move a box of books)
Sliding- opposes sliding motion (box of books
that is sliding stops moving)
Rolling- acts over the area where the wheel
and surface meet like traction (skateboard
with box of books on it stops moving)
Fluid (Viscous)- opposes the motion of objects
traveling through a fluid (air or water)

2. Gravity

Galileo-1600s studied how things fell

Gravity is an attractive force
between any two objects that
depends on the masses of the
objects and the distance between
them
Isaac Newton formulated the law of universal
gravitation, which he published in 1687

Law of Universal Gravitation

This law can be written as the following equation

F is the force of gravity, G is a constant called the

universal gravitational constant, and d is the distance
between the two masses, m1 and m2
The greater the mass of two objects, the greater the
gravitational force (F) between them
The greater the distance between two objects, the less the
gravitation force between them

Gravitational Force
No matter how far apart two objects are,
the gravitational force between them never
completely goes to zero
Because of this gravity is called a long-range
force
The strength of the gravitational field is 9.8
N/kg near Earths surface and gets smaller as
you move away from Earth

Weight
Because the weight of an object on Earth is equal to the
force of Earths gravity on the object, weight can be
calculated from this equation:

2
Where Fg is the force of gravity on an object..in
or (m/sother
)
words, its weightand g is 9.8 N/kg near Earths surface
(9.8N/kg = 9.8 m/s2)

Mass
Weight and mass are not the same
Weight is a force and mass is a measure of
the amount of matter an object contains
Weight and mass are related. Weight
increases as mass increases

or (m/s2)

Mass
The amount of matter
(atoms) in an object
Measure with a balance
Never changes

vs. Weight
Both are
measurements of
matter

A measure of gravitys
pull on an object
Measure with a Newton
scale
Changes due to gravity

Check for Understanding

What is the weight of a 10-kg block?

10 kg
9.8
N/kg

m
Fg

Fg = mg = (10 kg)(9.8 N/kg)

FFgg == 98
98 N
N

Newtons Laws of Motion

Newton lived from 16421727
#1 An object in motion stays in motion and
an object at rest stays at rest unless
acted upon by an unbalanced force
#2 Force equals mass times acceleration
(F = ma)
#3 For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction

Newtons First Law

An object in motion stays

in motion and an object at
rest stays at rest unless
acted upon by an
unbalanced force

Newtons First Law

What does this mean?

An object will keep doing what its doing UNLESS

acted on by an unbalanced force like friction
If it is moving at a constant velocity it will
continue
If it is at rest, it stays at rest
In outer space, away from gravity and any
sources of friction, a rocket ship launched with a
certain speed and direction would keep going in
that same direction and same speed forever

Newtons First Law

Called the Law of Inertia- the tendency of an
object to resist changes in its state of motion
Recall that mass is the amount of matter (atoms)
in an object
Newtons First Law states that all objects have
inertia
The more mass an object has, the more inertia it
has (and the harder it is to change its motion)

Then why dont moving objects keep moving

forever?
Things dont keep moving forever because
theres almost always an unbalanced force
acting upon it
A book sliding across a table
slows down and stops because of
the force of friction
If you throw a ball upwards it will
eventually slow down and fall
because of the force of gravity

Newtons Second Law

Force equals mass times acceleration

F = ma

Newtons Second Law

What Does F = ma Mean?

The force of an object comes from its mass and its

acceleration so that the acceleration of an object is in
the same direction as the net force on the object
A massive glacier thats
changing speed very slowly
(low acceleration) can still have
great force due to its mass
Something very small (low mass)
like a bullet thats changing
speed very quickly
(high acceleration) can still have
a great force

Force = Mass X Acceleration

Force is directly proportional to mass
and acceleration

First ball: has a certain mass, m, moving

at a certain acceleration, a, and therefore
a certain force, f.
m
Second ball: has double the mass of the
first ball, 2m, and the same acceleration,
a, therefore has twice the force of the
first ball, 2f
Third ball: has mass m moving at twice
m
the first balls acceleration, 2a, would
have a force of 2f.

Newtons Third Law

For every action there is an equal and

opposite reaction

Newtons Third Law

What Does this Mean?
When one object exerts a force on a second object, the
second one exerts a force on the first that is equal in
strength and opposite in direction
Gravity is pulling you down in your seat, but Newtons
Third Law says your seat is pushing up against you with
equal force
There are balanced forces acting on you gravity pulling
down and your seat pushing up- so you are not moving
gravity

your seat

Newtons Third Law

For every action force, there must be an equal

and opposite reaction force
Forces occur in pairs

Action
The action force is exerted
by the _____
hands on the _____.
bar

Reaction

The reaction force is

exerted by the _____
bar on
the _____.
hands

Newtons Laws on teachersdomain

Check for Understanding

One newton is a force which imparts an
acceleration of 1 m/s2 to a mass of 1 kg.
22
FF (N)
=
m
(kg)
a
(m/s
(N) = m (kg) a (m/s ))

What resultant force will give a 3 kg mass an

acceleration of 4 m/s2? F = m a
3 kg

F=?

a = 4 m/s2

F = 3 kg X 4 m/s2

FF == 12
12 N
N

Check for Understanding

Inertia is__________.

A. the tendency of an object to

resist any change in its motion
B. the tendency of an object to
have a positive acceleration
C. The tendency of an object to
have a net force of zero.
D. The tendency of an object to
change in speed or direction.

Check for Understanding

Inertia is__________.

A. the tendency of an object to

resist any change in its motion

Check for Understanding

Newtons second law of motion
states that _________ of an
object is in the same direction as
the net force on the object.

A.
B.
C.
D.

acceleration
momentum
speed
velocity

Check for Understanding

Newtons second law of motion
states that _________ of an
object is in the same direction as
the net force on the object.
A. acceleration

Newtons Law Applied to Life

Newtons 3 laws can be used to explain
everyday events, such as falling, and collision
These laws have been applied to aid in
technology, safety, and countless other ways
Newtons Laws on Science360

Newtons First Law with Seat

Belts

Dont let this be you

Due to inertia, objects (including you) resist
changes in their motion. When you and the car going
80 km/hour is stopped by the brick wall, your body
keeps moving at 80 km/hour

Newtons First Law with Air

Bags
Air bags also reduce injuries in car crashes by
providing a cushion that reduces the force on the
car's occupants
When impact occurs, a chemical reaction occurs in
the air bag that produces nitrogen gas
The air bag expands rapidly and then deflates
just as quickly as the nitrogen gas escapes out of
tiny holes in the bag

Newtons First Law and

Centripetal Force
According to Newton, as a car tries to make a
turn, the car would continue in a straight line
unless there was a force acting on the car to turn
it
This force of friction acting upon the turned
wheels provides centripetal force required for
circular motion

Newtons First Law and

Centripetal Force
Inertia

Centripetal Force

Without a centripetal force,

an object in
motion continues along a
straight-line path

With a centripetal force,

an object in motion will
be accelerated and change
its direction

Newtons First Law and

Centripetal Force

As a bucket of water is spun in a circle, the

tension force acting upon the bucket provides the
centripetal force required for circular motion

The force of gravity acting upon the moon

provides the centripetal force required for orbit
Nascar and Centripetal Force

Newtons Second Law and

Gravitational Acceleration
If gravity is the only force being exerted on an
objects mass then the net force is Fg

****Combining the above gravitational law with

Newtons second law, F=ma, the force due to
gravity only would cause an object to accelerate at
9.8 m/s/s (m/s2)
Papers falling demo

Acceleration Due to Gravity

Gravity causes objects to
accelerate at the SAME rate,
9.8 m/s/s (~10 m/s/s)
WITHOUT air resistance, a frictionlike force, all objects would fall at
the same speed
Galileo on the moon
Doesnt depend on mass

After 1 second falling at ~10 m/s

After 2 seconds ~20 m/s
3 seconds ~30 m/s

Terminal Velocity
Air resistance (fluid
friction) will increase as
object falls faster
causing an upward force
on the object

Eventually gravity will

balance with air resistance
Reaches terminal velocity highest speed reached by a
falling object
Terminal velocity
No air resistance

Air resistance
which is greater
on the feather

Summary of Formulas

Speed = distance traveled (m)

time
(s)
Velocity = displacement (distance with direction) (m)
time
(s)
Momentum (p) = velocity (m/s) X mass (kg)
Acceleration = change in velocity (m/s) or m/s2
time
(s)
Force of gravity (weight in N) = mass (kg) X gravitational
strength 9.8 (N/kg)

Force = mass X acceleration (9.8 m/s2 if due to gravity)