Chapter 1

1.1
1.3
1.6
1.9
1.13
1.16

(2/3)10 = 0.0173 yd; 6(2/3)10 = 0.104 yd (compared to a total of 5 yd)

5/9
1.4 9/11
1.5 7/12
11/18
1.7 5/27
1.8 25/36
6/7
1.10 15/26
1.11 19/28
$1646.99
1.15 Blank area = 1
At x = 1: 1/(1 + r); at x = 0: r/(1 + r); maximum escape at x = 0 is 1/2.

2.1
2.4
2.7

e2

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

= 1/2n 0; Sn = 1 1/2n 1; Rn = 1/2n 0

= 1/5n1 0; Sn = (5/4)(1 1/5n ) 5/4; Rn = 1/(4 5n1 ) 0
= (1/2)n1 0; Sn = (2/3)[1 (1/2)n ] 2/3; Rn = (2/3)(1/2)n 0
= 1/3n 0; Sn = (1/2)(1 1/3n ) 1/2; Rn = 1/(2 3n ) 0
= (3/4)n1 0; Sn = 4[1 (3/4)n ] 4; Rn = 4(3/4)n 0
1
1
1
0; Sn = 1
1; Rn =
0
an =
n(n + 1)
n+1
n+1


1
(1)n+1
1
(1)n
an = (1)n+1
0 ; Sn = 1 +
+
1; Rn =
0
n n+1
n+1
n+1

4.6
4.7

2.2
2.5
2.8

1/2
0
0

2.3
2.6
2.9

an
an
an
an
an

5.1
5.4
5.7
5.9

D
D
Test further
D

5.2
5.5
5.8
5.10

6.5
Note:
6.7
6.10
6.13
6.19
6.22
6.25
6.28
6.32
6.35

(a) D
6.5
In the following answers,
D, I =
6.8
C, I = /6
6.11
D, I =
6.14
C, = 3/4
6.20
C, = 0
6.23
C, = 0
6.26
C, =P
4/27
6.29
D, cf.
n1
6.33
P 2
C, cf.
n
6.36

Test further
D
Test further
D

5.3
5.6

Test further
Test further

(b) D
R
I=
an dn; = test ratio.
D, I =
6.9 C, I = 0
C, I = 0
6.12 C, I = 0
D, I =
6.18 D, = 2
C, = 0
6.21 D, = 5/4
D, =
6.24 D, = 9/8
C, = (e/3)3
6.27 D, =P
100
D, =P
2
6.31 D, cf. P n1
C, cf.
2n
6.34 C, cf.
n2
P 1/2
D, cf.
n

Chapter 1

7.1
7.5

C
C

9.1
9.3
9.5
9.7
9.9
9.11
9.13
9.15
9.17
9.19
9.21
9.22

P 1
D, cf.
n
C, I =P
0
C, cf.
n2
D, = 4/3
D, = e
P
D, I = , or cf.P n1
C, I = 0, or cf.
n2
D, = , an 6 0
C, = 1/27
C
C, = 1/2
(a) C
(b) D

10.1
10.4
10.7
10.10
10.13
10.16
10.19
10.22
10.25

7.2
7.6

D
D

7.3
7.7

C
C

7.4
7.8

C
C

9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
9.10
9.12
9.14
9.16
9.18
9.20

D, an 6 0
P 1
D, I = , or cf.
n
C, = 1/4
C, = 1/5
D, an 6
P 0 2
C, cf.
n
C, alt.P
ser.
C, cf.
n2
C, alt. ser.
C
(c) k > e

|x| <
1
10.2 |x| < 3/2
10.3 |x| 1
|x| 2
10.5 All x
10.6 All x
1 x < 1
10.8 1 < x 1
10.9 |x| < 1
|x| 1
10.11 5 x < 5
10.12 |x| < 1/2
1 < x 1
10.14 |x| < 3
10.15 1 < x < 5
1 < x < 3
10.17 2 < x 0
10.18 3/4 x 1/4
|x| < 3
10.20 All x
10.21 0 x
1
No x
10.23 x > 2 or x < 4
10.24 |x| < 5/2
n /6 < x < n + /6




1/2
(1)n (2n 1)!!
1/2
13.4
= 1;
=
(2n)!!
0
n
Answers to part (b), Problems 5 to 19:

n+2

X
X
x
1/2 n+1
13.5
13.6
x
(see Example 2)
n
n
1
0



X
X
1/2
(1)n x2n
13.8
(x2 )n (see Problem 13.4)
13.7
(2n
+
1)!
n
0
0

X
X
(1)n x4n+2
13.9 1 + 2 xn
13.10
(2n + 1)!
1
0

n n
X
X
(1) x
(1)n x4n+1
13.11
13.12
(2n + 1)!
(2n)!(4n + 1)
0
0

n 2n+1
X
X
(1) x
x2n+1
13.13
13.14
n!(2n + 1)
2n + 1
0
0



X 1/2
x2n+1
13.15
(1)n
n
2n + 1
0

2n
X
X
xn
x
13.17 2
13.16
(2n)!
n
0
oddn


X 1/2 x2n+1
X (1)n x2n+1
13.19
13.18
n
(2n + 1)(2n + 1)!
2n + 1
0
0
2
3
5
6
13.20 x + x + x /3 x /30 x /90
13.21 x2 + 2x4 /3 + 17x6 /45
13.22 1 + 2x + 5x2 /2 + 8x3 /3 + 65x4 /24
13.23 1 x + x3 x4 + x6

Chapter 1
13.24
13.25
13.26
13.27
13.28
13.29
13.30
13.31
13.32
13.33
13.34
13.35
13.36
13.37
13.38
13.39
13.40
13.41
13.42
13.43
13.44

1 + x2 /2! + 5x4 /4! + 61x6 /6!

1 x + x2 /3 x4 /45
1 + x2 /4 + 7x4 /96 + 139x6 /5760
1 + x + x2 /2 x4 /8 x5 /15
x x2 /2 + x3 /6 x5 /12
1 + x/2 3x2 /8 + 17x3 /48
1 x + x2 /2 x3 /2 + 3x4 /8 3x5 /8
1 x2 /2 x3 /2 x4 /4 x5 /24
x + x2 /2 x3 /6 x4 /12
1 + x3 /6 + x4 /6 + 19x5 /120 + 19x6 /120
x x2 + x3 13x4 /12 + 5x5 /4
1 + x2 /3! + 7x4 /(3 5!) + 31x6 /(3 7!)
u2 /2 + u4 /12 + u6 /20
(x2 /2 + x4 /12 + x6 /45 )
e(1 x2 /2 + x4 /6 )
4
1 (x /2)2 /2! + (x /2) /4!
3
1 (x 1) + (x 1)2 (x 1)
3
2
e [1 + (x 3) + (x 3) /2! + (x 3)3 /3! ]
2
1 + (x ) /2! (x )4 /4!
[(x /2) + (x /2)3 /3 + 2(x /2)5 /15 ]
5 + (x 25)/10 (x 25)2 /103 + (x 25)3 /(5 104 )

14.6 Error < (1/2)(0.1)2 (1 0.1) < 0.0056

14.7 Error < (3/8)(1/4)2 (1 14 ) = 1/32
14.8 For x < 0, error < (1/64)(1/2)4 < 0.001
For x > 0, error < 0.001 (1 12 ) = 0.002
1
14.9 Term n + 1 is an+1 = (n+1)(n+2)
, so Rn = (n + 2)an+1 .
14.10 S4 = 0.3052, error < 0.0021 (cf. S = 1 ln 2 = 0.307)
x4 /24 x5 /30 ' 3.376 1016
x8 /3 14x12 /45 ' 1.433 1016
x5 /15 2x7 /45 ' 6.667 1017
x3 /3 + 5x4 /6 ' 1.430 1011
0
15.6 12
15.7 10!
1/2
15.9 1/6
15.10 1
4
15.12 1/3
15.13 1
t t3 /3, error < 106
15.15 23 t3/2 52 t5/2 , error < 17 107
e2 1
15.17
cos 2 = 0
ln 2
15.19 2
(a) 1/8
(b) 5e
(c) 9/4
(a) 0.397117
(b) 0.937548
(c) 1.291286
(a) 4 /90
(b) 1.202057
(c) 2.612375
(a) 1/2
(b) 1/6
(c) 1/3
(d) 1/2
(a)
(b) 0
(c) 1
(d) 0
(e) 0
(f) 0
15.27 (a) 1 vc = 1.3 105 , or v = 0.999987c
(b) 1 vc = 5.2 107
(c) 1 vc = 2.1 1010
(d) 1 vc = 1.3 1011
15.28 mc2 + 21 mv 2
15.29 (a) F/W = + 3 /3
(b) F/W = x/l + x3 /(2l3 ) + 3x5 /(8l5 )
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.8
15.11
15.14
15.16
15.18
15.20
15.21
15.22
15.23
15.24

Chapter 1
15.30 (a) T = F (5/x + x/40 x3 /16000 )
(b) T = 21 (F/)(1 + 2 /6 + 74 /360 )
15.31 (a) finite
(b) infinite
16.1 (c) overhang:
2
3
10
100
books needed:
32
228
2.7 108
4 1086
P 3/2
16.4 C, = 0
16.5 D, an 6
16.6 C, cf.
n
P 0 1
16.7 D, I =
16.8 D, cf.
n
16.9 1 x < 1
16.10 |x| < 4
16.11 |x| 1
16.12 |x| < 5
16.13 5 < x 1
16.14 1 x2 /2 + x3 /2 5x4 /12
16.15 x2 /6 x4 /180 x6 /2835
16.16 1 x/2 + 3x2 /8 11x3 /48 + 19x4 /128
16.17 1 + x2 /2 + x4 /4 + 7x6 /48
16.18 x x3 /3 + x5 /5 x7 /7
16.19 (x ) + (x )3 /3! (x )5 /5!
16.20 2 + (x 8)/12 (x 8)2 /(25 32 ) + 5(x 8)3 /(28 34 )
16.21 e[1 + (x 1) + (x 1)2 /2! + (x 1)3 /3! ]
16.22 arc tan 1 = /4
16.23 1 (sin)/ = 1
16.24 eln 3 1 = 2
16.25 2
16.26 1/3
16.27 2/3
16.28 1
16.29 6!
16.30 (b) For N = 130, 10.5821 < (1.1) < 10.5868
16.31 (a) 10430 terms. For N = 200, 100.5755 < (1.01) < 100.5803
16.31 (b) 2.66 1086 terms. For N = 15, 1.6905 < S < 1.6952
200
86
16.31 (c) ee = 103.138210 terms. For N = 40, 38.4048 < S < 38.4088

Chapter 2
x

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20

1
1
1

3
0
0
1
3
2
2
3
2
0
2
1
5
1
0
4.69
2.39

1
1

3
1
2
4
0
0
2
2
1
2 3
1

2
0
0
1
3
1.71
6.58

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18

1/2
1/2
1
0
2
1
7/5
1.6
10.4
25/17
17
2.65
1.55
1.27
21/29
1.53
7.35
0.94

1/2
1/2
0
2

2 3
0
1/5
2.7
22.7
19/17
12
1.41
4.76
2.5
20/29
1.29
10.9
0.36

2
2
2
2
2
4
1
3

22
2 2
2
4
1
2
1
5
2
3
5
7

1/2
1/ 2
1
2
4
1
2
3.14
p 25
58/17
20.8
3
5
2.8
1
2
13.1
1

/4
3/4
/3
5/6
/2
/2

0
3/4
/4
/6
2/3
3/2
/4
or
0
/4
/2
20 = 0.35
110 = 1.92
/4
3/4 or 5/4
0
/2
/3

8.13 = 0.14
59.3 = 1.04
2 = 114.6
142.8 = 2.49
35.2 = 0.615
28 = 0.49
2/5
1.1 = 63
43.6 = 0.76
40 = 0.698
124 = 2.16
201 or 159,
3.51 or 2.77

Chapter 2

(2 + 3i)/13; (x yi)/(x2 + y 2 )
(5 + 12i)/169; (x2 y 2 2ixy)/(x2 + y 2 )2
(1 + i)/6; (x + 1 iy)/[(x + 1)2 + y 2 ]
(1 + 2i)/10; [x i(y 1)]/[x2 + (y 1)2 ]
(6 3i)/5; (1 x2 y 2 + 2yi)/[(1 x)2 + y 2 ]
2
(5 12i)/13; (x2 y 2 + 2ixy)/(x
+ y2)
p
1
5.27
13/2
5.28 1
5 5
5.30 3/2
5.31 1
169
5.33 5
5.34 1
x = 4, y = 3
5.36 x = 1/2, y = 3
x=y=0
5.38 x = 7, y = 2
x = y = any real number
5.40 x = 0, y = 3
x = 1, y = 1
5.42 x = 1/7, y = 10/7
(x, y) = (0, 0), or (1, 1), or (1, 1)
x = 0, y = 2
x = 0, any real y; or y = 0, any real x
y = x

(x, y) = (1, 0), (1/2, 3/2)

x = 36/13, y = 2/13
x = 1/2, y = 0
x = 0, y 0
Circle, center at origin, radius = 2
y axis
Circle, center at (1, 0), r = 1
Disk, center at (1, 0), r = 1
Line y = 5/2
Positive y axis
Hyperbola, x2 y 2 = 4
Half plane, x > 2
Circle, center at (0, 3), r = 4
Circle, center at (1, 1), r = 2
Half plane, y < 0
Ellipse, foci at (1, 0) and (1, 0), semi-major axis = 4
The coordinate axes
Straight lines, y = x
v = (4t2 + 1)1 , a = 4(4t2 + 1)3/2
Motion around circle r = 1, with v = 2, a = 4

6.2 D, = 2
6.3 C, = 1/ 2
6.4 D, |an |
= 1 6 0
6.5 D
6.6 C
6.7 D, = 2
6.8 D, |an | = 1 6 0
6.9 C
6.10 C, = p2/2
6.11 C, = 1/5
6.12 C
6.13 C, = 2/5

5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.26
5.29
5.32
5.35
5.37
5.39
5.41
5.43
5.44
5.45
5.46
5.47
5.48
5.49
5.50
5.51
5.52
5.53
5.54
5.55
5.56
5.57
5.58
5.59
5.60
5.61
5.62
5.63
5.64
5.67
5.68

7.1
7.4
7.7
7.10
7.13
7.16

All z
|z| < 1
All z
|z| < 1
|z i| < 1

|z + (i 3)| < 1/ 2

8.3

See Problem 17.30.

7.2
7.5
7.8
7.11
7.14

|z| < 1
|z| < 2
All z
|z| < 27
|z 2i| < 1

7.3
7.6
7.9
7.12
7.15

All z
|z| < 1/3
|z| < 1
|z| < 4
|z (2 i)| < 2

Chapter 2
9.1
9.4
9.7
9.10
9.13
9.16
9.19
9.22
9.25
9.30
9.33
9.36
10.1
10.3
10.5
10.7
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.13
10.15
10.17
10.18
10.20
10.22
10.23
10.24
10.25
10.26
10.28

11.3
11.7

(1 i)/ 2
9.2 i
9.3 9i
e(1 + i 3)/2
9.5 1
9.6 1
3e2
9.8 3 + i
9.9 2i

2
9.11 1 i
9.12 2 2i 3
4
+ 4i
9.14 64
9.15 2i 4
2 3 2i
9.17 (1 + i)/4
9.18 1
16
9.20 i
9.21 1
i
9.23 ( 3 +i)/4
9.24 4i
9.29 1
1
9.26 (1 + i 3)/2

3
e
9.31 5
9.32 3e2
3
2e
9.34 4/e
9.35 21
4
9.37 1
9.38 1/ 2

1, (1 i 3)/2
10.2 3, 3(1 i 3)/2
1, i
10.4 2, 2i

1,
10.6 2, 1 i 3
(1
i 3)/2

10.8 1, i, (1 i)/ 2
2, i 2, 1 i
1, 0.309 0.951i, 0.809 0.588i
2, 0.618 1.902i, 1.618 1.176i


10.12 1, 1 i 3 /2
2, 1 i 3
1 i
10.14 (1 i)/
2
2i, 3 i
10.16 i, ( 3 i)/2
1, 0.809
0.588i, 0.309 0.951i

10.19 i,( 3 + i)/2

(1 +i)/ 2
2i, 3 i
10.21 ( 3 + i)
r = 2, = 45 + 120 n:
1 + i, 1.366 + 0.366i,

0.366 1.366i
r = 2, = 30 + 90 n: ( 3 + i), 1 i 3
r =1, = 30 + 45 n:

( 3+ i)/2, 1 i 3 /2, (0.259 + 0966i), (0.966 0.259i)
r = 10 2, = 45 + 72 n: 0.758(1 + i), 0.487 + 0.955i,
1.059 0.168i, 0.168 1.059i, 0.955 0.487i
r = 1, = 18 + 72 n : i, 0.951 + 0.309i, 0.588 0.809i
cos 3 = cos3 3 cos sin2
sin 3 = 3 cos2 sin sin3

3(1 i)/ 2 11.4 8

11.5 1 + i
11.6 13/5
3i/5
11.8 41/9
11.9 4i/3
11.10 1

12.20 cosh 3z = cosh3 z + 3 cosh z sinh2 z, sinh 3z = 3 cosh2 z sinh z + sinh3 z

X
X
x2n+1
x2n
12.22 sinh x =
, cosh x =
(2n + 1)!
(2n)!
n=0
n=0
12.23 cos x, | cos x|
12.24 cosh x
p
12.25 sin x cosh y i cos x sinh y,
sin2 x + sinh2 y
12.26 cosh 2 cos 3 i sinh 2 sin 3 = 3.725 0.512i, 3.760
12.27 sin 4 cosh 3 + i cos 4 sinh 3 = 7.62 6.55i, 10.05
12.28 tanh 1 = 0.762
12.29 1

12.30 i
12.31 (3 + 5i 3)/8
12.32 4i/3
12.33 i tanh 1 = 0.762i
12.34 i sinh(/2) = 2.301i
12.35 cosh 2 = 3.76
12.36 i cosh 1 = 1.543i
12.37 cosh

Chapter 2
14.1
14.3
14.5
14.7
14.9
14.11
14.12
14.13
14.14
14.15
14.16
14.17
14.18
14.20
14.22
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
15.10
15.11
15.12
15.13
15.14
15.15
15.16
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8

16.9
16.10
16.12

1 + i
14.2 i/2 or 3i/2
Ln 2 + i/6
14.4 (1/2) Ln 2 + 3i/4
Ln 2 + 5i/4
14.6 i/4 or 7i/4
i/2
14.8 1, (1 i 3)/2
2
e
14.10 e /4
cos(Ln 2) + i sin(Ln 2) = 0.769 + 0.639i
ie/2
1/e
2e/2 [i cos(Ln 2) sin(Ln 2)] = 0.3198i 0.2657
e sinh 1 = 0.0249
e/3 = 0.351
3/4 i(Ln 2 +3/4)
2e
e
= 0.121 + 0.057i
1
14.19 5/4
1
14.21 1
1/2
14.23 e/2 = 4.81


/2 + 2n i Ln 2 + 3 = /2 + 2n 1.317i
/2 + n + (i Ln 3)/2
i(/3 + 2n)
i(2n


 + /6), i(2n + 5/6)
/2 + 2n i Ln 3 + 8 = [/2 + 2n 1.76i]
i(n /4)

/2 + n i Ln( 2 1) = /2 + n + 0.881i
/2 + 2n i Ln 3
i(/3 + n)
2n i Ln 2
i(2n + /4), i(2n + 3/4)
i(2n /6)
i( + 2n)
2n + i Ln 2, (2n + 1) i Ln 2
n + 3/8 + i Ln 2)/4
(Ln 2)/4 + i(n + 5/8)
2
Motion around circle |z| =
5; v = 5,
.
a = 5
Motion
around
circle
|z|
=
2;
v
=
2,
a
=
2.

v = 13, a = 0
v = |z1 z2 |, a = 0

(a) Series: 3 2i
(b) Series: 2(1+ i 3)
Parallel: 5 + i
Parallel: i 3
(a) Series: 1 + 2i
(b) Series: 5 + 5i
Parallel: 3(3 i)/5
Parallel: 1.6 + 1.2i

 

R i(CR2 + 3 L2 C L) / (CR)2 + ( 2 LC 1)2 ; this


L
R2 C
1
simplifies to
1
, that is, at resonance.
if 2 =
RC
LC
L
r

R
R2
1

(b) = 1/ LC
(a) =
+
2
2L
LC
4L
r

1
1
1
(a) =

+
(b) = 1/ LC
2
2
2RC
4R C
LC
(1 + r4 2r2 cos )1

Chapter 2

17.1 1
17.2 ( 3 + i)/2
17.3 r = 2, = 45 + 72 n : 1 + i, 0.642 + 1.260i, 1.397 0.221i,
0.221 1.397i, 1.260 0.642i
17.4 i cosh 1 = 1.54i
17.5 i
2
2
2
17.6 e = 5.17 105 or e e2n
17.7 e/2 = 4.81 or e/2 e2n
17.8
1
17.9 /2 2n
2
17.11 i
17.10 3
17.13 x = 0, y = 4
17.12 1 2
17.14 Circle with center (0, 2), radius 1
17.15 |z| < 1/e
17.16 y < 2
2
17.26 1
17.27 (c) e2(xt)
 2

2


a + b2
sinh2 b
17.29 1 i 3 /2
17.28 1 +
2ab

X
xn 2n/2 cos n/4
17.30 ex cos x =
n!
n=0

n n/2
X
x 2
sin n/4
ex sin x =
n!
n=0

Chapter 3

2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.10

2.11

2.12

2.13

2.14


1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0
0

1
0
0

1
0
0

1
0
0

1
0
0

1
0
0

1
0
0

1
0
0


3
, x = 3, y = 5)
5

0 1/2 1/2
, x = (z + 1)/2, y = 1
1
0
1

1/2 1/2 0
, no solution
0
0 1

0
0 1
, x = 1, z = y
1 1 0

0 4
1
3, x = 4, y = 3
0
0

1 0 11
0 1
7, x = y 11, z = 7
0 0
0

0
1 0
1 1 0 , inconsistent, no solution
0
0 1

0 1 0
1
0 0 , inconsistent, no solution
0
0 1

0 0
2
1 0 1 , x = 2, y = 1, z = 3
0 1 3

0 0 2
1 0
1 , x = 2, y = 1, z = 1
0 1
1

0
0 2
1 2
5/2 , x = 2, y = 2z + 5/2
0
0
0

0
1 0
1 1 0 , inconsistent, no solution
0
0 1
0
1

10

Chapter 3
2.15 R = 2
2.17 R = 2

11
2.16 R = 3
2.18 R = 3

3.1
3.5
3.16
3.17
3.18

11
3.2 721
3.3 1
3.4 2140
544
3.6 4
3.11 0
3.12 16
A = (K + ik)/(K ik), |A| = 1
x = (x0 + vt0 ), t = (t0 + vx0 /c2 )
D = 3b(a + b)(a2 + ab + b2 ), z = 1
(Also x = a + 2b, y = a b; these were not required.)

4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14

3i + 8j 6k,
i 10j + 3k, 2i + 2j + 3k.
arc cos(1/ 2) = 3/4
5/3, 1, cos = 1/3

(a) arc cos(1/3)

= 70.5
(b) arc cos(1/
p 3) = 54.7
(c) arc cos 2/3 = 35.3
(a) (2i j + 2k)/3
(b) 8i 4j + 8k
(c) Any combination of i + 2j and i k.
(d) Answer to (c) divided by its magnitude.
Legs = any two vectors with dot product = 0;
hypotenuse = their sum (or difference).
2i 8j 3k
4.19 i + j + k
2i 2j + k
4.22 Law of cosines
A2 B 2

4.15

4.17
4.18
4.20
4.24

In the following answers, note that the point and vector used may be
any point on the line and any vector along the line.
5.1 r = (2, 3) + (4, 3)t
5.2 3/2
5.3 r = (3, 0) + (1, 1)t
5.4 r = (1, 0) + (2, 1)t
5.5 r = j t
y+1
x1
z+5
5.6
r = (1, 1, 5) + (1, 2, 2)t
1 = 2 = 2 ;
y3
x2
z4
5.7
r = (2, 3, 4) + (3, 2, 6)t
3 = 2 = 6 ;
z4
x
=
,
y
=
2;
r
= (0, 2, 4) + (3, 0, 5)t
5.8
3
5
5.9 x = 1, z = 7;
r = i + 7k + jt
y4
z+1
5.10 x3
r = (3, 4, 1) + (2, 3, 6)t
2 = 3 = 6 ;
x4
z3
5.11
=
,
y
=
1;
r
= (4, 1, 3) + (1, 0, 2)t
1
2
y+4
z2
5.12 x5
=
=
;
r
= (5, 4, 2) + (5, 2, 1)t
5
2
1
y
z+5
r = 3i 5k + (3j + k)t
5.13 x = 3, 3 = 1 ;
5.14 36x 3y 22z = 23
5.15 5x + 6y + 3z = 0
5.16 5x 2y + z = 35
5.17 3y z = 5
5.18 x + 6y + 7z + 5 = 0
5.19 x + y + 3z + 12 = 0
5.20 x 4y z + 5= 0

5.21 cos = 25/ 7 30 = 0.652, = 49.3

5.22 cos = 2/ 6, = 35.3

5.23 cos = 4/21, = 79
p
5.24 r = 2i + j + (j + 2k)t, d = 2 6/5

5.25 r = (1, 2, 0) + (4, 9, 1)t, d = p3 3 /7
5.26 r = (8, 1, 7) + (14, 2, 15)t, d = 2/17
5.27 y +
5.28 4x + 9y z + 27 = 0
2z + 1 = 0
5.30 1
5.29 2/ 6
5.31 5/7
5.32 10/ 27

Chapter 3
5.33
5.35
5.37
5.39
5.40
5.41
5.43
5.45
6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

12

p
p
5.34
11/10
43/15
5
5.36 3
p
Intersect at (1, 3, 4)
5.38 arc cos 21/22 = 12.3

t1 = 1, t2 = 2, intersect at (3, 2, 0), cos = 5/ 60, = 49.8

t1 = 1, t2 = 1, intersect at (4, 1, 1), cos

= 5/ 39, = 36.8

14
5.42 1/5
20/ 21
5.44 2/ 10
d = 2, t = 1






1 3
2 8
5 10
A+B =
BA =
AB =
3 9
11 21
1 24






5 1
11 8
6 4
AB=
A2 =
B2 =
1
1
16 27
2 18




15 5
6 6
5A =
3B =
det(5A) = 52 det A
10 25
3 12






2 2
6 17
1 1
AB =
BA =
A+B=
1
2
2 6
1
5






3 9
9
25
1
4
AB=
A2 =
B2 =
1
1
5
14
0 4




10 25
3 12
5A =
3B =
5
15
0 6

7 1
0
4 1 2
2 1 2
1 1
3 1
AB = 3
BA = 6
A + B = 3 1 1
3
9
5
0
1 6
3 4 1

1 3
1
1 10 4
0 1
2
2
B2 = 3 3
A2 = 0 1 6
A B = 3 3 1
3 1 1
15 0 1
3
6
1

3
3 0
5
0 10
6 3
det(5A) = 53 det A
3B = 0
5A = 15 5 0
9 3 0
0 25 5

12 10 2
12
5
1
7
5 12
BA = 0 2 1 9
C2 = 6
4 8 3 17
3 1 2

7
4 20
14
4
1 20
C3 = 20
CB = 1 19
8 2 9
1 5

32 12
36 46 14 36
7
91
C2 B = 53
CBA = 40 22 1
13 9
8 2 1 29
8
8
2
2



8 10
3
7
30 13
T
T

AA =
A A=

2
3
1 4
13
30
2 7 4 41



20 2 2
14 4
T
T

2 4
BB = 2
B B=
4 18
2
4 10

21 2 3
14
1
1
2
5
CT C= 2
CCT = 1 21 6
3
5 14
1 6
2

Chapter 3
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.13
6.15

6.17

6.19
6.20
6.21

6.22
6.30

6.32

13

5x2 + 3y 2 = 30




0 0
22
44
AB =
BA =
0 0
11 22


11 12
AC = A D =
33 36




1
3
1
5/3 3
6.14
1
2
6 0 2

4
5
8
2
1 1
1
1
6 3 5
2 2 2
6.16

2
8
2
3
4
4
2 2

1
1 1
2 2 1
1
0
1
B1 = 2
A1 = 4 4 5
6
0
1
8
2
4

3
1
2
2
2 2
1
B1 AB = 2 2 2
B1 A1 B = 4 4 2
6
2 1
0
2 1
4


1
1
2
, (x, y) = (5, 0)
A1 =
7  3 1 
1
4
3
, (x, y) = (4, 3)
A1 =
5
2
7

1
2
2
1
4 , (x, y, z) = (2, 1, 5)
A1 = 2 1
5
3 1 1

4
4 0
1
7 1 3 , (x, y, z) = (1, 1, 2)
A1 =
12
1 5 3




cos k
0
0
sin k
,
, cos kA = I cos k =
sin kA = A sin k =
0
cos k
sin k
0




cosh k sinh k
cos k i sin k
ekA =
, eikA =
sinh k cosh k
i sin k cos k


cos sin
eiB =
sin
cos

In the following, L = linear, N = not linear.

7.1 N
7.2 L
7.3 N
7.4 L
7.5 L
7.6 N
7.7 L
7.8 N
7.9 N
7.10 N
7.11 N
7.12 L
7.13 (a) L (b) L
7.14 N
7.15 L
7.16 N
7.17 N

7.22 D = 1, rotation = 45
7.23 D = 1, rotation = 210

7.24 D = 1, reflection line x + y = 0 7.25 D = 1, reflection line y = x 2

7.26 D = 1, reflection line x = 2y
7.27 D = 1, rotation = 135

1
0
0
1
0
0
0 cos sin
7.28 0 cos sin ,
0 sin
cos
0 sin
cos

0
0 1
7.29 0 1 0
1
0 0

Chapter 3

14

1 0
0
0 1 0
0 0 , S = 0 0 1 ; R is a 90 rotation about
7.30 R = 1
0 1
0
0
0 1
the z axis; S is a 90 rotation about the x axis.

0 1
0
0 0 1
0 1 ;
7.31 From problem 30, RS = 1 0 0 , SR = 0
1
0
0
0 1 0
RS is a 120 rotation about i + j + k; SR is a 120 rotation about i j + k.
7.32 180 rotation about i k
7.33 120 rotation about i j k
7.34 Reflection through the plane y + z = 0
7.35 Reflection through the (x, y) plane, and 90 rotation about the z axis.

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.6
8.17
8.19
8.21
8.23
8.24
8.25
8.26
8.27
8.28
9.3

9.4

In terms of basis u = 19 (9, 0, 7), v = 91 (0, 9, 13), the vectors

are: u 4v, 5u 2v, 2u + v, 3u + 6v.
In terms of basis u = 31 (3, 0, 5), v = 31 (0, 3, 2), the vectors
are: u 2v, u + v, 2u + v, 3u.
Basis i, j, k.
8.4 Basis i, j, k.
V = 3A B
8.7 V = 32 (1, 4) + 21 (5, 2)
x = 0, y = 23 z
8.18 x = 3y, z = 2y
x=y=z=w=0
8.20 x = z, y = z

x1 y1 z1 1
a 1 b 1 c1
x2 y2 z2 1

8.22 a2 b2 c2 = 0
x3 y3 z3 1 = 0
a 3 b 3 c3
x4 y4 z4 1
For = 3, x = 2y; for = 8, y = 2x
For = 7, x = 3y; for = 3, y = 3x
For = 2: x = 0, y = 3z; for = 3: x = 5y, z = 3y;
for = 4: z = 3y, x = 2y
r = (3, 1, 0) + (1, 1, 1)z
r = (0, 1, 2) + (1, 1, 0)x
r = (3, 1, 0) + (2, 1, 1)z

1 2i
1
0 5i 5 10i
1
0
5i
10
A = 0 2 1 i, A1 =
10
5i 0
0
2i 1 i
2

0 0
2
0 i 3
1
i
A = 2i 2 0, A1 = 0 3
6
6 6i 2
1 0 0

9.14 CT BAT , C1 M1 C, H

10.1 (a) d = 5
(b) d = 8
(c) d = 56
10.2 The dimension of the space = the number of basis vectors listed.
One possible basis is given; other bases consist of the same number
of independent linear combinations of the vectors given.
(a) (1, 1, 0, 0), (2, 0, 5, 1)
(b) (1, 0, 0, 5, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0, 0, 6, 4), (0, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0)
(c) (1, 0, 0, 0, 3), (0, 2, 0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 1, 0, 1), (0, 0, 0, 1, 4)

Chapter 3

15

10.3 (a) Label the vectors A, B, C, D. Then cos(A, B) =

cos(A, C) =

2
3 , cos(B, C)
3 , cos(A, D) =
23
q
17
21
690 , cos(C, D) = 6 23 .

1 ,
15

2 ,
3 15

cos(B, D) =
(b) (1, 0, 0, 5, 0, 1) and (0, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0)
10.4 (a) e1 = (0, 1, 0, 0), e2 = (1, 0, 0, 0), e3 = (0, 0, 3, 4)/5
(b) e1 = (0, 0, 0, 1), e2 = (1, 0, 0, 0), e3 = (0, 1, 1, 0)/ 2
(c) e1 = (1,0, 0, 0), e2 =(0, 0, 1, 0), e3 = (0, 1, 0, 2)/ 5

10.5 (a) kAk = 43, kBk

= 41, |Inner product of A and B|
= 74
(b) kAk = 7, kBk = 60, |Inner product of A and B| = 5
11.5  =1.1 = 
63.4   
1
x
x0
1 3
=
, not orthogonal
11.11
y
y0
1
2
5

In the following answers, for each eigenvalue, the components of a

corresponding eigenvector are listed in parentheses.
11.12
4 (1, 1)
11.13
3 (2, 1)
1 (3, 2)
2 (1, 2)
11.14
4 (2, 1)
11.15
1 (0, 0, 1)
1 (1, 2)
1 (1, 1, 0)
5 (1, 1, 0)
11.16
2 (0, 1, 0)
11.17
7 (1, 0, 1)
3 (2, 0, 1)
3 (1, 0, 1)
2 (1, 0, 2)
3 (0, 1, 0)
11.18
4 (2, 1, 3)
11.19
3 (0, 1, 1)
2 (0, 3, 1)
5 (1, 1, 1)
3 (5, 1, 3)
1 (2, 1, 1)
11.20
3 (0, 1, 2)
11.21 1 (1, 1, 1)
4 (1, 2, 1)
2 (2, 1, 1)
2 (5, 2, 1)
2 (0, 1, 1)
11.22 4 (4, 1, 1)
5 (1, 2, 2)
2 (0, 1, 1)
11.23 18 (
(2,2,-1)
Any two vectors orthogonal to (2,2,-1) and to each
9
9
other, for example : (1,-1,0) and (1,1,4)
11.24

11.25

11.26

11.27
11.28

8 (
(2,1,2)
Any two vectors orthogonal to
1
1
other, for example : (1,0,-1) and
1 (1, 1, 1)
2 (1, 1, 0)
2 (1, 1, 2)
4 (
(1,1,1)
Any two vectors orthogonal to
1
1
other, for example : (1,-1,0) and




1
3 0
1 1
, C=
D=
0 1
2 1 1


1
1 2
1 0
D=
, C=
2
1
0 6
5

(2,1,2) and to each

(1,-4,1)

(1,1,1) and to each

(1,1,-2)

Chapter 3

11.29
11.30
11.31
11.32
11.41
11.42
11.43
11.44
11.47
11.51
11.52
11.53
11.54
11.55
11.56
11.58

11.59

12.2
12.4
12.6
12.14
12.15
12.16
12.17
12.18
12.19
12.21
12.22
12.23

16




1 1 2
0

, C=
1
1
5 2


1 1 1
0
, C=
2
1
2 1


1 1 1
0
, C=
1
1
2 1


1
2 1
0
, C=
1 2
2

5
1 1 i
= 1, 3; U =
2 i 1

1
1
1i
= 1, 4; U =
3 1
 i 1
1
2 i
= 2, 3; U =
i 2
5 

1
5
3 4i
= 3, 7; U =
3 4i
5
5 2

1
i2 1
1
U =
1 i 2 1
2
2
0
2
Reflection through theplane 3x 2y 3z = 0, no rotation
60 rotationabout i 2 + k and reflection through the
plane z = x 2
180 rotation about i + j + k

120 (or 240 ) rotation about i 2 + j

Rotation 90 about i 2j + 2k, and reflection through the
plane x 2y + 2z = 0
45 rotation
 about j k

1 f (1) + 4f (6) 2f (1) 2f (6)
f (M) =
5 2f (1) 2f (6) 4f (1) + f (6)




1 1 + 4 64 2 2 64
1 1 + 4 610 2 2 610
10
M4 =
M
=
4 + 64
4 + 610
5 2 2 64
5 2 2 610


5
5
e 1 + 4e
2(1 e )
eM =
4 + e5
5 2(1 e5 )




10
1 + 24 1 24
1 210
10
3 1+2
M4 = 23
M
=
2
,
4
4
1 210 1 + 210
1 2 1 + 2

cosh 1 sinh 1
eM = e3
sinh 1
cosh 1


11
D=
0

4
D=
0

5
D=
0

7
D=
0

3x0 2y 0 = 24
12.3 10x0 = 35
2
2
2
2
2
0
=8
12.5 x0 + 3y 0 + 6z 0 = 14
5x0 5y

2
2
2
2
2
2
3x0 + 3y 0 3z 0 = 12
12.7 3x0 + 5 y 0 z 0 = 60
p
p
k/m; y = x with = 5k/m
y = x with = p
p
y = 2x with = p3k/m; x = 2y with = p8k/m
2k/m; x = 2y with = p
7k/m
y = 2x with = p
x = 2y with p
= 2k/m; 3x = 2y with =
p 2k/(3m)
y = x with = p
2k/m; x = 5y with = p16k/(5m)
y = x with =p 3k/m; y = 2x with = p3k/(2m)
y = 2x with = pk/m; x = 2y with = p6k/m
y = x with = p2k/m; y = 3x with =p 2k/(3m)
y = x with = k/m; y = 2x with = k/(4m)

Chapter 3

17

13.5 The 4s group

13.6 The cyclic group
13.7 The 4s group

13.10 If R = 90 rotation, P = reflection through the y axis, and Q = PR, then the
8 matrices

of the symmetry

 group of
 the square
 are:
1 0
0 1
1
0
2
I=
,R=
,R =
= I,
0 1
1
0
0 1






0 1
1 0
0 1
R3 =
= R, P =
, PR =
= Q,
1 0 
0 1
1 0


0 1
1
0
= Q,
= P, PR3 =
PR2 =
1
0
0 1
with multiplication table:
I
R I R
P
Q P Q
I
I
R I R
P
Q P Q
R
R I R
I Q
P
Q P
I
I R
I
R P Q
P
Q
R R
I
R I
Q P Q
P
P
P
Q P Q
I
R I R
Q
Q P Q
P R
I
R I
P P Q
P
Q I R
I
R
P
Q P
R I R
I
Q Q

13.11 The4 matrices

of the symmetry
are

  group
 of the rectangle


1 0
1 0
1
0
1
0
I=
,P=
,
= P,
= I
0 1
0 1
0 1
0 1
This group is isomorphic to the 4s group.
Class
Character

13.14

I
2

R
0

I
2

P
0

Q
0

13.20 Not a group (no unit element)

13.21 SO(2) is Abelian; SO(3) is not Abelian.
For Problems 2 to 10, we list a possible basis.
14.2 ex , x ex , ex , or the three given functions
14.3 x, cos x, x cos x, ex cos x
14.4 1, x, x3
14.5 1, x + x3 , x2 , x4 , x5
14.6 Not a vector space
14.7 (1 + x2 + x4 + x6 ), (x + x3 + x5 + x7 )
14.8 1, x2 , x4 , x6
14.9 Not a vector space; the negative of a vector with positive coefficients does
not have positive coefficients.
14.10 (1 + 21 x), (x2 + 21 x3 ), (x4 + 21 x5 ), (x6 + 21 x7 ), (x8 + 21 x9 ),
(x10 + 12 x11 ), (x12 + 21 x13 )
y+1
z2
15.3 (a) x4
1 = 2 = 2 , r = (4, 1, 2) + (1, 2, 2)t
(b) x
5y + 3z = 0
(c) 5/7
(d) 5 2/3
(e) arc sin(19/21) = 64.8
15.4 (a) 4x+ 2y + 5z = 10
(b) arc sin(2/3) = 41.8
(c) 2/ 5
(d) 2x + y 2z = 5
(e) x = 52 , y2 = z, r = 25 i + (2j + k)t
z+1
15.5 (a) y = 7, x2
3 = 4 , r = (2, 7, 1) + (3, 0, 4)t
= 41.8
(b) x 4y 9z = 0
(c) arc sin 3533
2

(d)

12

7 2

(e)

29
5

Chapter 3

18


2 6
A
3i 5i

2
2
1
BT AT = (AB)T
BT AC = 1 3i
1

5i
1





0
2
0 i
1
0
C1 A =
BT C = 3
1
A =
1 1
1 i
5 1
AT BT , BAT , ABC, ABT C, B1 C, and CBT are meaningless.

1 i
1
3i
0 6i
1
1 i 2
0 A1 =
A = 0 3
3i
2i
0 i
3
0 3

i
h
(n1)d
1
1
(n1)

+
1 + (n1)d
1
nR2
R1
R2
nR1 R2
,
A=
= A12
(n1)d
d
f
1

n
nR1
!
1
1
d
d
f1 f2 + f1 f2
1 f2
1
2 d
det M = 1
,
= f1 +f
M=
f1 f2 ,
d
f
d
1 f1
 


Area = 12 P Q P R = 7/2


1 0
15.7 A =
1 i


1 1
A=
0 i
T

15.8

15.9

15.10
15.13



1 i
=
0 i


2
AB =
0

15.14 x00 = x, y 00 = y, 180 rotation

15.15 x00 = y, y 00 = x, 90 rotation of vectors or 90 rotation of axes
15.16 x00 = y, y 00 = x , z 00 = z, 90 rotation of (x, y) axes about the z axis,
or 90 rotation of vectors about the z axis
15.17 x00 = x, y 00 = y , z 00 = z, rotation of about the x axis
15.18
1 (1, 1)
15.19 6 (1, 1)
15.20 1 (1, 1)
2 (0, 1)
1 (1, 4)
9 (1, 1)
15.21 0 (1, 2)
15.22 1 (1, 0, 1)
15.23 1 (1, 1, 2)
5 (2, 1)
4 (0, 1, 0)
3 (1, 1, 0)
5 (1, 0, 1)
4 (1, 1, 1)
15.24
2 (0, 4, 3)
7 (5, 3, 4)
3 (5, 3, 4)




1 1 0
2 0
1
15.25 C =
, C =
1
2
1 1


2

1 4 2
1/2 1/ 17

2
15.26 C =
, C1 =
17 17
1/ 2 4/ 17
5

15.27 3x0 2 y 0 2 5z 0 2 = 15, d = 5

2
2
2
15.28 9x0 + 4y 0 z 0 = 36, d = 2
2
2
2
15.29 3x0 + 6y 0 4z 0 = 54, d = 3
2
2
2
15.30 7x0 + 20y 0 6z 0 = 20, d = 1
15.31 = (k/m)1/2 , (7k/m)1/2
15.32 = 2(k/m)1/2 , (3k/m)1/2

Chapter 4

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.10
1.13
1.16
1.19
1.22
1.70
1.100
1.130
1.140
1.170
1.190
1.210
1.230

u/x = 2xy 2 /(x2 + y 2 ) , u/y = 2x2 y/(x2 + y 2 )

s/t = utu1 , s/u = tu ln t
z/u = u/(u2 + v 2 + w2 )
At (0, 0), both = 0; at (2/3, 2/3), both = 4
At (0, 0), both = 0; at (1/4, 1/2), 2 w/x2 = 6, 2 w/y 2 = 2
2x
1.8 2x
1.9 2x(1 + 2 tan2 )
4y
1.11 2y
1.12 2y(cot2 + 2)
2
2
4r tan
1.14 2r cot
1.15 r2 sin 2
2
2r(1 + sin )
1.17 4r
1.18 2r
0
1.20 8y sec2
1.21 4x csc2
0
1.23 2r sin 2
1.24 0
2y 4 /x3
1.80 2r4 /x3
1.90 2x tan2 sec2
3
2
0
4
2
2 2
2y + 4y /x
1.11 2yr /(r y )
1.120 2y sec2
2
2
2
2
2x sec tan (sec + tan )
2y 2 sec2 tan
1.150 2r2 tan sec2
1.160 2r tan2
3
2
0
4
2
2 2
4r /x 2r
1.18 2ry /(r y )
8r3 y 3 /(r2 y 2 )3 1.200 4x tan sec2 (tan2 + sec2 )
4y sec2 tan
1.220 8r3 /x3
2
4r tan sec
1.240 8y 3 /x3

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.8

y + y 3 /6 x2 y/2 + x4 y/24 x2 y 3 /12 + y 5 /120 +

1 (x2 + 2xy + y 2 )/2 + (x4 + 4x3 y + 6x2 y 2 + 4xy 3 + y 4 )/24 +
x x2 /2 xy + x3 /3 + x2 y/2 + xy 2
1 + xy + x2 y 2 /2 + x3 y 3 /3! + x4 y 4 /4!
1 3 3
5
1 + 21 xy 18 x2 y 2 + 16
x y 128
x4 y 4
1 + x + y + (x2 + 2xy + y 2 )/2
ex cos y = 1 + x + (x2 y 2 )/2 + (x3 3xy 2 )/3!
ex sin y = y + xy + (3x2 y y 3 )/3!

4.2
4.6
4.11
4.15

2.5 1013
9%
3.95
8 1023

5.1
5.3
5.6

ey sinh t + z sin t
2r(q 2 p2 )
5(x + y)4 (1 + 10 cos 10x)

6.1
6.2

dv/dp = v/(ap), d2 v/dp2 = v(1 + a)/(a2 p2 )

y 0 = 1, y 00 = 0
6.3 y 0 = 4(ln 2 1)/(2 ln 2 1)

4.3 14.8
4.7 15%
4.12 2.01

4.4 12.2
4.8 5%
4.13 5/3
5.2
5.4
5.7

19

4.5 14.96
4.10 4.28 nt
4.14 0.005

w = 1, dw/dp = 0
(4ut + 2v sin t)/(u2 v 2 )
(1 2b e2a ) cos(a b)

Chapter 4

20

6.4
6.5
6.7
6.9
6.11

y 0 = y(x 1)/[x(y 1)], y 00 = (y x)(y + x 2)y/[x2 (y 1)3 ]

2x + 11y 24 = 0
6.6 1800/113
0
y = 1, x
6.8 8/3
y 4 = 0
y = x 4 2, y = 0, x = 0
6.10 x + y = 0
y 00 = 4

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13

dx/dy = z y + tan(y + z), d2 x/dy 2 = 12 sec3 (y + z) + 12 sec(y + z) 2

[2er cos t r + r2 sin2 t]/[(1 r) sin t]
z/s = z sin s, z/t = ey sinh t
w/u = 2(rv + s)w, w/v = 2(ru + 2s)w
u/s = (2y 2 3x2 + xyt)u/(xy), u/t = (2y 2 3x2 + xys)u/(xy)
2 w/r2 = fxx cos2 + 2fxy sin cos + fyy sin2
(y/)r = x, (y/)x = r2 /x, (/y)x = x/r2
x/s = 19/13, x/t = 21/13, y/s = 24/13, y/t = 6/13
x/s = 1/6, x/t = 13/6, y/s = 7/6, y/t = 11/6
z/s = 481/93, z/t = 125/93
w/s = w/(3w3 xy), w/t = (3w 1)/(3w3 xy)
(p/q)m = p/q, (p/q)a = 1/(a cos p 1),
(p/q)b = 1 b sin q, (b/a)p = (sin p)(b sin q 1)/ cos q
(a/q)m = [q + p(a cos p 1)]/(q sin p)
13
(x/u)v = (2yv 2 x2 )/(2yv + 2xu),
(x/u)y = (x2 u + y 2 v)/(y 2 2xu2 )
dw
10z
3(2x + y)
4x
(a)
+
=
+ 3
dt
3x2 + 1
4y + 1 5z 4 + 1
dw
xy
2z 2
(b)
= 2x + y 2
+ 2
3y + x 3z x
dx 
2z(y 3 + 3x2 z)
w
= 2x + y
(c)
x y
x3 + 3yz 2
(p/s)t = 9/7, (p/s)q = 3/2
(b/m)n = a/(a b), (m/b)a = 1
(x/z)s = 7/2, (x/z)r = 4, (x/z)y = 3
(u)/(x)y = 4/3, (u/x)v = 14/5, (x/u)y = 3/4, (x/u)v = 5/14
1, 15, 2, 15/7, 5/2, 6/5
dy/dx = (f1 g3 f3 g1 )/(f2 g3 g2 f3 )

7.14
7.15
7.16

7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
7.26
8.3
8.5

(1, 2) is a minimum point.

(0, 1) is a maximum point.

8.4
8.6

8.8
8.9
8.11
8.13
8.16
8.17

= /3; bend up 8 cm on each side.

l = w = 2h
8.10 l = w = 2h/3

= 30 , x = y 3 = z/2
8.12 d = 3
(4/3, 5/3)
8.15 (1/2, 1/2, 0), (1/3, 1/3, 1/3)
m = 5/2, b = 1/3
(a) y = 5 4x
(b) y = 0.5 + 3.35x
(c) y = 3 3.6x

9.1
9.2
9.4

s = l, = 30 (regular hexagon)

5 : (1 + 5)
r :
l:s=
: 3
4/ 3 by 6/ 3 by 10/ 3

9.3
9.5

(1, 2) is a saddle point.

(0, 0) is a saddle point.
(2/3, 2/3) is a maximum point.

36 in by 18 in by 18 in
(1/2, 3, 1)

Chapter 4
9.6
9.8
9.10
9.12
10.1
10.3
10.5
10.7
10.9

V = 1/3
(8/13,
12/13)
d = 5/ 2
Let legs of right triangle

be a and
then a = b, h = 2 2 a.
d =1
2, 14
d
=1
1
2 11
max T = 4 at (1, 0)

1
2
min T = 16
5 at 5 , 5 6

21
9.7 V = d3 /(27abc)

9.9 A =
3ab 3/4
9.11 d = 6/2
b, height of prism = h;
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8
10.10

4, 2
d=1
d=2
T =8
(a) max T = 1/2, min T = 1/2
(b) max T = 1, min T = 1/2
(c) max T = 1, min T = 1/2
10.11 max T = 14 at (1, 0)
10.12 Largest sum = 180
min T = 13/2 at (1/2, 1)
Smallest sum = 3 arc cos 13
= 164.2

10.13 Largest sum = 3 arc sin(1/ 3) = 105.8 , smallest sum = 90

11.1 z = f (y + 2x) + g(y + 3x)
11.2 z = f (5x 2y) + g(2x + y)
11.3 w = (x2 y 2 )/4 + F (x + y) + G(x y)
d2 y dy
11.6
+
5y = 0
dz 2
dz
11.10 f = u T s
h = u + pv
g = u + pv T s
df = p dv sdT
dh = T ds + vdp
dg = v dp s dT
11.11 H = pq L
11.13 (a) (s/v)T = (p/T )v
(b) (T /p)s = (v/s)p
(c) (v/T )p = (s/p)T
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.10
12.12
12.14
12.16

13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7

sin x

2 x
1 ev
s
eu 1
s
=
1;
=
1
v
v
u
u
dz/dx = sin(cos x) tan x sin(sin x) cot x
(sin 2)/2
u/x = 4/, u/y = 2/, y/x = 2
w/x = 1/ ln 3, w/y = 6/ ln 3, y/x = 1/6
(u/x)y = e4 , (u/y)x = e4 / ln 2, (y/x)u = ln 2
2
dx/du = ex
12.9 (cos x + x sin x 1)/x2
x
dy/dx = (e 1)/x
12.11 3x2 2x3 + 3x 6
2
(2x + 1)/ ln(x + x ) 2/ ln(2x)
12.13 0
/(4y 3 )

1 3 5/2
n = 2, I = 41 a3/2
a
n = 4, I =
8
1 3 5 (2m 1) (2m+1)/2
a
n = 2m, I =
2m+1

(a) and (b) d = 4/ 13

sec2
csc cot
6x, 2x2 tan sec2 , 4x tan sec2
2r sin2 , 2r2 sin cos , 4r sin cos , 0
5%

Chapter 4
13.8 1 ft
= 4 inches
13.9 dz/dt = 1 + t(2 x y)/z, z 6= 0
13.10 (x ln x y 2 /x)xy where x = r cos , y = r sin
b2 x d2 y
b4
dy
= 2 ,
=

13.11
dx
a y dx2
a2 y 3
13.12 13
13.13 1
13.14 (w/x)y = (f /x)s, t + 2(f /s)x, t + 2(f /t)x,
13.15
(w/x)y = f1 + 2xf 2 + 2yf3
13.17 p19
13.18 26/3
13.19 1/27
13.20 At x = 1, y = 20; at x = 1/2, y = 1/4
13.21 T (2) = 4, T (5) = 5
13.22 T (5, 0) = 10, T (2, 2) = 4
13.23 t cot t
13.24 0
13.25 ex /x
13.26 3 sin x3 /x
13.29 dt = 3.9
Rx
[f (x, u) + f (u, x)] du
13.30 2f (x, x) + 0 x

22

= f1 + 2f2 + 2f3

Chapter 5

2.1
2.5
2.9
2.13
2.17
2.21
2.25
2.29
2.33
2.37
2.41
2.45
2.49
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.14
3.15
3.17
3.19
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26

3
e2
5

4
12
6
7/4
(ln 2)/2
131/6
3/2
2
16/3
7/6
5
46k/15
1/3

2.2

18

2.3

2.4

8/3

2.6

2.35

2.7

5/3

2.8

1/2

2.10
2.14
2.18
2.22
2.26
2.30
2.34
2.38
2.42
2.46
2.50

5
4
e(ln 4)
(8 2 7)/3
5/3
4/3
1 e2
8192k/15
20
4
8k
64/3

2.11
2.15
2.19
2.23
2.27
2.31
2.35
2.39
2.43
2.47

36
3/2
32
9/8
32/5
6
216k
70
9/2
16/3

2.12
2.16
2.20
2.24
2.28
2.32
2.36
2.40
2.44
2.48

2
(ln 3)/6
16
9/2
1/3
e1
1/6
3/2
7k/3
16/3

(a) l
(b) M l2 /12
(c) M l2 /3
(a) M = 140 (b) x
= 130/21
(c) Im = 6.92M
(d) I = 150M/7
13
M l2
(d) I = 5M l2 /18
(a) M = 3l/2 (b) x
= 4l/9
(c) Im = 162
2
2
2
(a) M a /3
(b) M a /12
(c) 2M a /3
(a) (2, 2)
(b) 6M
(c) 2M
(a) M = 9
(b) (
x, y) = (2, 4/3)
(c) Ix = 2M , Iy = 9M/2
(d) Im = 13M/18
2M a2 /3
(a) 1/6
(b) (1/4, 1/4, 1/4)
(c) M = 1/24, z = 2/5
(a) s = 2 sinh
(b) y = (2 + sinh 2)/(4 sinh 1) = 1.2
1
(a) M = (5 5 1)/6= 1.7

(b) x
= 0, M y = (25 5 + 1)/60 = 0.95, y = (313 + 15 5 )/620 = 0.56
V = 2 2 a2 b, A = 4 2 ab, where a = radius of revolving circle,
b = distance to axis from center of this circle.
For area, (
x, y) = (0, 43 r/); for arc, (
x, y) = (0, 2r/)



4 2/3
3.18 s = 3 2 + ln(1 + 2) /2 = 2.56
2
3.20 13/3


s
x = 51 2 ln(1 + 2) /32 = 2.23, s
y = 13/6, s as in Problem 3.18;
then x = 0.87, y = 0.85
(4/3, 0, 0)
(149/130, 0, 0)
2M/5
I/M has the same numerical value as x
in 3.21.
M
3.28
13/6
3.29 2
3.30 32/5
2M/3
3.27 149
130
23

Chapter 5
(b) x
= y = 4a/(3)
(c) I = M a2 /4
(e) x = y = 2a/
4.2 (c) y = 4a/(3)
(d) Ix = M a2 /4, Iy = 5M a2 /4, Iz = 3M a2 /2
(e) y = 2a/
(f) x = 6a/5, Ix
= 48M a2 /175, Iy = 288M a2 /175, Iz = 48M a2 /25
1
2
(g) A = ( 3 2 3)a2
4.3 (a), (b), or (c) 21 M a2
4.4 (a) 4a2
(b) (0, 0, a/2)
(c) 2M a2 /3
3
(d) 4a /3
(e) (0, 0, 3a/8)
4.5 7/3
4.6 ln 2
4.7 (a) V = 2a3 (1 cos )/3
(b) z = 3a(1 + cos )/8
4.8 Iz = M a2 /4
4.10 (a) V = 64
(b) z = 231/64
4.11 12
4.12 (c) M = (16/9)(3 4) = 9.64

24

4.1

4.13
4.14
4.17
4.20
4.23
4.24
4.26
4.27
4.28
5.1
5.3
5.5
5.7
5.9
5.11
5.13
5.15
6.1
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.13
6.15

I = (128/152)(15 26) = 12.02 = 1.25M

1 2 2
a (z z12 ) 41 (z24 z14 )
(b) a2 (z2 z1 ) (z23 z13 )/3
(c) 2 2 2
a (z2 z1 ) (z23 z13 )/3
(1 e1 )/4
4.16 u2 + v 2
2
2
2
a (sinh u + sin v)
4.19 /4
1/12
4.22 12(1 + 36 2 )1/2
Length = (R sec ) times change in latitude
Ga/2
(a) 7M a2 /5
(b) 3M a2 /2
2ah (where h = distance between parallel planes)
(0, 0, a/2)
p

9 30/5
5.2 7/5
(37 3/2 1)/6 = 117.3
5.4 / 6
8 for each nappe
5.6 4


+ 9 ln( 2 + 3 ) /16
4
5.8
3 6
5.10 2a2 ( 2 1)
2
x, y, z) = (1/2, 1/4, 1/4)
(
x, y, z) = (1/3, 1/3, 1/3)
5.12 M = 3/6, (
4

5.14 M =
z =
4( 2)
2
3
r
32 2
2(3 7)
= 0.472
5.16 x = 0, y = 1, z =
= 0.716
Iz /M =
9( 2)
9 5

7(2 2)/3
6.2 45(2 + 2)/112
6.3 15/8
(b) 23 M R2
(a) 12 M R2
2
2
cone: 2ab
/3; ellipsoid: 4ab2 /3; cylinder: 2ab

4 3 3
5
6 3
, y =

(a)
(b) x
=
6
4

3
3
4
3 3

8 3 3
M
6.8 (a) 5/3
(b) 27/20
4 3 3
(
x, y) = (0, 3c/5)
(a) (
x, y) = (/2, /8)
(b) 2 /2
(c) 3M/8
z = 3h/4
6.12 (abc)2 /6
8a2
6.14 16a3 /3
2
2
Ix = 8M a /15, Iy = 7M a /15
6.16 x = y = 2a/5

Chapter 5
6.17
6.19
6.20
6.21
6.22
6.23
6.24
6.25
6.26
6.27

M a2 /6
6.18 (0, 0, 5h/6)
2
Ix = Iy= 20M h /21, Iz = 10M h2 /21, Im = 65M h2 /252
1)/6
(b) 3/2
(a) (5 5
Gh(2 2)
Ix = M b2 /4, Iy = M a2 /4, Iz = M (a2 + b2 )/4
(a) (0, 0, 2c/3)
(b) (0, 0, 5c/7)
(0, 0, 2c/3)
/2
1
2 sinh 1
e2 e 1

25

Chapter 6

3.1

3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

3.7
3.8
3.9
3.12
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.19
3.20

(A B)C = 6C = 6(j + k), A(B C) = 2A = 2(2, 1, 1),

(A B) C = A (B C) = 8, (A B) C = 4(j k),
A (B C) = 4(i + 2k)
B C = 16
(A + B) C = 5

B A =i + 7j + 3k, |B A|=
59, (B A) C/|C| = 8/ 26

= 2A/
6,

v = C = 2/
6 (3i + 5j + k)
v = 2/ 6 (A B) = 2/ 6 (i 7j 3k),
r F = (A C) B = 3i + 3j k,
n r F = [(A C) B] C/|C| = 8/ 26
(a) 11i + 3j 13k
(b) 3
(c) 17
4i 8j + 4k, 4, 8,
4

9i 23j + k, 1/ 21
A2 B 2
u1 u = u3 u, n1 u1 u = n2 u2 u
L = m[r2 ( r)r]
For r , v = | r| = r, L = m|r2 | = mvr
a = ( r) 2 r; for r , a = 2 r,|a| = v 2 /r.
(a) 16i 2j 5k
(b) 8/ 6
(a) 13/5
(b) 12

4.2

(a) t = 2

(b) v = 4i 2j + 6k, |v| = 2 14

(c) (x 4)/4 = (y + 4)/(2) = (z 8)/6, 2x y + 3z = 36
4.3 t = 1, v = 3i + 3j 5k, (x 1)/3 = (y + 1)/3 = (z 5)/(5),
3x + 3y
5z + 25 = 0
4.5 |dr/dt| = 2; |d2 r/dt2 | = 1; path is a helix.
4.8 dr/dt = er (dr/dt) + e (rd/dt),
d2 r/dt2 = er [d2 r/dt2 r(d/dt)2 ]
+e [rd2 /dt2 + 2(dr/dt)(d/dt)].
4.10 V dV/dt
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10

16i 12j + 8k
6.2 i
0
6.4 e/(3 5)
= i k ; ; d/ds = 2/ 13
6x + 8y z = 25, (x 3)/6 = (y 4)/8 = (z 25)/(1)
5x 3y + 2z + 3 = 0, r = i + 2j k + (5i 3j + 2k)t
z+3
(a) 7/3
(b) 5x z = 8; x1
5 = 1 , y = /2

(c) r = (1, 1, 1) + (2, 2, 1)t

(a) 2i 2j k
(b) 5/ 6
j, 1, 4/5
26

Chapter 6

27

6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15

=2xi 2yj, E = 2xi + 2yj

(a) 2 5 , 2i + j
(b) 3i + 2j
(a) i + j, || = e (b) 1/2

(b) Down,
at the rate 11 2

(a) 4 2, up
(b) 0, around
(c) 4/ 10, down (d) 8/5, up
6.17 er
6.18 i
7.1
7.3
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.10
7.12
7.14
7.16
7.19

(c) 10
(c) i, |E| = 1

(d) e1

the hill
6.19 j

6.20 2rer

r = 3, r = 0
7.2 r = 2, r = 0
V = 1, V = 0
7.4 V = 0, V = (i + j + k)
V = 2(x + y + z), V = 0
V = 5xy, V = ixz jyz + k(y 2 x2 )
V = 0, V = xi yj x cos yk
V = 2 + x sinh z, V = 0 7.9 6y
0
7.11 (x2 + y 2 )/(x2 y 2 )3/2
3
4(x + y)
7.13 2xy
0
7.15 0
2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1
7.18 2k
2/r
7.20 0

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.10
8.12
8.14
8.16

11/3
(a) 4
(b) 16
(c) 8
(a) 5/3
(b) 1
(c) 2/3
(a) 3
(b) 8/3
(a) 86/3
(b) 31/3
(a) 3
(b) 3
(c) 3
(a) 2
(b) 0
(c) 2
(d) 2
yz x
8.9 3xy x3 yz z 2
2
1
8.11 y sin2 x
2 kr
(xy + z)
8.13 z 2 cosh y
arc sin xy
8.15 (x2 + 1) cos2 y
2
2
(a) F1 ; 1 = y z x
(b) For F2 : (1) W = 0
(2) W = 4
(3) W = 2
8.17 F2 conservative, W = 0; for F1 , W = 2
8.18 (a) + 2 /2
(b) 2 /2
8.20 = mgz, = C/r

9.2
9.5
9.9
9.12
10.1
10.4
10.7
10.10

40
20
(x, y) = (1, 1)
29/3

9.3 14/3
9.7 ab
9.10 20

4
10.2 3
36
10.5 4 55
48
10.8 80
27

0, r R1
10.12 = (k/20 ) ln(R1 /r),
R1 r R2

(k/20 ) ln(R1 /R2 ), r R2

9.4 3/2
9.8 24
9.11 2
10.3 9
10.6 1
10.9 16

Chapter 6
11.1
11.4
11.7
11.10
11.13

3a2
12
0
6
0

28
11.2
11.5
11.8
11.11
11.14

2ab2
36
0
24
8

11.3
11.6
11.9
11.12
11.15

0
45
32/3
18
2 2

In the answers for Problems 18 to 22, u is arbitrary.

11.18 A = (xz yz 2 y 2 /2)i + (x2 /2 x2 z + yz 2 /2 yz)j + u
11.19 A = (y 2 z xy 2 /2)i + xz 2 j + x2 yk + u
11.20 A = i sin zx + j cos zx + kezy + u
11.21 A = iy + u
11.22 A = i(xz y 3 /3) + j(yz + x3 /3) + k(x + y)z + u
12.1
12.2
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
12.10
12.11

12.12

12.13

12.14
12.15
12.16

12.17
12.18

12.19

12.20
12.24
12.28

sin cos C
1
2 |B A|
(a) 4
(b) 16
(c) 8
5i 8j 6k
(a)9i + 5j 3k
(b) 29/3
2/ 5
24
(a) 2i + j
(b) 11/5
(c) 2x + y = 4
(a) grad

=
3yi

3xj
+
2zk

(b) 3
(c) 2x + y 2z + 2 = 0, r = (1, 2, 3) + (2, 1, 2)t
(a) 3i + 2j + k
(b) 3
(c) 3x + 2y + z =
4, r = (0, 1, 2) + (3, 2, 1)t
(d) (3i + 2j + k)/ 14
(a) 6i j 4k
(b) 531/2 (6i j 4k)
(c) same as (a)
(d) 531/2
(e) 531/2
(a) 3i + 2j + 2k
(b) 0
= y 2 cosh2 xz
(a) F1 is conservative.
(b) W1 = x2 z + 21 y 2
(c) and (d) 1
6
Not conservative
(a) 1/2
(b) 4/3
(a) F1 is conservative; F2 is not conservative ( F2 = k)
(b) 2
(c) For F1 , V1 = 2xy yz 21 z 2
(d) W1 = 45/2
(e) W2 = 2

12.21 4
12.22 108
12.23 192
54
12.25 18
12.26 0
12.27 4
2
12.29 10
12.30 4
12.31 29/3

Chapter 7

amplitude

period

frequency

velocity
amplitude

2.1

2/5

5/(2)

15

2.2

/2

2/

2.3

1/2

1/2

/2

2.4

1/(2)

/3

3/

2.5
2.6

s = sin 6t
s = 6 cos

sin 2t

6 cos

= 5.54

1/

6
12 cos

= 11.1

2.7

1/(2)

2.8

1/(4)

2.9

1/2

2.10

1/

1/60

60

360

1/60

60

1/15

15

120

1/15

15

2.11

2.12

2.13
2.14
2.16
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.24
3.6
4.3
4.7
4.11
4.15

p
A = maximum value of , = g/l.
t = 12
2.15 t = 3
t
2.18 A = 2, T = 1, f = 1, v = 3, = 3
= 4.91
= 281
A = 1, T = 4, f = 1/4, v = 1/4, = 1
A = 3, T = 4, f = 1/4, v = 1/2, = 2

y = 20 sin 2 (x 6t), y
t = 60 cos 2 (x 6t)
t
x
x
2.23 y = sin 880( 350
t)
y = 4 sin 2( 3 6 )
200

y = sin 153 (x 1530t)

2.25 y = 10 sin 250
(x 3 108 t)

3.7 2 sin(x 4 )
sin(2x + 3 )
0
/12 1/2
1/2
(a) 3/2

4.4 e1
4.8 0
4.12 1/2
(b) 3/2

4.5
4.9
4.14
4.16

29

1/ + 1/2
1/2
(a) 2/3
(a) /

4.6 2/
4.10 0
(b)
(b) 1

Chapter 7

30

5.1 to 5.11

The answers for Problems 5.1 to 5.11 are the

sine-cosine series in Problems 7.1 to 7.11.

/2

/2

6.1

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

6.2

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

6.3

1/2

1/2

1/2

6.4

6.5

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

6.6

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

6.7

/2

/2

/2

6.8

6.9

/2

/2

6.10

/2

/2

6.11

6.13 and 6.14

7.1

7.3

7.4

1+

At x = /2, same series as in the example.

1
i X 1 inx 1
2 X 1
f (x) = +
e
=
sin nx
2 n
2 1 n
odd n

7.2

odd n

n
1
1
1
sin n
an = n
2 , bn = n 1 cos 2 , a0 /2 = c0 = 4 ,
i
in/2
cn = 2n (e
1), n > 0; cn = cn

1
1
2ix
f (x) = 4 + 2 (1 i)eix + (1 + i)eix 2i
e2ix )
2 (e
1i 3ix
1i 5ix
1+i 3ix
5ix
+ 5 e + 1+i
3 e 3 e
5 e


= 41 + 1 cos x 31 cos 3x + 51 cos 5x


+ 1 sin x + 22 sin 2x + 31 sin 3x + 51 sin 5x + 62 sin 6x
1
1
an = n
sin n
2 , a0 /2 = c0 = 4


n
1
1
bn = n cos 2 cos n = n {1, 2, 1, 0, and repeat}


i
cn = 2n
ein ein/2 , n > 0; cn = cn

1
2ix
f (x) = 41 + 2
(1 + i) eix (1 i) eix + 2i
e2ix )
2 (e

(1i) 5ix
1i 3ix
1+i 3ix
1+i 5ix
+ 3 e + 3 e
5 e 5 e

= 41 1 cos x 31 cos 3x + 51 cos 5x


+ 1 sin x 22 sin 2x + 31 sin 3x + 51 sin 5x

c0 = a0 /2 = 1/2; for n 6= 0, coefficients are 2 times the

coefficients in Problem 7.3.

2ix
f (x) = 21 1 (1 + i)eix + (1 i)eix 2i
e2ix )
2 (e

1+i 3ix
1+i 5ix
1i 5ix
1i 3ix
+ 5 e + 5 e

3 e 3 e


= 21 2 cos x 31 cos 3x + 51 cos 5x


+ 2 sin x 22 sin 2x + 31 sin 3x + 51 sin 5x 62 sin 6x

Chapter 7
7.5

31

2
an = n
sin n
2

bn =

cn =

a0 /2 = c0 = 0

n
1
n 2 cos 2
1
in/2
2in 2e

cn = cn

4
1 cos n = n
{0, 1, 0, 0, and repeat}


1
in
1e
= n {1, 2i, 1, 0, and repeat }, n > 0


f (x) = 1 eix + eix

7.6

7.7

2i
2

e2ix e2ix 13 (e3ix + e3ix )

6ix
e6ix )
+ 15 (e5ix + e5ix ) 2i
6 (e


= 2 cos x 31 cos 3x + 51 cos 5x


1
sin 10x
4 21 sin 2x + 61 sin 6x + 10
2 P 1 inx
(n = 2, 6, 10, )
f (x) = 21 + i
ne
1
4 P 1
= 2+
(n = 2, 6, 10, )
n sin nx



X
X
i inx
1
i

inx
e
+
+
e
f (x) =
2
4
n
2n
2n

even n6=0

odd n

X
1
cos nx
n2
1

2
X (1)n
sin nx
=
4
n

7.8

f (x) = 1 +

(1)n

n6=0

7.9

f (x) =

7.10 f (x) =

7.11 f (x) =

i inx
e
= 1+2
n

(1)n+1

1
sin nx
n

X
einx

4 X cos nx
=

n2
2
1
n2

odd n

2
+
2

e
1
+

odd n

odd n

ix

e
4i

odd n

4 X cos nx
=
+
n2
2
1
n2
inx

ix

odd n

1 X

even n6=0

1
2 X
1
= + sin x

2
2

even n

einx
n2 1

cos nx
n2 1

7.13 an = 2 Re cn , bn = 2 Im cn , cn = 21 (an ibn ), cn = 12 (an + ibn )

1
i X 1 inx/l 1
2
+
e
=
2 n
2

X
1
nx
sin
n
l
1

8.1

f (x) =

8.2

1
n
1
1
an = n
sin n
2 , bn = n 1 cos 2 , a0 /2 = c0 = 4
i
cn = 2n
(ein/2 1)
1
= 2n
{1 i, 2i, (1 + i), 0, and repeat}, n > 0; cn = cn

1
1
2ix/l
f (x) = 4 + 2
(1 i)eix/l + (1 + i)eix/l 2i
e2ix/l )
2 (e

3ix/l
3ix/l
5ix/l
5ix/l
1i
+ 1i
+ 1+i

1+i
3 e
3 e
5 e

5 e
1
3x
1
5x
= 14 + 1 cos x
l 3 cos l + 5 cos l


2
2x
1
3x
1
5x
2
6x
+ 1 sin x
l + 2 sin l + 3 sin l + 5 sin l + 6 sin l

odd n

odd n

Chapter 7
8.3

8.4

32

1
an = n
sin n
c0 = 14
2 , a0 /2 =


1
1
cos n
bn = n
2 cos n = n {1, 2, 1, 0 , and repeat}
i
cn = 2n
(ein ein/2 )
1
= 2n {(1 + i), 2i, 1 i, 0, and repeat}, n > 0; cn = cn
h
1
2ix/l
e2ix/l )
f (x) = 41 + 2
(1 + i)eix/l (1 i)eix/l + 2i
2 (e
i
1+i 3ix/l
1+i 5ix/l
1i 5ix/l
3ix/l
+ 1i
e
+
e

3
3
5
5


1
3x
1
5x

cos
+
cos

= 14 1 cos x
l
3
l
5
l


2
2x
1
3x
1
5x
2
6x

sin
+
sin
+
+ 1 sin x
l
2
l
3
l
5 sin l 6 sin l

c0 = a0 /2 = 1/2; for n 6= 0, coefficients are 2 times the

coefficients in Problem
8.3.
h
f (x) = 21

8.5

2i 2ix/l
2 (e

e2ix/l )
i
3ix/l
3ix/l
5ix/l
5ix/l
1+i
+ 1+i
+ 1i

1i
3 e
3 e
5 e
5 e


1
3x
1
5x
= 12 2 cos x
l 3 cos l + 5 cos l


2
2x
1
3x
1
5x
2
6x
+ 2 sin x
l 2 sin l + 3 sin l + 5 sin l 6 sin l
(1 + i)eix/l + (1 i)eix/l

2
sin n
an = n
2 , a0 = 0,
1
4
bn = n (2 cos n
2 1 cos n) = n {0, 1, 0, 0, and repeat}
1
1
(2ein/2 1 ein ) = n
{1, 2i, 1, 0, and repeat }, n > 0
cn = 2in
cn = cn , c0 = 0
h
2ix/l
f (x) = 1 eix/l + eix/l 2i
e2ix/l )
2 (e

13 (e3ix/l + e3ix/l )

+ 15 (e5ix/l + e5ix/l )

8.6

8.7

2i 6ix/l
e6ix/l )
6 (e


1
3x
1
5x
= 2 cos x
l 3 cos l + 5 cos l


1
6x
1
10x
4 21 sin 2x
l + 6 sin l + 10 sin l
2 P 1 inx/l
(n = 2, 6, 10, )
f (x) = 21 + i
ne
1
4 P 1
nx
= 2+
(n = 2, 6, 10, )
n sin l

X
l
l
il X (1)n inx/l
e

f (x) = +
einx/l
2 2
4 2 n
n

n6=0
odd n

n
X
X

8.8

8.9

l
2l

4 2

f (x) = 1 +

f (x) =

il

1
odd n

n6=0

nx
l
1
cos

n2
l

nx
(1)
sin
n
l

(1)n inx/l
2l X (1)n
nx
e
= 1
sin
n

n
l
1

X
einx/l
l
4l X cos nx/l
=

n2
2 2 1
n2

l
2l

2 2

odd n

odd n

X
X
(1)n
(1)n inx
e
= 2
sin nx
8.10 (a) f (x) = i
n
n

n6=0

(b) f (x) = +

n6=0

X sin nx
i inx
e
=2
n
n
1

Chapter 7

33

8.11 (a) f (x) =

(b) f (x) =

X
X
2
2
(1)n inx
(1)n
+2
e
=
+
4
cos nx
3
n2
3
n2

n6=0

X

4 2
+2
3

1
i
+
n2
n

n6=0

einx =

X cos nx
X sin nx
4 2
+4
4
2
3
n
n

sinh X (1)n (1 + in) inx

e

1 + n2

sinh
2 sinh X (1)n
=
+
(cos nx n sin nx)

1 + n2
1

e2 1 X 1 + in inx
(b) f (x) =
e
2 1 + n2
"
#

e2 1 1 X 1
+
(cos nx n sin nx)
=

2
1 + n2

8.12 (a) f (x) =

4 X (1)n
nx
2 X (1)n inx/2
e
=2+
sin
8.13 (a) f (x) = 2 +
i n

n
2

(b) f (x) =

2
i

n6=0

n6=0

4
1 inx/2
e
=
n

X
1

1
nx
sin
n
2

8 X n(1)n+1
4i X n(1)n 2inx
8.14 (a) f (x) =
sin 2nx =
e

4n2 1
4n2 1
1

4 X cos 2nx
2X
1
2
=

e2inx
(b) f (x) =
2
2

4n 1
4n 1
1

n
2X
i X (1) inx
n+1 sin nx
e
=
.
(1)
8.15 (a) f (x) =
n

(b) f (x) =

(c) f (x) =

8.16 f (x) = 1
8.17

n6=0

4
2

odd n

1 inx
8 X cos nx
e
=
.
n2
2 1
n2

4i
3
2

odd n

X
1

f (x) = 1 (cos
+ 1 (sin x
2 +
3
4

odd n

8
1 inx
e
= 3
n3

1
odd n

sin nx
.
n3

sin nx
1 X 1 inx
=1
e
n
i n
n6=0

x
1
3x
1
5x
2 3 cos 2 + 5 cos 2 )
2
1
3x
1
5x
2 sin x + 3 sin 2 + 5 sin 2

X
X

2
6

sin 3x )

100 100
1
1
nx 100
nx
+ 2
cos

sin
2
3

n
5

n
5
1
1


X
100
1
1
=
einx/5
+ 50

2 2
3
n
in

8.18 f (x) =

n6=0

8.19 f (x) =

1 X 1
1 X (1)n+1
1
2
cos
2nx
+
sin 2nx
8
n2
2
n
1
odd n

Chapter 7

34

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.5
9.7

(a) cos nx + i sin nx

(a) 12 ln |1 x2 | + 12 ln | 1x
1+x |
4
5
(a) (x 1) + (x + x3 )

4 X 1
sin nx
f (x) =
1 n
an =
f (x)

9.8

2 X
2nx X
2nx
+
an cos
+
bn sin
, where
3
3
3
1
1

, n = 3k

0, n = 3k

1
3 3
an =
bn =
2 2 , n = 3k + 1
9

n 8n

, otherwise

2
2

8n

1 + 3 3 , n = 3k + 2
n 8n2 2

8.20 f (x) =

odd n
2
n
sin
n
2 , a0 /2 = 1/2
1
2
1
3x
= 2 + (cos x
2 3 cos 2

n+1
X

f (x) =

(1)
n

(b) x sinh x + x cosh x

(b) (cos x + x sin x) + (sin x + x cos x)
(b) (1 + cosh x) + sinh x

4 X 1
nx
9.6 f (x) =
sin
1 n
l
odd n

1
5

cos 5x
2 )

sin 2nx

1
1 X (1)n
+ 2
cos 2nx
12
n2
1

2 X 1
9.10 f (x) =
cos 2nx
4
1 n2
9.9

f (x) =

odd n
!

2 sinh 1 X (1)n
9.11 f (x) =
+
cos nx

2
n2 + 1
1

2X1
9.12 f (x) =
sin nx

n
1

1
4 X cos nx
2 X (1)n+1 sin nx
9.15 fc (x) = 2
fs (x) =
2
n2

n
1
odd n

sin nx
fc = fp = (1 cos 2x)/2
n(4 n2 )
odd n=1
4
1
1
9.17 fc (x) = (cos x cos 3x + cos 5x )

3
5

4 X 1
fs (x) = fp (x) =
sin 2nx
1 n
9.16 fs =

odd n

9.18 Even function: a0 /2 = 1/3,

2
n

3
n {1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, and repeat}
1
2x
1
4x
1
5x
1
7x
fc (x) = 13 + 3 (cos x
3 + 2 cos 3 4 cos 3 5 cos 3 + 7 cos 3
2
1
Odd function: bn = n
(1 cos n
3 ) = n {1, 3, 4, 3, 1, 0, and repeat}
3
2x
4
3x
fs (x) = 1 (sin x
3 + 2 sin 3 + 3 sin 3
1
5x
1
7x
+ 43 sin 4x
3 + 5 sin 3 + 7 sin 3 )

an =

sin n
3 =

Chapter 7

35

9.18 continued
Function of period 3:

3
1
an = n
sin 2n
3 = 2n {1, 1, 0, and repeat}, a0 /2 = 1/3
1
3
bn = n
(1 cos 2n
3 ) = 2n {1, 1, 0, and repeat}

3
2x
1
4x
1
8x
1
10x
1
+
3
2 (cos 3 2 cos 3 + 4 cos 3 5 cos 3
3
1
4x
1
8x
1
10x
+ 2
(sin 2x
3 + 2 sin 3 + 4 sin 3 + 5 sin 3 )

fp (x) =

4 X (1)n cos 2nx

2
9.19 fc (x) = fp (x) =

1
4n2 1

0, n even
For fs , bn = 2
2
n+1 , n = 1 + 4k

2
n1 , n = 3 + 4k
2
fs (x) = (sin x + sin 3x + 31 sin 5x + 31 sin 7x +

1
5

sin 9x +

1
5

sin 11x )

1
4 X (1)n
+ 2
cos nx
3 1
n2

2 X (1)n+1
8 X 1
fs (x) =
sin nx 3
sin nx
1
n

n3
1

9.20 fc (x) =

odd n

1
1 X 1
1X1
cos
2nx

sin 2nx
fp (x) = + 2
3 1 n2
1 n

9.21 fc (x) = fp (x) =

8
fs (x) = 2

4 X 1
1
2
cos nx
2
n2
1

odd n


x
1
3x
1
5x
8
n
sin
2 sin
+ 2 sin
; bn = 2 2 sin
2
3
2
5
2
n
2

20
9.22 Even function: an = n
sin n
2
x
20
fc (x) = 15 (cos 20 13 cos 3x
20 +

1
5

cos 5x
20 )

Odd function:
20
20
bn = n
(cos n
2 + 1 2 cos n) = n {3, 2, 3, 0, and repeat}
x
2
2x
3
3x
3
5x
fs (x) = 20
(3 sin 20 2 sin 20 + 3 sin 20 + 5 sin 20 )

Function of period 20:

20 X 1
nx
fp (x) = 15
sin
1 n
10
odd n



8h
1
3x
1
5x
x
9.23 f (x, 0) = 2 sin
2 sin
+ 2 sin

l
3
l
5
l

nx
8h X n
sin
where
9.24 f (x, 0) = 2

n2
l
1

1 = 2 1, 2 =
2, 3 = 2 + 1, 4 = 0, 5 =n( 2 +n1),
6 = 2, 7 = 2 + 1, 8 = 0, ..., n = 2 sin 4 sin 2
9.26 f (x) =

1 48 X cos nx
4
2
n4
1
odd n

9.27 f (x) =

X
8 4
cos nx
48
(1)n
15
n4
1

Chapter 7

10.1 p(t) =

36

an cos 220nt, a0 = 0

2
2n
2
3, 0, and repeat}
an = n
(sin n
3 + sin 3 ) = n { 3, 0, 0, 0,
1
1
Relative intensities = 1 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 25 : 0 : 49 : 0 : 0 : 0

X
10.2 p(t) =
bn sin 262nt, where
1

2
2n
bn = n
(1 cos n
3 3 cos n + 3 cos 3 )
2
= n
{2, 3, 8, 3, 2, 0, and repeat}
9
4
Relative intensities = 4 : 94 : 64
9 : 16 : 25 : 0
X
10.3 p(t) =
bn sin 220nt

2
2
bn = n
(3 5 cos n
2 + 2 cos n) = n {1, 10, 1, 0, and repeat}
1
1
1
1
Relative intensities = 1 : 25 : 9 : 0 : 25
: 25
9 : 49 : 0 : 81 : 1



X
2
200
cos 120nt
1+
10.4 V (t) =

1 n2
2
even n

1
3 2
Relative intensities = 0 : 1 : 0 : 25
: 0 : ( 35
)



X
5
5
2
10.5 I(t) =
1+
cos 120nt + sin 120t
2

1n
2
2
even n

10 2
2 2
2 2
Relative intensities = ( 52 )2 : ( 3
) : 0 : ( 3
) : 0 : ( 7
)
= 6.25 : 1.13 : 0 : 0.045 : 0 : 0.008

10.6 V (t) = 50

400 X 1
cos 120nt
2 1 n2
odd n

Relative intensities = 1 : 0 :

1 4
3

20 X (1)n
sin 120nt
1
n
1
:
Relative intensities = 1 : 14 : 91 : 16

10.7 I(t) =

1 4
5

:0:

1
25

10 X (1)n
5 20 X 1

cos 120nt
sin 120nt
10.8 I(t) =
2 2 1 n2
1
n
odd n






4
1
1 1
4
1
4
Relative intensities =
1+ 2 : :
:
1+ 2 :
1+

4 9
9
16 25
25 2
= 1.4 : 0.25 : 0.12 : 0.06 : 0.04

10.9 V (t) =

400 X 1
sin 120nt

n
1
odd n

Relative intensities = 1 : 0 :
10.10 V (t) = 75

1
9

:0:

1
25

200 X 1
100 X 1
cos
120nt

sin 120nt
2 1 n2
1 n
odd n

Relative intensities as in problem 10.8

11.5 2 /8
11.8 4 /96

11.6 4 /90
1
2

11.9
16 2

11.7 2 /6

Chapter 7
Z
2 1 cos
12.2 fs (x) =
sin x d

Z 0
1 cos ix
12.3 f (x) =
e d
i
Z

sin sin(/2) ix
e d
12.4 f (x) =

Z
1 ei ix
12.5 f (x) =
e d
2i
Z

sin cos ix
e d
12.6 f (x) =
i2

Z
cos + sin 1 ix
12.7 f (x) =
e d
2
Z

(i + 1)ei 1 ix
e d
12.8 f (x) =
22

Z
2
i cos a ix
12.9 f (x) =
e d

2
Z
a sin a ix
e d
12.10 f (x) = 2
i2
Z

1
cos(/2) ix
12.11 f (x) =
e d
1 2
Z
cos(/2) ix
1
e d
12.12 f (x) =
i
1 2
Z
2
sin sin(/2)
12.13 fc (x) =
cos x d
Z0

2 cos + sin 1
cos x d
12.14 fc (x) =
Z0
2

4
1 cos a
12.15 fc (x) =
cos x d
Z0
2

cos(/2)
2
12.16 fc (x) =
cos x d
Z0
1 2
2 1 cos
12.17 fs (x) =
sin x d
Z0

2 sin cos
sin x d
12.18 fs (x) =
Z0
2

4
a sin a
12.19 fs (x) =
sin x d
Z0
2
2 cos(/2)
12.20 fs (x) =
sin x d
0
1 2
r
||
2 2 /2
e
12.24 (c) gc () =
12.21 g() = e
2
2 Z

1 + ei ix
1
e d
12.25 (a) f (x) =
2 1 2
Z
2
sin(/2)
12.27 (a) fc (x) =
cos x d
Z0

2 1 cos(/2)
(b) fs (x) =
sin x d
Z0

4 cos 3 sin
12.28 (a) fc (x) =
cos x d
Z0

sin 3 sin
4
sin x d
(b) fs (x) =
0

37

Chapter 7

38

Z
2 sin 3 2 sin 2
cos x d
Z0

2 2 cos 2 cos 3 1
(b) fs (x) =
sin x d
Z0

1
1 cos 2
cos x d
12.30 (a) fc (x) =
Z0
2
1 2 sin 2
(b) fs (x) =
sin x d
0
2
12.29 (a) fc (x) =

13.2 f (x) =

i X 1 2inx
e
2 n
n6=0




X
13.4 (c) q (t) = CV 1 2(1 e1/2 )
(1 + 4in)1 e4int/(RC)

X
(1)n sin int
e
13.6 f (t) =
( n)

4 X 1
13.7 f (x) =
cos nx
2
1 n2

odd n

13.8
13.9
13.10
13.11

(a) 1/2
(b) 1
(b) 1/2, 0, 0, 1/2
(c) 13/6
(c) 0, 1/2, 2, 2
(d) 1, 1/2, 2, 1
Cosine series: a0 /2 = 3/4,

6
n
n
4 
1 +
sin
an = 2 2 cos
n
2
n
2
4
6
= 2 2 {1, 2, 1, 0, and repeat} +
{1, 0, 1, 0, and repeat}
n
n


x
3
4
6
2
cos
fc (x) = + 2 +
2 cos x
4





3x
5x
2
6
4
4
cos
cos

+
+
+

2
2
9

2
25
5
2
Sine series:
n 
4
n
1 
4 cos n 6 cos
+
bn = 2 2 sin
n
2
n
2
1
4
{4, 10, 4, 2, and repeat}
= 2 2 {1, 0, 1, 0, and repeat} +
n
n



4
x
3x
4
5
4
4
fs (x) =
sin
sin

+
sin
x

+
2

9 2
3
2


1
5x
4
4
5

sin
sin 2x +

+
sin 3x
2
25 2
5
2
3
Exponential series of period 2:



X
X
i
1 inx
3
5i
1
inx
e
+
fp (x) =
+
e
2 2
4
n
2n
2
n

even n6=0

odd n

13.12 f = 90
13.13 (a) fs (x) =

X
sin nx

n
1

1
4 X cos nx
13.14 (a) f (x) = + 2
3
n2
1

(b) 2 /6
(b) 4 /90

Chapter 7

39

Z
cos 2 1
2 cos 2 1
, f (x) =
sin x d,
i
0

Z
8 cos sin2 (/2)
cos x d, /8
13.16 f (x) =
2
0
Z
Z
Z
13.15 g() =

13.19

|f (x)|2 dx =

|gc ()|2 d =

2 sin2 a
13.20 g() =
, a3 /3
2

|gs ()|2 d

13.23 2 /8

/4

Chapter 8

1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7

x = k 1 gt + k 2 g(ekt 1)
x = A 2 sin t + v0 t + x0
(a) 15 months (b) t = 30(1 21/3 ) = 6.19 months
x = (c/F )[(m2 c2 + F 2 t2 )1/2 mc]

2.1
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.9
2.11
2.13
2.15
2.17
2.19

y = mx, m = 3/2
2.2

2.4
ln y = A(csc x cot x), A = 3
y = axex , a = 1/e
2.6
2
Kx2
y =8+e
,K =1
2.8
yey = aex , a = 1
2.10
(y 2)2 = (x + C)3 , C = 0
2.12
y 1, y 1, x 1, x 1
2.14
y2
2.16
x = (t t0 )2 /4
(a) I/I0 = e0.5 = 0.6 for s = 50ft

2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.26

2.27
2.28
2.30
2.32
2.34
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.7
3.9
3.11

(1 x2 )1/2 + (1 y 2 )1/2 = C, C =
x2 (1 + y 2 ) = K, K = 25
2y 2 + 1 = A(x2 1)2 , A = 1
y(x2 + C) = 1, C = 3
2
y + 1 = kex /2 , k = 2
xyey = K, K = e
y0
4y = (x + C)2 , C = 0

Half value thickness = (ln 2)/ = 69.3ft

(b) Half life T = (ln 2)/
(a) q = q0 et/(RC) (b) I = I0 e(R/L)t (c) = RC, = L/R
Corresponding quantities are a, = (ln 2)/T , , 1/ .
N = N0 eKt
N = N0 eKt (R/K)(eKt 1) where N0 = number of bacteria at t = 0,
KN = rate of increase, R = removal rate.
T = 100[1 (ln r)/(ln 2)]
T = 100(2r1 1)
(a) k = weight divided by terminal speed.
(b) t = g 1 (terminal speed) (ln 100); typical terminal
speeds are 0.02 to 0.1 cm/sec, so t is of the order of 104 sec.
5
3
t = 10(ln 13
)/(ln 13
) = 6.6 min

66
2.29 t = 100 ln 94 = 81.1min
It/100
A = Pe
2.31 ay = bx
x2 + 2y 2 = C
2.33 x2 + ny2 = C
x2 y 2 = C
2.35 x(y 1) = C
y = 12 ex + Cex
2
y = ( 12 x2 + C)ex
y(sec x + tan x) = x cos x + C
2
y = 31 (1 + ex ) + C(1 + ex )
y(1 x2 )1/2 = x2 + C
y = 2(sin x 1) + Ce sin x

3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
3.10
3.12

40

y = 1/(2x) + C/x3
y = 13 x5/2 + Cx1/2

y = (x + C)/(x + x2 + 1)
y = 21 ln x + C/ ln x
y cosh x = 21 e2x + x + C
x = (y + C) cos y

Chapter 8

41

3.13 x = 21 ey + Cey
3.14 x = y 2/3 + Cy 1/3


3.15 S = 21 107 (1 + 3t/104) + (1 + 3t/104 )1/3 , where S = number
of pounds of salt, and t is in hours.
3.16 I = AeRt/L + V0 (R2 + 2 L2 )1 (R cos t + L sin t)
3.17 I = Aet/(RC) V0 C(sin t RC cos t)/(1 + 2 R2 C 2 )
3.18 RL circuit: I = AeRt/L + V0 (R + iL)1 eit
RC circuit: I = Aet/RC + iV0 C(1 + iRC)1 eit
3.19 N2 = N0 tet
3.20 N3 = c1 e1 t + c2 e2 t + c3 e3 t , where
1 2 N0
1 2 N0
1 2 N0
, c2 =
, c3 =
c1 =
(2 1 )(3 1 )
(1 2 )(3 2 )
(1 3 )(2 3 )
3.21 Nn = c1 e1 t + c2 e2 t + , where
1 2 ...n1 N0
1 2 ...n1 N0
, c2 =
,
c1 =
(2 1 )(3 1 )...(n 1 )
(1 2 )(3 2 )...(n 2 )
0
etc. (all s different).
Z
3.22 y = x + 1 + Kex

3.23 x = 2 1/2 ey

eu du

y 1/3 = x 3 + Cex/3
4.2 y 1/2 = 31 x5/2 + Cx1/2
3
3
y = 1/3 + Cx
4.4 x2 e3y + ex 13 y 3 = C
2
2
x y + 2x(y + 1) = C
4 sin x cos y + 2x sin 2x 2y sin 2y = C
x = y(ln x + C)
4.8 y 2 = 2Cx + C 2
2
2
y 2 = Cex /y
4.10 xy = Cex/y
1
4.12 x sin(y/x) = C
tan 2 (x + y) = x + C
y 2 = sin2 x + C sin4 x
4.14 y = x2 +K(x 1)1
y = x1 ln(C x)
4.16 y 2 = C(C 2x)
2
3
3x y y = C
4.18 x2 + (y k)2 = k 2

r = Ae , r = Be
C + x2
x(C + e4x )
ex (C e2x )
4.25 (a) y = 2
(b) y =
(c) y =
2
4x
x (Cx )
Ce
C + e2x

4.1
4.3
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.9
4.11
4.13
4.15
4.17
4.19

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.9
5.11
5.19
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

= Aex + Be2x
= (Ax + B)e2x
= Ae3ix + Be3ix or other forms as in (5.24)
= ex (Aeix + Beix ) or equivalent forms (5.17), (5.18)
= (Ax + B)ex
= Ae4ix + Be4ix or other forms as in (5.24)
= Ae3x + Be2x
5.8 y = A + Be5x
= Ae2x sin(3x + )
5.10 y = A + Be2x
3x/2
= (A + Bx)e
5.12 y = Aex + Bex/2
ix
(1+i)x
= Ae
+ Be
5.20 y = Aex + Beix
x
3x
5x
= Ae + Be
+ Ce
= Aeix + Beix + Cex +
Dex

= Aex + Bex/2 sin 21 x 3 +
= A + Be2x + Ce3x
= Ae5x + (Bx + C)ex
= Ax + B + (Cx + D)ex + (Ex2 + F x + G)e2x
= ex (A sin x + B cos x) + ex (C sin x + D cos x)
= (A + Bx)ex + Ce2x + De2x + E sin(2x + )

Chapter 8

42

y = (Ax + B) sin xp
+ (Cx + D) cos x + (Ex + F )ex + (Gx + H)ex
= 0 cos t, = g/l
p
T = 2 R/g
= 85 min.
= 1/ LC
overdamped: R2 C > 4L; critically damped: R2 C = 4L;
underdamped: R2 C < 4L.


2t
4 2
2t
16
y +
y = 0, y = e8t/15 A sin
+ B cos
5.40 y +
15
9
5
5
5.30
5.34
5.35
5.36
5.38

= Ae2x + Be2x 25
6.2 y = (A + Bx)e2x + 4
x
2x
1 2x
= Ae + Be
+ 4e
6.4 y = Aex + Be3x + 2e3x
ix
ix
= Ae + Be
+ ex
6.6 y = (A + Bx)e3x + 3ex
x
2x
= Ae + Be + xe2x
6.8 y = Ae4x + Be4x + 5xe4x
= (Ax + B + x2 )ex
6.10 y = (A + Bx)e3x + 3x2 e3x
x
= e (A sin 3x
+ B cos 3x) + 8
sin 4x 6 cos 4x
= e2x [A sin(2 2 x) + B cos(2 2 x)] + 5(sin 2x cos 2x)
= (Ax + B)ex sin x
= e2x (A sin 3x + B cos 3x) 3 cos 5x
= e6x/5 [A sin(8x/5) + B cos(8x/5)] 5 cos 2x
= A sin 3x + B cos 3x 5x cos 3x
= A sin 4x + B cos 4x + 2x sin 4x
= ex (A sin 4x + B cos 4x) + 2e4x cos 5x
= ex/2 (A sin x + B cos x) + e3x/2 (2 cos 2x sin 2x)
= Ae2x sin(2x + ) + 4ex/2 sin(5x/2)
= e3x/5 [A sin(x/5) + B cos(x/5)] + (x2 5)/2
= A + Bex/2 + x2 4x
= A sin x + B cos x + (x 1)ex
= (A + Bx + 2x3 )e3x
= Ae3x + Bex ( 43 x3 + x2 + 21 x)ex
= A sin x + B cos x 2x2 cos x + 2x sin x
= A sin(x + ) + x3 6x 1 + x sin x + (3 2x)ex
= Ae3x + Be2x + ex + x
= A sinh x + B cosh x + 21 x cosh x
= A sin x + B cos x + x2 sin x
= (A + Bx)ex + 2x2 ex + (3 x)e2x + x + 1
x
= A + Be2x + (3x + 4)e + x3 + 3(x2 + x)/2 + 2xe2x

X
1
4(n2 2) cos nx8n sin nx
6.41 y = ex (A cos x + B sin x) + +
4
n2 (n4 + 4)
1

6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.20
6.21
6.22
6.23
6.24
6.25
6.26
6.33
6.34
6.35
6.36
6.37
6.38

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

odd n

1
2 X
1 X (1)n sin nx
cos nx
6.42 y = A cos 3x + B sin 3x +
+ 2
+
36 1 n2 (n2 2 9) 1
n(n2 2 9)
odd n

7.1

7.3
7.4
7.5
7.8

y = 2A tanh(Ax + B), or y = 2A tan(B Ax),

or y(x + a) = 2, or y = C.
(a) y 5
(b) y(x + 1) = 2
(c) y = tan( 4 x2 ) = sec x tan x (d) y = 2 tanh x
y = a(x + b)2 , or y = C
x2 + (y b)2 = a2 , or y = C
y = b + k 1 cosh k(x a)
1/2

2
v = (v02 2gR + 2gR
/r)
escape velocity = 2gR

, rmax = 2gR2 /(2gR v02 ),

all n

Chapter 8
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.25
7.28
8.8
8.10
8.12
8.17
8.22
8.25
8.27

x = 1 + t2
x = R(1 3t)1/3
x 2
t = 1
u (1 Ru4 )1/2 du
t = ( 2 )1 (cos )1/2 d
2
(a) y = Ax + Bx3
(b) y = Ax2 + Bx

(c) y = (A + B ln x)/x3
(d) y = Ax cos( 5 ln x) + Bx sin( 5 ln x)
y = Ax4 + Bx4 + x4 ln x

y = Ax + Bx1 + 12 x + x1 ln x
y = x3 (A + B ln x) + x3 (ln x)2
3
y = x2 (A + B ln x) + x2 (ln
 x)

3
y = A x sin 2 ln x + + x2
y = A cos ln x + B sin ln x + x
R = Ar n + Br n , n 6= 0; R = A ln r + B, n = 0
R = Ar l + Br l1
x1 1
7.26 x2 1
7.27 x3 ex
1/3 x
1/x
x e
7.29 xe
7.30 (x 1) ln x 4x
e2t te2t
1 t
t
3 e sin 3t + 2e cos 3t
3 cosh 5t + 2 sinh 5t
2a(3p2 a2 )/(p2 + a2 )3
[(p + a)2 b2 ]/[(p + a)2 + b2 ]2
ep/2 /(p2 + 1)
v(p2 + v 2 )1 epx/v

y = et (3 + 2t)
y = cos t + 12 (sin t t cos t)
y = 16 t3 e3t + 5te3t
y = t sin 4t
y = 3t2 e2t
y = 12 (t2 et + 3et et )
y = te2t
y = 16 t sin 3t + 2 cos 3t
y = 2e2t et
y = 2t + 1
y = 2 cos t + sin t
y = (5 6t)et sin t
y = tet cos 3t
(
y = t cos t 1
9.28
z = cos t + t sin t
9.30 y = t sin 2t
z(= cos 2t
y = sin 2t
9.32
z = cos 2t 1

9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
9.10
9.12
9.14
9.16
9.18
9.20
9.22
9.24
9.26

9.34
9.36
9.38
9.40
9.42

43

3/13
arc tan(2/3)
4/5
1
/4

8.9
8.11
8.13
8.21
8.23
8.26

et 3e2t
4 2t
+ 37 et/3
7e
2t
e (2 sin 4t cos 4t)
2b(p + a)/[(p + a)2 + b2 ]2
y = te2t (cos t sin t)
cos(t ), t > ; 0, t <

y = e2t (4t + 12 t2 )
y = 21 t cos t
y = 1 e2t
y = (t + 2) sin 4t
y = te2t
y = sinh 2t
y = 2 sin 3t + 16 t sin 3t
y=2
y = e2t
y = e3t + 2e2t sin t
y = sin t + 2 cos t 2et cos 2t
y = (3 + t)e2t sin t
y = t + (1 e4t )/4, z = 31 + e4t
(
y = et
9.29
z = t + et
9.31 y = t
z(= et
y = sin t cos t
9.33
z = sin t

9.3
9.5
9.7
9.9
9.11
9.13
9.15
9.17
9.19
9.21
9.23
9.25
9.27

9.35
9.37
9.39
9.41

10/262
15/8
ln 2

arc tan(1/ 2)

Chapter 8

10.3
10.5
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.11
10.13
10.15

44

1
2 t sinh t

10.4

b(b a)tebt + a[ebt eat ]

10.6
(b a)2
at
a cosh bt b sinh bt ae
a2 b 2
eat
ebt
ect
+
+
(b a)(c a) (a b)(c b) (a c)(b c)
(2t2 2t + 1 e2t )/4
10.10 (1 cos at 12 at sin at)/a4


1
cos bt cos at
1
cos at cos bt
10.12 2

+ 2 2
b 2 a2
b a2
b2
a2
a b
(et + sin t cos t)/2
10.14 e3t + (t 1)e2t
(
(cosh at 1)/a2 , t > 0
1 3t
1 4t
1 t
e + e
e
10.17 y =
14
35
10
0,
t<0

11.1 y =

t 2, t > 2
0,
t<2

11.8 y =

e2(tt0 ) sin(t t0 ),
0,

11.9 y =

1 (tt0 )
3e

11.10 y =

11.11 y =

11.13
11.15
11.21
11.23

eat + ebt [(a b)t 1]

(b a)2
eat cosh bt + (a/b) sinh bt
a2 b 2

0,
1
3

0,

11.7 y =

(t t0 )e(tt0 ) , t > t0
0,
t < t0

t > t0
t < t0

sin 3(t t0 ), t > t0

t < t0

sinh 3(t t0 ), t > t0

t < t0

1
2 [sinh(t

0,

t0 ) sin(t t0 )],

t > t0
t < t0

(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)

5(x 2) + 3(x + 7)
(b) 3(x + 5) 4(x 10)
1
(b) 0
(c) 3
(d) cosh 1
8
(b) (|a|)/(2|a|) (c) 1/2
(d) 1
(x + 5)(y 5)(z), (r 5 2 )( 3
4 )(z)/r,

3
(r 5 2 )( 2 )( 4 )/(r sin )
(b) (x)(y + 1)(z + 1), (r 1)( 3
2 )(z + 1)/r,

3
3
(r 2 )( 4 )( 2 )/(r sin )

(c) (x + 2)(y)(z 2 3 ), (r 2)( )(z 2 3 )/r,

(r 4)( 6 )( )/(r sin )

(d) (x 3)(y + 3)(z + 6 ), (r 3 2 )( 7

6 )/r,
4 )(z +

7
2
(r 2 6 )( 3 )( 4 )/(r sin )
11.25 (a) and (b) F 00 (x) = (x) 2 0 (x)
(c) G00 (x) = (x) + 5 0 (x)
12.2 y =

sin t t cos t
2 2

12.6 y = (cosh at 1)/a2 , t > 0

(
1 et tet , 0 < t < a
12.8 y =
(t + 1 a)eat (t + 1)et ,

12.11 y =

31

sin 2x

sin t cos t + et
(1 + 2 )
a(cosh at et ) sinh at
12.7 y =
a(a2 1)
12.3 y =

t>a
12.12 y = cos x ln cos x + (x 2 ) sin x

Chapter 8

45

x 2 sin x,
x < /4

12.13 y =

2
cos
x,
x
> /4
2
12.15 y = x sinh x cosh x ln cosh x
12.16 y = x ln x x x(ln x)2 /2
2
1
12.17 y = 4 sin x
12.18 y = x2 /2 + x4 /6
(

linear 1st order

y = 31 x2 + Cx
(ln y)2 (ln x)2 = C
separable
y = A + Bex sin(x + )
3rd order linear
r = (A + Bt)e3t
2nd order linear, a = b
x2 + y 2 y sin2 x = C
exact
y = Aex sin(x + )
2nd order linear, complex a, b, c
+2ex + 3xex sin x
13.7 3x2 y 3 + 1 = Ax3
Bernoulli, or integrating factor 1/x4
1
2
13.8 y = x(A + B ln x) + 2 x(ln x)
Cauchy
13.9 y(e3x + Ce2x ) + 5 = 0
Bernoulli
13.10 u ln u + ln v + v 1 = C
separable
13.11 y = 2x ln x + Cx
linear 1st order, or homogeneous
13.12 y = A ln x + B + x2
y missing, or Cauchy
13.13 y = Ae2x sin(x + ) + e3x
2nd order linear, complex a, b
13.14 y = Ae2x sin(x + )
2nd order linear, complex a, b, c
+xe2x sin x
13.15 y = (A + Bx)e2x + 3x2 e2x
2nd order linear, c = a = b
2x
3x
2x
13.16 y = Ae + Be xe
2nd order linear, c = a 6= b
13.17 y 2 + 4xy x2 = C
exact, or homogeneous
13.18 x = (y + C)e sin y
linear 1st order for x(y)
13.19 (x + y) sin2 x = K
separable with u = x + y
13.20 y = Aex sin(2x + )
2nd order linear, complex a, b, c
+x+ 25 + ex (1 x cos 2x)
13.21 x2 + ln(1 y 2 ) = C
separable, or Bernoulli
13.22 y = (A + Bx)e2x + C sin(3x + ) 4th order linear
13.23 r = sin [C + ln(sec + tan )]
1st order linear
13.24 y 2 = ax2 + b
separable after substitution
13.25 x3 y = 2
13.26 y = x2 + x
13.27 y = 2e2x 1
2
2
13.28 y + 4(x 1) = 9 13.29 62 min more
13.30 y = 16 g[(1 + t)2 + 2(1 + t)1 3]; at t = 1, y = g/3, v = 7g/12, a = 5g/12
p
13.31 v = 2k/(ma)
13.32 1:23 p.m.
13.33 In both (a) and (b), the temperature of the mixture at time t
is Ta (1 ekt ) + (n + n0 )1 (nT0 + n0 T00 )ekt
p.
13.36 (a) v = u ln(m0 /m)
13.38 ln a2 + p2 ln p
13.39 2pa/(p2 a2 )2
13.40 5/27
13.41 (tanh 1 sech2 1)/4 = 0.0854
13.42 teat (1 21 at)
13.43 (sin at + at cos at)/(2a)
5
13.44 (3 sin at 3atr
cos at a2 t2 sin at)/(8a
r )
2
2 1
13.46 ex : gs () =
, gc () =
2

1
+

1 + 2
r
r
2
2
2 1 2
xex : gs () =
,
g
()
=
c
(1 + 2 )2
(1 + 2 )2
13.47 y = A sin t + B cos t + sin t ln(sec t + tan t) 1
13.48 y = A sin t + B cos t + (t sin t t2 cos t)/4
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6

Chapter 9

2.1
2.3
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.9

(y b)2 = 4a2 (x a2 )
2.2 x2 + (y b)2 = a2
ax = sinh(ay + b)
2.4 ax = cosh(ay + b)
y = aex + bex or y = A cosh(x + B), etc.
x + a = 43 (y 1/2 2b)(b + y 1/2 )1/2
ex cos(y + b) = C
2.8 K 2 x2 (y b)2 = K 4
2
x = ay + b
2.10 y = Ax3/2 ln x + B

3.1

dx/dy = Cy 2 (1 C 2 y 4 )1/2
dx
C
x4 y 02 = C 2 (1 + x2 y 02 )3
3.4
=
dy
y(y 4 C 2 )1/2
y 2 = ax + b
3.6 x = ay 3/2 21 y 2 + b
x
y = K sinh(x + C) = aex + be , etc., as in Problem 2.5
r cos( + ) = C
3.9 cot = A cos( )
at
s = be
3.11 a(x + 1) = cosh(ay + b)
(x a)2 + y 2 = C 2
3.13 (x a)2 = 4K 2 (y K 2 )
r = bec
r cos( + ) = C, in polar coordinates; or, in rectangular coordinates,
the straight line x cos y sin =C.

+C

=K
Intersection of the cone with r cos
2
Geodesics on the sphere: cot = A cos( ). (See Problem 3.9)
Intersection of z = ax + by with the sphere: cot = a cos + b sin .
42.2 min; 5.96 min
x = a(1 cos ), y = a( sin ) + C
x = a( sin ) + C, y = 1 + a(1 cos )
x = a(1 cos ) 25 , y = a( sin ) + C

3.3
3.5
3.7
3.8
3.10
3.12
3.14
3.15
3.17
3.18
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
5.2

5.3

5.4

dx/dy = C(y 3 C 2 )1/2

3.2

L = 12 m(r 2 + r2 2 + z 2 ) V (r, , z)
m(
r r2 ) = V /r
= (1/r)(V /)
m(r + 2r )
m
z = V /z
Note: The equations in 5.2 and 5.3 are in the form
ma = F = V .
L = 12 m(r 2 + r2 2 + r2 sin2 2 ) V (r, , )
m(
r r2 r sin2 2 ) = V /r
m(r + 2r r sin cos 2 ) = (1/r)(V /)
= (1/r sin )(V /)
m(r sin + 2r cos + 2 sin r )
1
2 2
L = 2 ml mgl(1 cos )
l + g sin = 0

46

Chapter 9
5.5
5.6

5.8

5.9

5.10

5.11
5.12
5.13

5.14
5.15

5.16
5.17

5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21

5.22

5.23
5.24
5.25

L = 21 mx 2 21 kx2
m
x + kx = 0
L = 21 m(r2 2 + r2 sin2 2 ) mgr cos
(
a a sin cos 2 g sin = 0
=0
(d/dt)(sin2 )
1
2
L = 2 m(2r + r2 2 ) mgr
2
r r2 + g = 0
=0
(d/dt)(r2 )
1
L = 2 m(2r 2 + r2 2 ) mgr
2
r r2 + g = 0
2
r = const.

2
m1 gr 3 + m2 g(l 2r)
L = 21 m1 (4r 2 + r2 2 ) + 2m2 r
4(m1 + m2 )
r m1 r2 + m1 g 3 + 2m2 g = 0
2
r = const.
(If z is taken as positive down,
L = 21 (m + Ia2 )z 2 mgz
(ma2 + I)
z + mga2 =0
change the signs of z and z.)
L = 12 m(r 2 + r2 2 ) 12 k(r r0 )2 mgr cos
k
d
+ gr sin = 0
r r2 + m
(r r0 ) g cos = 0, dt
(r2 )
L = 12 m[r 2 (1 + 4r2 ) + r2 2 ] mgr2
r(1 + 4r2 ) + 4rr 2 r2 + 2gr = 0, r2 = const.

If z = const., then r = const., so = 2g

L = M x 2 + M gx sin , 2M x
M g sin = 0
1
2 2
x M g sin = 0
L = 2 (M + Ia )x + M gx sin , (M + Ia2 )
Since smaller I means greater acceleration, objects reach the
bottom in order of increasing I.
L = 12 m(l + a)2 2 mg[a sin (l + a) cos ]
(l + a) + a 2 + g sin = 0
+ mgl cos
L = 12 (M + m)X 2 + 21 m(l2 2 + 2l cos X )
(M + m)X + ml cos = const.
d

dt (l + cos X) + g sin = 0
x + y = x0 + y0 + a, L = m(x 2 + y 2 + x y)
+ mgy
2
1
1

gt, a = 3 gt
x = 3 gt, y = 3p
p
x = y with = pg/l ; x = y with = p3g/l
x = y with = g/l ; x = y with = 7g/l
L = ml2 [2 + 21 2 + cos( )] + mgl(2 cos + cos )
2g
2 + cos( ) + 2 sin( ) +
sin = 0
l
g
+ cos( ) 2 sin( ) + sin = 0
l
L = l2 [ 21 M 2 + 21 m 2 + m cos( )] + gl(M cos + m cos )
Mg
sin = 0
M + m cos( ) + m 2 sin( ) +
l
g
+ cos( ) 2 sin( ) + sin = 0
l
p
p
= 2 with = p2g/(3l) ; = 2 with = p2g/l
= 23 with = 3g/(5l) ; = 32 with = 3g/l
p
g
1
p
= M/m with 2 =
l 1 + m/M
p
1
g
2
p
= M/m with =
l 1 m/M

47

Chapter 9
6.1
6.4
8.2
8.3
8.4

48

catenary
catenary

6.2
6.5

circle
circle

6.3
6.6

circular cylinder
circle

x2 y 0
p
dx, x2 (2y 0 + y 0 3 ) = K(1 + y 0 2 )3/2
02
1
+
y
Z
ydy
2
2
p
I=
, x0 y 2 = C 2 (1 + x0 )3
02 + 1
x
Z p

4
2
r2 + r4 0 2 dr, dr
I=
d = Kr r K

I=

y = aebx
(x a)2 + (y + 1)2 = C 2
(y b)2 = 4a2 (x + 1 a2 )
Intersection of r = 1 + cos with z = a + b sin(/2)
Intersection of the cone with r cos( sin
+ C) = K 1
2
Intersection of y = x with az = b[2x 4x2 + 1 + sinh 2x] + c
8.12 ey cos(x a) = K
r = Ksec2 +c
2
3 2
2
2
(x + 2 ) + (y b) = c
8.14 (x a)2 = 4K 2 (y + 2 K 2 )
h
i

8.15 y + c = 23 K x1/3 x2/3 K 2 + K 2 cosh1 (x1/3 /K)

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.13
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22

8.23
8.25
8.26
8.27
8.28

Hyperbola: r2 cos(2 + ) = K or (x2 y 2 ) cos 2xy sin = K

K ln r = cosh(K + C)
Parabola: (x y C)2 = 4K 2 (x + y K 2 )
m(
r r2 ) + kr = 0, r2 = const.
m(
r r2 ) + K/r2 = 0, r2 = const.
r r2 = 0, r2 = const., z + g = 0
1 V
1
2
2

2
r m(r + 2rr r sin cos ) = r = F = ma
2

a = r + 2r r sin cos
L = 21 ma2 2 mga(1 cos ), a + g sin = 0,
measured
from the downward direction.

l = 2 A
r = Aeb
p
dr
= r K 2 (1 + r)2 1
d
dA
1
r2 = const., |r mv| = mr 2 = const.,
= r2 = const.
dt
2

Chapter 10

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

1 0
2
2
1
0 Principal moments:
I=
( 1, , + 1); principal
15
15
0
0
axes along the vectors: (1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0).

4
0
0
4 2 Principal moments: (2, 4, 6); principal axes along the
I = 0
0 2
4
vectors: (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1).

9 0 3
0 Principal moments: (6, 6, 12); principal axes along the
I= 0 6
3 0
9
vectors: (1, 0, 1) and any two orthogonal vectors in the plane z = x, say
(0, 1, 0) and (1, 0, 1).



4 1 1
1 1 1
1

1
4 1
; principal axes
,
,
Principal moments:
I=
120 1 1
60 24 24
4

along the vectors: (1, 1, 1) and any two orthogonal vectors in the plane
x + y + z = 0, say (1, 1, 0) and (1, 1, 2).
5.5
5.6
5.7

1 if j k = m n (6 cases); 1 if j k = n m (6 cases); 0 otherwise

(a) 3
(b) 0
(c) 2
(d) 2
(e) 1
(f) 1
(a) kq ip kp iq
(b) ap bq aq bp

6.9 to 6.14 r, v, F, E are vectors; , , L, B are pseudovectors; T is a scalar.

6.15 (a) vector
(b) pseudovector
(c) vector
6.16 vector (if V is a vector); pseudovector (if V is a pseudovector)
8.1

8.2
8.3

8.4

hr = 1, h = r, h = r sin
ds = er dr + e rd + e r sin d
dV = r2 sin drdd
ar = i sin cos + j sin sin + k cos = er
a = ir cos cos + jr cos sin kr sin = re
a = ir sin sin + jr sin cos = r sin e
+ ez z
d2 s/dt2 = er (
r r2 ) + e (r + 2r )
ds/dt = er r + e r + e r sin
d2 s/dt2 = er (
r r2 r sin2 2 )

sin cos 2 )
+e (r + 2r r

+e (r sin + 2r cos + 2 sin r )

V = re + k
49

Chapter 10

50

8.5
8.6

V = er cos e sin e r sin

hu = hv = (u2 + v 2 )1/2 , hz = 1
ds = (u2 + v 2 )1/2 (eu du + ev dv) + ez dz
dV = (u2 + v 2 ) du dv dz
au = iu + jv = (u2 + v 2 )1/2 eu
av = iv + ju = (u2 + v 2 )1/2 ev
az = k = ez
8.7 hu = hv = a(sinh2 u + sin2 v)1/2 , hz = 1
ds = a(sinh2 u + sin2 v)1/2 (eu du + ev dv) + ez dz
dV = a2 (sinh2 u + sin2 v) du dv dz
au = ia sinh u cos v + ja cosh u sin v = hu eu
av = ia cosh u sin v + ja sinh u cos v = hv ev
az = k = ez
8.8 hu = hv = (u2 + v 2 )1/2 , h = uv
ds = (u2 + v 2 )1/2 (eu du + ev dv) + uve d
dV = uv (u2 + v 2 ) du dv d
au = iv cos + jv sin + ku = hu eu
av = iu cos + ju sin kv = hv ev
a = iuv sin + juv cos = h e
8.9 hu = hv = a(cosh u + cos v)1
ds = a(cosh u + cos v)1 (eu du + ev dv)
dA = a2 (cosh u + cos v)2 du dv
au = (h2u /a)[i(1 + cos v cosh u) j sin v sinh u] = hu eu
av = (h2v /a)[i sinh u sin v + j(1 + cos v cosh u)] = hv ev
8.11 deu /dt = (u2 + v 2 )1 (uv vu)ev
dev /dt = (u2 + v 2 )1 (v u uv)e
u
ds/dt = (u2 + v 2 )1/2 (eu u + ev v)
+ ez z
d2 s/dt2 = eu (u2 + v 2 )1/2 [(u2 + v 2 )
u + u(u 2 v 2 ) + 2v u v]

2
2 1/2
2
+ev (u + v )
[(u + v 2 )
v + v(v 2 u 2 ) + 2uu v]
+ ez z
2
2
1
8.12 deu /dt = (sinh u + sin v) (v sinh u cosh u u sin v cos v)ev
dev /dt = (sinh2 u + sin2 v)1 (u sin v cos v v sinh u cosh u)eu
ds/dt = a(sinh2 u + sin2 v)1/2 (eu u + ev v)
+ ez z
d2 s/dt2 = eu a(sinh2 u + sin2 v)1/2
[(sinh2 u + sin2 v)
u + (u 2 v 2 ) sinh u cosh u + 2u v sin v cos v]
2
2
+ev a(sinh u + sin v)1/2 [(sinh2 u + sin2 v)
v
+(v 2 u 2 ) sin v cos v + 2u v sinh u cosh u] + ez z

8.13 deu /dt = (u2 + v 2 )1 (uv v u)e
v + (u2 + v 2 )1/2 v e
2
2 1
2
2 1/2
dev /dt = (u + v ) (v u uv)e
u + (u + v )
ue
2
2 1/2

de /dt = (u + v )
(veu + uev )
ds/dt = (u2 + v 2 )1/2 (eu u + ev v)
+ e uv
2
2
2
2 1/2
2
d s/dt = eu (u + v )
[(u + v 2 )
u + u(u 2 v 2 ) + 2v u v uv 2 2 ]
2
2 1/2
2
2
+ev (u + v )
[(u + v )
v + v(v 2 u 2 ) + 2uu v u2 v 2 ]

+e (uv + 2v u + 2uv )
8.14 deu /dt = (cosh u + cos v)1 (u sin v + v sinh u)ev
dev /dt = (cosh u + cos v)1 (u sin v + v sinh u)eu
ds/dt = a(cosh u + cos v)1 (eu u + ev v)

d2 s/dt2 = eu a(cosh u + cos v)2 [(cosh u + cos v)

u + (v 2 u 2 ) sinh u + 2u v sin v]
2
+ev a(cosh u + cos v) [(cosh u + cos v)
v + (v 2 u 2 ) sin v 2u v sinh u]

Chapter 10
9.3

51

See 8.2





1 U
U
1 U
+ e
+ e
r
r
r sin


1

1
1 V
2
V = 2
r Vr +
(sin V ) +
r r 
r
sin

r
sin



1
U
1
2U

1
2 U
2
r
+ 2
sin
+ 2 2
U= 2
r r  r
r sin 

r sin 2
1

V
V =
er
(sin V )
r sin






1
Vr
1
Vr
sin (rV ) e +
(rV )
+
e
r sin
r
r r

9.6 See 8.11

9.7 See 8.12
9.8 See 8.13
9.9 See 8.14
2
2 1/2
9.10 Let h = (u 
+v )
represent
 the u and v scale factors.
U
U
U
+k
+ ev
U = h1 eu
u
v
z



Vz
V = h2
(hVu ) +
(hVv ) +
u
v
z
 2

2
2

U
+
2 U = h2
+
u2
dv 2  z 2

Vv
Vz
eu

V =
h1
v
z 




Vu
2
1 Vz
ev + h
+
h
(hV v )
(hV u ) ez
z
u
u
v
9.5

U = er

9.11 Same as 9.10 with h = a(sinh2 u + sin2 v)

1/2

1/2

9.12 Let h = (u2+ v 2 )


U
U
1 U
+ (uv)
U = h1 eu
+ ev
e
u
v

1
1
1 V
V =
(uhV u ) + 2
(vhV v ) +
v
uv

uh2 u 
vh



1
U
1
U
1 2U
2
U= 2
u
+ 2
v
+ 2 2
h u u
u
h v v  v
u v 2
1 Vv
1
eu
(vV )
V =
hv v
uv




1 Vu
1
1

(uV ) ev + 2
(hVv )
(hvu ) e
uv
hu u
h u
v

9.13 Same as 9.10 if h = a(cosh u + cos v)1 and terms involving either
z derivatives or Vz are omitted. Note, however, that V has
only a z component if V = eu Vu + ev Vv where Vu and Vv are functions
of u and v.
1/2

1/2

9.14 hu = [(u + v)/u] , hv = [(u + v)/v]

1
1
1
eu = h1
u i + hv j , ev = hv i + hu j
2
1
2
m [hu u hu (uv v u)
/(2u v)] = h1
u V /u = Fu
2
1
m [hv v hv (uv v u)
/(2uv2 )] = h1
v V /v = Fv
1/2

9.15 hu = 1, hv = u(1 v 2 )
1/2
1/2
eu = iv + j(1 v 2 ) , ev = i(1 v 2 ) jv
m[
u uv 2 /(1 v 2 )] = V /u = Fu
1/2
3/2
m[(u
v + 2u v)(1

v2 )
+ uv v 2 (1 v 2 )
] = h1
v V /v = Fv
1
1
9.16 r , 0, 0, r ez
9.17 2r1 , r1 cot , r1 e , r1 (er cot e )

Chapter 10
9.18
9.19
9.20
9.21

52

r 1 e , r1 er , 3
2e , er cos e sin , 3
r1 , r3 , 0
2r1 , 6, 2r4 , k2 eikr cos

11.4 Vector
11.5 ds2 = du2 + h2v dv 2 , hu = 1, hv = u(2v v 2 )1/2 ,
dA = u(2v v 2 )1/2 du dv, ds = eu du + hv ev dv,
eu = i(1 v) + j(2v v 2 )1/2 , ev = i(2v v 2 )1/2 + j(1 v)
au = eu = au , av = hv ev , av = ev /hv


uv 2
V
11.6 m u
=
= Fu
v(2 v)
u


uv 2 (v 1)
V
u
v + 2u v
= Fv
+
= u1 [v(2 v)]1/2
m
v
[v(2 v)]1/2
[v(2 v)]3/2
p
11.7 U = eu U /u + ev u1 v(2p v) U /v
1
V = u1 (uV
v(2 v) V
 u )/u
 +u
 v /v

p
p

U
1
1

U
2
u
+ 2 v(2 v)
U=
v(2 v)
u u
u
u
V
V
11.8 u1 ,

u1 k,

Chapter 11

3.2
3.5
3.8
3.11
3.14

3/2
32/35
(5/3)
1
(4/3)

3.3
3.6
3.9
3.12
3.15

9/10
72
(5/4)
(2/3)/3
(2/3)/4

1
7.1
2 B(5/2, 1/2) = 3/16
1
7.3
3 B(1/3, 1/2)
7.5 B(3, 3) = 1/30
1
7.7
2 B(1/4, 1/2)
7.10 43 B(1/3, 4/3)

7.12 (8/3)B(5/3, 1/3) = 32 2 3/27

7.13 Iy /M = 8B(4/3, 4/3)/B(5/3, 1/3)

8.1
8.2
8.3

p
p
B(1/2, 1/4) 2l/g = 7.4163 l/g
p
1
35/11
4
p B(1/2, 1/4) = 2.34 sec
t = a/g

3.4
3.7
3.10
3.13
3.17

25/14
8
(3/5)
34 (4) = 2/27
(p)

1
7.2
2 B(5/4, 3/4) = 2/8
1
7.4
2 B(3/2, 5/2) = /32

1
7.6
B(2/3, 4/3) = 2 3/27
3

7.8 4 2B(3, 1/2) = 64 2/15

7.11 2B(2/3, 4/3)/B(1/3, 4/3)



p
Compare 2 l/g .

10.2 (p, x) xp1 ex [1
+

(p 1)x1 + (p 1)(p 2)x2 + ]
2
10.3 erfc (x) = 1/2, x /
10.5 (a) E1 (x) = (0, x)
(b) (0, x) x1 ex [1 x1 + 2x2 3! x3 + ]
10.6 (a) Ei(ln x) (b) Ei(x) (c) Ei(ln x)

11.4 1/
11.5 1
11.10 e1
i
h

2


13 2 4
k +
12.1 K = F (/2, k) = (/2) 1 + 21 k 2 + 24
i
h

2




1 2
13 2
3k 4 246
5k 6
E = E (/2, k) = (/2) 1 21 k 2 24

Caution : For the following answers, see the text warning about elliptic integral
notation just after equations (12.3) and in Example 1.
12.4 K(1/2)
12.5 E(1/3)
=
1.686
=
1.526
1
1
1
12.6 3 F 3 , 3 = 0.355
12.7 5E 5
,
4 5 = 19.46


3
2

12.9 F 6 , 2 = 0.542
12.8 7E 3 , 7 = 7.242





3
3
12.10 12 F 4 , 21
12.11 F 3
= 0.402
= 4.097
8 , 10 + K
10






12.13 3E , 2 + 3E arc sin 3 , 2
12.12 10E , 1
= 5.234
= 3.96
6

10

53

4 3

Chapter 11

54

h  
 
 i
12.15 2 E 23 E 3 , 23
12.14 12E 35
= 15.86
= 0.585

12.16 2 2 E 1/ 2 = 3.820
q
q


a
K 1/ 5 ; for small vibrations, T
12.23 T = 8 5g
= 2 2a
3g

13.7
13.9
13.11
13.13
13.15
13.17
13.19
13.21
13.22
13.24

(4) = 3!
13.8

3/2 ' 2.422
13.10
2E


1
3

13.12
5 F arc sin 4 , 4/5 = 0.1834
sn u dn u
13.14

(7/2) = 15 /8
13.16
1
2/64
13.18
B(5/4,
7/4)
=
3
2
1

erfc
5
13.20
2


54 B(2/3, 13/3) = (5/3)5 14/ 3
4E(1/2) 2 E(/8, 1/2)
= 5.089 13.23
55
2
/109!!
13.25

erf(1)
2


2 K 21/2 ' 2.622


21/2 K 21/2
= 1.311

/2 erfc(1/ 2)

(3/4)
1
2 B(1/2, 7/4)

109!! /255

228 /55!!

Chapter 12

1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9

y
y
y
y
y

2.1

= a1 xex
= a1 x
= a0 cosh x + a1 sinh x
= Ax + Bx3
= a0 (1 x2 ) + a1 x

= a0 e x
= a0 cos 2x + a1 sin 2x
= (A + Bx)ex
= a0 (1 + x) + a2 x2
2
= (A + Bx)ex

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.10

y
y
y
y
y

See Problem 5.3

2.4

Q0 =

3.2
3.4

xex + 10ex
x sin x + 25 cos x

3.3
3.5

(30 x2 ) sin x + 12x cos x

(x2 200x + 9900)ex

4.3

See Problem 5.3

5.1
5.3

See Problem 5.3

P0 (x) = 1
P1 (x) = x
P2 (x) = (3x2 1)/2

P3 (x) = (5x3 3x)/2

5.8 5P0 2P1
8
5.10 35
P4 + 74 P2 + 15 P0
5.12 85 P4 + 4P2 3P1 + 12
5 P0
8.1
8.3
8.5

1 1+x
x 1+x
ln
, Q1 = ln
1
2 1x
2 1x

P4 (x) = (35x4 30x2 + 3)/8

P5 (x) = (63x5 70x3 + 15x)/8

P6 (x) = (231x6 315x4 + 105x2 5)/16

p
p
N = /2,
2/ cos nx
1/2
1/2
N =2 , 2
xex/2
2
1 1/4
1/4
N = 2 , 2
xex /2

5.9 2P2 + P1
5.11 25 (P1 P3 )
8
5.13 63
P5 + 94 P3 + 73 P1
8.2
8.4

p
p
N = 2/5,
5/2 P2 (x)
1/4
1/4 x2 /2
N = ,
e

11
1
1
5
3
87 P3 + 16
P5
9.2
4 P0 + 2 P1 + 16 P2 32 P4

7
11
5P2 + P0
9.4
8 (3P1 + 16 P3 + 64 P5 )
1
5
3
3
20
9.6 P0 + 8 P1 9 P2
2 P0 8 P2 + 16 P4
2
11
1
3 P0 + 5 P1 42 P2
1
7
a)P0 + 43 (1 a2 )P1 + 45 a(1 a2 )P2 + 16
(1 a2 )(5a2 1)P3
2 (1 P
0
Pn = (2l + 1)Pl , where the sum is over odd l from 1 to n 1
when n is even, and over even l from 0 to n 1, when n is odd.
9.10 2P2 + P1
9.11 58 P4 + 4P2 3P1 + 12
5 P0
2
1
4
3
9.12 5 (P1 P3 )
9.13 5 P0 + 7 P2 = 35 (10x2 1)
5
3
15
15
1
P0 + P2 =
(5x2 + 1)
9.15 2 P2 = 2 (3x2 1)
9.14
2
8
16

9.1
9.3
9.5
9.7
9.8
9.9

3
2 P1

55

Chapter 12

56
10.5 sin (35 cos3 15 cos )/2

10.4 sin
10.6 15 sin2 cos
11.1
11.3
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10

y = b0 cos x/x2
11.2 y = Ax3 + Bx3
3
2
y = Ax + Bx
11.4 y = Ax2 + Bx3
1/2
1/2
y = A cos(2x ) + B sin(2x )
y = Aex + Bx2/3 [1 3x/5 + (3x)2 /(5 8) (3x)3 /(5 8 11) + ]
y = Ax2 (1 + x2 /10 + x4 /280 + ) + Bx1 (1 x2 /2 x4 /8 )
y = A(x1 1) + Bx2 (1 x + 3x2 /5 4x3 /15 + 2x4 /21 + )
y = A(1 3x6 /8 + 9x12 /320 ) + Bx2 (1 3x6 /16 + 9x12 /896 )
y = A[1 + 2x (2x)2 /2! + (2x)3 /(3 3!) (2x)4 /(3 5 4!) + ]

+ Bx3/2 [1 2x/5 + (2x)2 /(5 7 2!) (2x)3 /(5 7 9 3!) + ]

11.11 y = Ax1/6 [1 + 3x2 /25 + 32 x4 /(5 210 ) + ]

+ Bx1/6 [x + 3x3 /26 + 32 x5 /(7 211 ) + ]

11.12 y = ex (A + Bx1/3 )
15.9 53/2
16.1
16.3
16.5
16.7
16.9
16.11
16.14
16.16

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

= x3/2 Z1/2 (x)

= x1/2 Z1 (4x1/2 )
= xZ 0 (2x)
= x1 Z1/2 (x2 /2)

= x1/3 Z2/3 (4 x)
= x2 Z2 (x)
= Z3 (2x)
= Z1 (4x)

16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8
16.10
16.12
16.15
16.17

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

= x1/2 Z1/4 (x2 )

= x1/6 Z1/3 (4x1/2 )
= x1/2 Z1 (x1/2 )
= x1/2 Z1/3 ( 23 x3/2 )
= xZ2/3 (2x3/2 )

= x1/4 Z1/2 ( x)
= Z2 (5x)
= Z0 (3x)

17.7 (a) y = x1/2 I1 (2x1/2 )

(b)y = x1/2 I1/6 (x3 /3)
Note that the factor i is not needed since any multiple of y is a solution.
d
[xp Ip (x)] = xp Ip1 (x)
17.9 dx
d
p
Ip (x)] = xp Ip+1 (x)
dx [x
Ip1 (x) Ip+1 (x) = 2p
x Ip (x)
Ip1 (x) + Ip+1 (x) = 2Ip0 (x)
Ip0 (x) = xp Ip (x) + Ip1 (x) = xp Ip (x) + Ip+1 (x)
18.9 Amplitude increases; outward swing takes longer.
2
18.10 y = (Ax + B)1/2 J1/3 [ 3A
(Ax + B)3/2 ]
18.11 1.7 m for steel, 0.67 m for lead
sin2

19.2

1
2

19.3

R1

19.6

R1
0

x jn (x)jn (x) dx =
cos2 (n x)dx =

20.1 1/6
20.4 1/(p)

20.2 1
20.5 1/2

1 i[x(n+1)/2]
e
x
1 1 x
e
20.9 h(1)
n (ix) n
i x

20.7 h(1)
n (x)

0,

6=

1 2
2 jn1 (), =
R1 1
2
1
0 2 n xN 1/2 (n x) dx = 2 ,

where jn () = jn () = 0.
where n = (n + 21 )

20.3 4/
20.6 1/(2n + 1)
1 i[x(n+1)/2]
20.8 h(2)
e
n (x)
x
n1 x
20.10 h(2)
e
n (ix) i
x

Chapter 12

57

= Ax + B x sinh1 x x2 + 1
= A(1 + x) + Bxe1/x
= A(1 x2 ) + B(1 + x2 )ex
= Ax Bex
= A(x
1) +B[(x 1) ln x 4]
= A x + B[ x ln x + x]
x
x
= A 1x
+ B[ 1x
ln x + 1+x
2 ]
2
2
= A(x + 2x) + B[(x + 2x) ln x + 1 + 5x x3 /6 + x4 /72 + ]
= Ax2 + B[x2 ln x x3 + x4 /(2 2!) x5 /(3 3!) + x6 /(4 4!) + ]
= Ax3 + B(x3 ln x + x2 )

21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
21.10

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

22.4

H0 (x) = 1
H1 (x) = 2x

H2 (x) = 4x2 2
22.13 L0 (x) = 1

H3 (x) = 8x3 12x

H4 (x) = 16x4 48x2 + 12

H5 (x) = 32x5 160x3 + 120x

L1 (x) = 1 x

L2 (x) = (2 4x + x2 )/2!

L3 (x) = (6 18x + 9x2 x3 )/3!

L4 (x) = (24 96x + 72x2 16x3 + x4 )/4!

L5 (x) = (120 600x + 600x2 200x3 + 25x4 x5 )/5!

Note: The factor 1/n! is omitted in most quantum mechanics books
but is included as here in most reference books.
22.20 Lk0 (x) = 1
Lk1 (x) = 1 + k x
Lk2 (x) = 12 (k + 1)(k + 2) (k + 2)x + 12 x2
22.28 f1 = xex/2
f2 = xex/4 (2 x2 )
2
f3 = xex/6 (3 x + x18 )
22.30 Rn = xn Dxn , Ln = xn1 Dxn+1
(1)n (2n + 1)!!
n
2 n!
2l

R1
, n=l1
23.9 For n l, 1 xP l (x)Pn (x)dx = (2l 1)(2l + 1)

0,
otherwise
1
23.6 P2n+1
(0) = (2n + 1)P2n (0) =

23.18 (a) y = Z0 (ex )

(b) y = Zp (ex /2)
2
23.23 T0 = 1, T1 = x, T2 = 2x 1
23.30 /6

Chapter 13

2.1

2.2

nx
20 X (1)n+1 ny/10
e
sin
1
n
10

X
200 X
nx
1 ny/20
2
T =
sin

n
20
1
2
T =

odd n

2.3
2.4
2.7

n=2+4k

4 X
n
T =
eny sin nx
2
2 n 1
even
n

x 1 3y/30
120 y/30
3x
1 5y/30
5x
sin
T = 2 e
e
sin
+
e
sin

30
9
30
25
30

n
4 X
sinh n(1 y) sin nx
T =
2 (n2 1) sinh n
even n

bn
nx
n
4n sinh 30 (40 y) sin 30
sinh 3
1
n  100
200 
1 cos
=
where bn =
(1, 3, 4, 3, 1, 0, and repeat)
3
n
n

2.8

T =

2.9

T =

X
n
200 X
nx
1

2
(10 y) sin

n sinh

n
sinh
20
20
2
1
2
odd n

2.10 T =

2.11 T =

2.12

T =

1
odd n



400
n
nx
n
ny
sinh
(10 y) sin
+ sinh
(10 x) sinh
n sinh n
10
10
10
10

1
odd n

1
odd n

1
odd n

2.13

n=2+4k

400
n
nx
sinh
(10 y) sin
; T (5, 5)
= 25
n sinh n
10
10

T (x, y) =

400
n
nx
sinh
(30 y) sin
n sinh 3n
10
10
n
ny
400
sinh
(10 x) sin
n sinh(n/3)
30
30

20 X (1)n+1
n
nx
sinh
(20 y) sin
1 n sinh 2n
10
10

n
ny
40 X (1)n+1
sinh
(10 x) sin
1 n sinh n
20
20
2
58

Chapter 13

59

2.14 For f (x) = x 5: T =

40 X 1
nx ny/10
cos
e
2
2

n
10
1
odd n

For f (x) = x: Add 5 to the answer just given.

2.15 For f (x) = 100, T = 100 10y/3

1
40 X
n
nx
1
sinh
(30 y) cos
For f (x) = x, T = (30 y) 2
2 sinh 3n
6

n
10
10
1
odd n

3.2

u=

nx
400 X 1 (n/10)2 t
e
sin

n
10
1
odd n

3.3

3.4

100x 400 X 1 (n/l)2 t

nx

e
sin
l

n
l
2
even

X
nx
40 X
1 (n/10)2 t
2
sin
u=

n
10
1
2

u = 100

odd n

3.5

3.6
3.7

n=2+4k

0,
even n

2
1
X
2
nx
where bn = n2 2 n , n = 1 + 4k
u = 100 + 400
bn e(n/2) t sin

2 1 , n = 3 + 4k
n2 2
n
Add to (3.15) : uf = 20 + 30x/l. Note: Any linear function added
to both u0 and uf leaves the Fourier series unchanged.

nx (n/l)2 t
l 4l X 1
cos
e
u= 2
2
2
n
l
1
odd n

nx
200 X (1)n (n/2)2 t
e
sin
3.8 u = 50x +
1
n
2



2n + 1
400 X (1)n [(2n+1)/4]2 t
e
cos
x
3.9 u = 100
0 2n + 1
4
2 2
n
h
4 X sin nx iEn t/h
3.11 En =
, (x, t) =
e
2m

n
odd n

8 X sin nx iEn t/h

n2 2
h2
, (x, t) =
e
3.12 En =
2m

n(4 n2 )
odd n

4.2

4.3
4.4
4.5

nx
8h X
nvt
1
Bn sin
cos
, where B1 = 2 1, B2 = ,
2

l
l
2
n=1
1
B3 = ( 2 + 1), B4 = 0, , Bn = (2 sin n/4 sin n/2)/n2
9


nvt
n
n  2
16h X
nx
cos
where Bn = 2 sin
sin
y= 2
Bn sin
/n

l
l
8
4
1

8h X 1
n
2nx
2nvt
y= 2
sin
sin
cos
2
1 n
2
l
l

n
nx
nvt
8hl X 1
sin
sin
sin
y= 3
3
v 1 n
2
l
l

y=

odd n

Chapter 13

4.6

4.7
4.8
4.9

y=

y=

60

4hl X 1
n
nw
nx
nvt
sin
sin
sin
sin
2
2
v 1 n
2
l
l
l

9hl
3 v

4l
y= 2
v

odd n

X
1

"

n
nx
nvt
1
sin
sin
sin
n3
3
l
l

1
x
vt

2x
2vt X sin(n/2)
nx
nvt
sin
sin
+
sin
sin

sin
sin
2 4)
3
l
l
16
l
l
n(n
l
l
n=3

1. n = 1, = v/(2l)
2. n = 2, = v/l
3. n = 3, = 3v/(2l), and n = 4, = 2v/l, have nearly equal intensity.
4. n = 2, = v/l
5, 6, 7, 8. n = 1, = v/(2l)
4.11 The basis functions for a string pinned at x = 0, free at x = l, and
(n+ 1 )x

(n+ 1 )vt

2
2
cos
.
with zero initial string velocity, are y = sin
l
l
The solutions for Problems 2, 3, 4, parts (a) and (b) are:

X
(n + 21 )x
(n + 21 )vt
(a) y =
an cos
cos
l
l
0

X
(n + 21 )x
(n + 12 )vt
(b) y =
bn sin
cos
l
l
0
where the coefficients are:
(2n + 1)
(2n + 1)
128h
sin2
cos
2(a) an =
2
2
(2n + 1)
16
8
128h
(2n + 1)
2 (2n + 1)
2(b) bn =
sin
sin
(2n + 1)2 2
16
8
(2n
+
1)
(2n
+ 1)
256h
sin2
cos
3(a) an =
(2n + 1)2 2
32
16
256h
(2n + 1)
(2n + 1)
3(b) bn =
sin2
sin
2
2
(2n + 1)
32
16
(2n + 1)
(2n + 1)
256h
2 (2n + 1)
sin
sin
sin
4(a) an =
(2n + 1)2 2
16
8
4
(2n
+
1)
(2n
+
1)
256h
(2n
+
1)
sin
cos
4(b) bn =
sin2
(2n + 1)2 2
16
8
4
8
4.12 With bn = 3 3 , odd n, the six solutions on (0, 1) are:
n
P
1. Temperature in semi-infinite plate: T = bn eny sin nx
2. Temperature in finite plate of height H:
X
bn
sinh n(H y) sin nx
T =
sinh (nH)X
2
3. 1-dimensional heat flow: u =
bn e(n) t sin nx
X
h2 n2 2
4. Particle in a box: =
bn sin nx eiEn t/h , En =
2m
P
5. Plucked string: y = bn sin nx cos nvt
X bn
6. String with initial velocity: y =
sin nx sin nvt
nv

Chapter 13

61

16
, n odd, the six solutions on (0, ) are
4.13 With bn =
n(4
n2 )
P
1. T = bn eny sin nx
X
bn
sinh n(H y) sin nx
2. T =
X sinh nH 2
3. u =
bn e(n) t sin nx
X
h2 n2
4. =
bn sin nx eiEn t/h , En =
2m
P
5. y = bn sin nx cos nvt
X bn
6. y =
sin nx sin nvt
nv
12(1)n+1
4.14 Same as 4.12 with bn =
, all n, on (0, 1)
n3 3
5.1
5.2

5.3

5.4
5.5
5.6

5.7

(a) u
(b) u
= 9.76
= 9.76

X
2
J1 (km r) ekm z sin , km = zeros of J1
(a)
k
J
(k
)
m
2
m
m=1

X
2a
(b)
J1 (km r/a) ekm z/a sin , km = zeros of J1
k
J
(k
)
m
2
m
m=1
u(r = 1, z = 1, = /2)
= 0.211

X
200
J0 (km r) sinh km (10 z), km = zeros of J0
(a) u =
k
J
(k
) sinh(10km )
m
1
m
m=1

X
200
km (H z)
J0 (km r/a) sinh
,
(b) u =
k J (k ) sinh(km H/a)
a
m=1 m 1 m

km = zeros of J0

X
2
200
u=
J0 (km r/a)e(km /a) t , km = zeros of J0
k
J
(k
)
m=1 m 1 m

X
2
200a
J1 (km r/a)e(km /a) t sin , km = zeros of J1
k
J
(k
)
m
2
m
m=1
Z a Z 2
2
amn =
f (r, )Jn (kmn r/a) cos n r dr d
2
a2 Jn+1
(kmn ) 0 0
Z a Z 2
2
f (r, )Jn (kmn r/a) sin n r dr d
bmn =
2
a2 Jn+1
(kmn ) 0 0
 nr 
X
400
nz
1
u=
sin
+
I0

nI0 (3n/20)
20
20
odd n

2
2
120
J0 (km r)ekm t , where J0 (km ) = 0
k J (k )
m=1 m 1 m
X
X sin(nx/10) sin(my/10) sinh[(n2 + m2 )1/2 (10 z)/10]
1600

5.8

u = 40 +

5.9

u=

2
mn sinh[(n2 + m2 )1/2 ]
odd m odd n
nx
my
pz (/l)2 (n2 +m2 +p2 )t
6400 X X X 1
sin
sin
sin
e
5.10 u = 3

nmp
l
l
l
n

odd n odd m odd p

n

5.11 R = r , r , n 6= 0; R = ln r, const., n = 0
R = rl , rl1
200 X  r n sin n
5.12 u = 50 +

a
n
odd n
400 X 1  r 4n
sin 4n
5.13 u =

n 10
oddn

Chapter 13

62

50 ln r
200 X rn rn
+
sin n
ln 2

n(2n 2n )
odd n X
 


200
1
r n  r n
ln r

sin n

5.15 u = 50 1
ln 2

n (2n 2n ) 2
2
5.14 u =

odd n

6.2

6.4
6.5

The first six frequencies are 10 , 11 = 1.59310 , 12 = 2.13510

20 = 2.295
s10 ,13 = 2.65210 , 21 = 2.91710.
2
 m 2  n 2
v
l
nm =
+
+
2
a
b
c
1/2
1
nx
my
v(m2 + n2 ) t
64l4 X X
sin
sin
cos
z= 6

n 3 m3
l
l
l
odd m odd n

6.6
6.7

6.8
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14

7.15

ny y iEn t/h
2 h2 (nx 2 + ny 2 )
nx x
sin
e
, En =
l
l
2ml2
See Problem 6.3. Some other examples of degeneracy:
2 h2
;
(nx , ny ) = (1, 8), (8, 1), (4, 7), (7, 4), giving En = 65
2ml2
similarly 22 + 92 = 62 + 72 = 85; 22 + 112 = 52 + 102 = 125, etc.


2
h2 kmn
sin n
eiEmn t/h , Emn =
mn = Jn (kmn r)
cos n
2ma2
n = sin

u = 7P0 (cos ) + 20r2 P2 (cos ) + 8r4 P4 (cos )

u = 52 rP1 (cos ) 52 r3 P3 (cos )
u = 2P0 (cos ) + rP1 (cos ) + 2r2 P2 (cos )
u = 2P0 (cos ) + 3rP1 (cos ) + 2r2 P2 (cos ) + 2r3 P3 (cos )
3 4
r P4 (cos )
u = 21 P0 (cos ) + 85 r2 P2 (cos ) 16
7 3
11 5
u = 8 [3rP1 (cos ) + 16
r P3 (cos ) + 64
r P5 (cos ) ]
1
5 2
3 4
1
r P4 (cos )
u = 4 P0 (cos ) + 2 rP1 (cos ) + 16 r P2 (cos ) 32
15 2
21 3
9
u = 25[P0 (cos ) + 4 rP1 (cos ) + 8 r P2 (cos ) + 64 r P3 (cos ) ]
u = r2 P21 (cos ) sin
1 3 2
u = 15
r P3 (cos ) cos 2 rP1 (cos )
u = 200[(3/4)]rP 1 (cos ) (7/16)r3 P3 (cos ) + (11/32)r5 P5 (cos ) + ]
7 3
11 5
u = 34 rP 1 (cos ) + 24
r P3 (cos ) 192
r P5 (cos )
3 2
u = E0 (r a /r )P1 (cos )
u = 100[(1 r1 )P0 (cos )
7
+ 37 (r r2 )P1 (cos ) 127
(r3 r4 )P3 (cos ) ]

200a X (1)n
nr (n/a)2 t
u = 100 +
sin
e
r 1
n
a

= 100 + 200

(1)n j0 (nr/a)e(n/a)

n=1

ny y
nz z iEn t/h
2 h2 (nx 2 + ny 2 + nz 2 )
nx x
sin
sin
e
, En =
7.17 n = sin
l
l
l
2ml2
m
im iEt/
h
7.19 (r, , ) = jl (r)Pl (cos )e
e
,
q
2
h
h2 , a = zeros of jl , E =
(zeros of jl )2 .
where = 2M E/
2
2M
a
p
2 2
7.20 n (x) = e x /2 Hn (x), = m/h

Chapter 13

63

p
2
2
2
2
7.21 n (x) = e (x +y +z )/2 Hnx (x)Hny (y)Hnz (z), = m/h,
En = (nx + 12 + ny + 12 + nz + 12 )
h = (n + 23 )
h.
(n + 2)(n + 1)
, n = 0 to .
Degree of degeneracy of En is C(n + 2, n) =
2


M e4
2r
7.22 (r, , ) = R(r)Ylm (, ), R(r) = rl er/(na) L2l+1
nl1 na , En =
2
h2 n2
8.3

8.4

8.5
9.2
9.4
9.7

The second terms in (8.20) and (8.21) are replaced by

X al r l
qR/a
q
Pl (cos ) = q
R2l+1
l
r2 2(rR2 /a) cos + (R2 /a)2

Image charge -qR/a at(0, 0, R2 /a)

LetK = line charge per unit length. Then

V = K ln(r2 + a2 2ra cos ) + K ln a2 K ln R2

#
"
 2 2
R2
R
2
2 r cos
+ K ln r +
a
a

K at (a, 0), K at (R2 /a, 0)

Z
200 2
u=
k (1 cos 2k)eky cos kx dk
0 Z
200 1 cos k k2 2 t
e
sin kx dk
u(x, t) =
0
k




x
x1
x+1
50 erf
50 erf

u(x, t) = 100 erf

2 t
2 t
2 t

1
2X
sinh n(2 y) sin nx
1 n sinh 2n

2X
1
T =
sinh ny sin nx
1 n sinh 2n
1
4 X
1
T = (2 y) + 2
sinh n(2 y) cos nx
4

n2 sinh 2n
odd n
ny
40 X
nx
1
T = 20 +
3n sinh 5 sin 5

n sinh 5
odd n
X
1
40
n(5 x)
ny
+
sin
5n sinh

3
3
n
sinh
3
odd n
X
80
1 (n/l)2 t
nx
u = 20
e
sin

n
l
odd n



80 X (1)n [(2n+1)/(2l)]2 t
2n + 1
u = 20
e
cos
x
n=0 2n + 1
2l
4 X
1
1
sinh ny cos nx
u= y+ 2
4

n2 sinh 2n

10.1 T =
10.2
10.3
10.4

10.5
10.6
10.7

odd n

10.8 u = 20 x

40 X 1 (n/10)2 t
nx
e
sin
2 n
10
even n

8l2 X 1
nvt
nx
10.9 y = 3
cos
sin
3

n
l
l
odd n
 mr 
mz
1
1600 X X
sin n sin
In
10.10 u = 2

nmI n (3m/20)
20
20
odd n odd m

Chapter 13

10.12 u =

64

 2n
400 X 1 r
sin 2n

n a
odd n

10.14 Same as 9.12

 6n
2(10r)6 sin 6
200
400 X 1 r
arc tan
sin 6n =
10.15 u =

n 10

1012 r12
odd n

10.16 v 5/(2)
10.17 mn , n 6= 0; the lowest frequencies are:
11 = 1.5910 , 12 = 2.1410 , 13 = 2.6510, 21 = 2.9210 , 14 = 3.1610
10.18 mn , n = 3, 6, ; the lowest frequencies are:
13 = 2.65
23 = 4.06 10 , 16 = 4.13 10 , 33 = 5.4 10
 10 ,2 
a
10.19 u = E0 r
cos
r
vl
where l = zeros of jl , a = radius of sphere, v = speed of sound
10.20 =
2a
2
10.21 u = 3 P0 (cos ) + 53 rP1 (cos ) 32 r2 P2 (cos ) + 52 r3 P3 (cos )
11 5
10.22 u = 1 12 rP1 (cos ) + 87 r3 P3 (cos ) 16
r P5 (cos )
X
l
l1
10.23 u = 100
(al r + bl r
)Pl (cos ) where
odd l

10.24

10.26
10.27
10.28

2A(A + 1)
2A + 1
cl , b l =
cl , A = 2 l ,
al =
2A2 1R
2A2 1
1
cl = (2l + 1) 0 Pl (x) dx (Chapter 12, Problem 9.1).
The first few terms are
u = (107.1r 257.1r2 )P1 (cos )
(11.7r3 99.2r4 )P3 (cos ) + (2.2r5 70.9r6 )P5 (cos )
X
4(D A)
n
nx
T =A+
sinh
(b y) sin
n sinh (nb/a)
a
a
odd n
X
4(C A)
n
ny
+
sinh
(a x) sin
n sinh (na/b)
b
b
odd n
X
4(B A)
ny
nx
+
sinh
sin
n sinh (nb/a)
a
a
odd n
v p
=
(kmn /a)2 + 2 where kmn is a zero of Jn
2s
 2

v  n 2  m 2
+
+
=
2
a
b

Z
200 sin k
cos kx cosh ky dk
u(x, y) =
0 k cosh k

Chapter 14

1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.15
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

u = x3 3xy2 , v = 3x2 y y 3
1.2 u = x, v = y
u = x, v = y
1.4 u = (x2 + y 2 )1/2 , v = 0
u = x, v = 0
1.6 u = ex cos y, v = ex sin y
u = cos y cosh x, v = sin y sinh x
u = sin x cosh y, v = cos x sinh y
u = x/(x2 + y 2 ), v = y/(x2 + y 2 )
u = (2x2 + 2y 2 + 7x + 6)/[(x + 2)2 + y 2 ], v = y/[(x + 2)2 + y 2 ]
u = 3x/[x2 + (y 2)2 ], v = (2x2 2y 2 + 5y 2)/[x2 + (y 2)2 ]
u = x(x2 + y 2 + 1)/[(x2 y 2 + 1)2 + 4x2 y 2 ],
v = y(1 x2 y 2 )/[(x2 y 2 + 1)2 + 4x2 y 2 ]
u = ln(x2 + y 2 )1/2 , v = 0
1.14 u = x(x2 + y 2 ), v = y(x2 + y 2 )
x
x
u = e cos y, v = e sin y
1.16 u = 0, v = 4xy
u = cos x cosh y, v = sin x sinh y
u = 21/2 [(x2 + y 2 )1/2 + x]1/2 , v = 21/2 [(x2 + y 2 )1/2 x]1/2 ,
where the signs are chosen so that uv has the sign of y.
u = ln(x2 + y 2 )1/2 , v = arc tan(y/x) [angle is in the quadrant
of the point (x, y)].
u = x2 y 2 4xy x y + 3, v = 2x2 2y 2 + 2xy + x y
u = ey cos x, v = ey sin x

In 2.1 to 2.24, A = analytic, N = not analytic

2.1 A
2.2 A
2.3
2.5 N
2.6 A
2.7
2.9 A, z 6= 0
2.10 A, z 6= 2
2.11
2.13 N
2.14 N
2.15
2.17 N
2.18 A, z 6= 0
2.19
2.21 A
2.22 N
2.23
2.34 z 21 z 2 13 z 3 , |z| < 1
2.35 1 (z 2 /2!) + (z 4 /4!) , all z
2.36 1 + 12 z 2 18 z 4 , |z| < 1
2 5
z , |z| < /2
2.37 z 13 z 3 + 15
1
1
1 3
2.38 2 i + 4 z + 18 iz 2 16
z , |z| < 2
3 2
5
2.39 (z/9) (z /9 ) + (z /93 ) , |z| < 3
2.40 1 + z + z 2 + z 3 , |z| < 1
2.41 1 + iz z 2 /2 iz 3 /3! + z 4 /4! , all z
2.42 z + z 3 /3! + z 5 /5! , all z
2.48 Yes, z 6= 0
2.49 No
2.50
2.52 No
2.53 Yes, z 6= 0
2.54
2.56 iz 2 /2
2.57 (1 i)z
2.58
2.60 2 ln z
2.61 1/z
2.62
65

N
A
A, z 6= 2i
N
A, z =
6 0
A, z 6= 0

2.4
2.8
2.12
2.16
2.20
2.24

N
A
A, z 6= i
N
A
N

Yes, z 6= 0
iz
cos z
ieiz

2.51
2.55
2.59
2.63

Yes
iz 3
ez
i/(1 z)

Chapter 14
3.1
3.5
3.9
3.12
3.17
3.20
3.23

1
2

+i
1
1
(a) 53 (1 + 2i)
(a) 0
(a) 0
72i

66
3.2 (2 + i)/3
3.6 1, 1
3.10 (2i 1)e2i
(b) 13 (8i + 13)
(b) i
(b) 17i/4
3.24 17i/96

3.3 0
3.7 (1 i)/8
3.11 2i

3.4
3.8

i/2
i/2

3.18 i
3/6
3.22 i 3/108

3.16 0
3.19 16i

1
2
For 0 < |z| < 1: 21 z 1 + 34 + 78 z + 15
16 z ; R(0) = 2
1 1
1
1 2
1 3
4
3
2
For 1 < |z| < 2: ( z + z + z + 2 z + 4 + 18 z + 16
z + 32
z )
3
4
5
6
For |z| > 2: z + 3z + 7z + 15z
13 2
1
4.4 For 0 < |z| < 1: 14 z 1 21 11
16 z 16 z ; R(0) = 4
5
3 2
z + 16
z
For 1 < |z| < 2: + z 3 + z 2 + 43 z 1 + 21 + 16
4
5
6
7
For |z| > 2: z + 5z + 17z + 49z
1
1
1 2
4.5 For 0 < |z| < 2: 21 z 3 14 z 2 18 z 1 16
32
z 64
z ; R(0) = 18
3
4
5
6
7
For |z| > 2: z + z + 2z + 4z + 8z
4.6 For 0 < |z| < 1: z 2 2z 1 + 3 4z + 5z 2 ; R(0) = 2
For |z| > 1: z 4 2z 5 + 3z 6
4.7 For |z| < 1: 2 z + 2z 2 z 3 + 2z 4 z 5 ; R(0) = 0
For |z| > 1: z 1 2z 2 + z 3 2z 4
175 2
4.8 For |z| < 1: 5 + 25
6 z 36 z ; R(0) = 0
1 2
7 3
For 1 < |z| < 2: 5( + z 3 z 2 + z 1 + 16 z + 36
z + 216
z )
1 2
1 3
1
3
2
1
z
For 2 < |z| < 3: + 3z + 9z 3z + 1 3 z + 9 z 27
3
4
5
For |z| > 3: 30(z 2z + 9z )
4.9 (a) regular
(b) pole of order 3
(c) pole of order 2
(d) pole of order 1
4.10 (a) simple pole
(b) pole of order 2
(c) pole of order 2
(d) essential singularity
4.11 (a) regular
(b) pole of order 2
(c) simple pole
(d) pole of order 3
4.12 (a) pole of order 3
(b) pole of order 2
(c) essential singularity
(d) pole of order 1

4.3

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.14
6.16
6.18
6.20
6.22
6.24
6.26

z 1 1 + z z 2 ; R = 1
(z 1)1 1 + (z 1) (z 1)2 ; R = 1
1
z ; R = 16
z 3 16 z 1 + 120
z 2 + (1/2!) + (z 2 /4!) ; R = 0
1
1
+ 21 + 14 (z 1) ]; R = 21 e
2 e[(z 1)
3
z 1
+ (1/5!)z 5 ; R = 1
i
h (1/3!)z




1
1
1
1
2
z

1
+
(1

/2)
z

,R=
4
2
2

1
4

1/2
)2 /4! + (z )4 /6! , R =0
 (z 1
(z 2) + 1 + (z 2) + (z 2)2 + ; R = 1
R(2/3) = 1/8, R(2) = 1/8
6.15 R(1/2) = 1/3, R(4/5) = 1/3
R(0) = 2, R(1) = 1
6.17 R(1/2) = 5/8, R(1/2) = 3/8
6.19 R(/2)
= 1/2
R(3i) = 21 13 i

R(i) = 1/4
6.21 R[ 2 (1 + i)] = 2 (1 i)/16
R(i) = 1
6.23 R(2i/3) = ie2/3 /12
R(0) = 2
6.25 R(0) = 2

1
3
2i/3
6.27 R(/6) = 1/2
R(e
) = 6 (i 3 1)e

Chapter 14

67

6.28
6.30
6.32
6.34
6.140
6.180
6.220
6.260
6.270
6.310
6.350

1
1
R(3i) = 16
+ 24
i
6.29
R(0) = 1/6!
6.31
R(2i) = 3ie2 /32
6.33
R(0) = 7, R(1/2) = 7
6.35
i/4
6.150 0
6.160
0
6.190 0
6.200

2
0
0
6.23
3sinh 3 6.240

23 i(1 + cosh 3 + i 3 sinh 3 )

6.290
i
6.280 41 i
0
9i
6.32 0
6.330
1
6.37
0
6.36 4

7.1
7.5
7.9
7.13
7.17
7.20
7.25
7.29
7.30
7.34
7.38
7.45
7.46
7.47
7.48
7.49
7.50
7.51
7.53
7.55
7.57
7.59
7.61
7.63
7.65

/6
7.2 /2
7.3 2/3
7.4
/(1 r2 )
7.6 2/33/2
7.7 /6
7.8
2/| sin |
7.10
7.11 3/32
7.12
/10
7.14 (/e) sin 2 7.15 e4/3
/12
7.16
1
3/2
(/e)(cos 2 + 2 sin 2)
7.18 2 e
7.19
e1/3 /9
7.22 /2
7.23 /8
7.24
/36
7.26 /2
7.27 /4
7.28
/2 for
a
>
0,
0
for
a
=
0,
/2
for
a
<
0

3
7.31 /3
7.32 16
7.33
2
/(2 2 )

/2
7.35 2(21/3 1)/ 3
7.36
cot p
7.39 2
7.40 2 /4
7.41
One negative real, one each in quadrants I and IV
One negative real, one each in quadrants II and III
One negative real, one each in quadrants I and IV
Two each in quadrants I and IV
Two each in quadrants I and IV
Two each in quadrants II and III
4i, 8i
7.52 i
i
7.54 8i
cosh t cos t
7.56 (sinh t sin t)/2
1 + sin t cos t
7.58 (cos 2t + cosh 2t)/2
2et cos t 3 + e2t
7.60 t + et 1

1
7.62 1 4tet
3 (cosh 2t + 2 cosh t cos t 3)
(cosh t cos t)/2
7.64 23 sinh 2t 31 sinh t
(cos 2t + 2 sin 2t et )/5

8.3
8.5
8.7
8.9
8.11
8.14

Regular, R = 1
Regular, R = 1
Simple pole, R = 2
Regular, R = 0
Regular, R = 1
2i

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.7
9.8

x2 = 12 [u + (u2 + v 2 )1/2 ], y 2 = 21 [u + (u2 + v 2 )1/2 ]

u = y/2, v = (x + 1)/2
u = x/(x2 + y 2 ), v = y/(x2 + y 2 )
u = ex cos y, v = ex sin y
u = (x2 + y 2 1)/[x2 + (y + 1)2 ], v = 2x/[x2 + (y + 1)2 ]
u = sin x cosh y, v = cos x sinh y
u = cosh x cos y, v = sinh x sin y

8.4
8.6
8.8
8.10
8.12
8.15

R(ln 2) = 4/3
R(0) = 9/2
R() = 1/2
R(i) = 0
2i
6.170 i/2
0
6.210 0
4i
6.250 4i
5i/2
6.300 i/360
0
6.340 0
R(n) = (1)n /n!
2/9
/18

2/8
e2/3 /18
e3 /54

/4

2/2

2 2
(2)1/2 /4

Regular, R = 2
Simple pole, R = 5
Regular, R = 0
Regular, R = 2
Regular, R = 2
i

Chapter 14

68

10.4 T = 200 1 arc tan(y/x)

10.5 V = 200 1 arc tan(y/x)
2
2
10.6 T = 100y/(x + y ); isothermals y/(x2 + y 2 ) = const.;
flow lines x/(x2 + y 2 ) = const.
10.7 Streamlines xy = const.; = (x2 y 2 )V0 , = 2xyV0 , V = (2ix 2jy)V0
10.9 Streamlines y y/(x2 + y 2 ) = const.
10.10 cos x sinh y = const.
10.11 (x coth u)2 + y 2 = csch2 u
x2 + (y + cot v)2 = csc2 v
10.12 T = (20/) arc tan[2y/(1 x2 y 2 )], arc tan between /2 and 3/2
V2 V1
2y
3V1 V2
10.13 V =
arc tan
+
, arc tan between /2 and 3/2

1 x2 y 2
2
2
2
(x + 1) + y
1
10.14 = V0 ln
2
(x 1)2 + y 2
2y
= V0 arc tan
, arc tan between /2 and 3/2.
1 x2 y 2
4V0 xy
2V0 (1 x2 + y 2 )
,
Vy =
Vx =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(1 x + y ) + 4x y
(1 x + y 2 ) + 4x2 y 2
11.1 ln(1 + z)
11.2 i ln(1 + z)

11.5 R(i) = (1 i 3 )/4

11.6 R(1/2) = i/(6 2 )

R(i) = 1/2
R(ei/3/2) = R(e5i/3/2) = i/(6 2 )
11.7 R(i) = /4, R(i) = R(e3i/2 ) = 3/4
11.8 R(1/2) = 1/2
11.9 1/6
11.10 1
11.12 1/2
11.13 (a) 1/96
(b) 5
(c) 1/80
(d) 1/2
11.14 (a) 2
(b) sin 5 (c) 1/16
(d) 2
11.15 /6
11.16 /6
11.17 (e1/2 16 e3 )/35
11.18 e/2 /4
11.19 3(21 e )/(10)
11.20 (e1 + sin 1)/2
11.28
11.29 3 /8 (Caution: 3 /8 is wrong.)
11.31 One in each quadrant
11.32 One negative real, one each in quadrants II and III
11.33 One each in quadrants I and IV, two each in II and III
11.34 Two each in quadrants I and IV, one each in II and III
2a2 p
11.41 2 /8
11.40 4
p + 4a4

Chapter 15

1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9

1/10, 1/9
1/3, 5/9
1/4, 3/4, 1/3, 1/2
9/26, 1/2, 1/13
3/10, 1/3

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.10

3/8, 1/8, 1/4

1/2, 1/52, 2/13, 7/13
27/52, 16/52, 15/52
9/100, 1/10, 3/100, 1/10
3/8

2.12
2.14
2.15
2.17

(a) 3/4
(b) 1/5
(c) 2/3
(d) 3/4
(e) 3/7
(a) 3/4
(b) 25/36
(c) 37, 38, 39, 40
(a) 1/6
(b) 1/2
(c) 1/3
(d) 1/3
(e) 1/9
(a) 3 to 9 with p(5) = p(7) = 2/9; others, p = 1/9
(b) 5 and 7
(c) 1/3
2.18 (a) 1/2, 1/2
(b) 1/2, 1/4, 1/4
(c) Not a sample space
2.19 1/3, 1/3; 1/7, 1/7
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22

26 , 23 , 23
(a) 8/9, 1/2
(b) 3/5, 1/11, 2/3, 2/3, 6/13
1/33, 2/9
4/13, 1/52
(a) 1/6 (b) 2/3 (c) P (A) = P (B) = 1/3, P (A + B) = 1/2, P (AB) = 1/6
1/8
(a) 1/49
(b) 68/441
(c) 25/169
(d) 15 times
(e) 44/147
(a) 1/4
(b) 25/144, 1/16, 1/16
n > 3.3, so 4 tries are needed.
(a) 1/3
(b) 1/7
9/23
(a) 39/80, 5/16, 1/5, 11/16
(b) 374/819
(c) 185/374
(a) 15/34
(b) 2/15
1/3
5/7, 2/7, 11/14
2/3, 1/3
6/11, 5/11

4.1
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.7

(a) P (10, 8)
(b) C(10, 8)
(c) 1/45
n
3, 7, 31, 2 1
1.98 103 , 4.95 104 , 3.05 104 , 1.39 105
28 , 28 , 7/32
4.6 15
1/26
4.8 1/221, 1/33, 1/17

69

Chapter 15

70

4.9
4.12
4.17
4.21

25/102, 25/77, 49/101, 12/25

4.11 0.097, 0.37, 0.67; 13
5
4.14 n!/nn
MB: 16, FD: 6, BE: 10
4.18 MB: 125, FD: 10, BE: 35
C(n + 2, n)
4.22 0.135
4.23 0.30
p

5.1 = 0, = 3
5.2 = 7, = 35/6
5.3 = 2, = p2
5.4 = 1, = p21/2
5.5 = 1, = 7/6 p
5.6 = 3, = 284/13 = 4.67
5.7 = 3(2p 1), = 2 3p(1 p) 5.8 E(x) = $12.25
5.12 E(x) = 7
5.15 x = 3(2p 1)
2
2
5.17 Problem 5.2: E(x ) = 329/6, = 35/6
Problem 5.6: E(x2 ) = 401/13, 2 = 284/13
Problem 5.7: E(x2 ) = 24p2 24p + 9, 2 = 12p(1 p)

6.1 (a) f (x) = 1 (a2 x2 )1/2 (c) x

= 0, = a/ 2
6.2 e2 = 0.135
6.3 f (h) = 1/(2 l l h )

2 2
6.4 f (x) = e x / , x = 0, = 1/( 2 )
6.5 f (t) = et , F (t) = 1 et , t = 1/, half life = tln 2

6.6 F (r) = r2 , f (r) = 2r, r = 2/3, = 2/6

6.7 (a) F (s) = 2[1 cos(s/R)], f (s) = (2/R) sin(s/R)
(b) F (s) = [1 cos(s/R)]/[1 cos(1/R)]
= s2 ,
f (s) = R1 [1 cos(1/R)]1 sin(s/R)
= 2s
p
2
6.8 f (r) = 3r ; r = 3/4, = 3/80 = 0.19
6.9 f (r) = 4a3 r2 e2r/a

Exactly
7h

At most
7h

At least
7h

Most probable
number of h

Expected
number of h

7.1

0.0078

0.0078

3 or 4

7/2

7.2

12

0.193

0.806

0.387

7.3

15

0.196

0.500

0.696

7 or 8

15/2

7.4

18

0.121

0.240

0.881

7.5

0.263

1
2
= 0, 2 = kT /m, f (v) = p
emv /(2kT )
2kT /m
In (8.11) to (8.20), the first number is the binomial result and the second number
is the normal approximation using whole steps at the ends as in Example 2.
8.11 0.0796, 0.0798
8.12 0.03987, 0.03989
8.13 0.9598, 0.9596
8.14 0.9546, 0.9546
8.15 0.03520, 0.03521
8.16 0.4176, 0.4177
8.17 0.0770, 0.0782
8.18 0.372, 0.376
8.19 0.0946, 0.0967
8.20 0.462, 0.455
8.25 C: 38.3%, B and D: 24.2%, A and F: 6.7%
In + 12 and + 23 , change 21 to 0.5244, and 32 to 1.2816.
8.3

Chapter 15
9.3

Number of particles:
0
1
2
3
4
5
Number of intervals: 406 812 812 541 271 108
9.4 P0 = 0.018, P1 = 0.073, P4 = 0.195
9.5 P0 = 0.37, P1 = 0.37, P2 = 0.18, P3 = 0.06
9.6 Exactly 5: 64 days. Fewer than 5: 161 days. Exactly 10: 7 days. More
than 10: 5 days. Just 1: 12 days. None at all: 2 or 3 days
9.7 0.238
9.8 3, 10, 3
9.9 P2 = 0.022, P6 = P7 = 0.149, Pn >10 = 0.099
9.11 Normal: 0.08, Poisson: 0.0729, (binomial: 0.0732)
10.8 x = 5, y = 1, sx = 0.122, sy = 0.029,
x = 0.131, y = 0.030, mx = 0.046, my = 0.0095,
rx = 0.031, ry = 0.0064,
x + y = 6 with r = 0.03, xy = 5 with r = 0.04,
x3 sin y = 105 with r = 2.00, ln x = 1.61 with r = 0.006
10.9 x = 100 with r = 0.47, y = 20 with r = 0.23,
x y = 80 with r = 0.5, x/y = 5 with r = 0.06,
x2 y 3 = 8 107 with r = 2.9 106 , y ln x = 92 with r = 1
10.10 x = 6 with r = 0.062, y = 3 with r = 0.067,
2x y = 9 with r = 0.14, y 2 x = 3 with r = 0.4,
ey = 20 with r = 1.3, x/y 2 = 0.67 with r = 0.03
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9

11.10
11.11
11.12
11.13
11.15
11.16
11.17
11.18

(a) 11/30
(b) 19.5
(c) 6/11
(d)7/11
cents
(b) E(x) = 5, = 3
(c) 0.0767
(d) 0.0807
(e) 0.0724
20/47
5/8
MB: 25
FD:
BE: 15
10
x = 1/4, = 3/4
(b) x
= 4/3, = 2/3
(c) 1/5
(a) x:
0
1
2
p : 55/72 = 0.764
16/72 = 0.222
1/72 = 0.139
(b) 17/72 = 0.236
(c) 6/17 = 0.353
(d) x
= 1/4, = 31/12 = 0.463
(a) 0.7979, 0.7979
(b) 0.9123, 0.9123
(a) 0.0347, 0.0352
(b) 0.559, 0.562
(a) 0.00534, 0.00540
(b) 0.503, 0.500
30, 60
11.14 1
binomial: 0.2241, normal: 0.195, Poisson: 0.2240
(a) binomial: 0.0439, normal: 0.0457, Poisson: 0.0446
(b) binomial: 0.0946, normal: 0.0967, Poisson: 0.0846
x = 2 with r = 0.073, y = 1 with r = 0.039, x y = 1 with r = 0.08,
xy = 2 with r = 0.11, x/y 3 = 2 with r = 0.25
x = 5 with r = 0.134, y = 60 with r = 0.335, x + y = 65 with r = 0.36,
y/x = 12 with r = 0.33, x2 = 25 with r = 1.3

71