Item 1

Part A
Of the halogens, which are gases at room temperature and atmospheric pressure?

fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine

fluorine, bromine, and iodine
fluorine and chlorine
fluorine, chlorine, and iodine
fluorine, chlorine, and bromine

Item 2
Part A
Consider the general valence electron configuration of ns 2np5 and the following statements:
(i) Elements with this electron configuration are expected to form -1 anions.
(ii) Elements with this electron configuration are expected to have large positive electron affinities.
(iii) Elements with this electron configuration are nonmetals.
(iv) Elements with this electron configuration form acidic oxides.
Which statements are true?

(i) and (ii)

(ii) and (iii)
(i), (ii), and (iii)
(i), (iii,) and (iv)
All statements are true.

Item 3
Part A
Which one of the following is a metal?

P
Kr
As
Li

Br

Item 4
Part A
Arrange the following oxides in order of increasing acidity.

Item 5
Part A
Ozone is a a(n) ________ of oxygen.

free radical
peroxide
isotope
precursor
allotrope

Item 6
Identify two ions that have the following ground-state electron configurations.

Part A
[Ar]
Check all that apply.

K+
Ca2+
Cl
S2

Part B
[Ar]3d5
Check all that apply.

Sc2+
Mn2+
V+
Fe2+
Fe3+

Part C
[Ne]
Check all that apply.

O2
F
V+
H+
Fr+

Item 7
The atomic radius of an element can be predicted based on its periodic properties. Atomic
radiiincrease going down a group in the periodic table, because successively larger valence-shell orbitals
are occupied by electrons. Atomic radii generallydecrease moving from left to right across a period
because the effective nuclear charge increases.

Part A
Rank the following elements in order of decreasing atomic radius.

Part B
Rank the following elements in order of decreasing atomic radius.
Rank from largest to smallest radius. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Part C
The shielding of electrons gives rise to an effective nuclear charge, Zeff, which explains why boron is
larger than oxygen. Estimate the approximate Zeff felt by a valence electron of boron and oxygen,
respectively?
+5 and +8
+3 and +6
+5 and +6
+3 and +8
+1 and +4

Item 8
Learning Goal:
To be able to predict the products of some alkali metal reactions.
The alkali metals are in the first group of the periodic table and include lithium, sodium, potassium,
rubidium, cesium, and francium. They all have the ns1 valence electron configuration and are
electropositive metals. Therefore, they lose one electron easily to form +1 ions. Alkali metals also react
with halogens to form metal halides.
Alkali metals have a number of unique properties:
1.
Francium, the heaviest alkali metal, is radioactive. With a half-life of 22 minutes, not much is
known about Fr chemistry.
2.

Of all the alkali metals, only lithium is small enough to react with nitrogen to form Li3N.

3.

Lithium and sodium tend to form complexes with water. Therefore, they absorb water easily and
can be used as drying agents.

4.

Cesium and francium have melting points below 30 C. They are among the few metals that are

liquid or near liquid at room temperature.

5.
Only the lighter alkali metals can react to form organometallic compounds that contain metalcarbon bonds.

6. Part A

7. Predict the product(s) of the following reaction:

8. Cs + Br2
9. The equation is not necessarily balanced.
10. Express your answer as a chemical formula. If no reaction occurs, enternoreaction.

Product of Cs + Br2 is

CsBr

Part B
Predict the products of the following reaction:

Rb + N2
The equation is not necessarily balanced.
Express your answer as a chemical formula. If no reaction occurs, enternoreaction.

Product of Rb + N2 is

noreaction

Item 9
Part A
Which of the following correctly represents the second ionization of phosphorus?

P+ (g) + e- P (g)
P+ (g) P2+ (g) + eP+ (g) + e- P2+ (g)
P- (g) + e- P2- (g)
P (g) P+ (g) + e-

Item 10
Part A
Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing effective nuclear charge experienced by the electrons
in the n=3 electron shell: K, Mg, P, Rh, and Ti.

Item 11
The main group elements of the periodic table are those found in groups 1A through 8A. The members of
a group exhibit similar properties owing to the similarity in their outer electron configurations. Although the
properties are similar, they are not identical, and they vary from top to bottom of a column. As a result,
each element has a unique set of properties that can be used to identify it.

Part A

A main group metal was studied and found to exhibit the following properties:

It does not occur free in nature.

It loses valence electrons readily.

It reacts readily with the halogens, oxygen, and nitrogen.

It is produced by high-temperature reduction of its oxide.

It reacts vigorously with water.

Which of the following metals might have been the element studied?

Li
Sr
Ba
Al
Na

Part B
Of the well-characterized elements of group 7A, which would exhibit the following properties?

It reacts with the alkali metals (M) to form a salt MX, where X is the halogen.

Its hydrogen halide, HX, forms a weakly acidic solution.

It is more reactive than the other halogens.

It forms interhalogen compounds only of the form XA, where A is the unknown and X is another
halogen.

fluorine
chlorine
bromine
iodine

Part C
Elements of group 8A of the periodic table are known as the noble gases. Determine which of the
following properties are characteristic of all naturally occurring noble gases

Have an outer electrons configuration of ns2np6

Form no stable chemical compounds
Have a substantial affinity for electrons (large negative Eea value)
Have a large ionization energy

Item 12

Part A
Do Cr3+ and V2+ have the same or different electron configurations?

different
the same

Item 13
Part A
Which one of the following is a metalloid?

F
O
Al
Be
B

Item 14
Part A
Elements that readily conduct electricity are elements with low ionization energies.

True
False

Item 15
The elements from group 3 to group 12 in theperiodic table are often called the transition metals. These
elements exhibit the characteristic properties of metals and are often found in more than one oxidation
state.

Part A
In the group 3 to group 12 elements, which subshell is filled up going across the rows?

s subshell
p subshell
d subshell
fsubshell

Part B

A sample of soil from a newly discovered cave is analyzed by a team of explorers. They find an element
that is a good conductor of electricity. It also forms a chloride in the form XCl2 and an oxide in the
form XO. The element is a liquid at room temperature. What is the identity of this element?
Express your answer using a chemical symbol.
Hg

Item 16
Some metal oxides, such as Sc2O3, do not react with pure water, but they do react when the solution
becomes either acidic or basic.

Part A
Do you expect Sc2O3 to react when the solution becomes acidic or when it becomes basic?

The solution should be acidic.

The solution should be basic.
The reaction will occur in both cases.

Part B
Write a balanced chemical equation to support your answer.
Express your answer as a net ionic equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer.

Sc2O3(s)+6H+(aq)2Sc3+(aq)+3H2O(l)

Item 17
Part A
The experimental BiI bond length in bismuth triiodide, BiI3, is 2.81 . Based on this value and data in
the figure, predict the atomic radius of Bi.

rBi =

1.48

Item 18
Part A
Predict whether each of the following oxides is ionic or molecular.
Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

Item 19
Part A
What is the coefficient of M when the following equation is completed and balanced if M is an alkali
metal?
M (s) + H2O (l)

1
2
3
4
0

Item 20
Part A
Of the hydrogen halides, only ________ is a weak acid.

HI (aq)
HCl (aq)
HBr (aq)
HF (aq)
They are all weak acids.

Item 21
Zinc in its 2+ oxidation state is an essential metal ion for life. Zn2+ is found bound to many proteins that
are involved in biological processes, but unfortunately Zn2+ is hard to detect by common chemical

methods. Therefore, scientists who are interested in studying Zn2+-containing proteins will frequently
substitute Cd2+ for Zn2+, since Cd2+ is easier to detect.

Part A
Proteins that speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions are called enzymes. Many enzymes are required for
proper metabolic reactions in the body. One problem with using Cd2+ to replace Zn2+ in enzymes is
that Cd2+ substitution can decrease or even eliminate enzymatic activity. Can you suggest a different
metal ion that might replace Zn2+ in enzymes instead of Cd2+?

Db5+
Ce3+
Cu+
Ti4+

Item 22
Part A
In which set of elements would all members be expected to have very similar chemical properties?

Br, I, At
P, Se, I
Si, As, Te
Cl, Br, Na
Ne, Na, Mg

Item 23
Part A
The atomic radius of main-group elements generally increases down a group because ________.

effective nuclear charge decreases down a group

the principal quantum number of the valence orbitals increases
effective nuclear charge increases down a group
effective nuclear charge zigzags down a group
both effective nuclear charge increases down a group and the principal quantum number

of the valence orbitals increases

Item 24
The size of ions as measured by ionic radii varies in a systematic manner. The size of the ion can be
explained in part by effective nuclear charge, Zeff, which is the net nuclear charge felt by an electron. The
effective nuclear charge takes into account the actual nuclear charge and the shielding of this charge by
inner electrons. When an atom loses electrons, the resulting cation is smaller both because the remaining
electrons experience a larger Zeffand because these electrons are usually in orbitals closer to the nucleus
than the electrons that were lost. The more electrons that are lost, the smaller the ion becomes.
Similarly, when an atom gains electrons, the resulting anion is larger owing to both increased electronelectron repulsions and a reduction in Zeff. The more electrons that are gained, the larger the ion
becomes.

Part A
Rank the following ions in order of decreasing radius: F,Cl,Br,I, and At. Use the periodic
table as necessary.
Rank from largest to smallest radius. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them

Part B
Rank the following items in order of decreasing radius: Ca, Ca2+, and Ca2.
Rank from largest to smallest radius. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Part C
The following ions contain the same number of electrons. Rank them in order of decreasing ionic radii.
Rank from largest to smallest radius. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Item 25
Part A

What is the relationship between the value for the first ionization energy of a Cl(g) ion and the electron
affinity of Cl(g)?

The numbers are the same; the signs are opposite.

They coincide completely.
The numbers are different; the signs are the same.
There are no relationship between the values.

Item 26
Part A
Which would you expect to experience a greater effective nuclear charge?

a 3s electron of a Na atom
a 2p electron of a Ne atom

Item 27
Electron affinity, EA, is the energy required to add an electron to a neutral gaseous atom and is related to
an element's position on the periodic table. Electron affinities can be positive, negative, or zero, as shown
in the table.

Part A
For the elements with the electron affinities given in the table in the introduction, which element is most
likely to accept an electron?

P
Be
F

Part B

Rank the following elements by electron affinity, from most positive to most negative EAvalue.
Rank from most positive to most negative. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Item 28
Part A
The noble gases were, until relatively recently, thought to be entirely unreactive. Experiments in the early
1960s showed that Xe could, in fact, form compounds with fluorine. The formation of compounds
consisting of Xe is made possible by ________.

xenon's relatively low electron affinity

xenon's relatively low ionization energy
the stability of xenon atoms
the availability of xenon atoms
xenon's noble gas electron configuration

Item 29
Part A
Which of the following is an isoelectronic series?

S, Cl, Ar, K
Si2-, P2-, S2-, Cl2B5-, Si4-, As3-, Te2O2-, F-, Ne, Na+
F-, Cl-, Br-, I-

Item 30
Electron affinity, Eea, is the change in energy that occurs when an electron is added to a neutral isolated
atom. This can be represented by the following equation:

X(g)+eX(g)
Most electron affinity values are negative because energy is usually released when a neutral atom gains
an electron. Eea values become more negative with increasing tendency of the atom to accept an
electron and increasing stability of the resulting anion. Eea shows a periodic trend that is related to
electron configuration. Elements with less than an octet and with high effective nuclear charge ( Zeff) tend

to have large negative Eeavalues. Elements with filled valence shells or subshells and low Zeff tend to
have Eea values near zero.

Part A
Consider the following neutral electron configurations in which n has a constant value. Which
configuration would belong to the element with the most negative electron affinity, Eea?

5s2
5s25p2
5s25p5
5s25p6

Part B
Arrange the following elements from greatest to least tendency to accept an electron.
Rank from greatest to least tendency to accept an electron. To rank items as equivalent, overlap
them.

Item 31
Part A
Of the choices below, which gives the order for first ionization energies?

Ga > Br > Ge > Kr > Se

Kr > Se > Br > Ga > Ge
Ga > Ge > Se > Br > Kr
Br > Se > Ga > Kr > Ge
Kr > Br > Se > Ge > Ga

Item 32
Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs in each of the following cases.

Part A
Potassium metal is exposed to an atmosphere of chlorine gas.
Express your answer as a chemical equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer.

2K(s)+Cl2(g)2KCl(s)

Part B
Strontium oxide is added to water.
Express your answer as a chemical equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer.

SrO(s)+H2O(l)Sr(OH)2(aq)

Part C
A fresh surface of lithium metal is exposed to oxygen gas.
Express your answer as a chemical equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer.

4Li(s)+O2(g)2Li2O(s)

Part D
Sodium metal reacts with molten sulfur.
Express your answer as a chemical equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer.

2Na(s)+S(l)Na2S(s)

Item 33
Ionization energy (Ei) is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a neutral gaseous
atom or gaseous ion. Electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus; therefore removing an
electron requires energy. The process is endothermic, and so ionization energies have a positive value.
The first ionization energy (Ei1) is the energy associated with the removal of an electron from the neutral
gaseous atom. The reaction is represented for the generalized atom X as

XX++e
The amount of energy required to remove an electron is related to the effective nuclear charge and the
stability of the electron configuration of the atom. It therefore shows periodic variation generally increasing
from left to right in a period and from bottom to top of a group. In general, metals have lower Ei1 values
than nonmetals. Exceptions to this general trend from left to right occur when a completely
filled s subshell or half-filled p subshell is encountered. These stable configurations have larger than
expected Eilvalues.

Part A
Based on position in the periodic table and electron configuration, arrange these elements in order of
decreasing Ei1.
Rank the elements from highest to lowest ionization energy. To rank items as equivalent, overlap
them.

Removal of successive electrons always requires more energy (e.g., Ei3>Ei2>Ei1) because a negative
electron is being removed for a successively higher positive charge. This pattern of increasing values for
successive ionization energies shows a drastic increase in magnitude when an electron is removed from
a completely filled energy level or one that is identical to that of a noble gas.

Part B
Examine the following set of ionization energy values for a certain element. How many valence electrons
does an atom of the neutral element possess?

Ionization step

Ionization energy
(kJ/mol)

Ei1

1012

Ei2

1903

Ei3

2912

Ei4

4956

Ei5

6273

Ei6

22233

Ei7

25997

Enter your answer numerically as an integer.

5 electrons

Item 34
Enter balanced equations for the following reactions.
You may want to reference(

pages 273 - 277) Section 7.6 while completing this problem.

Part A
Potassium oxide with excess water
Express your answer as a chemical equation including phases.

K2O(s)+H2O(l)2KOH(aq)

Part B
Liquid diphosphorus trioxide with excess water
Express your answer as a chemical equation including phases.

P2O3(l)+3H2O(l)2H3PO3(aq)

Part C

Chromium(III) oxide with dilute hydrochloric acid

Express your answer as a chemical equation including phases.
Cr2O3(s)+6HCl(aq)2CrCl3(aq)+3H2O(l)

Part D
Selenium dioxide with aqueous potassium hydroxide
Express your answer as a chemical equation including phases.

SeO2(s)+2KOH(aq)K2SeO3(aq)+H2O(l)

Item 35
Learning Goal:
To understand how the elements of the periodic table are grouped into columns according to their valence
shell electron configuration and to predict properties of the elements based on their position in the
periodic table.
The elements of the periodic table are ordered into vertical columns called groups. Each element in a
particular group has the same outer shell electron configuration. It is only these outer, or valence,
electrons that are involved in chemical reactions. Therefore, understanding the valence shell electron
configurations allows us to understand the chemistry of the elements. Each group represents a "chemical
family" with members that tend to have similar oxidation states and reaction stoichiometries. It is
important to keep in mind that, despite these similarities, the chemistry and physical properties of
individual elements in a group tend to be very different, especially between the lightest and heaviest
elements in a group.
Elements tend to enter into chemical reactions that allow their valence electron shell to be filled.
Therefore, elements that have near-empty outer shells tend to give up these electrons easily, whereas
elements that have near-full electron shells will tend to more strongly attract electrons. The valence shell
configuration affects the ions formed by elements, as well as the number of bonds an element will form in
the creation of a chemical compound.
The table to the right summarizes the various groups and their properties. Note that some groups have
multiple common oxidation states.

Part A
Which group is likely to react with chlorine to form compounds in the form XCl?
Enter the number of the group numerically using the IUPAC numbering system (1 to 18).
1

Part B
An element belongs to Group 9. What common name might be used to describe the group to which this
element belongs?

alkaline earth

semimetal
nonmetal
transition metal
noble gas

Part C
Which element is most likely to react with oxygen?

aluminum
argon
magnesium
nitrogen
silicon

Part D
What element X is most likely to react to form the compound XF5?

carbon
antimony
chlorine
calcium
helium

Item 36
The table below gives some properties of selected elements. Note that the values shown for groups 10
and 16 are fairly representative of the d and p blocks, respectively.

Element
Group 1
(1A)

Melting point
(C)

Density
(g/cm3)

lithium

181

0.53

sodium

98

0.97

potassium

63

0.86

rubidium

39

1.53

cesium

28

1.88

1287

1.85

magnesium

650

1.74

calcium

842

1.55

strontium

777

2.63

barium

727

3.51

nickel

1453

8.90

palladium

1552

12.0

platinum

1772

21.4

sulfur

115

1.96

selenium

221

4.82

tellurium

450

6.24

beryllium
Group 2
(2A)

Group 10

Group 16
(6A)

The physical and chemical properties of elements often show distinct trends within theperiodic table.
Melting point and density are just two examples. Familiarity with these trends can help you to identify an
unknown element based on its physical and chemical properties.

Part A
A certain element has a melting point over 700 C and a density less than 2.00 g/cm3. Give one possible
identity for this element.
Enter the symbol for the element.
Be

Part B
Another element is silvery-white with a shiny luster, is very brittle, and forms ions with a 2 charge. Give
one possible identity of this element.
Enter the symbol for the element.
Te

Item 37
The prefix eka- comes from the Sanskrit word for one. Mendeleev used this prefix to indicate that the
unknown element was one place away from the known element that followed the prefix. For
example, eka-silicon, which we now call germanium, is one element below silicon. Mendeleev also
predicted the existence of eka-manganese, which was not experimentally confirmed until 1937 because
this element is radioactive and does not occur in nature.

Part A

Based on the periodic table, what do we now call the element Mendeleev called eka-manganese?
Express your answer as a chemical symbol.

Tc

Item 38
Part A
Element X reacts with chlorine to form a compound with the formula XCl 2. The oxide of element X is
basic. Element X is ________.

Ca
H
Al
Rb
P