Letters from a Birmingham Jail

Background: This response to a published statement by eight fellow clergymen from

Alabama (Bishop C. C. J. Carpenter, Bishop Joseph A. Durick, Rabbi Hilton L. Grafman,

Bishop Paul Hardin, Bishop Holan B. Harmon, the Reverend George M. Murray. the Reverend
Edward V. Ramage and the Reverend Earl Stallings) was composed under somewhat
constricting circumstance. Begun on the margins of the newspaper in which the statement
appeared while I was in jail, the letter was continued on scraps of writing paper supplied by
a friendly Negro trusty, and concluded on a pad my attorneys were eventually permitted to
leave me. Although the text remains in substance unaltered, I have indulged in the author's
prerogative of polishing it for publication.

Assignment: Using different colors, highlight for the following information:

the oppositions argument

pathosemotional appeal
ethosappeal to authority or reputation
logosappeal to logic

Answer the following questions:

1. King's public "Letter from Birmingham Jail" (April 16, 1963) is written in opposition to a
specific opinion piece signed by eight clergymen and published in the Birmingham News. At
the letter's beginning, what is King's bearing or attitude toward these clergymen who have
called him an impatient outsider and troublemaker? What image of his critics does he
create early in the argument? In what relation to them does he place himself?

2. How does King dismantle the argument the clergymen and others have made about
"outside agitation?" What four steps does King say are necessary in every nonviolent
campaign? How does he say that his followers and allies have carried out these steps in
seeking to achieve racial justice in Birmingham? According to King, what is the immediate
purpose of direct, nonviolent action? Why does he believe that the peaceful protests he has
been organizing throughout the South do not amount to merely passive behavior, but instead
rise to the level of dramatic action?

3. What seems to be the proper relation between the individual and the community, and
between the local community and society in the broader sense? Track as many of the
letter's references as you can to the great personages and events of history. Why are
there so many of them, and why does King also weave in so many references to the ordinary
person--as in the passage beginning "We know from painful experience . . ." as well? Find
some instances in which he classifies individuals and groups, whether for better or for
worse. Why does he keep doing that?

4. Explain what King means by his phrase, "the myth of time." What version of history does
he offer in its place? What is the vehicle of historical change and progress?