Selective Coordination Class Part 2

Short Circuit and Selective
Coordination
Electrical League of Ohio
Presented by: Timothy Pool, P.E., RCDD, ESI
1
Selective Coordination
PART 2
SELECTIVE
COORDINATION
2
Introduction
The coordination of overcurrent protective
devices within an electrical distribution system
has a tremendous impact on the performance
of an electrical system.
3
Introduction
Too often overcurrent protective
devices are selected based only
on cost, voltage and current
ratings.
There are many other

characteristics of overcurrent
protective devices that must be
taken into consideration to ensure
proper protection and protective
selection of the electrical system.
4
Introduction
Coordination is required by the
National Electrical Code and the
Code has tightened the
requirements for total selective
coordination.
This has changed the way

designers and installers go about
selecting electrical distribution
components.
5
Introduction
The designer of the electrical
system must optimize the initial
design by taking into
consideration various results from
short circuit analysis, selective
coordination study, arc flash
energy analysis—and review any
other equipment or facility data
that may have a bearing on the
final installation of the electrical
system.
6
Introduction
IEEE Buff Book (Standard 242):
“Lack of device coordination and
failure to specify minimum
equipment interrupting ratings can
result in extensive equipment
damage and/or hazards to
personnel.”
7
Introduction
The objectives of electrical system protection and
coordination are to:
• Limit the extent and duration of service interruption
whenever equipment failure, human error, or adverse
natural events occur on any portion of the system.
• Minimize damage to the system components involved in

the failure.
• Maximize the potential for human safety by minimizing

the resulting damage.
8
Introduction
Even with the latest and
fastest-acting protective
devices, electric arc flash
energy can result causing
serious injury far more
quickly than the available
technology can interrupt the
circuit.
9
Introduction
The most effective form of electrical shock
protection is to avoid shock altogether. This is
best accomplished through proper system
design, operation, and effective maintenance
following all safety procedures.
10
Introduction
Electrical protection should be designed for
the best compromise between equipment
damage and service continuity.
One of the prime objectives of system

protection is to obtain selectivity to minimize
the extent of equipment shutdown in case of a
fault.
11
Introduction
Coordination (Selective). Localization of an
overcurrent condition to restrict outages to the
circuit or equipment affected, accomplished
by the selection and installation of overcurrent
protective devices and their ratings or settings
for the full range of available overcurrents,
from overload to the maximum available
fault current, and for the full range of
overcurrent protective device opening times
associated with those overcurrents.
12
Introduction
Engineers, designers and contractors are responsible to
provide selective coordination per the National Electrical
Code in all buildings where a non-orderly shutdown would
introduce additional hazards or risk, in healthcare facilities,
emergency systems and other specific Articles in the
National Electrical Code.
13
Introduction
Article 240.12 Electrical System
Coordination.
Where an orderly shutdown is required to
minimize the hazard(s) to personnel and
equipment, a system of coordination based
on the following two conditions shall be
permitted:
(1) Coordinated short-circuit protection
(2) Overload indication based on monitoring
systems or devices
14
Introduction
Article 240.12 Electrical System
Coordination.
Prior to the 1984 National Electrical Code
this article only applied to “Industrial
facilities”. The 1984 National Electrical Code
was changed to required selective
coordination where a orderly shutdown is
required to minimize hazards in ALL facilities.
This language remains the same in the 2014
code.
15
Introduction
Selective Coordination then became a requirement for
multiple elevators on a single feeder in Article 620.62 of
the 1996 edition of the National Electrical Code.
16
Introduction
620.62 Selective Coordination. Where more than one
driving machine disconnecting means is supplied by a single
feeder, the overcurrent protective devices in each
disconnecting means shall be selectively coordinated with
any other supply side overcurrent protective devices.
Selective coordination shall be selected by a licensed
professional engineer or other qualified person engaged
primarily in the design, installation, or maintenance of
electrical systems. The selection shall be documented and
made available to those authorized to design, install,
inspect, maintain, and operate the system.
2014 NEC
17
Introduction
In the 2005 NEC, selective coordination was
expanded to include:
Emergency Systems in Section 700.27
Legally Required Standby Systems in

Section 701.18
18
Introduction
700.28 Selective Coordination.
Emergency system(s) overcurrent devices shall
be selectively coordinated with all supply-
side overcurrent protective devices.
Selective coordination shall be selected by a
licensed professional engineer or other
qualified persons engaged primarily in the
2014 NEC design, installation, or maintenance of
electrical systems. The selection shall be
documented and made available to those
authorized to design, install, inspect, maintain,
19 and operate the system.
Introduction
Exception: Selective coordination shall not be
required between two overcurrent devices
located in series if no loads are connected in
parallel with the downstream device.
No loads are connected in

parallel with downstream device
20
Introduction
701.27 Selective Coordination. Legally
required standby system(s) overcurrent
devices shall be selectively coordinated with
all supply-side overcurrent protective devices.
design, installation, or maintenance of
2014 NEC electrical systems. The selection shall be
and operate the system.
21
Introduction
No loads are connected in

parallel with downstream device
22
Introduction
In the 2008 NEC, selective coordination
requirements were expanded into Article 708
for Critical Operations Power Systems (COPS)
in Section 708.54…..
23
Introduction
708.54 Selective Coordination. Critical
operations power system(s) overcurrent
devices shall be selectively coordinated with
all supply-side overcurrent protective devices.
design, installation, or maintenance of
2014 NEC electrical systems. The selection shall be
and operate the system.
24
Introduction
25
Introduction
Informational Note: 708.52(D) Selectivity. Ground-fault
See 230.95, protection for operation of the service and
Informational Note
No. 4, for transfer feeder disconnecting means shall be fully
of alternate source selective such that the feeder device, but not
where ground-fault
protection is the service device, shall open on ground faults
applied. on the load side of the feeder device.
Separation of ground-fault protection time-
2014 NEC current characteristics shall conform to the
manufacturer’s recommendations and shall
consider all required tolerances and
disconnect operating time to achieve 100
26
percent selectivity.
Introduction
Health Care Facilities
Although Ground Fault Selectivity
was required in the National
Electrical Code prior to 1984,
Overcurrent Device Selective
Coordination was added as a
requirement for the entire
essential electrical distribution
system of Health Care Facilities in
2014 NEC the 2014 NEC.
27
Introduction
2014 NEC 517.30 Essential Electrical

Systems for Hospitals.
(G) Coordination. Overcurrent
protective devices serving the
essential electrical system shall be
coordinated for the period of
time that a fault’s duration
extends beyond 0.1 second.
Essential System consists of the Equipment,

Life Safety and Critical Branches
28
Introduction
517.30 Essential
Electrical Systems for
Hospitals.
Informational Note: The
terms coordination and
coordinated as used in
this section do not cover
the full range of
overcurrent conditions.
© Dan Neeser, IAEI – June 2014

29
Introduction
The 2008 and prior editions of the NEC,
Article 517.17(C) — Health Care Facilities
included the requirement of a 6 cycle Ground
Fault selective coordination.
30
Introduction
Since the 2011 517.17 Ground-Fault Protection. (C)
Code GFP is now Selectivity. Ground-fault protection for
required to have
100% selectivity.
operation of the service and feeder
disconnecting means shall be fully selective
such that the feeder device, but not the
service device, shall open on ground faults on
the load side of the feeder device.
Separation of ground-fault protection time-
current characteristics shall conform to
manufacturer’s recommendations and shall
consider all required tolerances and
disconnect operating time to achieve 100
31
percent selectivity.
Fuses, Circuit Breakers and Relays
Fuses are one time only devices and are
available in different types:
Fast Acting
Time Delay
Slow
Very Slow
Current Limiting
32
Because of the differences in the way each fuse reacts to
clear a fault, fuse dimensions have been standardized in an
attempt to prevent accidental fuse replacement with less
effective protection.
33
Time delay: Class H, Class K, Class J, and Class R cartridge
fuses have a minimum opening time of 10 seconds on an
overload current five times the ampere rating of the fuse.
Such time-delay is particularly useful in allowing the fuse to
pass the momentary starting overcurrent of a motor or inrush
of a transformer.
34
How do manufacturers get fuses to time delay?
They use dual elements!

35
Dual-element fuse: A cartridge fuse having
two or more current-responsive elements of
different fusing characteristics in series in a
single cartridge. Labeling a fuse as dual-
element means this fuse meets Underwriters
Laboratories (UL) time-delay requirements.
36
A time delay fuse can carry five
times rated current for a minimum
of 10 seconds for Class J, Class H,
Class K, and Class R.
Smaller 250 V, 30 amp case size

Class H, Class K, and Class R fuses
have a minimum opening time
reduced to 8 seconds for five
times the rated current.
37
Keep in mind that delay is applied to the opening time of a
fuse when in excess of 1 cycle. The actual clearing time may
vary considerably between types and manufacturers but
may still be within established standards.
38
For most low-voltage circuit breakers, the
sensing elements are an integral part of the
circuit breaker.
These trip units may be thermal and/or

magnetic series devices.
The trip units may also be separate electronic

devices used with CTs mounted in the circuit
breaker.
39
Advances in breaker
technology now allows
current limiting,
Instantaneous Zone
Selective Interlocking
and Waveform
Recognition within
electronic breakers to
reduce fault levels and
reduce arc flash while
© GE Ron Cuculic maintaining selective
coordination.
40
The advantage of waveform
recognition is a peak-to-peak and
peak sensing trip unit which can
extend down to low voltage devices.
41 © GE Ron Cuculic
Reading a Time Current Curve
A typical coordination shows the
response of Overcurrent Protective
Devices to fault currents on Time-
Current Curves (TCCs) plotted on Log-
Log graph paper.
T The horizontal axis represents current

I in amperes.
M
E
The vertical axis represents time in
CURRENT seconds.
42
The TCC can generally
be broken into two
separate regions to
better understand the
two separate time
response characteristics
of devices. These
regions are called the
“Overload” region and
the “Instantaneous” or
“Short Circuit” region.
43
The total clearing time of the
overcurrent devices must be
coordinated.
The total clearing time is the total

time between the beginning of the
specified fault and the final
interruption of the circuit.
44
The clearing time is the sum of the
minimum melting time plus
tolerance and the arcing time.
For clearing times in excess of 0.5

cycle, the clearing time is
substantially the maximum melting
time for low-voltage fuses.
Maximum
Minimum clearing time
melting time
45
TCC’s are used by designers as
graphical representations to show
TIME coordinated overcurrent
protection devices.
Devices are plotted on the TCC to

indicate how long it will take a
device to react under a certain
fault current level.
FAULT CURRENT
46
For selectivity, the total
clearing I2t of the
downstream fuse should
be less than the
minimum melting I2t of
the upstream fuse.
38.5 second clearing time

between 100 and 200
amp fuses at 700 Amps
47
short circuit.
In low-voltage fuse applications, coordination
may sometimes be determined through the
Note: Fuse use of selectivity ratio tables
ratio tables
cannot be used
with fuses at
different
voltages or
from different
manufacturers
48
© IAEI Thomas A. Domitrovich Arc Flash Energy is
measured within
the trip curve
represented
between the min
and max clearing
time.
Bolted Fault – very large Overload Region – smaller

current but very small time current but longer time
reduces arc fault energy increases arc fault energy
49
Circuit Breaker Trip Response
Functions
The “Total Clearing time” for an OCPD has
two main components - the “operating time”
and an “arcing time.”
50
Functions
The “operating time” includes all of the
sequence of events that occur within the
device from the point in time when the device
senses that an overcurrent condition has
occurred, until current arcing begins.
In fuses, this “operating time” includes the time
for events such as sensing and melting
elements to respond. In circuit breakers, it
includes the time for sensing components and
trip unlatching mechanisms to operate.
51
Functions
The “arcing time” is the time taken for the arc
to be extinguished and the current is reduced
to zero.
52
Functions
A simple thermal magnetic circuit
breaker consists of two key
tripping mechanisms. The curved
inverse time portion known as the
“Overload” region is generally
controlled by a bimetallic strip
that flexes with heat caused by
current flowing through the strip
or by heat caused by a nearby
resistive element that has current
flowing through it.
53
Time-Current Curves for an
Overcurrent Protective Device
The overall Time-Current Curve
Bimetallic strip (TCC) is the combination of these
two protective elements. The
transition may be vertical as
shown, which would be a
relatively simple transition from
the slow bimetallic mechanism
operation to the faster magnetic
Magnetic
Operation operation, or it may be more
sloped showing a more complex
interaction between the two
Copyright 2010 by NEMA mechanisms.
54
For a fault current of 10,000 A,
the time-current curve shows that
this circuit breaker rated at 70 A
will trip instantaneously, in a time
that is less than 17 ms.
Copyright 2010 by NEMA

55
For a fault current of 400 amps,
the breaker will clear in the
overload region of the trip curve
at approximately 10 seconds.

56
Design requirements
The designer of an electrical power system
should determine:
 The sizes and types of loads.
 The available short-circuit current at the point of

delivery.
 The time-current curves and settings of the utility

protective devices.
 Ratings and settings of overcurrent protective

devices proposed for the user’s system.
57
Design requirements
The designer can then
proceed with a
preliminary system
design and preparation
of a one-line diagram.
58
Design requirements
There are various methods to
obtain Selective Coordination
between OCPDs. Generally,
selectivity is achieved by
adjusting the line side or source
device to be less sensitive and
slower than the load side device.
This is particularly true in the
overload region of the various
trip curves.
59
Design requirements
The NEC has exceptions where two or more
devices in series need not be selective. The
intent is that when two or more devices are
feeding the exact same circuit with no loads
connected in between, then they need not be
selective with each other. However, they do
need to be selective with other devices above
and below.
60
Design requirements
Exceptions include:
Two protective devices of the same continuous

ampere rating directly connected in series.
The feeder breaker on the primary side of a

transformer and the main breaker on the
secondary side of a transformer.
61
Design requirements
For both of these exceptions, it would not
matter which OCPD would open, or if they
both opened, since the protected circuit would
be disconnected in either case.
62
Design requirements
Selecting Overcurrent Protective
Devices (OCPD) that provide
Overload
Region
selectivity for faults in their
respective overload ranges may
be accomplished by providing
overload functions that are
increasingly less sensitive and
slower as the circuit goes from
branch to main.
63
Design requirements
For any specific fault current, if
the load side device operates in
its instantaneous region and the
line side device operates in its
overload region, selectivity is
easily achieved. However, when a
Down Harder to fault is in the range where the
Stream Achieve instantaneous responses of
Device Here multiple series devices overlap
trips first
then selectivity may be harder to
achieve.
Fault current
64 level
Design requirements
The end of the instantaneous trip
represents the device’s short
circuit rating.
65
Fixed Thermal-Magnetic Type
Circuit Breaker
UL 489 specifies the maximum
tolerance (-20% to +30%)
allowed for an adjustable
instantaneous setting marked on
the circuit breaker. Manufacturer’s
TCCs may demonstrate less
tolerance for a particular device
based on the device’s actual
performance.
66
Circuit Breaker
Typically, line side devices are
selected such that the
instantaneous trip level of the
device can be set higher than the
available fault current at the load
side devices terminals. Conversely,
Down a load side branch device is
Stream usually selected such that it will
Device respond instantaneously to faults
trips first
above the normal expected
currents required to sustain the
Fault current level
(at load device)
load.
67
Circuit Breaker
One problem with coordinating
fixed thermal magnetic type
breakers is that sometimes
instantaneous trip curves overlap
for the breakers and conflicts
arise that prevent proper
selectivity.
68
Adjustable Trip Circuit Breakers
Adjustable Instantaneous trip
breakers with delay settings are
available from most
manufacturers over a wide range
of circuit breaker sizes and types.
69
An adjustable
Long Delay Pickup instantaneous trip
Long Delay Time breaker offer system
designers greater
Short Delay Pickup flexibility by allowing
I2T In selection of an
I2T Out Short Delay optimized instantaneous
protection function that
Ground Fault allows normal load
Instantaneous
Ground fluctuations while
Fault tripping for higher
Delay abnormal currents.
70
Electronic Technology allows
manufacturers to reduce
tolerances or clearing times
allocated between Low-Voltage
Circuit Breaker curves in a
composite TCC. If two circuit
breakers are operating at similar
temperatures, it can be expected
that they will be selective for a
given fault current even if the
respective TCC are very close in
the composite TCC.
71
Electronic trip units are
characterized by their
adjustability, their accuracy, and
their repeatability. This allows less
variability in the point at which
the device will pickup during a
fault condition. As a result, circuit
breakers with electronic trip units
typically have much narrower
tolerance bands as compared to
other designs of Overcurrent
Protective Devices (OCPD).
72
There are presently no industry
standards for the electronic
pickup tolerances for circuit
breakers with electronic trip units.
They comply with tolerance
requirements of the present UL
489 standard for molded-case
circuit breakers, but are
considerably narrower than the UL
489 requirements—some
typically shown in the range of
10% to 15% tolerances.
73
Electronic circuit breaker designs
provide the electrical system
designer with two key
advantages:
• They provide maximum
flexibility in adjusting the
desired level of pickup current.
• They inherently have the
narrowest tolerances for
coordinating the response of
multiple OCPDs.
74
Adjustable with Inst. Trip
Molded Case
Adjustable
w/out Inst. Trip
75
One aspect of an adjustable breaker is the
ability to delay a response.
76
Whenever breaker responses are
delayed, it is very important to have
the "withstand current" rating is as high
as possible. Short Time Withstand
ratings allow the circuit breaker to
intentionally delay up to 30 cycles (0.5
seconds) before tripping. The result is to
enable the upstream breaker to remain
closed, allowing selective coordination
with downstream circuit breakers to
open and clear a fault.
77
The typical range of instantaneous
pickup adjustment for circuit
breakers is from around 1.5x up
to 12x (or higher) times the
continuous ampere rating of the
circuit breaker, depending on the
manufacturer and design. A 100
A circuit breaker could be
adjusted to trip instantaneously at
the 1.5x setting (150 A), or as
high as the 12x setting (1200 A).
78
Some circuit breakers have
electronic designs that allow the
instantaneous function to be
turned OFF. When a circuit
breaker with an electronic trip unit
is specified without an
instantaneous pickup function, it
typically contains what’s called an
“instantaneous override
function”.
79
Instantaneous Override Function
Instantaneous Override
“The override trip is an
independent instantaneous trip set
near the circuit-breaker withstand
level that overrides the electronic
logic trip unit to cause the circuit
breaker to open without delay at
very large fault levels. (IEEE
1015-2006 “Blue Book”)
80
The instantaneous override function is also set
to pickup and trip the circuit breaker
instantaneously, but its pickup level is
permanently set at a much higher level than
the typical maximum instantaneous settings of
12 times the continuous ampere rating of the
circuit breaker.
A 70 amp circuit with 12x inst. Pickup (840
amps) may be as high the Short Time
Withstand capability of the circuit breaker, of
say 10,000 A.
81
WithoutThis ability of a circuit breaker to

remain closed at high fault currents is
a benefit in being able to selectively
coordinate Overcurrent Protective
Devices (OCPD).
With A 70 amp circuit breaker with an
instantaneous override set at 10,000
amps will coordinate (stay closed)
with a downstream overcurrent
protective device that is set to trip
instantaneously at fault currents levels
82
that are lower than 10,000 amps.
Coordination Study
The traditional method for determining selective
coordination and the protection of equipment is via an
electronic coordination study. This method provides a
thorough analysis of the requirements, and results in
documented evidence that the coordination and protection
requirements have been adequately achieved.
83
Coordination Study
The selective coordination study involves a
time-current coordination study by comparing
the timing characteristics of the various
protective devices being considered with each
other.
In addition, the study also looks at the
potential damage characteristics of
equipment being protected.
84
Coordination Study
The short circuit currents available at different
points in the system must also be understood.
To ensure an optimal analysis, a coordination
study is typically performed in conjunction
with a Short Circuit Study. This study evaluates
the short circuit currents that are available in
the system and allow the designer to see, at
the same time, the impact of these short circuit
currents on the selection of devices to meet
both selective coordination and protection
requirements.
85
Coordination Study
The time-current trip curves
provide a traditional and quick
way to identify if selective
coordination exists between
Overcurrent Protective Devices
(OCPD), however, sometimes there
is more to the story.
86
Instantaneous or Short Circuit
Region
Traditional interpretation of time-
current curves in the instantaneous
region is the same as the
interpretation in the overload
region.
An overlap of the curves indicates
potential lack of selectivity and, a
lack of overlap indicates
probable selectivity.
87
Instantaneous or Short Circuit
Region
The line side circuit breaker will react to the peak let-
through current allowed to flow by the smaller, or faster,
OCPD for a given prospective fault current.
88
Peak Let-Through Currents of
Circuit Breaker
Understanding how the current
limiting behavior of a current
limiting fuse or circuit breaker is
sensed by a line side device that
operates based on instantaneous
peak currents can also prevent
setting circuit breakers too low
when the downstream device’s
curve is drawn only down to the
0.01 axis on the Log-Log Time-
Current Curve (TCC).
89
Breakers Combinations
Manufacturers have developed tables of combinations of
current limiting circuit breakers in series and also electronic
trips. Testing performed by the manufacturers under a
variety of fault conditions confirm the combinations.
90
Fuse Combinations
Fuse manufacturers have also developed tables selective
coordination for current limiting fuses. The tables are based
on ratios of upstream vs. downstream fuse size.
91
Fuse Combinations
92
Coordinating Ground-Fault
Protection of Equipment
Article 230.95. Requires equipment
ground-fault protection to be provided on
solidly grounded wye electric services of
more than 150 volts to ground but not
exceeding 600 volts phase-to-phase for
each service disconnect rated 1000A or
more.
Exceptions for legally required emergency
systems as well as systems where a
disorderly shutdown may present more risk
to human life than a fire caused by an
93
arcing ground fault.
Article 700.6(D). Permits indication only of a
ground fault condition on the alternate power
source for emergency systems.
94
Because ground-fault currents are low relative
to the settings of the phase protection
devices, GFP is required.
Ground faults are the most common type of
electrical fault (95%).
Hospitals require the additional secondary
level ground-fault selectivity requirements of
Section 517.17
95
UL 1053 defines maximum
clearing time at 150% of nominal
pickup setting and at 2 seconds.
The NEC defines the maximum

GFP pickup to be 1200 A and the
maximum clearing time at 3000 A
at 1 second.
96
Because of standard
requirements, the shape of the
ground-fault function’s protective
curve is more limited than the
shape of phase protection
devices.
97
Phase protection devices cannot
separate a ground fault from a
phase fault. A ground fault with
enough fault current can operate
phase protection.
A phase fault should never
operate properly functioning
ground-fault protection
Not
Selective
98
Because a substantial
ground fault could trip
a GFP device, complete
system selectivity
requires phase
protection devices and
Barely ground-fault protection
Selective
devices be coordinated
with each other.
99
A 100 A thermal magnetic circuit
breaker that is not selectively
coordinated with the 1200 A
Ground-Fault (GF) function and
two 200 A class-J fuses. One of
the fuses shown is selectively
Not coordinated, and the other is not.
Selective
100
In all cases the downstream OCP
device will need to be
significantly smaller than the
device that incorporates the
ground-fault protection.
This is a problem with secondary
level GFP devices that are smaller
Barely and coordinating them with
Selective branch circuit breakers such as in
hospitals.
101
Design Guidelines
The earlier in the design process
that the various selective
coordination requirements are
considered, the smoother the
entire process will be.
Getting preliminary data about
the available fault currents from
the utility and/or generators,
estimates of cable lengths, and
OCPDs typically results in designs
that minimize re-work and
102
revisions.
Determine the available fault
currents
In schemes involving both a
normal utility power source and
an alternate emergency
generator power source, the
design engineer must include both
the utility and the generator
power source, in the analysis of
the available fault currents.
103
Determine the available fault
currents
In general, generators will
typically have much lower
available fault current than the
normal utility source.
There are, however, parallel

generator applications such as in
large data centers and hospitals
where the available fault currents
from the generator power source
may be quite high.
104
Start at the smallest device and
work from the bottom up
To begin a selective coordination
analysis, start with the smallest
device that is the farthest
downstream from the point of the
utility system. Using the fault
current available to this device
from the Short Circuit study,
examine if this downstream device
will coordinate with the device
that is immediately upstream from
it.
105
This examination may be done
looking at both Time-Current
Curves and/or via Short Circuit
Selective Coordination Tables,
provided by the manufacturers of
the devices.

106
On the fault current axis, locate the
value of the available fault current at
the downstream device. At this fault
current value, determine if the
upstream device can be set to remain
closed, either via adjustable pickup
or time-delay settings, while allowing
the downstream device to open. If
these two devices are selectively
coordinated, there will typically not
be any overlap in their time-current
curve plots.
107 Short Circuit Current
Using Coordination Tables
Individual fuse manufacturers provide multipliers for various
combinations of fuses. If doing a coordination between
existing and new, install fusing by all the same manufacturer.
108
Manufacturers of circuit breakers also have instantaneous
Molded case circuit breaker
trip selectivity tables.
109 GE Spectra RMS Adjustable Trip Molded Case CB

Even though these two

breakers look like they
don’t coordinate in the
instantaneous region,
they have been tested 9,772 Amps
together and are
selective at 9,772 Amps
short circuit.
Any higher short circuit

and they don’t!
110
Mixing of Overcurrent Protective
Devices
When fuses are on the line side of circuit
breakers, the let-through energy of a circuit
breaker may or may not be enough to melt
an upstream fuse.
Neither manufacturers of circuit breakers nor

fuses commonly test or provide sufficient
information to allow the required
instantaneous trip analysis to be performed
by system design professionals.
111
Devices
When selectivity of fuses on the
line side above circuit breaker
combinations must be analyzed
beyond where the fuse crosses the
0.1 second axis of the time-
current curve, the circuit breaker
manufacturer should be consulted.
112
Devices
Another situation that limits the
availability of selectivity tools is
the mix of multiple brands of
circuit breakers. Selectivity in the
short and long time range may be
verified by the time-current
curves. However, in the
instantaneous range, selectivity
tables are recommended, and at
this time, like fuses, no cross brand
selectivity tables are provided by
any of the manufacturers.
113
Selective Coordination Tips
Where possible, split up larger loads into
MDP – 800A
smaller loads such that the resulting fault
√ currents will be lower. The lower fault currents
PP1 PP2
may result in smaller protective devices and
200A 200A conducting cables, etc., thereby making
selective coordination simpler.
VS.
This may take more space and possibly
MDP – 800A higher total costs for the smaller load devices,
but will allow better system design.
PP1
400A
114
The fewer the number of levels of OCPDs, the
simpler selective coordination becomes.
Two levels of
Coordination
Three levels of
Coordination
115 Copyright 2010 by NEMA

Dividing circuits into multiple smaller circuits will reduce fault
current because of the smaller wire size at different points in
the circuit. Lower fault current may allow for easier
selectivity, however this may cause an increase arc flash
energy because of reduced clearing times.
116
Arc Flash Energy
Selective Coordination requires
upstream Overcurrent Protective
Devices (OCPD) to wait longer to
enable downstream protective
devices to clear the fault.
A conflicting situation is put in
place: Selective Coordination
involves having OCPDs to remain
closed during fault conditions,
while Arc Flash Energy reduction
requires these same devices to
117
open as quickly as possible.
Arc Flash Energy
While the level of arc energy that
results in a selectively coordinated
system may be fully within
acceptable levels for equipment
protection from damage, this level
of arc energy is often very
dangerous to personnel that may
be working near that electrical
equipment.
118
Arc Flash Energy
The NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical
Safety in the Workplace recognizes that
there are circumstances that allow working
on live, energized electrical equipment:
1. Non-orderly shutdown will cause
additional or increased hazard.
2. Hospitals or patient care areas
that serve life support equipment
in critical care areas.
3. Less than 50 volts
119
Coordination through Impedance
One method to handle
coordination in the instantaneous
region is by looking at
impedance.
If the downstream breaker or

device has a lower available fault
current this increases chances for
TCC separation in the
instantaneous region.
Downstream Upstream
Device Max Device Max
Fault Current Fault Current
120
Waveform Recognition
Another technique to handle
Instantaneous Coordination is
through Waveform Recognition.
For this technique to work, the

upstream breaker must have the
WFR capable trip unit and the
downstream device is a current
limiting (CL) circuit breaker or fuse
121
Waveform Recognition
Current limiting is common in frame sizes below 600A and is
not commonly shown on modeling software because the pair
is a manufacturer specific test.
Manufacturers provide a table of instantaneous pick-up
values to use with the Waveform Recognition capable trip
unit to ensure instantaneous coordination with the current
limiting breakers.
Downstream Max Frame or Minimum Inst. Setting on
Breaker Type Sensor Upsteam Entelliguard TU
Copyright
Record Plus B/C 100A 7110 A
2012 by
GE Record Plus E 250A 9610 A
Spectra F 250A 11,210 A
TEY 100 A 9610 A
122
Zone Selective Interlocking
Two circuit breaker control
schemes are possible to improve
response time and limit arc flash
energy in the instantaneous trip
range.
Zone Selective Interlocking (ZSI)
and Bus Differential Protection,
typically called by its ANSI
designation of 87B protection.

123
ZSI or sometimes called
“Instantaneous Selective
Coordination” is the more
commonly applied scheme for
improving protection in low-
voltage systems. Most advanced
electronic trips for Low-Voltage
Power Circuit Breakers, Insulated
Case Circuit Breakers, and many
molded case Circuit breakers will
provide a ZSI option.
124
The basic premise of ZSI is that a
pair of circuit breakers establishes
communication between the
downstream device and the
upstream device so that the
upstream device is aware when
the downstream device has sensed
a fault that exceeds its short time
threshold and is timing towards a
trip.

125
This information allows the
upstream device to change its
time delay setting to a slower
time delay to allow the faster
downstream circuit breaker to
fulfill its protection role.
(Ground Fault Zone Interlock

protection is also readily
available)
Copyright 2010 by Eaton
126
The upstream device operating at
its slower setting provides suitable
back-up protection in case the
faster circuit breaker does not
operate properly or does not
clear the fault.

127
ZSI allows each circuit breaker
receiving the ZSI signal to operate
faster for faults within its
respective zone of protection than
it does when it is acting in a back-
up role to downstream devices.

128
Simplified ZSI Communication
Scheme
Different manufacturers may
provide different ways to achieve
In Zone this function. In most cases,
Backup Protection
however, the net result is very
Protection
similar regardless of
manufacturer. They react faster
within the “in zone” protection
settings.

129
ZSI Communication Scheme
There are some limitations to ZSI
applications in complex systems
with multiple sources and tie
circuit breakers. Manufacturers
have different ZSI interconnection
schemes and methods that may
approach the complexities of
multiple source systems
differently.
130
Bus Differential Protection
Bus differential protection is not
often applied in low-voltage
systems because of the complexity
of the scheme and the cost of
implementation. The most common
implementation requires a
dedicated protective relay and
dedicated current transformers
used only for the bus differential
relay.
131
Bus Differential Protection
Bus Differential protection consists
of a system that measures all the
current into a zone and out of a
zone. The sum of entering currents
minus the sum of exiting currents
should always equal zero. A non-
zero quantity is indicative of
current flowing outside of the
expected circuit.
132
Field Adjustment
All the efforts that may go into
designing a Selectively
Coordinated electrical system will
quickly be wasted if the
Overcurrent Protective Devices
(OCPD) are not properly set per
the recommended settings from
the coordination study.
133
Field Adjustment
Most manufacturers will, as
standard practice, set their
protective devices at the lowest,
minimum pickup and trip time
settings when they are shipped
from their manufacturing factories.
These minimum pickup and trip
time settings are usually not in line
with those recommended by the
design engineer’s study.
134
Field Adjustment
It is critical that the settings that
were developed by the design
engineer be documented and
properly communicated to the
personnel that perform the
installation and startup of the
electrical system. Setting of the
devices as specified should be
verified.
135
Lifetime Selective Coordination
If circuit breaker selective
coordination tables or fuse ratio
tables were used, to maintain the
selective coordination throughout
the life of the system, Overcurrent
Protective Devices (OCPD) of that
type and from that same
manufacturer will always need to
be used in that system.
136
Field Auditing
Verify that the proper
rating, brand, and type
of each fuse is installed
in each phase.
Verify replacement
breakers are the same
style or are listed as a
suitable replacements
for the existing breaker
being replaced.
137
Field Auditing
Routinely audit the electrical
device settings to confirm that all
existing circuit breaker and
protective relay settings match the
analysis studies.
138
Field Auditing
Owners should lock access to the
circuit breaker adjustable
electronic trip units and ground-
fault pickup settings. Fusible
switches should be field marked
with the specific manufacturer and
type of fuse to be installed in
them.
139
Part 2 - Summary
1) Since 1984 coordination of all types of buildings was a
requirement if a hazard would be created by a non-
orderly shutdown.
2) The 2014 National Electrical Code has added the
requirement for Professional Engineer to provide
Selective Coordination to Hospital Essential Distribution
Systems and Emergency Life Safety and Legally
Required Systems.
3) Elevators and COPS electrical power systems remain
required to be selectively coordinated.
140
Part 2 - Summary
4) Determine the Short Circuit Current at the devices being
coordinated.
5) Work from lowest device from the utility source to upper
device when completing a coordination study.
6) Adjustable trip breakers are available to better
coordinate and limit arc fault currents in the overload
and short time regions of the breaker trip curve.
7) Increasing the instantaneous setting of a breaker also
increases the I2T energy and thus increases the arc flash
energy.
141
Part 2 - Summary
8) Time Current Curves (TCC’s) are the traditional way used
to show overcurrent device coordination but depend on
graphically showing clearing times in the instantaneous
region of a TCC.
9) Three alternate methods of coordinating in the
instantaneous region of the overcurrent device includes:
Impedance, Waveform Recognition and Zone Selective
Interlocking.
10) These are common among manufacturers and are
readily available to engineers, designers and installers.
142
Part 2 - Summary
11) Make sure to set the trip settings in the field according
to the provided settings.
12) Lock adjustable trip mechanisms on breakers once set to
prevent adjustment by unqualified persons.
143
Conclusion
End of Presentation
Thank-You!
144

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Short Circuit and Selective

Presented by: Timothy Pool, P.E., RCDD, ESI

There are many other

This has changed the way

• Minimize damage to the system components involved in

• Maximize the potential for human safety by minimizing

One of the prime objectives of system

Emergency Systems in Section 700.27

Legally Required Standby Systems in

No loads are connected in

No loads are connected in

2014 NEC 517.30 Essential Electrical

Essential System consists of the Equipment,

© Dan Neeser, IAEI – June 2014

They use dual elements!

Smaller 250 V, 30 amp case size

These trip units may be thermal and/or

The trip units may also be separate electronic

T The horizontal axis represents current

The total clearing time is the total

For clearing times in excess of 0.5

Devices are plotted on the TCC to

38.5 second clearing time

Bolted Fault – very large Overload Region – smaller

Copyright 2010 by NEMA

Copyright 2010 by NEMA

 The available short-circuit current at the point of

 The time-current curves and settings of the utility

 Ratings and settings of overcurrent protective

Two protective devices of the same continuous

The feeder breaker on the primary side of a

Adjustable with Inst. Trip

WithoutThis ability of a circuit breaker to

The NEC defines the maximum

There are, however, parallel

Copyright 2010 by NEMA

109 GE Spectra RMS Adjustable Trip Molded Case CB

Even though these two

Any higher short circuit

Neither manufacturers of circuit breakers nor

115 Copyright 2010 by NEMA

If the downstream breaker or

For this technique to work, the

Copyright 2010 by NEMA

Copyright 2010 by NEMA

(Ground Fault Zone Interlock

Copyright 2010 by NEMA

Copyright 2010 by NEMA

Copyright 2010 by NEMA

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