Phylum

Porifera

Cnidaria

Mollusk

Annelid

Fishes

Amphibian

Body
Plan

-asymmetrical
-no front or
back ends
-cells
(choanocytes)
move water
through
sponge
-water leaves
through large
hole on top of
sponge
(osculum)
-simple
skeleton,
harder
sponges have
have spiny
spicule (spiked
shaped
skeleton)
-spicules made
up of
specialized
cells
-softer
sponges have
internal
skeleton made
up of protein
fibers

-radially
symmetrical
-central
mouth
surrounded
by tentacles
that extend
outward
-starts as a
polyp and
changes
form to
medusa
-polyp:
cylindrical
body with
arm-like
tentacles,
mouth at top
-medusa:
bell-shaped
body with
mouth at
bottom, leglike
tentacles
gastrovascul
ar cavity
-inside layer:
gatrodum

-the muscular
foot takes
many forms
including flat
structures for
crawling spade
structures for
burrowing, and
tentacles for
capturing prey
-the mantle is
a thin layer of
tissue that
covers most of
the mollusk's
body
-the shell is
made of
glands in the
mantle that
secrete
calcium
carbonate
-visceral mass
holds the
internal organs

-segmented
nnnnnnnnnn
-Fishes are cccccc-strong back
bodies
aquatic
legs
-true coelom
vertebrates that -rough skin
lined with
are
gives oils off
mesoderm
characterized by through pores
-body separated a pair of
by septa
fins,scales, and
-septa are
gills.
internal walls
- Fish are
between each
bilateral and
segment
contain a
-some body
backbone
segments have
- Not only do
more than one
they have
pair of eyes,
backbone but
several pairs of
they also have
antennae, and
smaller bones in
other sense
their fins
organs
-setae or bristles
are on many
annelids
-respiration is
also a function
of segments

-outside
layer:
epidermis
-middle
layer:
mesoglea
-^^^ where
digestion
takes place
Feeding

-filter feeders
-filter
microscopic
food from
water
-digestion
takes place
inside of cells
-water
circulates
through body
cavity and is
trapped by
choanocytes
-particles then
are passed to
archaeocytes
-then digested
food food is
released out of
sponge

-first
cnidarian
paralyze
their prey
-pull prey
through
mouth and
into its
gastrovascul
ar cavity
-digestion
begins in
that cavity
-takes place
outside of
cells
-partially
digested
food
absorbed
into
gastroderm
-digestion is
completed
intracellularl

-can be
herbivores,
carnivores,filte
r feeders,
detritivores, or
parasites
-slugs and
snails feed
through
tongue-shaped
structure
known as
radula
-herbivores
use radula to
scrape algae
of rocks
-carnivores
use the radula
to drill through
shells and tear
up and
swallow preys
soft tissue
-octopi use

-many get food

using a pharynx
-two types of
feeders: filter
feeding or
predators
-predator:
extends pharynx
pressing against
surrounding
sediments
collects food
particles
-filter feeding:
water passes
through pharynx
and they catch
food in a mucus
bag

-herbivores
,carnivores,
parasites, filter
feeders, detritus
feeders
-sometimes
changes
depending on
food available
- some eat
algae, plants,
worms,
mollusks,
arthropods, dead
fish, and detritus
-some are highly
specialized
carnivores like
barracudas

-Early
frogs(tadpo
les) are
herbivores
that mostly
eat algae.
-When they
become
frogs they
are almost
completely
carnivorou
s. They eat
almost
anything
that they
can catch
and
swallow.
-From the
mouth the
food goes

Resp/Circ -rely on
Excretion movement of
water
-oxygen in
water diffuses
into cells
-waste diffuses
into water

y
-anything
that is not
digested is
passed out
through the
mouth

sharp jaws to
eat prey
-also use
poisons
clams,oysters,
and scallops
are filter
feeders using
feathers on
them

-after
digestion,
nutrients are
transported
throughout
their body
by diffusion
-respire and
eliminate the
waste of
cellular
metabolism
by diffusion
through
body walls

typically
breathe using
gills inside
their mantle
cavity. When
water passes
through the
mantle cavity,
oxygen and
carbon dioxide
diffuse over
the surface of
the animal's
gills. Respire
with mantle
cavity that is
lined with
blood vessels.
The oxygen
can diffuse
across the
surface
because it is
moist. The

down the
esophagus
and into
the
stomach.

Aquatic Annelids
usually breathe
through gills.
Land dwelling
Annelids often
take in oxygen
and give off
carbon dioxide
through their
moist skin.
Annelids
produce a thin
layer of mucus
which keeps
their skin soft.
Annelids
typically have a
closed
circulatory
system. The
blood travels
through blood
vessels that
usually

Most fish
exchange gases
through gills
located on either
side of the
pharynx. The gills
are made of
filaments. Fish
that exchange
gases through
their gills do so
by taking in
oxygen-rich
water into their
mouth. They take
the water from
their gill filaments
and after push
poor-oxygen
water out through
openings in the
side of the
pharynx. The gills
are hidden

circulatory
system is
either open or
closed. In
open
circulatory
system blood
is pumped
through
vessels by a
simple heart.
Oxygen and
carbon dioxide
are exchanged
and back to
the heart.

circulates from
head to tail.
Blood in the top
vessel moves
toward the head
of the worm.
Blood in the
bottom vessel
run from head to
tail. A pair of
smaller vessels
called ring
vessels connect
the dorsal(top)
and the
ventral(bottom)
where they also
supply blood to
the internal
organs. The top
vessel functions
like a heart and
helps pump
blood. Annelids
produce two
kinds of waste.
Their digestive
waste goes
through the anus
at the end of the
digestive tract.
The cellular
waste contains
nitrogen which is
eliminated by
nephridia which

beneath a
protective bony
layer called the
operculum. They
have a closed
circulatory
system that
pumps blood
around the body
in a single loop
using the heart.
Heat has four
parts such as the
sinus venosus,
atrium, ventricle,
and bulbus
arteriosus. The
sinus venosus is
a thin walled sac
that collects that
collects blood
from the fishs
veins before it
flows into the
atrium. It then
enters the
ventricle. Most
fish get rid of
waste through
the form of
ammonia. Some
waste goes
through the gills
and into the
surrounding
water. Some

Respons
e

-no nervous
systems
-no response
to changes in
environment
-do protect
themselves
with toxins
when
dangerous
predators are
around

-use
sensory
cells to gain
information
from their
environment
-nerve net
allows
cnidarians to
detect
stimuli like
touch of
foreign
objects
-nerve net is
throughout
the body
-have a
group of
sensory
cells that
allow for
direction of
gravity
called
statocysts
-eyespots
made to
detect light

-nervous
systems vary
-usually small
ganglia rear
mouth
-few nerve
cords
-sense organs
-chemical
receptors and
eyespots

are excretory
organs that filter
fluid in the
coelom.

other waste is
moved from the
kidneys.

-well developed
nervous system
-has a brain and
several nerve
cords
-have
adaptations for
detecting stimuli:
sensory
tentacles,
chemical
receptors,
statocysts help
detect gravity,
and two or more
pairs of eyes

-nervous
systems around
the brain
-several parts to
nervous system
-olfactory bulbs
are used for
sense of smell or
olfaction
-cerebrum
processes sense
of smell
-medulla
oblongata
controls
functions of
many internal
organs
-most fishes that
are active in
daylight sense
colors
-sense gentle
current and
vibrations

-The brain
of a fish is
almost the
same as
the frog.
Frogs have
well
developed
nervous
and
sensory
systems
like the
fish.
-An
amphibians
eye are
large and
they it is
protected
by water
damage.
Also when
it is on land
they eyes
keep moist
on land by
a
transparent
nictitating
membrane.

-Although
they do not
see colors
as well as
fish do.
Reproduc
tion

-reproduce
either sexually
or asexually.
-1 sponge
produces eggs
and sperm.
-Use internal
fertilization.
-sperm carried
by water flow
until they enter
the pores of
another
sponge.
-Larva is an
immature
stage of an
organism that
looks different
from the adult
form.
-They can
reproduce
through
budding in
which they
break off of the
parent sponge,
settle on the

-most
cnidarians
can
reproduce
both
sexually and
asexually.
- they can
also bud by
beginning
with a
swelling on
the side of
an existing
polyp.
- in most
cnidarians,
sexual
reproduction
takes place
with external
fertilization
in water.
-external
fertilization
takes place
outside the
female's
body.

-reproduce in
many ways
-reproduce
sexually by
external
fertilization
-they release
enormous
numbers of
eggs and
sperm into
open water
-eggs fertilized
in water and
develop and
into freeswimming
larvae
-some mollusk
shave
fertilization
inside the
body
-a couple of
mollusks are
hermaphrodite
s

-reproduce
sexually
-some use
external
fertilization
-some are
hermaphrodites
-individuals
rarely fertilize
their own eggs
-two worms will
usually attach to
each other and
exchange sperm
and store in
special sacs
-when eggs are
ready for
fertilization a
clitellum or band
of thickened
specialized
segments create
a mucous ring
into which eggs
and sperm are
released
-fertilization
takes place in

-reproduce
sexully
-externally and
internally
depending on
fish
-lay eggs
-eggs that htch
out of moms
body are
ovoviviparous
- eggs stay in
moms body are
viviparous

Germ
layers

seafloor, and
grow into new
sponges.

Although the
sexes as
usually
separate.
-females
release
eggs into
the water
and the
male
releases the
sperm.
-the zygote
grows into a
freeswimming
larva. The
larva then
attaches to
a hard
surface and
developes
into a polyp.
The polyp
buds
release a
medusa and
the cycle
starts all
over again.

-no germ
layers

-two germ
layer

-no germ
layers

-3 germ layers

-3 germ layers

-3 germ
layers

-no
cephalizatio

-no
cephalization

-has
cephalization

-has
cephalization

-has
cephalizati

Cephaliza -no
tion
cephalization

ring
-once the ring is
fertilized it slips
off and young
worms are
hatched weeks
later

on

Coelom

-no coelom

-no coelom

-no coelom

-true coelom
lined with tissue
from mesoderm

-true coelom

-true
coelom

Early
Develop
ment

-no early
development

-no early
developmen
t

-no early
development

-protostome

-embryo

-tadpole