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  • Energy Auditing 1

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    its a very good word document for energy preservation as well as shorcomings in the energy consumption

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    its a very good word document for energy preservation as well as shorcomings in the energy consumption

    Hak Cipta:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Unduh sebagai DOCX, PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    43 tayangan40 halaman

    Energy Auditing 1

    Diunggah oleh

    shiv_1987
    its a very good word document for energy preservation as well as shorcomings in the energy consumption

    Hak Cipta:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Unduh sebagai DOCX, PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
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    2, BASICS OF ENERGY AND ITS VARIOUS FORMS: 21 Definition Energy is the ability to do work and work is the transfer of energy from one frm to anche. La practical torms, enargy is what we use to manipulate the woe around us, whothor by exciting ‘our muscles, by using electricity. or by using mechanical devices such as antomotiles. Energy comes in diferent forms - heat thermal), ight (radiant), mechanical electrical, chemical and nuclear energy. 2.2 Various Forms of Energy ‘Thote are two types of energy - stored (potential) energy and working (kinetic) enerpy. For ‘example, the food we eat contains chemical eneepy, and our body stores tis energy until we release it when we work of play. 2.21 Potential Bnergy’ Potential energy is stored enerey andthe energy of postion (gravitational). I exist i various forms, Chemical Energy Chemical energy isthe energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. Biomass. petroe~ ‘um, nara ga, propane and coal are examples of stored chemical energy. Nuclear Enerey [Nuclear energy isthe energy’ stored i the nucleus of an aon - the ener’ that holds the muele- us together, The aucleus ofa uranium stom isan example of nuclear ener ‘Stored Mechanical Energy ‘Stored mechanical energy is energy stored in objects by the application ofa fore. Compressed springs and stretched rubber hands are examples of stored mechanical eneray. Gravitational Energy Gravitational energy isthe enerpy of place or position, Water ina reservoir behind a hydropow- er dam is an example of gravitational energy. When the water is released to spin the turbines, it becomes motion energy 222 Ki tle Energy Kinetic enorgy is energy in motion- the motion of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules and sub- stances. I exis i Various forms. Radiant Energy Radiant energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves. Radiant energy Jncludes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio waves. Soler energy is an example of raci- ant energy Thermat Energy Thermal energy (or hea) is the internal energy in substances- the Vibration and movement of atoms aacl molecules withia substances. Geothermal energy isan example of thermal energy. Motion ‘The movement of objects or substances from one place 10 another is motion, Wind and hydropower are examples of motion, Sound Sound is the movement of energy through substances in longitudinal (compression/rarefuction) Electrical Energy Electrical energy is the movement of electrons, Lightning and electricity are examples of elec- tical energy, 2.2.3 Energy Conversion Energy is defined as “the ability to do work." In this sense, examples of work inelude moving something, fling something, warming something, of lighting something. The following is ua example of the transformation of diferent types of energy into heat and power. il burns to generate beat —> Heat boils wate ‘Water tums to steam > Steam presse tins a turbine > Turbine wms an electric generator—> | theme emrss Generator produces electricity > Lefts Electricity powers light bulbs —> Light bulls give off light ond heat tis difficult to imagine spending an entire day without using energy. We use energy to ight our cities and homes, to power machinery in factories, cook our food, play music, and operate our WV. 2.2.4 Grades of Energy High-Grade Energy Electrical and chemical energy are high-grade energy, because the energy is concentrated in a small space. Even a small amount of electrical and chemical energy ean do a great amount of work, The molecules or particles tha store these forms of energy’ ae highly ordered and com: pact and thus considered as high erade energy. High-arade eneray lke electricity is better used for high grade applications like melting of metals rather than simply heating of water. Low-Grade Energy’ Heat is low-grade energy. Heat can sill be used to do work (example of a heater boiling water) but it rapidly dissipates. The molecules, in which this kind of energy is stored (air and water molecules) are more randomly distributed than the molecules of earbon in a coal. Ths disor- dred stale of the molecules and the dissipated energy are classified as low-grade energy. 2 Electrical Energy Basics Electric curent is divided into two types: Directional Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC). Directional (Direct) Current ‘A oon-varying, unidirectional electric current (Example: Current produced by bateries) Characteristics: + Direction ofthe flow of postive and negative charges does not change with time + Disection of current (direction of flow for postive charges) is constaat with time + Potential difference (voltage) between {Wo poins of the citeuit does not change polity with time Alternating Current A current which reverses in regularly recutring intervals of time and which has alternately pos itive anc negative valves, and occurring a specified number of times per second. (Example, Housshold electricity produced by generators, Electricity supplied by utilities.) Characteristics Direction ofthe current reverses pesidicaly with time Voltage (tension) between two points of the cieuit changes polarity with time, {In 50 eyele AC, current reverses direction 100 times a second (wo times during oneeyele) Ampere (AY ‘Curent is the cate of flow of charge. The ampere is the basic unit of electic current. Its that urrent which produces a specified force between two parallel wires, which are T metre apart Voltage (V) ‘The volt is the International System of Units (SI) measure of electric poteaial or electomo. live forve. A potential of one volt appears aeross a resistance of one ohm when a current of one ampere flows through that resistance, Too V= 1 Kilovolis RV) Resistance Voltage Resistance Current “The unit of resistance is ohm (2) Ohm Law ‘Ohms law states that the eurtent through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, provided the temperature and ther extemal conditions remain constant Fre ‘The supply frequency tells us the eycles at which alternating current changes. The wnit of fre- (quency is hertz (Hz ceycles per second, Kilovolt Ampere (kVA) tis the product of kilovolts and amperes. This measures the electrical load on a circuit or sys tem, Ils also called the apparent povver. Voltage x Amperes Fora single phase electricalcircuit Apparent power(kVa)= oles & Amperes le parent power (kVA): a J3 x Voltage x Amperes Fora three phase electrical 1000 cuit, Apparent power(kVA)} kVAr (Reactive Power) KVAris the reactive power. Reactive power isthe portion of apparent power that does no Work. ‘This type of power must he supplied to all types of magnetic equipment, such as movors, trans formers ete, Larger the magnetizing requirement, larger the KVAT Kilowatt (kW) (Active Power) [kW isthe active power or the work-producing past of apparent power, Voltage xAmperes x Power factor ‘arin gle phase, Power(kW) = Forsin gle phase, Power (kW) — 2Voltage:x Amperesx Power factor 100 ForThree phase, Power(W) Power Factor Power Factor (PF) is the ratio between the ative power (kW) and upparent power (kVA), Active Power (tH) _ Power Factor (C082) = Apparent Power (EVA) fia Taany srary 1.0 (when VAr=0) When current lags the voltage like in inductive loads, itis called lagging power factor and when ‘cuent leads the voltage lke in capacitive loads, it is called leading power Factor. Inductive loads such as induction motors, transformers, discharge lamp, ete. absorb com- paratively more lagging reactive power (kVAr) and hence, their power factors poor. Lower the power factor: electrical network is Joaded with more current. It would be advisable t0 have highest power factor (close to 1) so that network canes only active power which does real work. PF improvement is done by installing capacitors near the load centers, which improve ‘power factor from the point of installation back to the generating station, Kilowatt-hour (kWh) Kilowat-hour is the eneray consumed by 1000 Watts in one hou. IF 1kW (1000 watts) of elec trical equipment is operated for 1 hour, t would consume | kWh of energy (1 unit of electri » For a company, its the amount of electrical units in kWh recorded in the plant over a month for billing purpose. The company is charged / billed based on kWh consumption. Electricity Yaritt Calculation of electre bill for a company’ Electrical utility or power supplying companies charge industrial customers not only based on the amount of energy used (KWh) but also on the peak demand (kVA) for each month Contract Demand Contract demands the amount of electric power tha customer demands from wility ina ified interval. Unit sed is KVA or KW. Ib i8 the amount of electric power thatthe consumer agreed upon withthe uility. This would mean that utility has to plan forthe specified capacity. Maximum demand ‘Maximum demand is the highest average KVA recorded during any one-demand interval with inthe month. The demand interval is normally 30 minates, bat may vary from tility t utility from 15 mines to 60 minutes. The demand is measured using @ tr-vector meter / digital ener- ay meter. Predict While considering the methods of load prediction, some of dhe (erm used in connection with power supply must be appreciated Connected Load - is the nameplate rating (in KW or kVA) of the apparatus installed on a con- sumers premises. Demand Factor - isthe ratio of maximum demand wo the connected loa Load Factor - The rato of average load io maximum load of Load Load Fator = Average Load Maximum Load ‘The load factor can also be defined as the ratio of the energy consumed during a given period {o the energy, which would have been used ifthe maximum load had been maintained through ‘ut that period. For example, load factor for a day (24 hours) will be given by Energy consumed during 24 hours “Maxim load recorded 24 Hours Load Facto PF Measurement A power analyzer can measure PP dircety, or alternately KWh, KVAh oF KVAth readings are ‘recorded irom the billing meter installed atthe incoming point of supply. The celation kWh / KVAh gives the power factor, Many electrical utilities Tike to have flat Peete etn ets demand curve to rene achieve high plant effi ciency. They encourage user to draw more power daring off-peak hours (say during night time) and less power during peak hours. As per their plan, they offer TOD Tarifh which may be incen- Lives of disincentv Energy meter will record peak and non- peak consumption sep- farately by timer con- trol, TOD tariff gives ‘opportunity for the user to reduce thee billing, a8 off peak hour tif charged ave quite [OW ia ‘comparison to peak houe tril ‘Three phase AC power measurement ‘Most ofthe motive drives such as pumps, compressors, machines ete. operate with 3 phase AC Induction motor. Power consumption can be determined by using the relation Power =\3_ x Vx Ix Cos Portable power analysers instruments are available for measuring all electrical parameters. Motor loading calculation ‘The nameplate details of motor, kW or HP indicate the output parameters of the motor at full load. The voltage, amps and PF refer to the rated input parameters at full load ‘an industry? Which applications use single-phase power Single-phase power is mostly used for lighting fractional HP motors and electric heater appli- cations. 24 Thermal Energy Basics ‘Temperature and Pressure ‘Temperature and pressure are measures of the physical state of a substance. They are closely ‘elated tothe energy contained in the substance, «Asa result, measusements of teruperatuce and pressure provide a means of determining energy content ‘Temperature Ikis the degree of hotness oF coldness measured on a definite scale, Heat isa form of energy: {emperature isa measure of is thermal effects. Tn other words, emperature fsa means of deter- ‘mining sensible heat content of the substance In the Celsins seale the freezing point of water is 0°C and the boiling point of water is 100°C al atmosphere pressure, ‘To change temperature given in Faluenbit (°F) wo Celsius (°C) Start with (PE); subuact 32; multiply by 5; divide by 9; the answer is CC) ‘To change temperature given in Celsius (°C) to Fahrenheit (°F) Start with (°C): multiply by 9: divide by 5; add on 32: the answer is °C = CF- 32) x 59 Pressure Teas the force per unit area applied to outside ofa body. When we heat a gas ina confined space, ‘we create more force: a pressure increase, For example, heating the air inside a balloon will ceause the balloon to stretch asthe pressure increases Pressure, therefor, i also indicative of stored energy. Steam at high pressures contains much more encegy than at low pressures. Heat isa form of energy, a distinct and measurable property ofall matte. The quantity of heat slepends on the quantity and type of substance involved. Unit of Heat Calorie isthe unit for measuring the quantity of hea. Its the quantity of heat, which can raise the temperature of | g of water by 1°C. Calorie is to small a unit for many purposes. Therefore, a bigger unt Kilocalorie (1 Kilocalorie = 1000 calories) is used to measure heal. | Kilocalorie can raise the temperature of 10003 (ie 1g) of water by 1°C However, nowadays generally joule as the unit of heat enengy is used. ts the Snternation- ally accepted unit. is relationship with calorie is a follows: 1 Calorie = 4.187 J Specific Heat the same amount of heat energy is supplied to equal quantities of water and milk their tem= ‘perature goes up by different amounts. This property is called the specific heat of 4 substance and is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of Tg of a substance through 1°C, ‘The specific heat of water is very high as compared to other common substances; i takes a Jot of heat to rise the temperature of water. Also, when water is cooled, it gives out a large ‘quantity of heat, Substance | Specific Heat ious kg > Ted 10. ‘Masary 0 Brose 30 Corner 300 ry a0 Chass om ‘Aan 310) Rater 190 ke 210 ‘Alcohol 200 ‘Waser 2m Sensible heat Tis that heat which when added or subtracted results in a change of temperature Quantity of Heat ‘The quantity of heat, Q, supp! {o-a substance to increase its temperature by PC depends on mass ofthe substance (m) = increase in temperature (AD, ~ specific heat of the substance (C,) “The quaatity of heat is given by: Q Q Phase Change ‘The chango of state from tho sold state to a liquid state is called fusion. The fixed temperature al which a solid changes into « liquid is called its melting point, ‘The change of a state from a liquid state to a gas is called vaporization, mass x specific heat Xx increase in temperature mx C, x at Latent heat of fusion “The latent heat of fusion ofa substance is the quantity of heat required to convert Lk solid 10 liquid state without change of temperature, It is represented by the symbol L. Its unt is Joule per kilogram (W/Kg) 1 of Vaporization ‘The latent heat of vaporization of a substance isthe quantity of heat required w change Tkg of the substance from liquid to vapour state without change of temperature. Its also denoted by the symbo! L and ts unit is also J/kg. The latent heat of vaporization of water is 22.60,000 JA. ‘When 1 kg of steam at 100°C condenses to form water at 100°C, it gives out 2260 KI (540. Cals) of heat, Steam gives out more heat than an equal amount of boiling water because of its latent heat. Latent heat 11 is the change in heat content of a substance, when its physical state is changed without a change in temperature. Super Heat ‘The heating of vapour, particularly saturated steam to a temperature much higher than the boil- ing point atthe existing pressure, This is done in power plants to improve efficiency and to avoid condensation in the turbine, Humidity ‘The moisture content of air is referred to as humidity and may be expressed in two ways: spe cific humility and relative humicity. Specifle Humidity Tis the actual weight of water vapour mixed ina kg of dry ar. Humid Humidity factor = ky of water per ky of dry air (kg/kg). Factor Relative Humidity (RH This the measure of degree of saturation ofthe air at any dry-bulb (DB) temperature. Relative humidity given as a percentage is the actual water content of the wir divided by the moisture content of fully saturated air atthe existing temperature. Dew Point Tis the temperature at which condensation of water vapour from the air begins as the temper- ature ofthe aie-water Vapour mixture falls, Dry bulb Temperature isan in cation ofthe sensible heat content of ar-water vapour mixtures. ‘Wet bulb ‘Temperature Iisa measure of total heat content or enthalpy. Its the temperature approached by the dry bull and the dew point as satu Dow Polat Temperature is @ measure ofthe latent heat content of st-waler vapour mixtures and since latent heat is a tinction of moistuce content, the dew point temperature is determined by the moistare content. Fuel Density Density isthe ratio of the mass of the fuel to the volume of the fuel at a stated temperature Specific gravity of fuel The density of fue, relative to wate, is ealled specific gravity. The specifi gravity of water is defined as 1. As iti a ratio there are no unis. Higher the specific gravity. higher will be the heating values. Viscosity “The viscosity of Muid is « measure of is inter in viscosity with increasing temperature resistance to flow: All liquid fuels decrease Calorie Value Energy content in an organic matter (Calorific Value) can bo measured by burning it and mea: suring the teat released. This is done by placing a sample of known mass ina bomb calorime- tor, @ device that is completely sealed and insulated to prevent heat loss. A thermometer is placed inside (but ican be read from the outside) and the inerease in temperature after the sam- ple is burnt completely is measured, From this data, energy content inthe organic matter ca be Found ont ‘The heating value of fuel i the measure of the heat released dung the complete combus- tion of unit weight of fuel. It is expressed as Gross Calorific Value (GCV) o¢ Net Caloric Value (NCY). The difference between GCV and NCV isthe heat of vaporization of the moisture and atomic hydrogen (conversion to water vapour) inthe fuel. Typical GCV and NCV for heavy fuel ‘il are 10,500 kcalike and 9.800 koal/eg. Heat Transfer Heat will always be transferred from higher temperature to lower temperature independent of the mode. The energy transferred is measured in Joules (kcal or Btu). The rate of energy trans- fer, more commonly called heat transfer, is measured in Joulesdsecond_¢kealfr or Btwn, Heat is transferred by three primary modes: ‘© Conduction (Energy transfer in solid) ‘© Convection (Energy transfer in a fluid) ‘© Radiation (Does not need 2 material to travel through) Conduction ‘The conduction of heat takes place, when two bodies are in contact with one another. Ione body is ata higher temperature than the other, the motion of the molecules in the hotter body will vibrate the molecules athe point of contact inthe cooler boy and consequently result in increase in temperature ‘The amount of heat transfered by conduction depends upon the temperature difference, the properties ofthe material involved, the thickness of the material the surface contact area, and the duration ofthe transfer Good conductors of heat are typically substances that are dense as they have molecules «lose together. This allows the molecular agitation process to permeate the substance easily. So, mmietals are poox! conductors of heal, while gaseous substance, having low densities or widely spaced molecules, are poor conductors of heat, Poor conductors of heat are usually called insu Iators. ‘The measure of the ability ofa substance to insulate isis thermal resistance. This is com= ‘monly referred to as the R-value (RSI in metric). The R-value is generally the inverse of the thermal conductivity, the ability to conduct heat ‘Typical units of measure for conductive heat transfer sr: Metric (SI) : Watt per square meter (Win? } Overall Matric (SI) : Watt (W) o kilowatts (kW) Convection ‘The transfer of heat by convection involves the movement ofa fluid such asa gas or figuid from the hot to the cold portion. There are two types of convection: natural and forced In case of natural convection, the fluid in contact with or adjacent to a high temperature buy is heated by conduction, As it is heated, it expands, becomes less dense ard consequent= ly rises. This begins a uid motion process in Which « circulating current of fluid moves past the heated body, continuously transfering heat away from it In the ease of forced convection, the movement of the fui is forces by a fan, pump or other ‘external means. A centralized hot air heating system is 2 good example of fogced convection. ‘Convection depends on the thermal properties of the fluid as well as surface conditions at the body and other factors that affect the ability of the fluid to flow. With a low conductivity ‘uid such as air. a rough surface ean trap air against the surface reducing the conductive beat transfer and consequently reducing the convective currents, Units of measure for rate of convective heat transfer are ‘Metric ($1): Watt (W) or kilowatts &eW) ‘Thermal Radiation ‘Thermal radiation is a process in which energy is transfered by electromagnetic waves similar to light waves. These waves may be both visible (light) and invisible, Avery common example ‘of thermal radiation is a heating element on a heater, When the heater clement is First switched ‘on, the radiation is invisible, but you can feel the warmth it radiates. As the element heas, it vill alow orange and some ofthe radiation is now visible. ‘Te hotter the element, the brighter it glows and the more radiant energy it emits ‘The key processes in the interaction ofa substance with thermal radiation are Absoeption the process by which radiation enters a body and becomes heat ‘Transmission the process by which radiation passes through a body Reflection the process by which radiation is neither absorbed or transmitted through the body; rather it bounces off Objects seveive thermal radiation when they are struck by'electomagaetic waves, thereby agitating the molecules and atoms. More agitation means more energy and a higher tempers ture. Energy is transferred to one body from another without contact or transporting medium ‘uel as ait or water a Fact, thermal radiation hea wansfer isthe only form of hea transfer pos- sible ina vacuum, All boslies emit a certain amount of radiation, The amount depends upon the body's tem= perature and nature ofits surface, Some bodies only emit a simall amouat of radiant energy for ther temperature, commonly called low emissivity materials (abbreviated low-E). Low-E win. ‘dows are used to control the heat radiation in and out of buildings. Windows can be designed to reflect, absorb and transmit differect parts ofthe sun's radiant energy. ‘The condition of a body's surface will determine the amount of thermal radiation that is absorbed, reflected or ro-emitied. Surfaces that are black and rough, such as black iron, will, absorb and re-emit almost all the energy that stkes them, Polished and smooth suefaces. will, not absorb, but reflect, large pat of the incoming radiant enerey ‘Typical units of measure for rate of radiant heat transfer Metric (SD, ‘Watt per square meter (Wim) Evaporation ‘The change by which any substance is converted from a iguid state and carried off as vapour. Example: People are cooled by evaporation of perspiration from the skin and refrigeration is ‘accomplished by evaporating the liguid refrigerant. Evaporation is a cooling process Condensation ‘The change by which any substan jonverted from a gaseous state to quid state Example: Condeasation oa the athe hand is a heating process. As molecules of vapour coa- ‘dense and become liquid, their latent heat of vapourisation evidences itself again as sensible heat, indicated by a rise in temperature. This heating effect of condensation is what causes the ‘considerable rise in atmospheric temperatire often noted as fog forms and as rain or snow begins to fall. Ste Steam has been a popular mode of conveying energy, since the industrial evolution, The fol- lowing characteristics of steam make it se popular and useful tothe industey: ‘+ -Hiph specific heat and latent heat ‘+ High heat transfer coefficient + Easy to control snd distibute + Cheap and inert Steam is used for generating power and also used in process industries, such as, sugar, paper, fertilizer, refineries, petrochemicals, chemical, food, synthetic fibre and textiles. In the process industries, the high pressure steam produced inthe boiler, is first expanded in a steam. turbine for generating power. The extraction or bleed from the turbine, which are generally at low pressure, are used forthe process. This method of producing power, by using the steam gen= crated for process in the boiler, is called "Cogeneration." How to read a Steam Table? Select the pressure and temperature of the steam at which you want to find the enthalpy. Read the intersection of pressure and temperature for enthalpy (Heat content in the steam) ist law of Thermodynamies 1 states that energy may be converted from one form to another, but itis never lost from the system Second Law of Thermodynau ‘+ In any conversion of energy from one form to another, some amount of energy will he dis sipated as heat ‘+ Thus no energy conversion is 100 % efficient. + This principle is used in energy equipment efficiency calculations. aw of Conservation of Mather ‘+ Inany physical or chemical change, matter is neither ereated nor destroyed, but it may be ‘changed Irom one form to another. + Forexample, ifa sample of coal were burnt in an enclosed chamber, carbon in coal would tend up as CO? in thes inside the chamber; In fact, for every carbon atom there would be fone carbon dioxide molecule in the combustion products (each of which has one carbon atom. So the carbon atoms would be conserved, and so would every other atom. Thus, no ‘mater would be lost during this conversion ofthe coal into heat. ‘+ This principle is used in energy and material balance calculations 2.5 Units and Conversions ‘The energy units are wide and varied. The usage of units varies with country, industry sector, systems such as FPS, CGS, MKS and ST, and also with generations of earlier period using FPS and recent genoratons using MKS. Bven technologylequipment suppliers adopt units that are Alilfeent ftom the one being use by the user of that technology/equipment. Fer example some ‘compressor manufacturers specify output in m/min while some spect in cubic Feevminate or ‘even in litre/Second, Al this cause confusion and ence the need for this chapter on unis and nergy Units bel fol = 42 US. gllons ga) = 0.16 ce meter n> Taw Toon Taw Toon we Tawa Ta Ta Te Thy i a i Ta 1 ii is SI Kwa wou [Ti War aT a Tsp 1 Wao 0 i ae Tyo | 2B i TaN Toe [418 Fake Tenge 1 Min Ba 3 Np a Ti Sica Ts Toss Tanah TiS SS Town kW) |e esol i Tiss) [HB Etowah Tonnies) [Go TEV) ottigarsan [200 Ba Presure: ‘Gauge pressure is defined relative tothe prevailing atmospheric prssure (101.325 kPa at sea level), or as absolute pressure Absolute Pressure = Gango Pressure + Prevailing Atmospheric Pressure Units of measure of pressure: Metric (SI) kilopaseals (KPa) 1 pascal (Pa) = 1 Newton/m? (Nim* ) I physical atmosphere (atm) = 101325 Ps = 14.69 t-forcetin® (psi) 1 technical atmosphere (ata) = 7760 mm of mercury (mm Hg) Kilogram-foreefem? (ky/em?)= 9.806650 x 104 Pa 1s Fuel to kWh (Approxim Natura gas MPs 106 Fex03 thems x 29.3 LPG (propane) a x25 Coal gx sos Coke kg 100 Gas oil ties x 125, Light feloil tren 129 Medium fae il fives x 13.1 Heavy fel tigen 133, the Interna Prefixes for unit Prefix | Symbol | Power [Example xe | [om ‘inion pea [P| 108 [pentagram (Pd | quailioniind ea [| [102 | eerawae IW) _ | wilioatilion a | o [iw swat (GW) | blond mega | M_ [10% [megawatt (MW) | main ‘alo |e [10 [tog Ck) ecto | | 1 | hectofier ta) deka [ da [10 | dekagram dag) decid [107 | devimeter (dn) seat —e | 107 | centimeter (om) ail | m —[103 | mitineter am) vmieeo |u| 10% | nicrometer um ano [| a | 10° | nanonccond (ns) pico |p| 1 [pivotal ip fem | [10 | emogram ig) sto [a | 0 Energy Te [Get | Moo Mew [awh roms: | Miliply by: Ti T wax [2aux0? | oe | oats Gea [Sine eI | 1 3068 | Hex Mise | 41868 10" [107 1 | soesx 10 | 11630 MB | 1ossix 10° [oas2 | 252x108 | _1 ‘| 29810 cwn| a6 | soo | sexio® [an 1 Mass. Te ke t x 5 » rons | mally by Siogram hg) [1 o.o01 | 9.34% 10* | 1.102% 10 | 22046 ‘onne 1000 T ost | ctozs_| 22046 Fagin [1016 O16 7 T9 | 22400 shor toa) [9072 | 09072 | oxen 1 __| 20100 pond) | 044 [ax [aaoxie| sox | 1 Volume Te avs [etuK] wt [ @ [ot [ow Frome rally By US. galon(ea) [1 owsa7 | oonsar | a13a7 | 3788 | oonss UK gallon a | 1201 T_| pass | aaaos | 4346 | oon Barrel (bb) 20 [seis | is90 | 0.180 Cable oor) | TAS pimst | 1 | 283 [aoe er) 02682 Doos | aos | 1 | on 6289 | assia7 | io000 [1 Cubic mete (me) | 2642 341 Definition & Objectives of Energy Management ‘The fmdamental goal of energy management iso produce goods and provide services with the least cost and last enviconmental effec. "The term eneray management means many’ t ay management i ings to many people. Ono dfinition of ener “The judicious and effective use of energy fo maximize props (minimize costs) and enhance competitive positions” (Cape Hast, Tuner and Kennedy, Guide t Bneray Management Fairmont press inc. 1997) Another comprehensive definition is ‘Tho strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using systoms and procedures so 8s to reduce energy requirements per uait of ouput while holding constant or reducing teal ‘costs of pressing the ouput from these rystems ‘The objective of Energy Management i to achieve and maint and utilisation, throughout the organization and: ‘optimum energy procurement + To-minimise onorgy cost / waste without affecting production & quality {To -miaimise environmental effete 3.2 Energy Audit: Types And Methodology Energy Auditis the key toa systematic approach for decision-making in the area oF enorsy man agement. It attempts to balanes the total enemy inputs with fs use, and serves vo identify the enenay steams in a foes. Te quantifies energy usage according to its discrete Functions, Tusa! energy audits an effective tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive energy man agement programme. ‘As perc Eneray Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Aut is defined as "he verification, mon itoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical report containing ree- ‘ommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an actioa plan to reduce energy consumption” 321 Need for Energy Audit In any industry, the tree top operating expenses are often found to be energy (both electrical and thermal, labour and matesials. If one were to relate to the manageability of the cost or potential cost savings in each of the above components, eneray would invariably emerge as a top ranker, and thus energy management function constitutes a strategic area for cost reduction Energy Audit will help to understand moze about the ways energy and fel are used in any industry, and help in identifying the areas where waste can occur and where scope for improve- ‘ment exists. ‘The Energy Audit would give a postive orientation tothe energy cost reduction, preventive ‘maintenance and quality control programmes which are vital for production and uslity activi- ties, Such an audit programme will help o keep focus on vasiations which occur in the energy costs, availability and reliability of supply of energy, decide on appropriate energy mix, identi- fy enory conservation technologies, retrofit for energy conservation equipment ot. In general, Eneray Audit is the translation of coaservation ideas into realities, by lending technically feasible solutions with economic and other organizational considerations within a specified time frame. The primary objective of Energy Audit isto determine ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of product output oF to lower operating costs, Energy Audit provides a" beneh-mark"” {Reference point) for managing energy in the organization and also provides the basis for plan ning a more effective use of energy throughout the organization, 3.2.2 Type of Energy Audit The type of Enoruy Audit to be performed depends on: = Punetion and type of industry = Dept to which inal audit is needed, ane = Potential and magnitude of cost rection desired ‘Thus Energy Audit can be clasifed into the following two types. i) Preliminary Aueit ii) Detailed Audit 3.23 Profiminary Energy Audit Methodology Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exereise to Establish energy consumption in the organization Estimate the scope for saving ‘Kemily the most likely (and the easiest areas for atention Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements! swings Seta reference point’ ‘Wemily areas for more detailed study/measuremnent Preliminary energy aut uses existing, or easily obtained data 3.24 Detailed Energy Audit Methodology ‘A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy’ project implementation plan for & facility, Since it evaluates all major energy using systems, ‘This type of audit offers the most accurate estimate of enempy savings and cost. It considers the intractve effects ofall projects, accounts forthe energy use ofall major equipment, and includes detailed energy vost saving calculations and project cost, Ina comprehensive audit, one of the key elements is the energy balance. This i based on an inventory of eneray using systoms, assumptions of current aperating conditions and calculations ‘of energy tse. This estimated use is then compared to utility bill charges Datailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases: Phase 1 Mand TL Phase I= Pre Auait Phase Phase IL ~ Audit Phase Phase Il - Post Audit Phase 1a Glance: ‘A Guide for Conducting Enorgy Audit Industry-o-industry, the methodology of Enemyy Audits needs to be flexible ‘A comprehensive ten-step methodology for coaduet of Energy Audit at fleld level i pre- sented below. Energy Manager and Energy Auditor may follow these steps to start with and add/change as per their nceds and industry types. Ten Steps Methodology for Detailed Energy Au eon Cron poe cauned Sat) ‘Phase [Pre Audit Phase Activities A structured methodology to eazy out an energy audit is necessary for efficient working. An initial study of the site should always be carted out, as the planning of the procedures neces- sary for an audit is most important Initial Site Visit and Preparation Required for Detailed Auditing An initial site visit may take one day and gives the Energy Auditor’Engineer an opportunity to ‘moot the personal concerned, to familiarize him with the site and to ass0ss the procedures nec= essary fo carry out the energy aut, During the inital site visit the Eneruy Aucitor’Engineer should carry out the following actions + Discuss withthe sites senior management the aims ofthe encryy aust, + Discuss economic guidelines associated with the recommendations ofthe audit + Analyse the major enengy consumption data with the relevant personnel, + Obrain site drawings where available - building layout, steam distribution, compressed air distribution, electricity distribution ete. + Tour the site acoompanied by engineering production The main aims of this visit are: To finalise Enerzy Ava eam ‘To identity the main energy consuming areavplant items to be surveyed during the audit ‘To identity any existing instrumentation! additional metering roquited ‘To decide whether any meters wil have to be installed prior tothe audit eg. kWh, steam, oil or gas meters, ‘To identity the instrumentation required for earrying out the audit To plan with time frame To collect macro data on plant energy resources, major energy consuming centers “To create awareness through meetings’ programme Phase IL- Detailed Energy Ault Activities Depending on the nature and complexity of the site, a comprehensive audit can take from sev- eral weeks to several months to complete. Detailed studies to establish, and investigate, eneray and material balances for specific plant departments or items of process equipment are caried ‘out. Whenever possible, checks of plant operations ate carried out over extended petiods of time, a nights and at weekends as Well as during normal daytime working hours, to ensure tha nothing is overlooked. The audit report will include a description of energy inputs and product outputs by major

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