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Short Note on Weld Strength Reduction Factors in B31.

1 Wall-Thickness Formula
for High-Pressure, High-Temperature Piping

The weld strength reduction factors were set forth in the wall-thickness formula in ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section I-2008A and Pressure Piping Code B31.1-2008A.
These factors were discussed and defined based upon Type IV failures in high chromium steels
pipe longitudinal welds in high energy piping systems. And the various creep test data, which
were considered in SHC committees, were referred and reflected on developing the factors.
The first weld strength reduction factors on Type IV creep were set forth in par. 302.3.5(e) in
Pressure Piping Code B31.3-2004. These factors were developed according to the creep
rupture factors in ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Sec. III subsec. NH. On the other
hand, the weld strength reduction factors in B31.1-2008A were different from the factors in
B31.3-2004, though the factors in B31.3-2004 were referred to developing the factors in B31.12008A. In the short note, the relationship between the factors developed and various data
which were referred to developing stage is discussed, and it was shown that the historical
longitudinal weld failures in the States can be evaluated by using the factors, the creep test
data in high chromium steel welds can be conservatively illustrated by the factors and so on.
Finally it is discussed that the factors in B31.1-2008A are rationally set forth in this time.
Keywords:
:
Cylindrical Shell, Internal Pressure, Minimum Thickness, Creep, Type IV Creep,
Ferritic Steels, Austenitic Steels, Nickel Alloys, Weld Strength Reduction Factors,
Boiler, Piping

1......

Gr. 91

345

ASME American Society of Mechanical


Engineers Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Sec.

I-2008A Pressure Piping Code B31.1-2008A

ASME

Weld

B31.3-20046

Strength Reduction Factor

B31.3302.3.5(e)

950 deg-F510

W=1.0 1,500 deg-F815

W=0.5

Type IV

Gr. 122

B31.3

47
Vol.7 2011

Vol.7 2011

P MPa

ASME Sec. III subsec. NH

Domm

Stress Rupture Factor

S MPa

B31.3

9 JIS B8201

2005

B31.1

B31.3

B31.3

1
W B31.1, Table 102.4.7

1 1

B31.1

W 950 deg-

F W=1.0 1,500 deg-F W=0.5

B31.3, 302.3.5(e)

B31.3
1

2......ASME B31.1

ASME B31.1

1011

3.51

3......B31.1

B31.1 B31.3

tm mm

1ASME Piping Code, B31.1, Table 102.4.7

Carbon (N)
Carbon (SC)
CrMo
CSEF (N+T)
CSEF (SC)
Austenitic

700 750 800 850 900 950


1.00 0.95 0.91

1.00 0.95 0.91

1.00 0.95 0.91 0.86

1.00

1.00 0.73

1.00

1000

0.82
0.95
0.68
0.95

deg-F
1050 1100 1150

0.77 0.73 0.68


0.91 0.86 0.82
0.64 0.59 0.55
0.91 0.86 0.82

1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500

0.64

0.77

0.50

0.77 0.73 0.68 0.64 0.59 0.55 0.50

Carbon: Carbon Steel


CrMo: 0.5Cr-0.5Mo, 1Cr-0.5Mo, 1.25Cr-0.5Mo-Si, 2.25Cr-1Mo, 3Cr-1Mo and 5Cr-0.5Mo
CSEF: Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic Steel
Austenitic: Austenitic Stainless including 800H and 800HT
N: Normalizing SC: PWHT at Sub Critical Temperature N+T: Normalizing + Tempering PWHT

48
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SQV2A

1,000 deg-F

B31.1

Gr. 11 Gr. 22

6.3 ksi 8.0 ksi

3.1 Cr-Mo

Gr. 11 975

1985 Mohave 1986 Monro

deg-F 1 20

Cr-Mo

=8.8 ksi

0.8686 Gr. 22

30 Gr. 111.25Cr-0.5Mo

1,050 deg-F 1

Gr. 121Cr-0.5Mo Gr. 222.25Cr-1Mo

20

1979 2000

=5.7 ksi 0.7613

70 278

Gr. 11 Gr. 22

B31.1 Cr-Mo

Larson-Miller ParameterLMP

30

B31.1 Cr-

12

30 Gr. 11 Gr. 12 16 Gr.

Mo

22 14 LMP

Cr-Mo

LMP B31.1
2

9.5
Gr. 11 Gr. 22
Rate

Gr.
t B31.1

13
11 & 22, by Foulds

Ro

Rate

tpipe

B31.1 Cr-Mo

1 Gr. 11Gr. 12 Gr. 22

LMP

Rate

LMP/1000

1 Gr.11, Gr.12 Gr.22


Larson-Miller Parameter
2B31.1 Cr-Mo WSRF

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Rate Rate

Rate

B31.3

0.925 13

9Cr-1Mo-V

3.2 ASME B31.3

4 Alloy 800H

B31.3, 302.3.5(e)W
950 deg-F510

B31.3

W=1.0 1,500 deg-F815

W=0.5

3 Alloy 800H

ASME Sec. III,

5 Type 304 Type 316

subsec. NH Stress

Rupture Factor 3 5

B31.3

ASME Sec. III, subsec. NH

B31.3, 302.3.5(e)

3 2.25Cr-1Mo 9Cr-1Mo-

3
B31.3
Type304

B31.3
ASME
Sec. III subsec. NH
Code Case
N-253 14 Reduction
FactorsCC N253

3ASME Sec. III-NH Cr-Mo


SRF B31.3 WSRF

ASME Sec. III subsec. NH

4ASME Sec. III-NH Alloy 800H


SRF B31.3 WSRF

5ASME Sec. III-NH


SRF B31.3 WSRF

50
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SQV2A

(a) 2.25Cr-1Mo 900 deg-F

JEAC 3701-200715

(b) 9Cr-1Mo

1,000 deg-F

(c) Type 304 316 950 deg-F


(d) Alloy 800H

1,100 deg-F

JEAC 3701-2007 Gr. 91 Gr.

122 B31.1

2.25Cr-

6 B31.1

1Mo 950 deg-F 0.96

B31.1 Para. 132

B31.3

PWHT Post Weld Heat-treatment

950 deg-F

CSEFSC

510 W=1.0

Para. 132 PWHT

8 1,000 1,400 deg-F

B31.3, 302.3.5(e)

B31.1

B31.3 1,500 deg-F815

W=0.5
3.3
16 17

18 10

JIS B8201
2005(3)

6JEAC 3701-2007 Gr.91 Gr. 122


WSRF B31.1 WSRF

3.4 Cr-Mo

2 3
3

Cr-Mo B31.1

t mm

B31.1

P MPa

B31.3

d mm

Cr-Mo

MPa

800 deg-F W=1.0 700 deg-F

W=1.0 ASTM A333

700 deg-F
ASTM A135 750 deg-F
ASME B&PV

51
Vol.7 2011

700 deg-F

T A3

700 deg-F

3.5 Gr.91 N+T


3.6

Gr.91 PWHT
6 B31.1 Cr-Mo

Alloy 800H

B31.3

Alloy 800H ASME Sec. III subsec. NH

ASME Sec. III subsec. NH, 9Cr-1Mo-V

B31.1

B31.1 Cr-Mo

Cr-Mo B31.3

9Cr-

B31.3

1Mo-V

950 deg-F

Gr. 91 N+T

1,000 1,400 deg-F

PWHT

B31.3

1617

B31.1 Cr-Mo

9Cr-1Mo-V

7
16
3

N+T
10 PWHT
N A3

8 ASME Sec. III-NH


Alloy800H SRF B31.3 WSRF

4......
B31.1, Table 102.4.7

B31.3

7ASME Sec. III-NH 9Cr WSRF


B31.1 WSRF

1B31.3-2004

52
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SQV2A

1American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec. I, Rules for

2B31.1-2008A Cr-Mo

Construction of Power Boilers, July, 2008.

Cr-Mo
PWHT

2American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

Cr-Mo

Pressure Piping Code, B31.1, Power Piping, June,

2008.

3B31.1-2008A

3 16

17 3

PWHT

4 17

18 3

4B31.1-2008A N+T

5K. Kimura, M. Tabuchi, Y. Takahashi, K.

N+T

Yoshida and K. Yagi, Long-Term Creep Strength

Gr.91

and Strength Reduction Factor for Welded Joints

of ASME Grades 91, 92 and 122 Type Steels, 61st


Annual Assembly and International Conf. of IIW,

5B31.1-2008A

Graz Austria, July 2008.

6American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

Pressure Piping Code, B31.3, Process Piping,

December, 2004.

B31.3 2004
Para. 302.3.5(e)

7American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

B31.3-2008 B31.1-2008A

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec. III, subsec.

NH, Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility

Table 302.3.5

Components, Class 1 Components in Elevated

Temperature Service, July, 2004.

ASME B31.1

8 C. Becht IV, New Weld Joint Strength

Reduction Factors in the Creep Regime in ASME

B31.3 Piping, Trans. ASME, 128, 46, 2006.


9 19 08 10 3

deg-F

ksi

10W. R. Burrows, R. Michel and A. W. Rankin, A

Wall-Thickness Formula for High-Pressure, High-

Temperature Piping, Trans. ASME, 76, 427, 1954.


11

, 6, 49, 2010.
12M. J. Cohn and S. R. Paterson, Evaluation of
Historical Longitudinal Seam Weld Failures in
Grades 11, 12, and 22 Materials, PVP2008-61245,
Chicago, IL, USA, July 2008.

53
Vol.7 2011

13J. Foulds and J. Shingledecker, A Perspective

Creep Strength Reduction Factors for Welded

on the Failure Rates of Long Seam-Welded Low

Joints of Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel (P91), PVP2006-

Alloy Steel High Energy Piping, PVP2011-58015,

ICPVT-11-93350, Vancouver, BC, Canada, July

Baltimore, MD, USA, July 2011.

2006.

14Code Case N-253-14, Construction of Class 2 or

17T. Sato, K. Tamura, K. Mitsuhata and R. Ikura,

Class 3 Components for Elevated Temperature

Long Term Creep Rupture Strength of

Service, Section III, Division 1, September 2006.

9Cr1MoNbV Narrow Gap Welded Joints

15 JEAC 3701-2007

Improved by Normalizing and Tempering After


Welding, CREEP2007-26570, San Antonio, TX,

USA, July 2007.

16M. Tabuchi and Y. Takahashi, Evaluation of

54
Vol.7 2011

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