Phylum

Porifera

Cnidarians

Mollusks

Body
Plan/symmetry

asymmetrical, have no
front or back ends, no left
or right sides, large central
cavity, in harder sponges
skeleton is made of spiny
spicules(structure made of
chalk-like calcium
carbonate or glasslike
silica), softer sponges
have internal skeleton
made of spongin(network
of flexible protein fibers)

Radially Symmetrical. central

mouth. Two stages of life cycle:
a polyp and a medusa.
Polyp: body with arm like
tentacles, mouth upward,
usually sessile.
Medusa: has motile, bellshaped body, mouth on bottom
has gastrovascular cavity(body
walls)
Epidermis: outer layer of cells
Mesoglea: layer between two
tissues

Bilateral
bodies have four parts:foot,
mantle, shell, and visceral
mass. The foot can take
many forms depending on
its need, the mantle is a thin
layer of tissue that covers
most if the mollusk's body,
the shell is made by glands
in the mantle, and the
visceral mass consists of
the internal organs.

Feeding

Sponges are filter feeders

intracellular digestiontakes place in cells
archaeocytes complete the
cycle by transporting
digested food out of the
sponge

gastrovascular cavity- digestive

chamber with one opening
digestion completed
intracellularly

can be herbivores,
carnivores, filter feeders,
detritivores, or parasites.
Use flexible tongue-shaped
structure: radula (has
hundreds of tiny teeth)
Siphon: tubelike structure
water enters and leaves

Resp/circ/excretion

rely on movements on
water
Oxygen dissolve in the
water and carbon dioxide
and other wastes diffuse
into water

nutrient transport throughout

body and
cellular metabolism wastes
respire and eliminate through
body walls by diffusion

Aquatic mollusks breathe

using gills inside their
mantle cavity.
Land mollusks use a large
mantle cavity lined with
blood vessels.
Circulatory system some
open some closed.
Open: outside of your
vassals and goes through
different sinuses
Closed: stays inside of
arteries and veins and
moves more quickly
Nephridia remove nitrogen
containing waste from
bloods and release it
outside the body

Response

sponges dont have

nervous systems- no
sense of responding

gather information from using

specialized sensory cells, have
nerve net, have statocysts

two-shelled mollusks have

simple nervous systems
while octopi have well

protection- sending out

toxins

(sensory cells that determine

the direction of gravity)

developed brains and

nervous systems

reproduction

internal fertilization-eggs
are fertilized in the body
can reproduce sexually or
asexually
After fertilization, the
zygote develops in a larva
which is carried by a
current

external fertilization- takes

place outside the females body
male releases sperm and
female releases eggs into the
water
reproduce both asexually and
sexually
assexually by budding

two-shelled mollusks:
external fertilization
Tentacle mollusks takes
place inside the body of the
female body

Germ Layers

Absent

Two

three

Cephalization

Absent

Absent

Present

Coelom

Absent

Absent

True Coelom

Early Development

Protostome

Phylum

Annelids

Fish

Amphibians

Body
Plan/symmetry

They are worms with

segmented bodies and
they have a coelom. They
segments are separated

bilateral symmetry
inner skeleton
s-shaped curve for mobility
curve starts from head to tail

Bilateral symmetry
S-shaped curve and legs can
push backward off from the
ground

by septa and each part is

designed to perform a
special function. They
have bilateral symmetry.

dorsal and anal fins for balance well-developed hind limbs

and have disks on toes for
climbing

Feeding

some animals use a

pharynx to get food, some
pharynx have sharp jaws
for attacking prey but
others have sticky mucus
to feed on decaying
vegetation, another way
they obtain nutrients is by
filter feeding

herbivores carnivores
parasites, filter feeders and
detritus feeders.
Food passage: mouth,
esophagus, stomach(pyloric
ceca- digestive enzymes and
absorb nutrients)
and to liver and pancreas
which add enzymes. Digestion
and trient absorption complete
by intestine. Undigested foods
eliminated through anus

Tadpoles are herbivores that

are filter feeders and eat
algae
Adult amphibians are mostly
carnivores and they have
long tongues to catch flies

Resp/circ/excretion

aquatic Annelids breathe

through gills, land dwelling
Annelids breathe through
their moist skin, Annelids
usually have a closed
circulatory system, dorsal
vessel go toward the
head of the worm, the
ventral vessel runs from
head to tail, and each
segment has smaller
vessels as well, digestive
waste passes through the
anus, cellular waste that
contains nitrogen is
eliminated by nephridia,

Respiration: exchange gases

using gills(made of filaments)
has a large space for exchange
of O2 and CO2. Has single gill
opening
Circulation:
closed circulatory system with
a single loop(heart to gills to
rest of the body then to heart.
Consist of four parts:
sinus venosus(collect blood
from veins), atrium(one-way
compartment for blood),
ventricle (actual pumping
portion of heart), and bulbus
arteriosus (connects to aorta
through gills)
Excretion:
diffuse through gills and
kidneys
Kidneys help control amount of
water in their bodies
Fishes in saltwater lose water
by Osmosis

Respiration:
exchange gas through skin
and gills
When frog come adult, lungs
replace gills and exchange
gas through the lining of
mouth cavity. Well developed
lungs.
Circulation:
Double loop. First loop:
carry oxygen-poor blood
from heart lungs & skin
back to heart. Second
loop: carry oxygen-rich
blood from heart rest of
the body and oxygen-poor
blood from body back to
heart.
Heart: left atrium, right
atrium, and ventricle.
Oxygen-poor blood
circulate bodyright
atrium. Same time,
oxygen-rich blood lungs
and skin left atrium.
Atria contract to empty
blood into the ventricle.
Then ventricle pump
blood out to single blood
vessel to divide into
smaller blood vessels.
Most oxygen-poor

bloodlungs most
oxygen-rich blood rest
of the body.
Excretion: Kidneys filter
wastes from blood. Path:
urine travel through
ureters cloaca outside
body or temporarily
stored in small urinary
bladder
Response

Most annelids have brains

and nerve chords.
They have sensory
tentacles, chemical
receptors,two or more
pairs of eyes and
statocysts which are
adaptations that detects
stimuli.

well-developed nervous
systems and sense organs.
organized around a brain.
Cerebrum: senses the smell.
Cerebellum: coordinates body
movements
Medulla Oblongata: controls
many internal organs.
Has Chemoreceptors
(control the extraordinary
senses of taste and smell.
Lateral Line system detect
gentle currents and vibrations
in the water. Can sense the
motion of other fishes to
protect themselves.

well developed nervous and

sensory systems
nictitating membrane- gel in
eyelid protects eye
tympanic membraneswhere they hear

reproduction

Most Annelids reproduce

sexually, some use
external fertilization and
others are
hermaphrodites, two
worms attach to each
other to exchange sperm,
fertilization takes place in
the clitellum.

can be fertilized either

externally or internally.
Oviparous: Female lay eggs,
embryo grow by obtaining food
from the yolk and hatch outside
her body.
Ovoviviparous: eggs stay in
the mothers body after internal
fertilization. They use yolk for
nourishment.
Viviparous: stay in mothers
body and embryo get food from
the mother directly. Born alive.

The male climbs on the

females back and squeezes.
The female releases over 200
eggs that the male fertilizes.

Germ Layers

three

Three

Three

Cephalization

Present

Present

Present

Coelom

True Coelom

True Coelom

True Coelom

Early Development

Protostome

Embryo

Embryo