REGULATO

RY
SUBSTANC
E

SOURCE

Gastrin

G cells
(Antrum of
Stomach)

D cells
(Pancreas)

Somatostati
n

FUNCTION

Cholecystoki
nin

I cells
(Duodenu
m,
Jejunum)

Secretin

S cells
(Duodenu
m)

GIP(Glucose
-Dependent
Insulinotropi
c Peptide)
Motilin

K cells
(Duodenu
m,
Jejunum)
Small
Intestine

VIP(Vasoacti
ve Intestinal
Polypeptide
)

Parasym
gangliain
sphincters,
gall
bladder
and small
intestine

Inc Gastric H+
Secretion
Inc Gastric Motility
Inc Growth of
Gastric mucosa

Dec Gastric acid &

Pepsinogen
Secretion
Dec Pancreatic &
Small Intestine fluid
secretion
Dec Insulin &
Glucagon Release
Dec Gall Bladder
Contraction
Inc Pancreatic
Secretion
Inc Gall Bladder
Contraction
Dec gastric
emptying
Inc relaxation of
sphincter of Oddi
Inc HCO-3 secretion
Dec Gastric
Secretion
Inc Bile secretion
Dec Gastric H+
secretion
Inc Insulin secretion

Migratory Motor
Complexes

Inc Intestinal Water

and Electrolyte
Secretion
Inc relaxation of
intestinal smooth
muscle and
sphincter

REGULATION

NOTES

Inc by Gastric
distension,
Alkaline ph,
peptides, amino
acids, Vagal
Stimulations
Dec by pH<1.5
Inc by Acid
Dec by vagal
Stimulation

Inc in
Chr
Atrophic
Gastritis
ZE Synd
Chr PPI use

Inc by Fatty
Acids , Amino
Acids

Increased by
Acids, Fatty
Acids in lumen
of duodenum
Increased by
Fatty Acids,
Amino Acids,
Oral Glucose
Inc by
starvation

Inc by
Distension,
Vagal
Stimulation
Dec By
Adrenergic
Imput

Inhibits
secretion of
GH, Insulin,
Glucagon.
Used in
Insulinoma,
Acromegaly,
Esophageal
Varices,
Carcinoid
Syn
Stimulates
Neuronal
Muscarinic
Pathways

Neutralises
Gastric acid

Also Called
GASTRIC
INHIBITORY
PEPTIDE
ERYTHROMY
CIN stimulates
intestinal
receptors to
stimulate
intestinal
peristalsis
VIPoma =
(WDHA)
WATERY
DIARRHOEA
HYPOKALEMI
A
ACHLORHYD

Nitric Oxide

Inc Smooth Muscle

relaxation and
reduce LES tone

RIA
Its loss causes
ACHALASIA