APTITUDEFORMULA

OP

TIMEANDDISTANCE>IMPORTANTFACTSANDFORMULAE

1.Speed=[Distance/Time],
Time=[Distance/Speed],
Distance=(Speed*Time)
2.xkm/hr=[x*5/18]m/sec.
3.IftheratioofthespeedsofAandBisa:b,thentheratioofthetimestakenbythemtocoverthe
samedistanceis1/a:1/borb:a.
4.xm/sec=[x*18/5]km/hr.
5.Supposeamancoversacertaindistanceatxkm/hrandanequaldistanceatykm/hr.then,the
averagespeedduringthewholejourneyis[2xy/x+y]km/hr.
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PROFITANDLOSS>IMPORTANTFACTSANDFORMULAE

DO

NO

TC

CostPrice:Thepriceatwhichanarticleispurchased,iscalleditscostprice,abbreviatedasC.P.
SellingPrice:Thepriceatwhichanarticleispurchased,iscalleditscostprice,abbreviatedasC.P.
ProfitorGain:Thepriceatwhichanarticleispurchased,iscalleditscostprice,abbreviatedasC.P.
Loss:IfS.PislessthanC.P.,thesellerissaidtohaveincurredaloss.
1.Gain=(S.P.)(C.P.)
2.LossorgainisalwaysreckonedonC.P.
3.gain%=[Gain*100/C.P.]
4.Loss=(C.P.)(S.P.)
5.Loss%=[Loss*100/C.P.]
6.S.P.=(100+Gain%)/100*C.P.
7.S.P.=(100Loss%)/100*C.P.
8.C.P.=100/(100+Gain%)*S.P.
9.C.P.=100/(100Loss%)*S.P.
10.Ifanarticleissoldatagainofsay,35%,thenS.P.=135%ofCP
11.Ifanarticleissoldatalossofsay,35%,thenS.P.=65%ofC.P.
=======================================================================
VOLUMEANDSURFACEAREA>IMPORTANTFACTSANDFORMULAE
I.CUBIOD
Letlength=l,breadth=bandheight=hunits.Then,
1.Volume=(lxbxh)cubicunits.
2.Surfacearea=2(lb+bh+lh)
II.CUBE
Leteachedgeofacubebeoflengtha.Then,1.Volume=acubicunits.
2.Surfacearea=6asq.units.
3.Diagonal=3aunits.

TC

OP

III.CYLINDER
Letradiusofbase=randHeight(orlength)=hThen,
1.Volume=(rh)cubicunits.
2.Curvedsurfacearea=(2rh)sq.units.
3.Totalsurfacearea=(2rh+2rsq.units)
=2r(h+r)sq.units.
IV.CONE
Letradiusofbase=randHeight=h.Then,
1.Slantheight,l=h+runits.
2.Volume=[1/3rh]cubicunits.
3.Totalsurfacearea=(rl+r)sq.units.
V.SPHERE
Lettheradiusofthesphereber.Then,
1.Volume=[4/3r3]cubicunits.
2.Surfacearea=(4r)sq.units.
VI.HEMISPHERE
Lettheradiusofahemisphereber.Then,
1.Volume=[2/3r3]cubicunits.
2.Curvedsurfacearea=(3r)sq.units.
3.Totalsurfacearea=(3r)sq.units.
Remember:1litre=1000cm.

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BOATSANDSTREAMS>IMPORTANTFACTSANDFORMULAE

DO

NO

I.Inwater,thedirectionalongthestreamiscalleddownstream.And,thedirectionagainstthestreamis
calledupstream.
II.Ifthespeedofaboatinstillwaterisukm/htandthespeedofthestreamisvkm/hr,then:
Speeddownstream=(u+v)km/hr
Speedupstream(uv)km/hr.
III.Ifthespeeddownstreamisakm/hrandthespeedupstreamisbkm/hr,then:
Speedinstrillwater=1/2(a+b)km/hr
Rateofstream=1/2(ab)km/hr

PARTNERSHIP>IMPORTANTFACTSANDFORMULAE
I.Partnership:Whentwoormorethantwopersonsrunabusinessjointly,theyarecalledpartnersand
thedealisknownaspartnership.
II.RatioofDivisionofGains:
(i)Wheninvestmentsofallthepartnersareforthesametime,thegainorlossisdistributedamongthe
partnersintheratiooftheirinvestments.
SupposeAandBinvestRs.xandRs.yrespectivelyforayearinabusiness,thenattheendoftheyear:
(Asshareofprofit):(Bsshareofprofit)=x:y.
(ii)Wheninvestmentsarefordifferenttimeperiods,thenequivalentcapitalsarecalculatedforaunitof
timebytaking(capital*numberofunitsoftime).Now,gainorlossisdividedintheratioofthese
capitals.

SupposeAinvestsRs.xforpmonthsandBinvestsRs.yforqmonths,then(Asshareofprofit):(Bs
shareofprofit)=xp:yq.
III.WorkingandSleepingPartners:Apartnerwhomanagesthebusinessisknownasworkingpartner
andtheonewhosimplyinveststhemoneyisasleepingpartner.
===============================================================================
BANKERSDISCOUNT>IMPORTANTCONCEPTS

TC

OP

BankersDiscount:SupposeamerchantAbuysgoogdsworth,sayRs.10,000fromanothermerchantB
atacreditofsay5months.Then,Bpreparesabill,calledthebillofexchange.Asignsthisbillandallows
Btowithdrawtheamountfromhisbankaccountafterexactly5months.
Thedateexactlyafter5monthsiscallednominallyduedate.Threedays(knownasgracedays)are
addedtoittogetadate,knownaslegallyduedate.
SupposeBwantstohavethemoneybeforethelegallyduedate.Thenhecanhavethemoneyfromthe
bankerorabroker,whodeductsS.I.onthefacevalue(i.e.,Rs.10,000inthiscase)fortheperiodfrom
thedateonwhichthebillwasdiscounted(i.e.,paidbythebanker)andthelegallyduedate.This
amountisknownasBankersDicount(B.D.)
Thus,B.D.istheS.I.onthefacevaluefortheperiodfromthedateonwhichthebillwasdiscountedand
thelegallyduedate.
BankersGain(B.G.)=(B.D.)(T.D.)fortheunexpiredtime.
Note:Whenthedateofthebillisnotgiven,gracedaysarenottobeadded.

NO

BANKERSDISCOUNT>IMPORTANTFORMULAE
I.B.D.=S.I.onbillforunexpiredtime.
II.B.G.=(B.D.)(T.D.)=S.I.onT.D.=(T.D.)/R.W.
III.T.D.=P.W.*B.G.
IV.B.D.=[Amount*Rate*Time/100]
V.T.D.=[Amount*Rate*Time/100+(Rate*Time)]

DO

VI.Amount=[B.D.*T.D./B.D.T.D.]
VII.T.D.=[B.G.*100/Rate*Time]
============================================================================
CLOCKS>IMPORTANTFORMULAE

Thefaceordialofawatchisacirclewhosecircumferenceisdividedinto60equalparts,calledminute
spaces.
Aclockhastwohands,thesmalleroneiscalledthehourhandorshorthandwhilethelargeroneis
calledtheminutehandorlonghand.
I.In60minutes,theminutehandgains55minutesonthehourhand.
II.Ineveryhour,boththehandscoincideonece.
III.Thehandsareinthesamestraightlinewhentheyarecoincidentoroppositetoeachother.
IV.Whenthetwohandsareatrightangles,theyare15minutespacesapart.
V.Whenthehandsareinoppositedirections,theyareare30minutespacesapart.
VI.Angletracedbyhourhandin12hrs=360.
VII.Angletracedbymunutehandin60min.=360.

TooFastandTooSlow:Ifawatchoraclockindicates8.15,whenthecorrecttimeis8,itissaidtobe15
minutestoofast.
Ontheotherhand,ifitindicates7.45,whenthecorrecttimeis8,itissaidtobe15minutestooslow.
TRUEDISCOUNT>IMPORTANTCONCEPTS
SupposeamanhastopayRs.156after4yearsandtherateofinterestis14%perannum.Clearly,Rs.
100at14%willamounttoRs.156in4years.So,thepaymentofRs.100nowwillclearoffthedebtof
Rs.156due4yearshence.Wesaythat:
Sumdue=Rs.156due4yearshence;

TRUEDISCOUNT>IMPORTANTFORMULAE

OP

Presentworth(P.W.)=Rs.100;
TrueDiscount(T.D.)=Rs.(156100)=Rs.56=(Sumdue)(P.W.).
Wedefine:T.D.=InterestonP.W.
Amount=(P.W.)+(T.D.).
InterestisreckonedonP.W.andtruediscountisreckonedontheamount.

TC

Letrate=R%perannumandTime=Tyears.Then,
I.P.W.=100*Amount/100+(R*T)=100*T.D./R*T
II.T.D.=(P.W.)*R*T/100=Amount*R*T/100+(R*T)
III.Sum=(S.I.)*(T.D.)/(S.I.)(T.D.)
IV.(S.I.)(T.D.)=S.IonT.D.
V.Whenthesumisputatcompoundinterest,thenP.W.=Amount/[1+R/100]T;
=======================================================================

NO

PROBLEMSONTRAINS>IMPORTANTFORMULAE

DO

1.akm/hr=[a*5/18]m/s.
2.am/s=[a*18/5]km/hr.
3.Timetakenbyatrianoflengthlmetrestopassapoleorastandingmanorasignalpostisequalto
thetimetakenbythetraintocoverlmetres.
4.Timetakenbyatrainoflengthlmetrestopassastationaryobjectoflengthbmetresisthetime
takenbythetraintocover(l+b)metres.
5.Supposetwotrainsortwobodiesaremovinginthesamedirectionatum/sandvm/s,whereu>v,
thentheirrelativesspeed=(uv)m/s.
6.Supposetwotrainsortwobodiesaremovinginoppositedirectionsatum/sandvm/s,thentheir
relativespeedis=(u+v)m/s
7.Iftwotrainsoflengthametresandbmetresaremovinginoppositedirectionsatu
8.Iftwotrainsoflengthametresandbmetresaremovinginthesamedirecitonatum/sandvm/s,
thenthetimetakenbythefastertraintocrosstheslowertrain=(a+b)/(uv)sec.
9.Iftowtrains(orbodies)startatthesametimefrompointsAandBtowardseachotherandafter
crossingtheytakeaandbsecinreachingBandArespectively,then
(Asspeed):(Bsspeed)=(b:a).

==================================================================================

SIMPLEINTEREST>IMPORTANTFORMULAE
1.Principal:Themoneyborrowedorlentoutforacertainpriodiscalledtheprincipalofhesum.
2.Interest:Extramoneypaidforusingothersmoneyiscalledinterest.
3.SimpleInterest(S.I.):Iftheinterestonasumborrowedforacertainperiodisreckoneduniformly,
thenitiscalledsimpleinterest.
LetPrincipal=P,Rate=R%perannum(p.a.)andTime=Tyears,Then,
(i)S.I.=[P*R*T/100]
(ii)P=[100*S.I./R*T]
R=[100*S.I/P*T]andT=[100*S.I./P*R]
PROBLEMSONNUMBERS>DESCRIPTION

AVERAGE>IMPORTANTFACTSANDFORMULAE

OP

Inthissection,questionsinvolvingasetofnumbersareputintheformofapuzzle.Youhavetoanalyse
thegivenconditions,assumetheunknownthenumbersandformequationsaccordingly,whichon
solvingyieldtheunknownnumbers.

TC

I.Average=[Sumofobservations/Numberofobservations]
II.Supposeamancoversacertaindistanceatxkmphandanequaldistanceatykmph.Then,the
averagespeedduringthewholejourneyis[2xy/x+y]kmph.
===========================================================
Numbers>IMPORTANTFACTSANDFORMULAE

DO

NO

1.NaturalNumbers:
Countingnumbers1,2,3,4,5,..arecallednaturalnumbers.
II.WholeNumbers:
Allcountingnumberstogetherwithzeroformthesetofwholenumbers.Thus,
I.0istheonlywholenumberwhichisnotanaturalnumber.
II.Everynaturalnumberisawholenumber.
III.SomeImportantFormulae:
I.(1+2+3+.....+n)=n(n+1)/2
II.(12+22+32+.....+n2)=n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
III.(13+23+33+.....+n3)=n2(n+1)2/4
================================
SURDSADNINDICES>IMPORTANTFACTSANDFORMULAE
1.LAWSOFINDICES:
(i)am*an=am+n
(ii)am/an=amn
(iii)(am)n=amn
(iv)(ab)n=anbn
(v)(a/b)n=an/bn
(vi)a0=1
2.SURDS:Letaberationalnumberandnbeapositiveintegersuch
thata(1/n)=na

3LAWSOFSURDS:
(i)
na=a(1/n)
(ii)
nab=naxnb
na/b=na/nb
(na)n=a

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NO

TC

OP

(iii)
(iv)