PART

In Part 1 you will learn how (Q multiply and divide with a slide rule. A slide rule has several number scales named by Jeerers- A, B, C, D, etc. In PaC[ 1 only basic scales C and D will be used. The use of ocher scales will be explained later.

1

(a) How to mu.ltip.ly:

When you study rhe charts in [his manual always set the slide on your rule like the ones pictured in [he lesson. Study the slide rule itself along with me charts. Set the slide on your rule like [he Doe pictured below. This swing is used for 2 X ) = 6.

The large numerals are read as follows:

1 = 1, or 10, or 100, ere; also.1, or .01, or .001, ere. 2 = 2, or 20, or 200, erc.; also .2, or .02, or .002, ere, 3 = 3, or 30, or 300, etc.; also .3, or .03, or .003, ere, This is true on both the C and the D scale.

Rule: To multiply one number by another:

Set 1 of the C scale over one of the numbers on the D scale. Sec hairline of cursor over [he other number on the C scale. Read answer under the hairline on tbe D scale.

The setting shown above would also be used for all of me examples following: 20 X 3 = 60; 20 X 30 = 600; .2 X 3 = .6; 20 X 3000 = 60,000; .02 X 300 = 6; .02 X .03 = . 0006.

As soon as you have learned how CO locate or read ocher numbers on the scales, you can multiply any rwo numbers in chis way .

2_

•

(b) How to read the C and D scales: Below is a 0 scale. Study the readings shown.

1.0 1.2 lA 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.~ 3.2 U ,., 7.2 8.9

I Iii I It I Y I Y I Y I ]2t I ~t 1 I I 19.~

• I "~I' 'I""~' "'" ":"1'''''1'''''''' i"r~"'""I:'''''"W"'''"':"T:''''''''' '''''''''' """"I''''''''''''''''''''''''!''~'~''''""'''''''''''"''''''''''''''''' I'" I"" 'I'" "'" 'I'" ',""'1'"''1'''1'''''''''1''''''''''''''''11'1'''''''''''""""""I"""",~ ,

1.02 1.24 1.46 1.88

Between 1 and 2, the spaces between "renth" marks are sub-divided into 10 parts, Count as though each space represears "one hundrech,' Between 1.0 and 1.10, read 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, ere, co UO.

This mark also represents 13, or 130, or BOO, or .13, or .013, or any number with figures l3. no matter where (he decimal poiat is located. A similar staremenr can be made for me ocher "tenth" marks.

From 2 to 4 [here are only) spaces between "tenths" Counr as rnough each space represenes "tWO hu ndr echs.' Between 2 and 2.1 read: 2.02,2.04,2.06, 2.08, then 2.10. From 4 to la, there is only one mark between tenths.

The C scale is just like the D scale. FOI practice in reading it, study rhe one below.

Summary:

Any mark represents many difFerenr numbers. They all have [he same figures (digits), but the decimal poine is in differem positions in each. There is a definite mark for the firse twO figures of any number.

On the Qext page you will learn more about how the scales are read.

3.

(c) Mo.,.e about ,.ellding tb« scales: The rule pictured below isser to multiply 14.7 by 3.76.

The 1 of the C scale is Set over 147 of rhe D scale. The number The cu rsor bail! ine set over 376 of the C scale comes over 553
147 is located by rhe 7tb mark after 14. For practice, check of the D scale. The number 376 is located to the right of 37
these readings on the C scale: 1.13, 1.39. 1.65, 191. The arrows by reading rhc marks as "rwo,' "four" "six:' The number 553
poim to rhern in order from left to righr, is located between 550 and 555, and is JUSt a little nearer 555.
The answer for 14.7 X 3.76 is 55.3 approximarely.
I.B U9 1.65 191 Body,l StaIDr CUI'JOf Haizlinc:
L
\ \ V
Slid"
• j'''''I'''' ""I"~'" !~M"j!lliI~ ~'iUj\~ ~\"~W.\Ij."I.ll.W, UM~IIilI1I~I'i'~\~I"!"\~I~I"I"~' '/',"1'/1'['1','1 ~~~~I'11Ii' '111'11111"111 lIt 1IIIIIIIIIIlItl'\"'IIIIIIII'~lhllllllllhl"""1I1 ii"'"
t j' II I Iii I~ '" I It IJ I'.;i .1'1 "'III·II'i' I' '1";1 IIIWI I)
-, l
"-
Bod DC Sra<Df 217

288

248

Locate the decimal point by estimaring. Thus 14.7 is near IS. and 3.76 is near 4. The result for 14.7 X 3.76 will be near 15 X 4 or GO. The reading is 553. The answer must be .55.3. You weuld also. gee the decimal point placed right by rounding off 14.7 [Q 10. and 3.76 to 4. using 10 X 4 = 40 to decide roughly how large (be answer is. Usually you will know where rhe decimal point must be placed so the answer wiIJ "make sense."

..

Examples [or praclice.

1. 18 X 3.7 Set 1 of C scale over 18 of D scale. Set hairline over 3J of C. Read 66.6 on D:

2. 280 X 0.34 Set 1 of C scale over 280 of D scale. Set hairline over 0.34 of C. Read 95.2 on D.

423

662

898

H4

1

From 4 to 10 there is only one mark between "renchs" The "hundrerhs" position is set by estimating. One nrrow points to 5.14.or 514,or 51.4,erc. Check (he readings shown by the ocher arrows. Each short graduation mark stands fm "Five-hundredrhs" You can estimate where rhe other "hundredths" mark would be jf there was room.

4 ..

3. 0.0215 X 3.54 Set 1 of C scale over 0.0215 of D scale. Set hairline over 3.54 of C. Read 0.0761 on D.

4. 4.15 X 2.35

Ser I of C scale over 4.15 of D scale. Set hairline over 2.35 of C. Read 9.75 00 D.

(d) How 10 di.vide: Divisioo is the. opposite of multiplication. The slide pictured 00 page 4' above is set [0 divide 5';.3 by 3.76. The answer is 14.7. The rule for division is in a box below.

Example; 2.39 + 1.88 = 1.27

Use hairline [0 set 1.88 on Cover

Find 1.27 under Ion C

Dividend -i- divisor = quotiene Example: 12 -;- 3 = 4

2.39 on D

Rule: Set divisor on the C scale over (he dividend on the D scale. Read answer on the 0 scale under I of the C scale.

Example: 62.4 +- .707= 88.3 Set .707 on C over Under Ion C find

Illmjlllllwlllll'~IIIIII~III!'III'I'I\,I'I'I'~,I'I' ,'111\ ',','11/1\1',',' i i \ 11',11", 1111\ ','I'll \ ~ i'r','ljl \11 'II \ 1\\MII'\il~llliI'I'I'\\'I"I!~jll'I'I\'IIII\\I'~f'''''''I'""I'll 0

62.4 on D 88.3 on 0

5.

Th, tUu",," po;"" ;'" (JiflU.os:

To locare the decimal polar in a division example, round the numbers off [0 one or (WO figure. Divide: mentally. Fot example, 55.3 is near 50 II.Ild 3.76 is near 5. Then ainee: .'0 +- 5 = 10, the answer IIlIlSt be near 14. It is not 147 or 1.47. Usually you will know where ro locale [he decimal point to have a sensible answer,

1!:t:"mples /01" ,""dic,.

Find Set 7 all C ova 82 all D Under 1 011 the C scale

1. 82 +- 7 read l1.7 on the D scale.

Over 7S 00 D see 92 011 C. Under I on the C 2. 75 -r- 92 scale read 0.B15 an D. To locate the decimal point notice mat me fraction 1%2 is about equal 10%0'

(e) Prop01"/ions: FOT any setting of the slide, marty equal eaeios are sbowII. Proportions are easy to solve.

1 (one) 2 (onC) 3(onC) ~6(00C) "S(one)

2 (00 D) 4 (on D) 6 (ooD) 72 (00 D) 96(000)

I . • 1 I I I

o 111111'11'" 1'"111'''11''' ~I~IIJI ~ 1IIIIIIIIIi 1111111 i ~ 11111111111 I: 11111 ~111111111!1I11 ~1~lllllllllillllllll~lllllIlIlmllm~ I 'j' II \ 'I' II \'1' II \'1'/1 \'1'11\'(11\'111 \'111 \'(II\'I~'III ~llliill\'I! l'i'~Wllrlll\'III\'II!'I~IIIIIII'I,I'IIIJI~111 NII,MI"li' I ~III , I , I , C

Bx Ie F' d x i f 11 . . 7 2.1 bu: To lind " in i::: ;, set" 00 the C scale opposite
am; . III ;0; In me 0 ow'ng propornon: '5 = x .
Set 7011 C OVCJ; :; all D. Uoder 2.1 00 b on the D scale. Under & on the C scal.e, fetid" on the
C read U on the D scale. Then. x = 1.5. D scale.
(I) Whorl 10 ti~ iJ the ~",er is "outsid," ,be D scllk. bier Either [he left or the figbc
=z: Find 2 X B. Ser 1 of the C scale over 2 of the D scale. Locare 8 OIl [be C index (1) of C may be used, Use
e. It. it "outside" me rule, Therefore move the slide end-for-end so me right- the one that puts the IUlfWet on
haDd I of C is OVet 2 of D. Uodet 8 of C read the answer 16 OD D. the D scale. (3) UDder 8 of C (I) Scuiahr index of C

G dn,lnldlll,hlllllllJhnllilllllluIIUlI' 111I1 Ii Ii 11110 Ii II i'III"IIIIIIII,!11I1·~ 1IIIiIlllllllill\llllllillllll11ilill~llillllllllllll\I~111111111111111111,~ II' "'l' I "I' "'I"" I ''''1'"'1''" 1'''IIII''lg"I~",n''llul''"III''I''IIII'''I''"I''" 'I' Q

01 , I l 41 ~ I~ J. t ~

(4) locate 160lD (2) ovu20lD

6.

;. .

(g) Combined. operations: Many examples require both multiplication and division.

" l F' d 24.8 X 1.52

cxam-p e. In 12.4

Set the rule to divide 24.8 by 12.4. Then move the hairline over 1.52 on-C. Read answer 3.04 on D,

Rule: Fora ~ h. di.vide a by ~, then multiply by h. Set e of C scale over a on D scale. Move hairline to b of C scale. Read answer under hairline on D scale,

12.4. 1.52

D I"" ""'~"" I"" I: '" 1'''' 11"'1" "~,, 11""ll'''I''''W''I''''II''''''''~''I""~~,,llllllllll r"l! 11"1 ~ 1111I1I11111111"rrllllllllj111IWI~1II111II111II11IIIPUlIIIII~~m[ 1'1'11 \ 'I' II 1'1'/1 \'1'11 1'111/','111','111'

24.8 3.04

Examples Jor practice.

1. Find 42 ~ 37. Set 65 on Cover 42 on D. Move: hairline to 37 on C Read answer 23.9 under hairline on D.

2. Jliod2.7 ~ .43. Set 19 on Cover 2.7 on D, Move hairline

[0 43 on C. Read answer .0611 on D under hairline.

3 F'· d 182 X 4.58 X 67.3 0 182 D 284 C

• III 2.84 X 32.2 . ver . on set. on .

Move hairline over 4.58 on the C scale. Move slide so 32.2

is under the hairline. Move hairline to 76.3 on C. Read the answer on D under the hairline. It is 613.

Examples for you to do. Answers
l.x= 132 X 42.5 300
1.87
2. Fi.od 2.37 X 60.4 26.4
5.42
3. Find 2430 X 34.5 1136
73.8
4. 0.063 _ 34.1 276
0.51 - x
5. 18 13 65.7
--W='""'X" 7.

PART

In Part 2 you will Ie',l rn how ro usc some of the special scales on a 51 iJ,' rule. The CI scale has man y d itferent 115(;5. The A and B scules arc used ttl find squares or square roms of numbers, The K scale is used co find cubes UT cube roms of numbers.

2

When you srudy rhe charrs in rhls manunl, always see the 51 ide on your rule like rhe ones pictured in rhe lesson. Study the slld« TIIIt! itsel] along wirh the charts,

(a) How 10 read tbe Cl scale: Below is part of a CI scale and C scale. The CI scale reads from right to left. Note «) beside the numbers to help remember. The CI scale is just Ii.ke the C scale except that it reads the other way.

j

1 c;J.lIllhljl'hhIJ~H'1'1 ••• LI.hh1t 'h.dd,I"'I'I.r.llll'I, r, I,~" I i , ~''?II'1 JI, I j 1 j I J I, II I,":~j I. j j I , , I I. I j, I I ~ t I ~ ,uhihhHlll!uhll.lllltll!uljHill!!~al'~'~IlIJIIHd .. t ,11,111,11.1; '1"" t!" III I •• t.l, II~ mlill
1'11,1"111,,, 111111f'lll 1IIIilllllllllilllll"II~'1I111II1~lIl1hlllrlllllll1l'"lllllIlflIIIIIII~IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII :J'IIIIIIIIIIlIIIIIIIIIIII~lIlllmlllllllllllllllll'lIIllllIlIllIllIlIlllI: 11111111111111; I111 111I
" L
Nore B on a is over 1.25 on C, and ~ I Here .4 on a is oppos~e 2.5 on C. and I I Here .5 on C is under 2 on 0. Notice
.8 X 1.25 ::: 1 .4 X 2.5 - 1 [hat .5 X 2 == 1
If the hairline is set over 5 on C, it is also set over 1 -7- 5 or Summ4,.y: If the numbers directly opposite each other on C
Yo or .2 on Cl. At the same rime it is over 2 on CI, it is over and Cl are multiplied, the result is 1. Numbers opposite on
% or .5 on C. When the hairline is over 8 on CI. it is also over C and Clare called reciprocals. Thus 2 and % or 2 and .5
1 .,,_ 8 = .125 00 C. are reciprocals. c c

lladoaa

11111111

9.6 8.~ 7.1 5.82 4.7 '.n 2.97 2 . .e 1 . .94 1.56 B.emcmbet die ICIIoi!

I r I 7.7 I 6i5 I ~." I cis I 3.28 I 2.73 I 2.20 I 1.72 I 1.38 reads f~riJbflO

CI ·t"., .•. L, •• ,11 1. , :f •.• [.,.I ••. ,.,., 1. •. , , .•. 1" ,' .oJ, ,., ,' •• , •• <~., ,,' '. I ••.• '. ~,-' , ,'.".' I , ..! m .. ,:.J ,,, I... , , ,, ! ~t " •. I.,."".I ....•.. J , I ....•.... , ,.! .. h 1 1 1 , I'~I

C I,,, I" ,,,I,, "Io",IIIIIII'''['''''II"i""III"III,IIIIII,""I"":""I,,,,'.,,,,,,, t,,,h,"!,,, ,I,,, ",,,,1,,,, I, ",I.'''h'''I''''hll''II"~"",m'''''J11111I'I,,l'IIII''"h''''IIIII •• 1, ,,1, 111,111, 1.10 II~' 'II~ 11IIIIII £llll'llllllllillltllllllfl!dilllllllll,lIhTilIIIIIIJI,hllldIl.!hl,Idr~I'hII, t

.104 (reciprocal of 9.6) !

.213 (r~lprocaI 014,7) ."5 (reciprocal 01 1.9-4)

ReadouC

8.

(6) HOU110 use ,h. CI ",d, is mtdti{ll,isg: Set your slide like the one below. This is set for 2 X 8 using the a sale.

Compare with (I) of part 1.

Under 1 000 Set B 000

o 1"""'" 1/ '" I" II Ii """"1:'" I"" I!"'I'II '1III:i,:, ;;,;;:;,;;i;)::il~'I;,;;~;;,I\':, ~,:,'; I':;; i1:;i,,:,; i\'I;i;;;ii;;i~I'I;;:i\:'li';lllyii;;~I'I;';;'I;I:lli:;,II,i; 1:1;,i.I,:.t,:';:'i;: ,',;:;';:;'1;;:;'\:;;,\,;; :; ~~; ;;i1I'I;:;;'1 :'

over 2 on D Thi5same setting also show! 32 X 5 = 160. Over 3200 D

llead answer 16 on D set 5 00 a. Uader 1 on a read 160 on D.

Not«: When the Cl scale is used, [he answer always can be read on [he D scale without changing the slide "end-for-end"

as was done in Pan 1, par. (f). '-

Ikampus for p'ac'u,.

1. Find 204 X 6.62. Set 6.62 on a over 204 on D. At I aD a lead 13:50 on D.

2. Find 18.7 X 0.384. Set hairline over 18.7 OD D. Pull 384 00 a under h.air:line. At 1 of CI read 7.18 00 D.

3. Find 5.38 X 1.92. Set hairline over 5.38 on O. Pull 1.92 on a under hairline. At I of a read 10.33 on D.

4. Find 1/"11". Set hairline over "7l" on C Read .318 on a.

:5. Find 1/9.05. Set hairline over 9.05 on CI. Read .ll05 on C Or set hairline over 9.0500 C and read .110500 a.

6. Find 3.68 X 4..13. Set hairline over 3.68 on D. Set slide so 4.13 On CI is undrr the hairline. At 1 of C read answer, 15.2, 00 D.

Rule lomult;fJly udsg CI: Set one of the numbers on a
over the other nu.mber 00 D, Read the answer on the
o scale under the indes: of the C scale.
Co"ti"uea mulliplicatios: Find 16.3 X 2.14 X 7.35. Move
bairline over 16.3 on D. Pull 2.14 on a under hairline.
Move hairline over 7.35 on C. Read answer 256 under hair·
line on D. Or, set 1 on Cover 16.3 on D. Move hairline
over 2.14 on C. Pull 7.35 on a under hairline. Read 256
on D under 1 on c..
A.w;Waf'J di,,;I;Ons: Pind 128 -7- 8:5. Here the method of Les-
SOD 1 puts the slide flU: to the lek But 128 -7- 85 == 128 X
*'6' Set 1 of Cover 128 on D. Move bairliae over 8' OD
a. (This is. Wi5 on C.) Read 1.51 on D. Note slide does
not extend far outside rule.
Por another ~ple. tty: 78 -7- 12 =6.5; set right-b&nd in·
dex (1) of a on 78 of D. Under 12 of a read 6.5 OQ 0_ 9.

(c) Finding squares a'ld squflre roots: Notice the A and B scales. The A and B scales have rwo parts (left and right) ____________ _____:c_:._3_:._ch:::_w_:_;ich numbers from 1 to 10.

Rule: Numbers 00 D have their squares on A. Similarly, numbers 00 C have their squares on B.

If rhe leh index of A represents 1, this middle index is 10 and the right is 100. The middle of A also represents or 100,000 ere, Also 001, or .00001, etc.

~ index
0" When [he hairline is' over 12 on D. it is also index
(I)
< over 12 X 12 = 144, or 12' on A. Also 1.22 1000,
I = 1.44; .12: = .0144; 120" = 14400, etc. Sirn .1 Or.
Q ilady, opposite 12 oa C is 144 on B, ere.
: II: qlllllllllllllill 11111111111111111111111 q IIII!IIIIIIIIIFIIIIIIIIIIIIiII!11111111111 ,illlill 11111 jllIl!IIIIIIH~ I
c I ' ;111111111[11111111[111111111;111111111[111111,1(1 IIIII~ "'Ii I I~II 1 0111111111111 :1'::'1 ,I '111i
D 11111111 In"lill
< Whl'o the hairline is over 144 on A, it is also over \1'144
9 = 12 on D. Also v 1.44 = 1.2, \1'.0144 = .12; etc. Simi-
Q lady, opposite 144 on B is 12 on C, ere.
V Rille: Numbers on A have their square rOOtS on D.
~
& Similarly, numbers on B have their square COOts onC
14400 has 5 digirs to the left of the decimal point. 144 has 3
d igies; 1.44 bas 1 digi ( to left of poi nt, 0.0144 bas 1 zero [0
righr of point; 0.000144 has 3 zeroes.
Rille: II the number of digits or zeroes is an odd number
use the left-hand part of the A scale to set rhe number
for square roots, I Ii tlii:jIII( III 1111111111111:1111111111 II11I

When rhe hairline is over 6 On D, it is also over 36 on A. Also 60~ = 3600; .62 = .36. etc. Similarly opposice .06 on C is (.06)~ or .0036 on B,

1"1 illll I , , III 111111111111'lllllltllllllllllll Jill!"" I' "rill I,,"IIIIIIII"!" I "1"'''1 :

II I .~ 111111111111111 1~IIIlllllllllilllllllIIIIII '1IIiIIIIIIIIIIIild'fill~11 II MI,llli ~

When [he hairline is over 36 on A it is over \/36 = 6 on D.
Also, \1.36 = .6; \1'.0036 = .06; ere, When [he hairline is
over 64 all A it is over y64 = 8 on D. Also,y.64 = .8;
\1'.0064 = .08; etc, The same relationship is true for the B
and C scales.
1440 has 4 digits [0 the lefr of [be decimal point, 14.4 has 2
digits: .144 has 0 digits; 0.00144 bas 2 Zl'fOC:S 10 right of point;
0.0000 144 has 4 zeroes.
I Rille: If the n u mber of digirs or zeroes is an even number
use [he right-hand parr of the A scale to lind squar~
l roots. If the left index of K represents 1, then the 1 at the left below represents 10, and (he 1 ar the right below represents 100. The 1 at the right end of K represents 1000.

10.

If the right index of K represenes l,then the 1 at the right above may represent .1. The 1 at the left above may represent .01. The 1 at the left index may represent .001.

Divide the number ineo g.roups of three digits. Start from the decimal point and count left when number is greater than 1 and right if number is less than 1. 64,000. has 2 digits in first group. 64. has 2 digits in first group. .000,064 has 2 digits in tim group. When the tim group has 2 digits. use the middle part of K for cube coot.

11.

(d) Find;'ng cubes and cube roots: Notice the K scale, The K scale has three para (left, middle, right } each with Dumbers 1 to 10. To save space, a K scale and a D scale are shown close together below.

When the hairline is over 2 on D, it
is also over 2 X 2 X 2 or 2~. or 8, on K.
When it is over 12 on D, it is also over
12 X 12 X 12 or 123 Or 1728 on K.
Numberl on D hflve their cebes on K.
t ....... ,I" .. 1,1.1.111110111 •• ".1,1,1, t, I It.tt' •••••• ""',,*.J,, •• , ••• ,r'IH •• lIfh
1I1111T"111111 11111111I11II11111I1"'IIII"!""llIIlj'IIIIIIUI'IIII"1""III"j"Q" 1111/1
When the hairline is over 8 on K, it is
also over vrs- or 2 all D. When it is
over 1728 on K, it is over ~ or
12 on D. Numberl on K h4ve ,he;r
cube roots on D. When the hairline is over 8 all D, it is also over 5,12 on K. Observe thar 23 = 8, a one-digit number on left part. 43 = 64, a two-digit number on middle

parr. 83= 512, a three-digit number on right part.

(

.. I. I. "",, 1 "",".,,,.,, .. 1.,,, ",, "', ••• , , "' .. , ".j .. , .. ", , .l , , .,.,.,. r ••• " 1.,,, .••• ,1., •• ,.,,', " 1 1 .. " .. " I ' L.I •

I' '1'11' I ""I""I""III"II'''IIIIIIII''~IIII~'I''''IIIIII'IIIIIIIII"''I'''''"q' '11111' 1'1'1' 1'111 T 1'111 I, 'I II' ~ 1IIIl'IIIII'I'l'lllllll' 1III'III'IIJ'IIIIIIIIIIIIII'I'I'I'III'~~'~I'I'I"~"'.1 0

J I

I

o

~

..

..

.g

U

Divide me number into groups of three digits. Starr from the decimal point and count left when number is greater than 1 and right if number is less than 1- 1,728,000. has 1 digit in firSt group. 1.728 has 1 digit ill first group.

. 001,728 has 1 digit in firSt group. When the first group has only 1 digit, use left pact of K for cube toot.

When hairline is over 512 on K. it is also over ~ = 8 on D. When it is over 343 on K, ir is also over -V--343 = 7 on D.The pacts of the K scale ue short and the accuracy is reduced.

Divide the number into groups of three digits. Stan from me decimal point and count left when number is greater than I and right if number is less than 1. 512,000. has 3 digies in the first group. 512. has 3 digits in the 6rSt group. .000,512 has 3 digles in the fust group . When tbe firSt group has 3 digits, use the right-hand part of K for cube root.

(e) Decimal Point Location:

For cubes: Use rules lor ordinary multiplication,

For cube roots: Separate the figures of the Dumber into groups

.: of three figures going both ways from the decimal point. Sup. ply zeroes as needed. There will be one figure in the cube root for each group in the original number.

(/J Examples lor practice: Aruwen
..l. .143
I. 7
1 .0284
2. 35.2
3. ¥IT 2.7
4. ViI 8.H
5. v'NI 29
6. \I@M 0.249
7. 3.952 15.6
8. 48.22 2320
9. 2.4511 14.7
10. 5G.P 171,000
11. .7383 .402
12 .. 09333 .00081
13. 'f7r 4.14
1'4. VTI 1.74
15. V'BIT 9.34
16. .y.offi .316 Examplel:

1. ..y"""'347>8"'-',O=00n".OO=O = 70.3

2. V'34,800.000 = 32.6

3. V'3,480.000 = 15.2

4. V' 348.000,000 = 7.03

5. V'34.800,OOO = 3.26

6. "\0/3.480,000 = 1.52

7. vr:348,OOO,OOO = .703

8. V' .034,800,000 = .326

9. \1'.003,480,000 = .152

10. \y.000,348,OOO,OOO = .0703

11. ,V.OOO,034.800,OOO = .0326

12. V'.OOO,OO3,480,OOO = .0152

Two groups to left of point in number; hence, 2 figures to lefr of point in cube root.

One group to lefe of point in number; hence, 1 figure to left of point in cube root.

Three groups to eighe of point in number; hence, 3 figures to tight of point in cube root.

Fou r groups to right of point in number; hence, 4 figures to right of poim in cube rooc.

12.

PART

3

In Parr .~ you will IC:Hn how m find logarithms. This part also shows how W find sines, cosines, and tangents of angles, and how ro use the slide mit, [(J solve rri:tngles. This lesson is about L, 5, and T scales.

If ir has been mille r imc since YOli srud ied Parts I and 1." may be wise to review them. With rhe L. S, and T sea les, the sea les used most arc C, 0, .md CI.

(a) How 10 find Iflgal'itbm.s: Below is an L scale and DscaJe,

Logarithms on L are to base 10. Note above: log 3.49 = .543. The characteristics must be found by rule-they are nor read from the scale. See below.

The L scale is a uniform scale similu to an ordinary cenrirnerer scale on a "foor- ruler." The decimal points of numbers on the L scale are shown: .1, .2, etc.

When [he hairline is over 2 on the 0 scale, [he logarithm of 2, or .30 I, can be read on the L scale. Thus

Log 2 = .301

Deterfn.ininf{ the Characle.riJli.c: Count the number of figures Rule for 10 Karilh frtS (btlse 10): Set 1M hairl ine over the
from the right of the first non-zero digit toward the decimal number on the D scale. Read ebe mantissa of the log-
point. The characteristic is posifiL'e if the count is coward the arithm on the L scale. Supply tbe correct characrerisric
right, and negative if the count is toward the left, of [he logarithm, using rule at tbe left.
Delef'minj'lf{ Ihe Number: When the characteristic is known, If the logarithm is known and rhecorresponding number is
use the same rule to place the decimal point in the number. to be found. use the above rule "backwards:' first, pay no at-
Start at the right of the first non-zero digit and count places renrion to the characteristics. Set the mantissa on the 1 scale
as given by the characteristic, supplying zeroes as needed. and read the number on the 0 scale. Then use the character-
Use the sign of the characteristic to tell which way you count. isric to place the decimal point.
, 13.

(b) How to read the line scale: Shown below are a sine scale (5) and a C scale. For sines, the angles on S increase from left to right. Use tbe numerals on. (he right side of [he marks. The same marks are used for cosines, but the angles increase from rig~[ to left. Note [he arrtrws ( < ), and read numerals 0.0 the left.

The mark on S under the line below
represen'Isan angle of 7.3 5 0. The value
sin 7.35'" = .128 is read on the C scale
d i teerly below.
/
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!. ~ III ~ ~~ I til Ii IIIII ~ IIIIII l ~ IIIIII i r I rll h~ 111~"IIIIIII~'llh~llj:'1 d\IIFI~1111111~1~~IIII!~ IIII ~
\
When cosines are wanted the numerals
ar (he lcf [ arc used « 82 ). When the
mark on 5 above is rend 82.65°, read
cos 82.65 = .128. The mark on S under the line repre· senrs 13.4°. On C read sin 13.40 = .232. For any angle on S, decimal point is at left of value read on c.

7

\

\

Angles larger [han 80" can be set only roughly on S. The sines of sll these angles ace alrnosr 1.

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Reading from right [0 lefr [he mark on S abov,e is at 76.6°. Then cos 76.6 = .232. For any angle all S, decimal point of cosine is at left of value read on C.

Answers

Examples Jorpr.actice:

1. Fi nd sin 15.8,0. Set hai dine over 15.8 on S. Read rhe value .272 on C.

2. Find the value of cos 62.10. Set the hairline to the leIt of <60 on S at 62.1. Read .468 on C.

3. Find sin 59°. Set 59 on the S scale. Read .857 on C.

4. find cos 31°. Set 31 on the S scale. Read .857 on C.

. Examples for fouta do: l. Find sin 6.7°

2. Find sin 7.6°

3. Find cos 76.30

4. How large is sin 25.4°~

S. What is the value of cos. 54.8°?

.117 .132 .237 .429 .576

/

Read ces 28.5° = .879. When angles are gi yen in rrri nures (28° 30') , converr minutes to decimal fractions of a degree before using scales.

14.

(c) Ho"w 10 read the tatlgent scale: The tangent scale (T) is much like the S scale. The scales on. the sUde shown below are set to multiply 14 .. 6 by the sine, or the cosine, or the tangent of any angle on the 5 orthe T scale.

- -

Angles on T starr at 5.70 and increase toward the right up to 45°. The value of [an 6.75°, or .118, is lead on C.

Angles on T from 45° to 84.3° begin at the light index a.Dd' increase toward [he left. Tan 75° = 3.73, is read on Cl.

Rule: Read tangents of angles from 5.7° to 450 on C; place decimal point at left of first figure, Read tangents of angles from 45° to 84.3° on Cl: place decimal point

at r igh t of fu::st figure. .

F.i.naing col,angent/. Remember that, fot any angle A, em A = l/tan A. The tangent and cotangent of the same angle ale reciprocals. (See lesson 2,. parts ( a) and (b).)

Rule: Read cotangents of angles from 5.70 to 45° en Cli place decimal point at right of firse figure. Read cotangents of angles from 45° eo 84.3° on C; place deci-

mal point at left of first .6g\lle. .

ComputingwiJh sines and tangents.:

Rute.: .Re.member that when an angle is set on SOt anT, [be value o([he sine (or of the tangent) is automati,

cally set 00 the Cscale. .

Wheoa sine (or acangent) oceursas a factor, set [he angle on 5 (or on T), and proceed as in ordinary mul. tipHcation.

Similarly, you can divide a number by thesine (or by the tangent). by setting the number oe D and moving the slide so tbe angle on S (or on T) is under the haitline .. Read the result as usual 00 D.

15.

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