G© Analysis of strain: 21 Defeorbion then a becky 1: deformed by external sorces; poiats i the body way be displaced jhrom the post bons hex ocoupred tunder no Locid Strarm 1s Felabed 4 Buch chspiacoment s Consider the above Pipure, where te atin Meng th of AB, clenoted as hy is displaced 4 AB! (a0. L) clue 4 eternal forces. ho and 2 ove unequal in bagth so a stebe off shein das been jnduced. oihen bhs Conolitren des bean Satisfied the Strain in AB ts clefrned cis, a ae tao aed by chossing Small valecs of these teggths, the Gncapt or mathwctrant wotcon of the State off Strain at a poiet may be invokedia a manner Simla 7E Hat used with stm. Fensile shroras ; Ceased ley scfumstorns » ore Considered Pocibire dthenens Compressive Shain, otwe £ Shorbencny , are negative - Shona. Strmins, oluc te angina okstursion, are dexhined as negodine or yusitive sn the next Stihion .2.2 The Tike Simansional Case for Snail Shosas\ Consider a tuo—ctimensimal cnse cas iV/ustrofee iia Pre faltering Aner Fip.c2)_ Descrighion of the Case of Snail Birwins in) tun dimension Taitiodly the element off Concara ts ABCD there ACHE) 1 Credle), BCX, B40ta) and D(x+da,2+da) leAver fhe Corners off the element. Due t external effects the clement Aistorts Le A'B'C' D! whore AC ase, ae), CC xrderurttar, 24 +Bedx) clefines the ends of the Line cahese mrbict tesph was AC Physically » Smale obepiecament means A'P i He" anal 2 ts alo Sma ( Ze. Tne =O)Now for Shens Shain wssocainted uith A, this is olefiaed as the change in he age CAG. Thrs sheat Strain ts denofeot 25 Yea Pineo its Ocoures inthe 2~2. plave . Fhe fatal change in cngle CAB 1s K+O, recalling that fine 26 withour asumphions + 6 = oe BX Lae) ae dx Bh lk bo 7 we BY Since QW cca. ~ Go pe ~ x Om oe Similarty a 23h Oe there fore Yeo = X46 = 34424 Oe ‘OK where we and ur are olisplacements in the % ond & kredions The Pull tant o87ors for the Strain Components at a paintould be cla fined boy toe Strain matrix, that U5 5 Sar ye Ge Enjy = | kay yy ay) @z 2 72 Saal Here, hewemer €y, = $%a = a ele cay 8 Sah He ¢ eny = by = 4c 0 8) The 1 form rs the Shout Shai ctsrociahed with on applea Shee Stress endl the Shans shedulis 3 1 ts Usuatty refered 4 85 engineering Shea’ Shrain- Tey are given as, =L%, €y2 eae ee = du av Yay = aye tye = Bee : (24) Yaa = Ge Be ~ Engereral cuse, the normal Strains are expressed by tho Aiglacement Up; and wh tn te rg) and 2 drrechons as Povows, = ou €, = 4 =2v i a es) Dor2.3 Stan Transformation $1 Wansfarmation of Stmin prom one Seb ak rofrence oes Ar anetier Set altos a doscdoprent inhuhesl Z tut af Biresas. The resulting exipre Store Tike the olleniing forms y Car’ = Sig Sy t+ Pty Sy + Gx Eag + bag late Cox + Liu kay Sry ¢ hay Cig ya + Ee hity Cay + btn lle Ese + by bee Cyn (26) and» yal = Lye LatsCoa + Ly hay yy + bet bale Cex ty hia eye + alee Cay + Gir lereny + balay Say + Mya hee exe + Ly Ler Syn C2?) Zo the above equations Che mathematical leflimi kien of Shear Strain (5 asad Since these on Tensor bons fermatror, ee, yj = Le Gn ema us Bey = Vey 1 the epuiuatent beans zorntacion tn terme of Y become , Sn = Lin Sent hy Cyy + Geo Gan + KG ht2 ya + Late Lily Vey > hale betcdox C22) and,Tye! = 2C din koe Gee + byy Lay Cy + he e's Caz.) + Nye (My lee + fe Cay) + Ter (Latent Ge Ge) + Vay CMe hy + Ley Len) (24) As with Biresex, there exits a set of owes ahny which ge Sheat Strains, ore Zoro. These are The prinuipal strain-ores and Fase tormed Sfroins are the princpad Strains Whore:-cnie—onals:1s~cowmesn 2 beta: Seber pf: Owes 20j-2:cind 2 comcrle J» Strain transformations take Hie form, % Spy = Cxx! BO + Sy SH7O + ey GIO Sing (2400 Sy +r Seto + Sy Co tf Goo Se (2) Vig = 2éx4f tas sine — 26 yy Cos 90 Vary (Cas"o — Si?) — 2) Zn terms of principal Ftraims Severed we fal relations ome ; ae, = Bur | Sr Gg, ~ Exe = Sz = SHS + SS $26 (3) au) = (G-G) Sin28 Gers) Note $ Ey C26) Chm be wrihen in the faitentitg fara» CV = Leen + Mey 4 Ean 7 La Can + macy + hn Gay 7 than + AME ay 4 leeErample (21): Tw Sheath beled shout thoes cure resishonce nen Gapee atached X the Sarfce of o-part Custer Lands, doe gryos give the Poltesiing indications of Dhroittse Gaye(ay = 0-002 Ga/en Gogeth) = 0.0025 CmJem Gage(c) = 0-00s Cafom - few es Find tne magnitude of Teg and of the principal Shains in the Dy plane Seluhroa siggy B44 Ce-8) ,Hhare bute 2 238 and Lx'y = Cs voz = 0.002 Coveet + (o-c00s)(o-5f p Vrs (0-066) (05) 8 Vay = 000202 Cn/om Te fend the principal Strains, Bee C22) and (2-4) Cow be Feaurongest in omaner Fiat Ao give i ye fe 2 | ESE CBP there fare»Me ewe = (UBL oI) + [(eewnpowet, (292) J = €, = 20025! Cnfon + G =0 2.4 Mohr Circle for Strains: GY Using the matemah cal olofrwtion of Brews Sites | b vine ic bia “aah / esac a oadete: aro ih ea NRT Rial ea: is idleatical 1 concept & dleat Used For Stresses. Some vse paul [elation Bip s one noted cand mug be Compared with thelr Shezes xcept that LY must be pitted plosy the ordinate | Hie contre of the circle 1s Located at 1 (6,+E2) or $a rey 2. The radians off the cirde rs equa 4 4 feq-&)- a 3. Ce - 4) =[C ere + Py] Fhe fotlowing figure presents illustration of tre Mohri cirde plot for SPanolard yminnial tengo , Eee (q-€s) ~e are, C3 ts poisson! mbio) Fixe) Mobel crete tor shrins the enreirind Pondtemple (22) ith the valuns off Eee cee Ey gin in kample (21) andl using the Computed talue of Vays Pind the prinsiple Skeid tn the %y pane Using Hold Circle Gurtraction 2002 Gm Jen oO: 0009 em/om Tey = e00202 cm/on +t e + deol | X(@2908 7 00104) eek ley = Ocoee +e oan 26-60" “G, = o-c025) (0-002, -e-20/el) Kass Solubion + Wet thal Fay 2 positing fy rhe Conventron ctsed in rg & the Sires mabtix, 1b mut ac Count clackmive and % Is Wegatice Im reyard © o plot Mohri circle 2.5 Engineering Strain and “Trae Strain: wader Aagye plashic Sina, tre candhtion off Clashia. sirans is no Aegger Satis Pred and a mare serlirtic defiutian of Streit i's Utibized: Stree! forms are useal tolls small Street ; dws of then beng Cngiacering or neminal -Such strains will cary the sywbol C eum) ce dafinad a8, pe ot | £4 ¢ See HB ta one Toe concept off Eras Brmin (ako called Lagaritdmic oy raturat) is 4 be (atroducedy te TF ve — | “See a = p— se St. * bedb, Fip-C) Panis fer clefiniwy Sue of Shyortthat Strain “True Frain 13 interpreted at an incromethal oloapahion divided by the Gage Layth ak exirbed fash prior L tris increment off change Coonider the sepuence of Oretle dhpictel 0 bie above Apere » © = tcsemontal long th increase uses Previous gage length “rwe Ftrain As fic faud is inorcused from Zero ly, the true cts that exists clue A by tonld be, ee Ved Won os the Leads incrensed from Ly te liz, tac Incremental bruce Biren snduced tiould be ;ate Aor Ot, {i Gs Atom the tohal brace Stroin racheced! by Luna! ly Con be Phong he of as, = = a4, FGA = ON Cea Ta gererl fore ; ugh the porbieulas. Load of cancers + Tras + lee ppiny bre Subscript & far trl , Ak Cz —_——— 2.17) ee (2117) Which Cm be reedily expressed as de= af cay) Assuming the Spceimen Goabadas no (ttimk Freie, there resitts , a & if d J -[ 4 or ea tnd) wry Tue Fiiank paint ane certh noting + 1. The symbol © or its fucreaental farm ole wit always be tert Whee plese. Strains are rrvsfued Ghereas E wt be used shen ashe trains ore discussed. + The tensor concept 13 Valid for small dehrwatons 5% bat Pocrementol trae Strains (de) are terer quantitres regordlees of the ont degree of cleformalion.Erenple C23) Tie tnteal Leger of 0 cserk prece ts GO men When the part ts under no Lead. Uater Coe cyphention of tensile toad, the Lengty ts tnerensed 4 bomua. Fidd poe Nantinal ana Gre Grains inclecest. Solution : Meminal Strain, E = = Q.200 True strain, @ = ha ($2) 2 ol92 Example (2.4)! TR the Lowcliay 04 example C22) Ladd bee Compressive instead of tensile, 26 bihat Leg te inuld Che ome Cimenston be reduced 5 proluce the ofuimlent dre Shain 2 Ghat toralel be Che roond Strain lumater t's Conelr bin ? Eetabion s @ = -0082 = Qf) olde = bo Be) (Websral Layoriteay oP? 8 Le Gof er = Y.67 mm As for the peminal Sirois Lele. WEP~ 8 - opp €-Problems + 2A) A Block of iaHial chmetsions Ao, tie, be issabiched Be denile 7) wy (2%) (a) w 3 ay toactincy Aiat pacreases te Se L wihrle fhe other Srmensions clecrenie 1 ut cand t respectively, lalealate the engineering Strains inthe ster plireckons Coluite be trie Sroins jo be three obfochions Wire 1s pireclacedt by pulling i+ treat a Serres off circilat dies of erer-clecrensiing Cmss-Sectrnal arog unbil the desired ive biamedas is Pinched TH a wire off tatinl himeler of 010 cays pases Ahesualy five chas; exch Caensrig an ary Peduchion of 10%, fiat e's tue pmat viire leimoter. Plot Fue Patio of lfc versus the tebt pommel and true Frans resulting after enchh die ns been posed Trrce. Strata gages are positioned ane Solio! Such tomt Gage () lees parallel % the #-d's. Gage cay ?s post tioned 60° Guntercliete orie % gage one, while the third gage 13 pestered 120° cmnjer cheese 2 the first Qader Loading ; te yryes indicate eae fottoniag Brains, GayeC) = Poo on fon Gagel2) = 1800 M enjem Gajecsy = (000 & cnfon With tre Use oft Hehe Circle plot, determine the Prindpal Etraias yt pe plane prev cihicy Shase mensared Ualues ware Oblained- A Sulid is chefemal wader plane stroin Gmdihons (te. @ =0) Mesar ments jadi cates phat Strains a the 1-2 plane ( Porpee chjemlar tre 4 direction) areEz = 0010» Gye 0.006 > Try 2 0.00% (a) Construck Mohri. trele for pins condition (b) Determine the maynitades of 6, amd Gy + C25) Show that true Streiay detract as la Cl flo) may be represented ley ang of tue fatlorsing forms por unis deforrtratron , es nlf) = bo (Be) = 2hn( 22) = ha/ _ Hhere tny Ae; ord D, owe original Matus off Ae porea and immerse, by Ay ancl 1) are instampanepus , ond is the decimal yectecton it aren