AFFIXES IN UMA LASAN LANGUAGE

THESIS
Presented to
Mulawarman University
In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Sarjana degree in English Education
By :
MARGA TOSA
06.57073.17944.05

MULAWARMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
SAMARINDA
2014

ABSTRACT
Margana Tosa, 2014. Affixes in Uma Lasan Language, Thesis English
Department Teaching Training and Education Faculty, Mulawarman
University and Advisor (1) Drs. H. Masrur Yahya, M. Hum and
Advisor (2) Iwan Setiawan, S.Pd, M.Pd.
Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan language is a vernacular that is used by Uma
Lasan ethnic who lives in Long Pari village Tanjung Palas Barat subdistrict of
Bulungan regency. This vernacular is needed to be conducted a morphological
analysis in affixes in Uma Lasan language. And also the researcher applied some
theories of morphology regarding the definition of morphology, morpheme, base
word/root, and the affixation and its types (prefix, confix, and suffix).
The purposes of the study are: (1) To know what kind of affixes in Dayak
Kenya language with special regard to Uma Lasan dialect, (2) To know the
function of affixes in Dayak Kenya language with special regard to Uma Lasan
dialect.
The design of this study is descriptive qualitative which described an
accurate and systematic description of the affixes Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan
language. In collecting the data, the researcher was key instrument and used
observation and interview to the two informants native language of Dayak Kenya
Uma Lasan language by using tape recorder to record the conversation. Beside
that, the researcher analyzed the data of Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan language.
In the analysis, the researcher found out some results as follows: (1) The
kinds of affixes in Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan language can be classified into two
categories: (a) Prefix {fe-}, {he-}, {me-}, {nge-} (b) Suffix {-e}, {-le}, {-da} (2)
The function of affixation in Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan language can be classified
into four function: (a) To form verb: prefix {fe-}, {me-}, {nge} for example:
fesak, fetahout, melabue, ngetaba, ngenava (b) To form adjective: prefix {he-} for
example: helutue, heri ut (c) To form noun: prefix {he-} for example: hetene
herepa (d) To form possessive pronoun: suffix {-e}, {-le}, {-da} for example:
legite, laminle, hebunda.
Keyword: Affix, Uma Lasan language
First of all, the researcher would like to thank GOD for the blessing that the
researcher can do the research from beginning until the end. In completing the
thesis, the researcher has received valuable help and kindness from many persons.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, the researcher would like to thank GOD for the blessing that
the researcher can do the research from beginning until the end. In completing the
thesis, the researcher has received valuable help and kindness from many persons.
The researcher would like to express his most sincere appreciation and
deepest gratitude to Drs. Masrur Yahya, MHum and Iwan Setiawan, S.Pd, M.Pd as
his first and second advisors for valuable guidance, support, clarifications and
revisions to the writers thesis.
The researcher also expresses his appreciation and many great thanks to
Dr. Hasbi Sjamsir, M.Hum and Dr. Bibit Suhatmady, S.Pd, M.Pd as his first and
second examiners.
His gratitude also goes to Prof. H. Syahril Bardin, M.Si the dean of college
of education, Mulawarman University, Dra. Tri Wahyuningsih, M.Si as the first
Vice Dean of college education, Dra. Endang Dwi Sulistyowati, M.Si as the Head
of Language and Art, and Drs. Didik Sucahyo, Dip. TESL as the Head of English
Department.
Special thanks are dedicated to his beloved parents, (Aim) Tosa Bilung and
Asiu Gung, his awesome sisters Margaretha Tosa, Marliana Tosa, Mamia Tosa and
all his big family. His great thanks sent for endless love, care, prayers and support.
Last but not least, the researcher would like to deliver his thanks to aunt
Rita Magdalena S.Pd for all her information, Eklesia group for the pray and
support, Perfiitira FC for the support. Special thank and love to Evah Sulasti
SKM, I love you.

May GOD bless them all forever.

Samarinda, June 2014

The researcher

VITAE

Margana Tosa was bora on 13th April 1988 in Long Pari, Bulungan North
Kalimantan. He has three sisters. He is second child of (alm) Tosa Bilung and
Asiu Gung.
He began entering study at elementary school in SDN 009 Long Pari in
1994 and finished it in 2000. After that he attended Junior High School in SMP 4
Long Beluah and graduated in 2003. He continued his study in 2003 at SMA 1
Tanjung Selor and graduated in 2006.
Then in 2006, he continued his study to higher education at SI program in
English Department of Mulawarman University. During his study at Mulawarman
University, he had field experience in obligatory social action internship of
advanced university students (KKN) in Benua Bara village, Muara Bengkal
subdistrict East Kutai regency East Kalimantan, and teaching practice (PPL) at
SMP Nuri Samarinda.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE.........................................................................................

APPROVAL PAGE................................................................................

ii

ABSTRACT...........................................................................................

iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................

iv

CURRICULUM VITAE.......................................................................

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................

vii

LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................

LIST OF APPENDIXES.......................................................................

xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study...........................................................
1
1.2......................................................................................................Problem of
the study......................................................................................
3
1.3......................................................................................................Purpose of
the study......................................................................................
3
1.4......................................................................................................The
usefulness of the study................................................................
3
1.5......................................................................................................Scope and
limitation of the Study.................................................................
4
1.6......................................................................................................Definition
of key-term..................................................................................

CHAPTER D REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1......................................................................................................Concept of
Morphology.................................................................................
6
2.2......................................................................................................Concept of
Morpheme...................................................................................

2.3......................................................................................................Concept of
Morphophonemic change............................................................
9
2.4......................................................................................................Concept of
Root.............................................................................................
9
2.5......................................................................................................Concept of
Affix............................................................................................
10
2.5.1. Types of Affix..................................................................
11
2.5.2. Concept of Prefix............................................................
18
2.5.3. Concept of Suffix............................................................
18
2.5.4. Concept of Confix...........................................................
19
2.6......................................................................................................Previous
Related Study..............................................................................

19

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1......................................................................................................Research
Design..........................................................................................
21
3.2......................................................................................................Research
Subject.........................................................................................
22
3.3......................................................................................................Research
Instrument....................................................................................
22
3.4......................................................................................................Data
collection Technique....................................................................
23
3.5......................................................................................................Data
Analysis Technique.....................................................................
24
3.6......................................................................................................Triangulati
on.................................................................................................

25

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1......................................................................................................Findings
.....................................................................................................27
4.1.1. Kinds of affix...................................................................
4.1.2. The function of affix........................................................

27
28

4.2......................................................................................................Discussion
.....................................................................................................39
4.2.1. Kinds of affix are found in Dayak Kenya language
with special regard to Uma Lasan dialect.......................
4.2.2. The function of affixation found in Dayak Kenya
language with special regard to Uma Lasan dialect........

39
39

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1......................................................................................................Conclusion
s...................................................................................................
41
5.2......................................................................................................Suggestion
s...................................................................................................

42

REFERENCES......................................................................................

43

APPENDIX............................................................................................

45

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Example of some confixes in English.......................................

18

Table 2: The result of affixation..............................................................

25

Table 3: Prefix {fe-}................................................................................

29

Table 4: Prefix {fe-}................................................................................

30

Table 5: Prefix {he-}...............................................................................

30

Table 6: Prefix {he-}...............................................................................

31

Table 7: Prefix {he-}...............................................................................

32

Table 8: Prefix {he-}...............................................................................

32

Table 9: Prefix {me-}..............................................................................

33

Table 10: Prefix {nge-}...........................................................................

34

Table 11: Prefix {nge-}...........................................................................

35

Table 12: Suffix {-e}...............................................................................

36

Table 13: Suffix {-le}..............................................................................

37

Table 14: Suffix {-da}.............................................................................

38

LIST OF APPENDIXES

Appendix I: Vocabularies........................................................................

43

Appendix II: Data Transcriptions............................................................

63

Appendix III: Informants........................................................................

68

10

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, researcher will give information about the background of
the study, problem of the study, purpose of the study, usefulness of the study,
scope and limitation of the study, and the definition of the key term.
1.1.

Background of the study

An affix is a morpheme added to the base word either at the beginning or

at the ending and it can change its function or meaning. There are three basic way
to do this: Prefix- by adding a morpheme to the beginning of a base word, Suffixby adding to the end of many adjectives, Infix- some languages add morphemes to
the middle of the base word.
In this case of affixation a word is joined by a morpheme, which alters its
sense, as the example show, often the morpheme is a prefix, or kind of bound
morpheme, which comes at the start of the word. Morpheme are the smallest
meaningful chunks into which you can divide a word, so for example affixation
combines affix (verb) and ation (bound morpheme) to make the noun. This is
called derivational or creative morphology because a new word is derived in the
process. Similarly {re} {root} {ing}, {re} {set (t)} {ing}, and {de} {bug (g)}
{ing} can be broken down into the morphemes of the prefix morphemes indicated
by the bracket.
Indonesia as an archipelago country has many different kinds of ethnic
group. These ethnic have their own languages that become their cultural identify
and different with other ethnic group. It can be said that Indonesia has at least 400

different languages (Nababan: 1997:260). These languages are also called

vernacular, example: Javanese, Sundanese, Dayaknese, etc. and each of vernacular
has different of grammatical system, distinctive features forming words.
About ninety percent people in Indonesia are using their own ethnic
language as the first language. These ethnic language have an important function
to our national language, which is Indonesia language.
In Borneo, Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan dialect is one of many dialects in
Dayak Kenya that is used. Villages in Borneo that still used this language as their
first language are: Long Pari, Long Jeiet, Long Sam, Antutan, Pujungan, Tanjung
Keranjang and Setarap. The researcher chooses Uma Lasan language for this
study since he comes from Long Pari, which Uma Lasan language is the
vernacular.
There were not many studies had been conducted about affixes in Uma
Lasan language. Thus, the documentation of Uma Lasan language is difficult to
find. This phenomenon encourages the researcher to conduct the study so the
people who are using and who want to know Uma Lasan language can learn more
about the language. And also this language can exist through many years ahead,
especially in the study of affixes in Uma Lasan language.
In this study, the researcher used some theories of English morphology,
especially for affixes that had been implementing on Uma Lasan language.
Because of this study describes of affixation. Besides that, the researcher wants to
implement his knowledge and skill that has got in teaching and learning process.
1.2.

Problems of the study

Concerning to the background of the study, the researcher formulates the

problems of the study are follow:
1. What kinds of affixes are found in Dayak Kenya language with special
regard to Uma Lasan dialect?
2. What is the function of affixation found in Dayak Kenya language with
special regard to Uma Lasan dialect?
The purpose of the study

1.3.

Based on the problems of the study, the purposes of the study are:
1. To know what kind of affixes in Dayak Kenya language with special
regard to Uma Lasan dialect.
2. To know the function of affixes in Dayak Kenya language with special
regard to Uma Lasan dialect.
1.4.
The usefulness of the study
The usefulness of the study is:
1. As the data of information to develop and profound knowledge of
researcher in morphology, especially in affix.
2. The result of this study hopefully can be used as reference of morphology
researcher for other student who wants to research in the same field.
3. This study will give a new awareness for youth generation of Indonesia
specially Dayak Kenya language to respect and preserve our culture,
especially in vernacular.
4. As effort of the researcher to increase his knowledge and skill in thesis
writing by united between theory and fact in the field. As reference to help
the people who want to learn Uma Lasan language.
1.5.
Scope and limitation of the study

For the practical and more specific concerns, it is important to limit the
scope of the study. In this study, the researcher has limited the scope of the study
as follows:
1. This study focuses on the affixes in Uma Lasan dialect there are three
typical namely prefix, suffix and confix.
2. The instrument that is used to observe affixes in Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan
people using system observation and interview use recorder tools.
3. Subject of the study is native speaker of Uma Lasan who lives in Long
Pari village, Tanjung Palas Barat sub district of Bulungan regency.
Definition of the key-terms

1.6.

In order to get clear description of this study, the researcher wants to give
the definition of the key-term as follow:
1. Affix is a morpheme, which always attached both at the beginning and at
the end of a based word.
2. Uma Lasan is the society of Dayak Kenya who live in there and they are
resident ethnic that signed where they since was born till now live in there.
3. The Uma Lasan dialect is one of many dialect of Dayak Kenya language,
that used by people who live at the north of Borneo, especially at Long
Pari, Long Jelet, Long Sam, Antutan, Setarap and Tanjung Keranjang.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In this chapter, researcher will give information about the concept of
morphology, concept of morpheme, concept of morphophonemic change, concept
of affix, previous related study.
As the researcher has mentioned in the background above, this researcher
described about morphology that is one of branches linguistics which discussed

about word or morpheme. Therefore, the researcher tries to explore some

references which are closed to support the essence of the research. Morphology is
very important to find out the aims of this study and needs to be explained before
the researcher comes to the basic framework of affixation, particularly, prefix,
suffix, and confix in Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan dialect.

2.1.

Concept of morphology
Morphology is a branch of linguistics that studies the way in which words

are constructed out of smaller meaningful units. There is some definition of

morphology by Nida in the book of morphology: the descriptive analysis of word
is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words. Ramlan
(1985) says morphology is one part of the linguistic which is convent or study in
depth word and also influence of change of morphology to word meaning and
faction. Lyons (1968-194) that morphology deals with the internal structure of
word-form. In morphology, the analyst divides the word-form into their
component formative (most of which are morph realizing roots or affixes and
attempts to account for two main branches). Inflectional morphology and word
formation morphology (also called lexical morphology).
Based on the little of the study, the researcher would like to describe of the
affixes in Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan dialect. The researcher tries to find some
theories or concepts that support the researcher to investigates the informant
(native speaker) about affixation in Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan dialect.
2.2.

Concept of morpheme

In order to know the description of morpheme clearly, the researcher wants

clarify its meaning. Nida (1970) stated that morpheme is the minimal meaningful
units, which may constitute words of part of words. Example: rise + es > rises.
The words rises has two morphemes which are the base word of rise and the suffix
-es. The morpheme arrangements, which are under the morphology of a language,
include all combination of the words of part of words. Gleason (1961) says that
morphemes are the smallest meaningful units in the structure of the language.
Fromkin and Rodman (1998) define that a morpheme is a minimal unit of
meaning or grammatical function. It can be recognized from the English wordform such as marker, marked, and marking must consist of one element mark, and
a number of other elements such as -s, -er, -in, -ing. All these elements described
as morpheme.
From the definition above, the researcher takes an example from the word
reclosed in the sentence Sarah reclosed the salon consist of three morphemes. One
of minimal unit of meaning is close, another minimal unit of meaning is re(meaning again), and a minimal unit of grammatical function is -ed (indicating
past tense). The word of tourist also contains of three morphemes. There is one
minimal unit of tour, another minimal unit of meaning ist (meaning person
who does something) and a minimal unit of grammatical function ~s (indicating
plural).
Furthermore, in the study of language, Yule (1996) divides morphemes
into two types. They are free morpheme and bound morpheme. Free morpheme
can stand alone word because it has own meaning. Example: close, open, go. The

free morpheme can generally considered as the set separate English word forms.
Where as bound morpheme, is that those which can not normally stand alone as a
single word because it does not its own meaning, but which are typically attached
to another for, example: re-, -ist, -ed, -s (Yule, 1996:75).
Yule also divided both free and bound morphemes into two groups as
follow:
1. Free morpheme fall into two categories the first category is that set of
ordinary nouns, adjectives, and verb that have meaning. This free
morpheme is called lexical morpheme and some examples are boy, man,
house, tiger, sad, long, yellow, etc. the other group of free morpheme are
called functional morpheme. Examples are and, but, when, because, on,
near, above, in, the, that, it etc. this set consists largely of the functional
word in the language such a conjunction, preposition, articles and
pronouns.
2. Bound morpheme is divided into derivational morpheme and inflectional
morpheme. Derivational morpheme is morpheme that used to make words
and meaning is different from the steam. Example: pay + ment,
payment. Here, the word pay is a verb and becomes a noun if it
combines with the suffix -ment. Inflectional morpheme is a morpheme that
never creates new words or changes the meaning of the words, but only to
indicate the grammatical function of word. Examples: write + s writes.
The suffix -s indicates that the function as 3rd person present singular. Both
2.3.

derivational and inflectional morphemes are called the affixes.

Morphophonemic change

Generally, language have affixation process, they will get

morphophonemic process or change, Morphophonemic change deals with the
variation in the phonemic structure of allomorphs which accompany their
grouping into words (Francis, 1985:210).
2.4.

Concept of root
In English, a word can be divided into two or more parts of word. A new

word is a word derived from another. It has central word to which a letter or a
group of letters is added. It can stand alone and it is meaningful. The central word
is called base word or root. Root is a part of word that has no affixes at all is
incapable or being divided. A word consisting of a root only is one like stone or
money to which word analysis does not apply (Nida, 1970:218)
Based on the descriptions, the researcher takes conclusion that root is the
part of word that has the main meaning and that its forms based on; a word that
other word are formed a root with no affixes at all is incapable or being divided. A
word consisting of a root only is one like listen is the root of listens,
listened, listening and listener.
2.5.

The concept of affixes

The researcher founded in definition of affix accessed on the 6 January

2013 in google.com that an affix is a morpheme added to the basic word either
beginning or at the ending and it can change its function or meaning. There are
three basic ways to do this: prefix- by adding a morpheme to the beginning of a
base word. For example, possible can be made negative in meaning by adding im: impossible. Suffix- by adding to the end of many adjectives, the adverb can be

formed: cheerful cheerfully. Infix- some languages add morphemes to the

middle of the base word.
According to Samurai (1982) affix is represent morphology process that is
way of forming of words by connecting which is one with other morpheme.
Richard (1985) stated about the definition of affix in this Logman Dictionary of
Applied Linguistics that affix is a letter or sound, or group of letter or sounds,
which is added to a word, and which changes the meaning of function of the
word. Affixes are bound that can be added; to the beginning of a word (a prefix),
to the end of a word (a suffix) and within a word (an infix).
In a short, it can be said that affix is a word element, which is always
attached both at the beginning, middle, and at the ending of a base word or root.
2.5.1. Type of affixes
According to Parera (1994:77) affixes is the way in forming word
connection between one morpheme with other morpheme.
Types of affixes divided became 4 kinds, they are:
Prefixes
Prefix is bound morphemes and added in the first word. The researcher present
example on English language, they are:
a) Counting prefixes: quantify the root
A: lacking asymmetry, amoral
Ambi: both, around ambiance, ambiguous, amphitheatre
Arch: chief, principal, high archbishop, archduke
Bi: twice, double bilingual, bicycle, bipolar, biennial
Di: two dichloride, dioxide

10

Mono: one monograph, monosyllabic

Multi: many multilingual, multifaceted
Oligo: few oligarchy, oligotrophic
Omni: all omnipotent, omniscient
Pan: all, comprising or affecting all panorama, pandemic
Poly: many polygamy, polyangular
Tri: three triangle, tridimensional
Uni: one unisex, univoeal
b) Involvement prefixes: say something about the kind of the participants in
the action
Anti- opposed, instead, against antidote, antacid
Auto- self automation, autobiography
Co- Con- together, jointly cooperate, co existence
Contra- against, opposite contradiction, contrary
Vice- in place of, instead vice-president, vice-consul
c) Judgment prefixes: judgment of the root
Dis- disturb, disgruntle
Dys- bad, badly dyslogistic
Eu- good, well euphoria, evangelical
Extra- outside of the scope of extraordinary
Mai- ill, evil, wrong malnutrition
Meta- changed, transcending metaphysics, metalanguage
Mis- badly, wrongly misuse, miscalculate
Pro- on behalf of pro-education
Proto- first, chief protolanguage
Pseudo- false, deceptive, resemblance pseudonym
d) Locative prefixes: place of direction
Ab-, A-, Abs- from, away abnormal
Ad- toward admit, advance
Ana- back anatomy, analogy
Apo- away, from apology, apocalypse
Cata- down, away, back, opposite catastrophe
Circum- around circumcise
Counter- against, opposite counterfeit, counterargument
De- away from, down deny, depend
Dia- across, through diachronic
Ecto-, Exo- external ectoderm, exocentric

11

En- in, into enclose

Endo- internal endoscopy
Epi- on, over epiderm
Ex-, Ec- out from, away eccentric
In- in, into, within intransitive
Infra- below, beneath, within infrastructure
Inter- between, among internet
Intra-, intro- inside introduction
Ob- toward, against obfiiscate
Para- beside, along with parameter
Per- through, thoroughly performance
Peri- around, nearby perimeter
Pro- in front of proverb
Pros- concerning, toward prosody
Retro- backwards, back retrospective
Sub- under, below subway
Super- over, above superlative
Sur- over, beyond, above surrealist
Syn- with, together syntax
Trans-, Tres-, Tra- across, surpassing transgression
e) Measurement prefixes
Crypto- secret, hidden cryptography
Hyper- over, to excess hypermedia
Hypo- under, slightly hypoglossal
Is-, Iso- equal isotope
Macro- large, broad scale macrocosm
Mid- middle midnight
Semi- half, partly semifinal
Ultra- beyond, extreme ultraviolet
f) Negative prefixes
Dis- apart, reversal, lacking displace
In- negative incredible, illegible
Non- not nonsense
Ob- inverse, in the opposite directions object
Se-, Sed- apart seduce, separate
Un- not, opposite uneven
g) Temporal prefixes: time and duration
Ante- preceding ante-Norman
Fore- before foreword
Neo- new, recent Neolithic
Post- after, behind postpone
Pre-, Pro- before, in front of preface
Re-, Red- anew, again, back rehearses, regenerate

12

Infixes
Infix is bound morpheme and added in the word.
Suffix
Suffix is bound morpheme and added in the last word
a) Deriving adjectives from nouns and verbs
-able fit for doing, fit for done comfortable
-al (-ial, -ical, -ual) having the property of facial
-an, -ian belonging to, resembling reptilian
-ary having a tendency or purpose secondary
-ate full of passionate
-ese belonging to a place Portuguese
-esque having the style of X picturesque
-esc become coalesce
-ful full of X skillful
-iac pertaining to the property of maniac
-ic having the property of medic
-ish to become like X girlish
-ive characterized by passive
-less without, free from fearless
-ly appropriate to, befitting timely
-oid having the shape of, resembling humanoid
-ory connected with, serving for obligatory
-ose full of, abounding in verbose
-ous of the nature of X religious
-some like, characterized by, apt to awesome
-y full of, characterized by mighty
b) Forming abstract nouns
-asy, -acy state or quality ecstasy
-age condition, state, rank, office of coinage, postage
-ance, -ence state, act, fact of emergence
-ade general noun parade, lemonade
-al act of local
-ation state of being X-ed information
-ery, -ry collectivity slaveiy
-hood state of, condition of fatherhood
-ia condition of inertia
-icity abstract noun from -ic felicity
-ism doctrical system of principles constructivism
-ity state, quality, condition of unity
-ment condition of being X garment

13

-ness state, quality, condition of innateness

-ship state, condition of friendship
c) Forming negative nouns
-ant, -ent one who agent
-ariant member of sect, holding to doctrine authoritarian
-ast one associated with X enthusiast
-er agent worker, baker, teacher
-ist one connected with, often agent artist
-ician one skilled in some art or science politician
d) Forming verbs from roots and stems
-ate cause X to happen terminate
-en to become liken, darken
-ify to cause to (be) X rectify
-ize to cause to be X realize
e) Miscellaneous suffixes
-arium locative, a place to connected with aquarium
-ess feminine of X tigress
-let diminutive booklet

Confix
Confix is bound morpheme and added in the first and last word.
Table 1: Example of some confixes in English
Prefix
UnIlUnder-

Root
Work
Leg
Take

Suffix
-able
-al
-er

Word
Unworkable
Illegal
Undertaker

2.5.2. Concept of Prefix

A prefix is a group of letters or morpheme added before a base word to
alter its meaning and forming a new word. For example the word of like. The
word oflike can be made negative in meaning by adding un- before word iike\
2.5.3. Concept of Suffix

14

According to Hornby (1995:195), suffix is a letter or group of letters added

at the end of word to make another word. Furthermore, Ostler (1986) stated that
suffix is a verbal element attached to end of word in inflection or word formation.
And Webster (1989) added that suffix is something added to the end of something
else, etc. Moreover, Longman (1980) said that suffixes are also added to the end
of word.
Renyan statement (1985:114) in Suhartini thesis (2005:7) stated that a
suffix is a meaningful unit added at the end of a base word to change the meaning.
He explained that the suffixes can be classified into two types; they are
grammatical and derivational suffixes.
Stated that in linguistics, a suffix (also sometimes called a postfix or
ending) is an affix which is placed after the stem of a words. For examples:
1. Boys, where the suffix -s marks the plural
2. She makes, where suffix -s marks the third person singular present tense.
3. It closed, where the suffix -ed marks the past tense.
Based on the definitions above the researcher can conclude that suffix is
an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Suffixes can carry
grammatical information (inflectional suffixes), or lexical information
(derivational suffixes).
2.5.4. The concept of confix
Confix is a prefix and a suffix attached simultaneously to a root that
performs the single function of creating a new word.
(http://www.mdodic.com/affixeng.html accessed on January 31,2013).
2.6. Previous Related Studies

15

As mentioned above, that Uma Lasan dialect is vernacular of Dayak Kenya

ethnic that is needed to be preserved. One of them is we have to do research. After
has a long searched for research which is mentioned about Uma Lasan language,
the researcher found Jhonrs thesis.
The title of Jhonis thesis was Analisis Gaya Bahasa Dayak Uma Lasan di
Desa Antutan Kecamatan Tanjung Palas Kabupaten Bulungan. The aim of this
study is to get the description about the style of language of Uma Lasan dialect
and its meaning.
From this previous researcher above about Uma Lasan, we can see that there
was not a study had been conducted about affixes of Uma Lasan dialect.
Therefore, the researcher will conduct this research with different study of
previous research.

16

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS

This chapter presents the methodology of the study. The descriptions

include: Research Design, Research Subject, Research Instrument, Data
Collection Techniques, Data Analysis Techniques, and Triangulation.
3.1.

Research Design
This research is descriptive study because the researcher wants to describe

an accurate and systematic description of the affixes in Uma Lasan dialect. Nazir
(1985:640) stated that a descriptive study is a method to investigate a group, a
society, an object, a set of conditions, a system of thought or a present class or
event. This study aims to describe and to draw or figure systematically, factually,
and accurately about the facts, the characteristics and relationship of each
phenomenon investigate.
So it can be concerned that qualitative research is collecting, analyzing,
and interpreting data by observing what people do and say. Besides that
qualitative research refers to the meanings, concepts, definitions, characteristics,
symbols, and descriptions of things.
Based on the statement above, the researcher describes of affixation in
Uma Lasan systematically and accurately by doing observation, interview,
conversation, and the researcher analyzes the data with transcribing the recording,
identifying, classifying, and also explaining the function or the result from
affixation.

17

3.2.

Research Subject
The subject in this study is use the native speaker of Uma Lasan people

who live in Long Pari village Tanjung Palas Barat subdistrict of Bulungan
regency. There are two informants speakers in Uma Lasan that has interviewed
by the researcher. In addition, the numbers of two informants will enough to
obtain the data. They are chosen based on age, social, status, gender, healthy, and
place of living. The following table shows the subject based on age, gender and
education.
1. The informants
Subject
AB
A1
3.3.

Age
53
49

Education
S1
S1

Gender
M
M

Research Instruments
The type of instrument of this study is observation guide that use tape

recorder as instrument.
The observation is based on the experience and communication activities
in Long Pari village people of daily life. These types of instrument are listening
method (Sudaryanto: 1993). Listening method is used in order to get some
statements, utterance, and expression that is content of affixes term doing
observation or listening to the speaker who is doing conversation.
Speaking method is used to get some data of affixes term from the
informants. In applying this method, beside written data also used the recording
by the recording. So that, the data which is not known when use written data can
be known by the result of recording. Piantanida and Garman (1999) stated that the

18

researcher is a much a part of the inquiry as the intent of the study and the inquiry
process. The researcher is mindful that the researcher should first establish rapport
with the informants, gain their confidence and trust then doing interview guide.
Besides applying this methods (listening and speaking) above, the
researcher introspection is done. This method is done because of the writer is a
native speaker of Uma Lasan language.
3.4.

Data Collection Techniques

The main data of this study is the terms of affixes in Uma Lasan. So to get

the data, the researcher will uses some procedures as follows:

a.
b.
c.
d.
3.5.

Determining the place and the subject of the research.

Recording the conversation as natural to more get the data.
Recording the conversation of informant by using tape recorder.
Analyzing the results of observation and interview.
Data Analysis Techniques
To analyze the data the researcher uses a flow model of analysis proposed

by Miles and Humberman (1995) that consists of three concurrent flows activity:
data reduction, data display, and conclusion. Each of the flow is described below:

Data
Collection
Data
Reduction

Conclusions
Data
Display

Figure 1 : Component of Data Analysis

19

1. Data Reduction
The researcher collected the data by using observation and
interview to the some informants native speaker in Uma Lasan society
who lives in Long Pari village Tanjung Palas Barat subdistric of Bulungan
regency. The results of the data collection will be processed by researcher
as follow selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming
the data.
2. Data Display
Researcher select and categories the data transcription that is
suitable to the problems of the study. Moreover the researcher will display
the data which have type of affixes in Uma Lasan language.
3. Conclusion
To make conclusion, the researcher analyzed and grouped the data
display based on the suitable of the research problem. It analyzed from
several related theories as stated in the chapter II. To avoid the bias, from
the researcher own conclusion drawing the verification has done. After
that, the researcher put the results in the table as follow:
Base word
Rema
Labue

Meaning
Bright
Fall

Affixation
NgeMe-

New word
Ngerema
Melabue

Meaning
Brighten
Dropped

20

3.6.

Triangulation
Triangulation refers to activity to check the result of interpretation made

by the researcher in accordance with other resources in means of theories

interpretation of peer group, or other research findings by other researchers
(Bogdan and Biklen: 1984). The purpose of triangulation is to check the reliability
of data and findings. Beside that, it is conducted to reduce the subjectively of
qualitative research.
Furthermore, Patton (1990:187) states that one important way to
strengthen a study design is through triangulation or the combination of
methodologies in the study of the same phenomena or program.
In this study, triangulation is used in the sense that the conclusion that is
not convincing or accurate will be revising or dropping. First, the researcher
interprets the data. This means the researcher did the data triangulation. After
triangulation has been done, next the researcher checked the interpretation from
triangulation data to the lecturers and the other that concerned advices from the
advisors.
This step is the evaluators for experts triangulation. Then the results of
interpretation checked to the related theories of affixes and the new interpretation
based on the theory. It means that the researcher consults and combines his
knowledge to analyze the study with the advisor.

21

CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

In collecting the data, the researcher had been given the interview to the
two informants native language of Uma Lasan language who lived in Long Pari
village which is Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan society and also had been done the
observation. Beside that the researcher has analyzed the data of Uma Lasan
Language. Therefore in this chapter, the researcher describes the analysis and
findings in an attempt to answer the research questions in chapter I. The results of
the interview and observation were arranged in such a way in reference to the
techniques of data collection.
4.1.

Findings
4.1.1. Kinds of affixes
In the long run from the results of the data collection, the researcher can

determine and classify of affixes in Dayak Kenya language Uma Lasan dialect:
4.1.1.1.

Prefix:

{fe-}
{he-}
{me-}
{nge-}

4.1.1.2.

Sufix :

22

{-e}
{-le}
{-da}
4.1.2. The function of affixes
Next, the researcher identifies the data description from the data of affixes
process based on the usage and the function. Affixes in Uma Lasan language has
function to form:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Verb
Noun
Adjective
Pronoun

Furthermore, verb, noun, adjective and pronoun in Uma Lasan language

are divided into base word and derivative word. Base words are words that can
stand alone without affixes process. For example: jere laugh, lufie forget,
etc. Derivative words are the combination of base word and affixes or the word
that set in a context after got affixation process. Example: felutue put to bed or
make someone sleepy, fejere' make someone laugh, felufie make someone
forget, etc.
Affixes that can form verb, noun, adjective and pronoun in Dayak Kenya
Uma Lasan language as follow:
1. Prefix {fe-}
It is used to form verb from base word of noun.
Table 3 : Prefix {fe-}
Base word
Zagan
Sak

Meaning
Job
Food

Prefix {fe-}
Fe-+zagan
Fe-+sak

New word
Fezagan
Fesak

Meaning
Work
Cook

23

In the table above, we can see that the prefix {fe-} is used to form verb
from base word of noun, such as word zagan, can attached by prefix {fe-} and
created a new word, that is fezagan. And also base word sak can attached by
prefix {fe-} and created a new word (verb), fesak. For example in sentence:
a. Alang fezagan siket tau
(Alang works everyday)
b. Bungan fesak falieng
(Bungan cooks the rice)

2. Prefix {fe-}
It is used to form verb from base word of adjective.
Table 4 : Prefix {fe-}
Base word
Tahout

Meaning
Afraid

Prefix {fe-}
Fe-+tahout

New word
Fetahout

Meaning
Frighten

From the table above, we can see that the prefix {fe-} is used to form verb
from base word of adjective, such as word tahout can attached by prefix {fe-} and
created a new word (verb), that is fetahout. For example in sentence:
a. Jalung fetahout anak kie
Jalung frighten my child
3. Prefix {he}
It is used to form adjective from base word of verb
Table 5 : Prefix {he-}
Base word
Lutue

Meaning
Sleep

Prefix {he-}
He-+lutue

New word
Helutue

Meaning
Sleepy

In the table above, we can see that prefix {he-} is used to form adjective
from the base word of verb, such as base word of lutue, can attached by prefix
{he-} and created a new word (adverb) of helutue. Example in a sentence :
a. Helutue zita Asang

24

(Asang is sleepy)
4. Prefix {he-}
It is used to form noun from base word of noun it self.
Table 6 : Prefix {he-}
Base word
Tene
Tezeng

Meaning
Story
Moan

Prefix {he-}
He-+tene
He-+tazeng

New word
Hetene
Hetazeng

Meaning
Story
moan

In the table above, we can see that the prefix {he-} is used to form noun
from base word of noun it self, such as base word of tene (noun) can attached by
prefix {he-} and created a new word (noun), hetene . Example in a sentence:
a. Tia alie rawu hetene' je
(The story is very good)
b. Bang hetazeng du le ho lam in sahit je te
(Patients moan always heard in the hospital)
5. Prefix {he-}
It is used to form noun from base word of adjective.
Table 7 : Prefix {he-}
Base word
Repa

Meaning
Neat

Prefix {he-}
He-+repa

New word
Herepa

Meaning
neatness

In the table above, we can see that the prefix {he-} is used to form noun
from base word of adjective, such as repa can attached by prefix {he-} and
created a new word of herepa. Example in sentence :
a. Herepa ca teranee helunan tia
(Neatness is a sign of a good personality)
6. Prefix {he-}
It is used to form adjective from base word of adjective it self.

25

Table 8 : Prefix {he-}

Base word
Riut

Meaning
Few

Prefix {he-}
He-+riut

New word
Heriut

Meaning
few

In the table above, we can see that the prefix {he-} is used to form
adjective from base word of adjective it self, such as base word of riut (adjective)
can attached by prefix {he-} and created a new word (adjective) of heriut.
Example in sentence :
a. Ini heriut le buin anun Jalung
(Jalung have a few pigs)

7. Prefix {me-}
It is to form verb from base word of noun.
Table 9 : Prefix {me-}
Base word
Labue
Gak

Meaning
Fall
Slice

Prefix {he-}
Me-+labue
Me-+gak

New word
Melabue
Megak

Meaning
Dropped
split

In the table above, we can see that the prefix {me-} is used to form verb
from base word of noun, such as base word of labue (noun) can attached by prefix
{me-} and created a new word (verb) of melabue. And also we can see the same
process for base word of gak (noun) can attached by prefix {me-} and created a
new word (verb) of megak. Example in sentence :
a. Bilung melabue ingene betaup de
(Bilung dropped his bag last night)
b. Bilung megak hazu re
(Bilung split the woods)
8. Prefix {nge-}

26

It is used to form base word of noun.

Table 10 : Prefix {nge-}
Base word
Taba
Lalo

Meaning
Interference
Shout

Prefix {nge-}
Nge-+taba
Nge-+lalo

New word
Ngetaba
Ngelalo

Meaning
Disturb
Shouting

In the table above, we can see that the prefix {nge-} is used to form verb
from base word of noun, such as base word of taba (noun) can attached by prefix
{nge-} and created a new word (verb) of ngetaba. And also we can see the same
process for base word of lalo (noun) can be attached by prefix {nge-} and created
a new word (verb) of ngelalo. Example in sentence :
a. Ungau ngetaba sadine
(Ungau disturb his brother)
b. Ungau ngelalo hata tuzange
(Ungau is shouting to his friends)

9. Prefix {nge-}
It is used to form verb base word of adjective.
Table 11 : Prefix {nge-}
Base word
Meaning
Prefix {nge-}
New word
Meaning
Lan
True
Nge-+lan
Ngelan
Believe
Nava
Wide
Nge-+nava
Ngenava
Widen s.t.
In the table above, we can see that the prefix {nge-} is used to form verb
from base word of adjective, such as base word of lan (adjective) can attached by
prefix {nge-} and created a new word (verb) of ngelan. And also we can see the
same process for base word of nava (noun) can be attached by prefix {nge-} and
created a new word (verb) of ngenava. Example in sentence :
a. Ngelan Udieng rawu heteneje

27

(Udieng belief to the news)

b. Jalung ngenava hebunnye
(Jalung widened his farm)
10. Suffix {-e}
It is used to form possessive pronoun (singular) from base word of noun.
Table 12 : Suffix {-e}
Base word
Legit
Lamin

Meaning
Money
House

Suffix {-e}
Legit+-e
Lamin+-e

New word
Legite
Lamine

Meaning
His/her money
His/her/its house

In table above, we can see that base words that stated on the table above
are word stem that will set in a context after got suffix {-e} process. Base word of
legit can attached by suffix {-e} and created a new word (possessive pronoun) of
legite and base word of lamin can attached by suffix {-e} and created a new word
of lamine. Example in sentence :
a. Lurat legite
(His/Her money is lost)
b. Tutung lamine
(His/Her house is burn)

11. Suffix {-le}

It is used to form possessive pronoun (plural) from base word of noun.
Table 13 : Suffix {-le}
Base word
Legit
Lamin

Meaning
Money
House

Suffix {-e}
Legit+-le
Lamin+-le

New word
Legitle
Laminle

Meaning
Our money
Our house

In the table above, we can see that base words that stated on the table
above are word stem that will set in a context after got suffix {-le} process. Base

28

wored of legit can attached by suffix {-le} and created a new word (possessive
pronoun) of legitle and base word of lamin can attached by suffix {-le} and
created a new word of laminle. Example in sentence :
a. Hadu alie legitle
(Our money is very much)
b. Tutung laminle
(Our house is burn)

12. Suffix {-da}

It is used to form possessive pronoun (plural) from base word of noun.
Table 14 : Suffix {-da}
Base word
Legit
Hebun

Meaning
Money
Farm

Suffix {-da}
Legit+-da
Hebun+-da

New word
Legitda
Hebunda

Meaning
Their money
Their farm

In the table above, we can see that base words that stated on the table
above are word stem that will set in a context after got suffix {-da} process. Base
word of legit can attached by suffix {-da} and created a new word (possessive
pronoun) of legitda and base word of hebun can attached by suffix {-da} and
created a new word of hebunda. Example in sentence :
a. Hadu alie legitda
(Their money is very much)
b. Tutung laminda
(Their house is burn)

4.2. Discussion
4.2.1. Kinds of affixes are found in Dayak Kenya language with special
regard to Uma Lasan dialect.

29

Based on the definition of the theory affixes in Dayak Kenya Uma

Lasan language above, there are some kinds of affixes Dayak Kenya Uma
Lasan which called :
a. Prefix is adding a morpheme to the beginning of a base word.
b. Suffix is adding a morpheme at the end of a base word.
Because of affixation process (prefix and suffix), so the vocabularies of
Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan language can be classified into two categories; a base
word or root and derivative. Derivative is word that set in a context after got of
affixation process or adding of affixes and created new words, class of words,
function of words, etc :
4.2.2. The function of affixation found in Dayak Kenya language with
special regard to Uma Lasan dialect.
There are 12 affixes in Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan language that has
function to form among verb, noun, adjective and pronoun, there are : Prefix
{fe-} it is used to form verb from base word of noun. For example: 1) Alang
fezagan siket tau (Alang works everyday). Prefix {fe-} it is used to form verb
from base word of adjective. For example: 2) Jalung fetahout anak kie
(Jalung frighten my child). Prefix {he-} it is used to form adjective from base
word of verb. For example: 3) Asang helutue (Asang is sleepy). Prefix {he-} it
is used to form noun from base word of noun it self. For example: 4) Tia alie
rawu hetene je (The story is very good). Prefix {he-} it is used to form noun
from base word of adjective. For example: 5) Herepa ca terane e helunan ti
a (Neatness is a sign of a good personality). Prefix {he-} it is used to form
adjective from base word of adjective it self. For example: 6) Ini heri ut le bu
in anun Jalung (Jalung has a few pigs). Prefix {me-} it is used to form verb

30

from base word of noun. For example: 7) Bilung megak hazu ze (Bilung split
the wood). Prefix {nge-} it is used to form verb from base word of noun. For
example: 8) Ungau ngetaba sadine (Ungau disturb his brother). Prefix {nge-}
it is used to form verb from base word of adjective. For example: 9) Ngelan
Udieng rawu hetene je (Udieng belief to the news). Suffix {-e} it is used to
form possessive pronoun from base word of noun. For example: 10) Tutung
lamine (His/Her house is burn). Suffix {-le} it is used to form possessive
pronoun from base word of noun. For example: 11) Hadu alie legitle (Our
money is very much). Suffix {-da} it is used to form possessive pronoun from
base word of noun. For example: 12) Hadu alie legitda (Their money is very
much).

31

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1.

Conclusions
Based on the result of the data process has been described in the previous

chapters about affixes in Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan language, finally the
researcher concluded this study.
1. The kinds of affixes are found in Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan language can
be classified into two categories; prefix and suffix.
2. The function of affixation are found in Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan language
are used:
a. To form verb from base word of noun
b. To form verb from base word of adjective
c. To form adjective from base word of verb
d. To form noun from base word of noun it self
e. To form noun from base word of adjective
f. To form adjective from base word of adjective it self
g. To form possessive pronoun (singular and plural) from base word of
noun.
Suggestions

5.2.

In this study, after describing some related terms of affixes in Dayak

Kenya Uma Lasan language from the morphology point of view, the researcher
aware that in this thesis there are some mistakes and still need to be repaired so
that the researcher expects for input and advices from the reader. And then the
researcher would like to propose some suggestions concerning to the results of the
research:
1. This research could become a reference to other future researcher who
wants to investigate the similar topic in morphology study specially in
affixes on the other vernaculars.

32

2. Suggestions for the young generation especially the young of Dayak

Kenya Uma Lasan to respect and to preserve the vernaculars, mainly
Dayak Kenya Uma Lasan language.

33

REFERENCES
Fromkin, V. & R. Rodman (1998). An Introduction to Language. Fort Worth :
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 6th ed.
Hornby AS. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary Of Current English.
London : Oxford University Press.
Jhony. 2011. Analisis Gaya Bahasa Dayak Umalasan Di Desa Antutan
Kecamatan Tanjung Palas Kabupaten Bulungan. Samarinda: FKIP
Univeristas Mulawaram
Lyons, 1968. Introducing Linguistics Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press. Retrieved February 8th 2013. From
http://www.tscyberia.net/library_l.thml
Miles, Mathew B, and A. Michael Huberman. 1995. Qualitatif Data Analysis: A
sourcebook of New Members. Beverly Hils, CA : SAGE
Nababan, P. W. J 1979. Language of Indonesia in paper on Southeast Asian
Language. Singapore : Singapore University Press. Retrieved February
10th 2013 from http://dewey.petra.ac.id/dts_derectory_subdair.php?
kode=415
Nazir, Mohammad. 1985. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia
Nida, E. A 1970, Morphology : Descriptive Analysis of Word. Ann Arbor : The
University of Michigan Press.
Ostler, 1986. The Little Oxford of Current English Sixth Edition. Oxford : Oxford
University Press

34

Piantanida, M. & Garman, N. B. 1999. The Qualitative Dissertation : a Guide For

Students and Faculty. London : Sage
Ramlan. 1985. Morphology: Suatu Tinjauan Deskriptif. Yogyakarta : CV. Karyono
Sudaryanto, 2006. Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisa Bahasa. Yogyakarta: Duta
Wahana University Press
Yule, G. 1996. The Study of Language (2nd ed.) Cambridge University Press
www.indodic.com/affixeng.html accessed on January 31, 2013.

35

Appendix 1
THE LIST OF VOCABULARIES

A. Personal Pronoun
Uma Lasan Language
Ahie
Ihue
Amie
Ia
Iza
Iza

English
I
You
We
They
He
She

B. Family
Uma Lasan Language
Pui lahi
Pui leto
Amai
Uwe
Anak
Anak Lahi

English
Grand father
Grand mother
Father
Mother
Child
Son

36

Anak leto
Fadie lahi
Fadie leto
Amai empie
Uwe empie
Daoung lahi
Daoung leto
Sak

Daughter
Brother
Sister
Uncle
Aunt
Nephew
Niece
Cousin

C. Question Words
Uma Lasan Language
Inu
Yie
Je inu re
Mian
Hempi
Mupin

English
What
Who
Why
When
Where
How

37

D. Numeral
Uma Lasan Language
Ca
Ruwa
Telu
Pat
Lema
Lem
Tujue
Aza
Fien
Fulue
Ca suwie fulue
Ruwa suwie fulue
Telu suwie fulue
Pat suwie fulu
Lema suwie fulue
Nem suwie fulue
Tujue suwie fulue
Aza suwie fulue
Fien suwie fulue

English
One
Tho
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Eleven
Twelve
Thirteen
Fourteen
Fifteen
Sixteen
Seventeen
Eighteen
Nineteen

38

Ruwa fulue
Telu fulue
Pat fulue
Lema fulue
Nem fulue
Tujue fulue
Aza fulue
Fien fulue
Ato
Ca ato
Ruwa ato
Telu ato
Pat ato
Lema ato
Nem ato
Tujue ato
Aza ato
Fien ato

Twenty
Thirty
Forty
Fifty
Sixty
Seventy
Eighty
Ninety
Hundred
One hundred
Two hundred
Three hundred
Four hundred
Five hundred
Sio hundred
Seven hundred
Eight hundred
Nih hundred

39

E. Part of Body
Uma Lasan Language
Ulu
Pouk
Anang
Fifi
Mata
Mihau
Entoung
Pa
Jela
Jifen
Bibe
Jaa
Batuk
Liip
Ujue
Itek
Lengen
Sihu
Beva ujue

English
Head
Hair
Forehead
Cheek
Eyes
Eyebrow
Nose
Mouth
Tongue
Taut
Lip
Chin
Neck
Solder
Haid
Arm-pit
Arm
Elbow
Finger

40

Usouk
Batek
Buset
Faa
Bete
Tehet
Beva tahet

Chest
Stomach
Navel
Thigh
Calf
Foot
finger

F. Name of the day

Uma Lasan Language
Tau
Miku
Hecas
Herua
Hetelu
Hepat
Lema
Henem

English
Day
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday

41

G. The list of base word

Uma Lasan Language
Aan
Ait
Aout
Aba
Abie
Abin
Abu
Adet
Adieng
Afie
Afoui
Ajai
Aken
Ako
Ala
Alet
Alout
Amai
Anak

English
Stick
Towel
Grass
Downstream
To
Pocket
Dust
Culture
First before others
Trace
Fire
Great
Intelligence
Ring
Take
Lock
Boat
Father
Children

42

Angau
Anit
Apa
Asai
Atai
Atang
Atep
Atouk
Atoung
Avang
Ayie
Baca
Baen
Bala
Bangen
Batang
Batek
Baza
Bazeng
Baziou
Belabau

Branch
Skin
Stupid
Axe
Liver
Fireplace
Veil
Fish
Flow
Ski
Coarse grass
Read
Bundel
Red
Happy
Stem
Stomach
Latest
Sword
Windu
Rat

43

Belayat
Ben
Besai
Beso
Bete
Betuen
Beva
Bevang
Bidiek
Bileng
Bizu
Buet
Buin
Budek
Bulieng
Bulit
Bulu
Bulue
Bupout
Busi
Butoun

Basket
Bottom
Paddle
Full
Calf
Moon
Fruit
Bear
Duck
Green
Big
Short
Pig
Polka dot
Crazy
Porridge
Fur
Bamboo
Cage
Mad
Bottle

44

Buwie
Cen
Cup
Cue
Dapoun
Entieng
Faa
Faen
Fadai
Fako
Falieng
Falit
Falo
Famen
Fana
Faren
Fasi
Faso
Fawu
Fazau
Felanouk

Clean
Animal
Ask
Far
Kitchen
Wall
Thigh
Areca nut
Rice
Nail
Cooked rice
Fly
Lie
Door
Hot
Nobel
Smashed
Move
Grasshopper
Dear
Mouse deer

45

Felita
Fera
Feti
Feto
Filau
Firan
Fizat
Fuan
Fuoun
Fuhe
Fukat
Futie
Hadai
Hadep
Hafan
Makau
Hali
Haroung
Hasip
Have
Haze

Lamp
Sweat
Banana
Couple
Glow
Serious condition
Bother
Cage
Main
Move
Net
White
Spoon
Hope
Thigh
Cocoa
Crowbar
Sack
Poor
Hesitate
Rich

46

Hazu
Helo
Heluma
Helunan
Henca
Hero
Hentau
Hentieng
Hepang
Here
Himet
Hizout
Huce
Huden
Hujau
Hulit
Hurang
Iout
Iba
Idang
Ilang

Tree
Lazy
Blanket
People
Fight
Slof
Sing
Scissor
Bad luck
Coarse
Think
Plate
Key
Caldron
Vegetable
Skin
Lack
Small
Drool
Star
Knife

47

Inat
Izap
Jaet
Janan
Jaza
Jere
Kep
Lau
Labue
Lahet
Lakau
Lalo
Lamin
Lan
Lanya
Lanyap
Lasan
Late
Lati
Lavoung
Lazap

Snot
Chicken
Broken
Way
Diligent
Laugh
Cover
Hungry
Fall
Climb
Tall
Scream
House
True
Slick
Smell
Pool
Big
Worm
Hat
Flood

48

Lebau
Lahi
Lekue
Lelen
Leme
Lempue
Lepek
Lesau
Lete
Leto
Libau
Libe
Lidiek
Litout
Lufie
Luko
Lutue
Luwai
Madam
Maen
Mahang

Jump
Man
Bracelet
Roll
Weak
Fat
Done
Love
Boiled
Woman
Shallow
Low
Cut
Muddy
Forget
Cigarette
Sleep
Lucky
Rotten
Expensive
Brave

49

Majan
Maje
Makieng
Malai
Malap
Man
Mano
Memit
Memo
Mempu
Menat
Menieng
Mentem
Merak
Mesi
Metin
Metoun
Mevau
Mita
Miyit
Mpau

Long
Fluent
Tin
Skilled
Lazy
Hold
Dirty
Yellow
Massage
Busty
Pull
Pure
Dark
Torn
Fishing
Touch
Pound
Naughty
Search
Pull
High

50

Mudung
Muga
Ncam
Nepai
Neset
Nevat
Nisep
Nuka
Nyat
Nyeng
Nyife
Oun
Pa
Pan
Pet
Pout
Radem
Radu
Raeng
Ralem
Raza

Mount
Clear
Clever
Call
Dive
For a momen
Drink
Chase
Ask
Near
Thin
Use
Broom
Throw
Throw
Blow
Cold
Long
Bass (voice)
Deep
Upper course

51

Reza
Rema
Ridat
Sae
Sabang
Sada
Safai
Safau
Safie
Safu
Sahit
Sale
Saleng
Sangan
Sarap
Satieng
Sawue
Sebet
Selima
Seluan
Sengim

Pan
Bright
Active
Shy
Moat
Edge
Clothes
Roof
Guitar
Huge
Sick
Wrong
Black
Full
Hurry
High (voice)
Overripe
Short
Polite
Pant
Cold

52

Serau
Sereke
Sihan
Silem
Soun
Sanam
Sufen
Sungai
Suwat
Suwie
Sayie
Tahout
Tai
Tane
Tange
Tavai
Tengkan
Teto
Tia
Tout
Tua

Cup
Hiccup
Window
Blue
Elephant
Ant
Stifingly hot
River
Wound
Overflow
Healthy
Fear
Go
Land
Cry
Remember
Floor
Usual
Good
Fart
Parent

53

Tudi
Tusa
Ube
Ubi
Udip
Uleng
Ulie
Umau
Umen
Usa
Usan
Use
Usen
Utoun
Uzan

Clever
Difficult
Want
Tuber
Life
Necklace
Return home
Rise
Eat
Body
Pineapple
Yard
Salt
Slice
Make, produce

54

Appendix II
DATA TRANSCRIPTIONS

1. Conversation between researcher and the first informan

Name
: Apui Beri
Last education
: SPG
R
AB

:
:

Selamat pagi amai.

Selamat pagi. Be, ... ini uban nai kue ulie anak ? Bemian de nai

R
AB

:
:

kue?
Ia amai, ini nai kie. Tau hela re nai kie.
Oo,.... atek nai kue ulie tene zi i anak ? Lepek tene sekula kue

lan ?
Nai kie ulie nevat le zi amai. Nai penelitian kie bacie. Taoun

lefe kie mencam felepek sekula kie amai. Hadu alie risie naan
naan heteng kie i re. Risie nai kie naet ihue menotoung ji amai.
Ini de kie navai futu te ihue re amai mengenai isiou ilu henya
Uma Lasan. Kie rekam dawu ito mentoung amai je kie ube
AB
R

:
:

meneliti e laa re.

Inu de kue navai futu re be mihe ?
Isiou Uma Lasan le ito felayai amai je tentang isioule Uma
Lasan skripsi kie re. Mihi amai, tisen te kue imbuhan deen

AB

amai? Na de mihe re kie ube tisen te isiou ilu Uma Lasan.

Oo,... ia. Tia bo mehe anak bo ini rawu kam anak di de ube
risie fehalai isiou le. Bo imbuhan de kie tisen te isiou Uma
Lasan ini awalan ngan akhiran. Bo te bahasa Indonesia, hadu alie
naan ire. Te isiou le Uma Lasan de le ta oun atek tisen i je
taoun yie de atek risie tai fehalai e re. Bo awalan te isiou Uma
Lasan, ini awalan fe-. Conto e; ferene, fezagan, feteneng, fesak,

55

fetahout, fetubo, ferisie,... hadu da contoh de cenaan. Tisen te

R
AB
R

:
:
:

kue mita e deen ?

Ia amai. Oun ini de sembese laa ?
Ini awalan me-, Conto e; melabue, megak, meluwue, melekai, ...
Oo,... ia amai, ini de kie lufie futu. Mian le hanan awalan de I

AB

amai ?
Wat cu le, ki bada naan naan ire adieng je tai te kue tisen e
tengen o bo tai kie lepek bada e huna ihue. Ene de sembese laa
ini awalan nge-. Conto e; ngerema, ngelingai, ngelaba,
ngelavoung, ngeleto, ngelubang, ngetaba, ngelalo, ngenava,
ngelan, ngefana. Na ini awalan he- fe. Conto e; heluma, helute,
helebin, hetene, hetazeg, heriut, helufie bo akhiran, bang telu
le de le malai koun. Ini akhiran da, le, ngan e. conto akhiran
da; hebunda. Conto akhiran le; laminle. Conto anun akhiran e;

ini besaie, safaie,hadu conto e, mencam te kue uzan conto e o.

Tia be mihe amai je ini kue bada iri mahie re. bang nia tai
nyurat ngan fehimet jita e le kie tene uo i. trima kasi hadu ne

AB
R

amai,.
Ia te anak, flepak ne sekula kam nyakit le afannye sayie te ken

himet tua valu kam huma ne.

tia te amai, trima kasi hadu ne, tai kie ulie tene zi be mehe amai.

56

Data Transcriptions
2. Conversation between researcher and the second informant.
Name
: Awan Ipui
Last education
: S1
R
AI
R

:
:
:

Selamat sore ayi,

Selamat sore.
Inu uzan cue ayi? Oun cue oun avang heriout le? Je ube kecie

AI
R

:
:

felayi ngan ihue re.

Inu ze I anak ? Felayi ne, ta oun kie tai inu.
Mihi ayi, kie ube tisen inu-inu imbuhan te ralem isiou henya

AI

Uma Lasan. E ne iri o, kie uzan skripsi kie ne.

Oo, mihe ce. Bo le fehimet zita e, ini lete ire te ralem isiou le
je taoun un de huma ilu de atek tai fehalai ngan nyemate zita e.
bot e isiou alo, imbuhan de hadu. Bo te isiou Uma Lasan, have
fehaven ken le je taoun le atek tisen nye re. de kie tisen, ini
awaln nga akhian. De hadu le tisen te isiou le, awalan atek hadu.
Ini fe-, nge-, he ngan me-. Conto anun fe- te kalimat I mihi; tua
kie fehatouk ahie buo re. conto anun nge- I, alie lait dawu anak
je ngelalo. Lalo ze ca kata ze, kata benda baen dawu alo ti I
uo lepa ru tai nge- ze tiI I, tai baliou zadi kata kerja tene i. bo
conto anun he- I, tau hepat te nai mie ulie. E ne makna ru tai heze tiI ru uzan nye ca terane mian avang jita ca de aca. Bo meI, dawu ru koun nye te kalimat mihi de melekai hadu le je hadu
ru nai umen o re. me- ze ca awalan de uzan kata benda zadi kata
kerja ze fe. Hadu kata de sembese de mencam le uzan jadi kata
kerja. Conto e melabue, meluwue, mejoung, ngan hadu de
sembese. Kue mita te ire o anak. Kue inu iru u I anak ?

57

Kie fehalai zita e o ayi berdasarkan fenisen de kie ala ho ruhue

AI
R
AI
R
AI

:
:
:
:
:

kie sekula te.

tia bo mihe anak. Fehalai tia le ngan felepek ne sekula ze.
tia te ayi, terima kasi hadu ne.
Tia te anak.
Tai kie ulie ne zi bacie I ayi je hadu zita de kie tai ti I re.
Ia te anak.

58

Appendix III
INFORMANTS

Informant 1
Name
Place and Date of Birth
Address
Last Education
Profession
The language mastery

:
:
:
:
:
:

Apui Beri
Long Jelet, 14 April 1960
Long Pari
S1
Teacher
Uma Lasan, Berusu, and Indonesia
Language

Informant 2
Name
Place and Date of Birth
Address
Last Education
Profession
The language mastery

:
:
:
:
:
:

Awan Ipui
Long Jelet, 23 January 1964
Long Pari
S1
Teacher
Uma Lasan and Indonesian language