Accessory Structures of the

Skin
Hair
Nails
Glands

3 Protective Functions of Hair

Protection for the head
Shields the eyes
Helps to keep foreign particles out of
the respiratory tract
Another function of hair: insulation

Hair

Parts of a Hair
Hair root is enclosed in the hair follicle
Hair shaft is the part of the hair that
projects from the surface of the skin
Growth zone of follicle is called the
Hair bulb matrix
Most of the shaft is dead keratinized material
Papilla of the hair is projection of connective
tissue that contains blood vessels

Hair

Internal Structure of Hair

Internal structure of hair:
Medulla (central core of hair shaft))
Cortex (second layer)

Melanocytes = pigment-producing cells

Produce varying amounts and colors of pigment

- Cuticle of the hair is the outermost layer;

Contains the most keratin
Wears away at end = split ends

Hair

Around the Hair

Small bands of smooth muscle muscle
cells called arrector pili muscles connect
to each side of the hair follicle to the cells
of the dermis.
When they contract we get goosebumps

Nails

Nails
A nail is a scale-like modification of the
epidermis
Like claws or hooves

Structure of a Nail
Free edge is that part of the nail
that extends out from the epidermis
Nail body or plate is the visible
part of the nail that is attached to the
epidermis
Nail root is the part that is
embedded inside the epidermis of
the skin

Structure of a Nail
Skin fold that is thick at the base of
the nail is the cuticle.
The thickened proximal area of the
stratum basale of the epidermis is
the *Nail matrix which is
responsible for nail growth
As nails are produced by this matrix,
they become heavily keratinized

Structure of a Nail
Like hairs, nails are mostly dead
keratin
Nails are transparent, but look pink
due to the blood supply of the
underlying dermis
The white crescent of the nail,
which falls over the nail matrix is
called the lunula

Nails

Glands

Glands
Glands of the SKIN - Cutaneous glands
are all exocrine glands, which means they
have ducts to release their secretions.
Two major types in the skin:
Sebaceous glands = oil glands
Sudoriferous glands = sweat glands

Sebaceous Glands

Sebaceous Glands = OIL Glands

Found all over the skin except for the
palms of the hands and the soles of the
feet
Ducts mostly empty into a hair follicle
sebum is a lubricant; mixture of oily
substances that keeps skin soft

Sebaceous Glands
Acne is an active
infection of the
sebaceous glands
Results in pimples or
bumps on the skin
Caused by
overproduction of oil,
which blocks pores

Sudoriferous Glands = SWEAT Glands

Have own ducts to surface PORES of the
skin.
These glands can be eccrine glands
which are far more numerous and found
all over the body Apocrine sweat
glands are mostly in axillary and genital
areas of the body

Sudoriferous Glands = SWEAT Glands

Glands