Problem #M1c: A 1-12 UNF steel bolt of SAE grade 5 is under direct shear
loading. The coefficient of friction between mating surfaces is 0.4.
The bolt is tightened to its full proof strength. Tensile area is 0.663 in2
Proof strength is 85 kpsi, and yield strength is 92 kpsi
a) What shear force would the friction carry?
b) What shear load can the bolt withstand w/o yielding if the friction
between clamped members is completely lost? Base the calculation
on the thread root area.
Data for this bolt:
At=0.663 in2 Sp=85000 psi
Sy=92000 psi
The initial load in the bolt is:
Fi=AtSp=.663(85000)=56355 lbs
The friction force
Ff=Fi = 0.4(56355)=22542 lbs
The direct shear stress force w/o yielding is:
Fs = 2At(Sys)=2At(0.58Sy)=2(0.663)(0.58)(92000)=70740 lbs
If the bolt is subject to shear in the shank area, then use the larger shank area.
Problem #M3
Assuming a rigid bracket, the top bolts elongate or strain 3 times more than the lower
bolts. Taking moments about the pivot point we get:
F * L FT ( D) FB ( d )
5400( 40) FT (12)
FT 16200
FB
( 4)
3
lbs
The load per bolt is half of this amount or 8100 lbs. Incorporating a factor of safety of 4,
the design load per bolt is 4(8100)=32400 lbs. The required tensile area for each bolt is:
At
F
32400
0.27
S p 120000
in 2
Problem #M4
The bolts are -13UNC. The distance between bolts is 1.25. The load is
2700 lbs and L=8. Find the shear stress on each bolt.
The torsional shear force (balancing the force couple) is:
F1
PL 27000(8)
8640 lbs
2d
2(1.25)
F
900 lbs
3
The shear stress in each bolt using the shank diameter is:
F
8686
44237
A (.5) 2
4
psi
lbs
lbs
9549W
9549(15)
143.23 N m
n
1000
where the power is in Kw. The tangential load creating this torque is:
Ft
T 143.23
4092 N
d
0.035
2
tan(n ) tan(0.35)
.416
cos( )
cos(0.5)
0.394
rad
Exercise #M3: A pair of straight-tooth bevel gears (as shown in the figure above) are in
mesh transmitting 35 hp at 1000 rpm (pinion speed). The gear rotates at 400 rpm. The
gear system has a pitch of 6 and a 20-degree pressure angle. The face width is 2 inches
and the pinion has 36 teeth. Determine the tangential, radial, and axial forces acting on
the pinion. Answers (839 lbs, 283 lbs, 113 lbs).
d
davg
b
From the gear geometric information:
dp
Np
P
36
6 in
6
and
d g 15 in
The pitch cone angle can be obtained from the ratio of pitch diameters.
p tan 1
dp
dg
tan 1 (
6
) 0.4 p 21.8 deg .
15
1377
12
12
Now we can find the tangential force :
Ft
ft / min
33000W
33000(35)
839 lbs
Vavg
1377
dg
Ng p
45(.5)
7.16
The pitch diameter of the worm can be obtained from the center distance and the pitch
diameter of the gear:
d w 2c d g 2(4.5) 7.16 1.84
in
The lead is the number of threads in the worm times the worms axial pitch which is the
same as the gears circular pitch:
L pa NW 0.5(3) 1.5
in
The gear efficiency can be obtained knowing the sliding friction as well as the normal
pressure angle and the lead angle of the worm. The lead angle of the worm is:
tan( )
L
1 .5
The efficiency:
e
0.886
cos(n ) f cot( ) cos(20) 0.029 cot(14.5)
e 88.6%
The gear set is overhauling (reversible) because the friction coefficient f=0.029 is less
than that required for locking which is:
cos(n ) tan( ) cos(20) cos(14.5) 0.24
Problem M #7: A 10-wide flat belt is used with a driving pulley of diameter 16 and a
driven pulley of rim diameter 36 in an open configuration. The center distance between
the two pulleys is 15 feet. The friction coefficient between the belt and the pulley is 0.80.
The belt speed is required to be 3600 ft/min. The belts are initially tensioned to 544 lbs.
Determine the following. (answers are in parentheses):
Belt engagement angle on the smaller pulley (3.03 radians).
Force in belt in the tight side just before slippage. (1000 lbs).
Maximum transmitted Hp. (99.4 hp)
The engagement angle is:
d 2 sin 1 (
Dd
36 16
) 2 sin 1 (
) 3.03
2C
2(15)(12)
F1 11.3F2
F1 F2 2 Fi 2(544)
F1 1000 lbs
and
F2 88 lbs
99.5 hp
33000
33000
Problem #M8
rad
63000hp 63000(15)
630 lb in
n
1500
fpa d 2
(.1)(100)(.5) 2
(D d 2 )
(6 0.52 ) 70.2 in lb
8
8
fpa 3
(.1)(100) 3
(D d 3 )
(6 .53 ) 565 in lb
12
12
Solution hints:
Convert rpm to rad/sec: 1 = 188 rad/sec
Note that 2=0
Find the ratio (I1I2/I1+I2) using time and torque=>9.79
Note that I2 is infinitely large => I1=9.79 slugs-ft
Find energy from equation=>173000 ft-lb
1800(
2
) 188.5 rad / s
60
I1 I 2 (1 2 )
II
1
8 1 2 (188.5 0)(
) 9.76
T ( I1 I 2 )
I1 I 2
230
I1 I 2 (1 2 ) 2 9.76
(188.5 0) 2 173397 ft lb
2( I1 I 2 )
2
E 18.6 BTU
Example #M10: Consider a helical compression spring with the following information
(not all are necessarily needed):
d 4G
8D 3 N
L
W
, min
L
W
, max
Lsolid
Lsolid
Clash allowance:
(.055) 4 (
1
8( 0.48) 3
min
max
10( 0.055
Fsolid
Ks
415 Hz
ND 2
8(0.48) 2
Problem #M12
Application Life
LD = 5000(60)(480) = 1440 million cycles
If the reliability was different than 90%, we divide the application life by the reliability
factor. But this problem only asks for 90% reliability.
Application Load
FD = (1.4)(610)(4.45) = 3800 N
Note that one pound is 4.45 Newtons.
Using the Life-Load relationship with application condition on one side and catalog
conditions on the other we get:
FD L0D.333 C10 (1000000).333
The catalog life rating is based on 1million cycles. Therefore the equivalent capacity for
increased life is:
C10 3800(1440).333 42900
Problem # M13
Major diameter
d dm
p
0.25
1
1.125 in
2
2
TR
2 d m fL
2
With
TR
2069
2
2
(1) (0.1)(.25)
in lb
L
0.25
0.08
d m (1)
FL
12500(0.25)
0.24
2TR
2 ( 2070)