REASONING
STATEMENT
A SENTENCE EITHER TRUE OR
FALSE BUT NOT BOTH
STATEMENT
no Sentence
123 is
divisible
by
2
2
3 4 5
3
2
3
4
5
stateme
nt
Not
reason
statemen
t
true
false
X-2 9
Is 1 a prime
number?
All octagons
have eight sides
A question
true
QUANTIFIERS
QUANTIFIERS
EXAMPLE :
-
OPERATIONS ON SETS
NEGATION
The truth value of a statement can be
changed by adding the word not
into a statement.
TRUE
FALSE
NEGATION
EXAMPLE
P : 2 IS AN EVEN NUMBER ( TRUE )
NUMBER (FALSE )
COMPOUND
STATEMENT
COMPOUND STATEMENT
A compound statement is formed when
two statements are combined by using
Or
and
COMPOUND STATEMENT
P
P AND Q
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
COMPOUND STATEMENT
P
TRUE
Q
TRUE
P OR Q
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
COMPOUND STATEMENT
EXAMPLE :
P : All even numbers can be divided by 2
( TRUE )
Q : -6 > -1
( FALSE )
P and Q :
FALSE
COMPOUND STATEMENT
P : All even numbers can be divided by
2
( TRUE )
Q : -6 > -1
( FALSE )
P OR Q
TRUE
IMPLICATIONS
where
And
If
then q ,
IMPLICATIONS
Example :
If x3 = 64 , then x = 4
Antecedent : x3 = 64
Consequent : x = 4
IMPLICATIONS
Example :
Identify the antecedent and consequent for the
implication below.
p if and only if q
The sentence in the form p if and
only if q , is a compound statement
containing two implications:
a) If p , then q
b) If q , then p
p if and only if q
p if and only if q
If p , then q
If q , then p
Homework !!!!
Pg:
Pg:
96 No 1 and 2
98 No 1, 2 ( b, c )
4 ( a, b, c, d)
IMPLICATIONS
The converse of
If p ,then q
is
if q , then p.
IMPLICATIONS
Example
If x = -5 , then 2x 7 = -17
Mathematical reasoning
Arguments
ARGUMENTS
What is argument ?
- A process of making conclusion
based on a set of relevant
information.
-
ARGUMENTS
Example :
All quadrilaterals have four sides. A
rhombus is a quadrilateral.
Therefore, a rhombus has four sides.
ARGUMENTS
: C is A
Conclusion : C is B
ARGUMENTS
Argument Form 1( Syllogism )
Make a conclusion based on the premises given
below:
Premise 1 : All even numbers can be divided
by 2
Premise 2 : 78 is an even number
Conclusion
: 78 can be divided by 2
ARGUMENTS
Argument Form II ( Modus
Ponens ):
Premise 1 : If p , then q
Premise 2 : p is true
Conclusion : q is true
ARGUMENTS
Example
Premise 1 : If x = 6 , then x + 4 = 10
Premise 2 : x = 6
Conclusion : x + 4 = 10
ARGUMENTS
Argument Form III (Modus
Tollens )
Premise 1 : If p , then q
Premise 2 : Not q is true
Conclusion : Not p is true
ARGUMENTS
Example :
Premise 1 : If ABCD is a square, then
ABCD
has four sides
Premise 2 : ABCD does not have four
sides.
Conclusion : ABCD is not a square
ARGUMENTS
Completing the arguments
ARGUMENTS
Example
Premise 1 : All triangles have a sum of
interior
angles of 180
is a triangle
Premise 2 :PQR
___________________________
Conclusion : PQR has a sum of interior
angles of 180
Argument Form I
ARGUMENTS
Premise 1 : If x - 6 = 10 , then x = 16
x 6 = 10
Premise 2 :__________________________
Conclusion : x = 16
Argument Form II
ARGUMENTS
x divisible by 2 , then x is an
Premise 1 If: __________________________
even number
ARGUMENTS
Homework :
Pg : 103 Ex 4.5 No 2,3,4,5
MATHEMATICAL
REASONING
DEDUCTION
AND
INDUCTION
REASONING
DEDUCTION
IS A PROCESS OF MAKING A
SPECIFIC CONCLUSION BASED ON A
GIVEN GENERAL STATEMENT
DEDUCTION
Example :
general
INDUCTION
INDUCTION
INDUCTION
Amy is a student in Form 4X. Amy likes
Physics
Carol is a student in Form 4X. Carol likes
Physics
Elize is a student in Form 4X. Elize likes
Physics
..
Conclusion : All students in Form 4X like
Physics .
REASONING
Deduction
GENERAL
SPECIFIC
Induction