DISCUSSION:

IN THE EXPERIMENT WE ARE ABLE TO DETERMINE

THE CHARACTERISTIC OF OUR METER MOVEMENT AS A
MULTIMETER. THE MOST IMPORTANT THING WE LEARNED
IN THE EXPERIMENT IS THAT WE ARE ABLE TO KNOW
HOW TO USE OUR PANEL METER NOT ONLY AS A NEITHER
SIMPLE AMMETER NOR VOLTMETER BUT AS A
MULTIMETER WHERE WE CAN MEASURE THE VOLTAGE,
CURRENT, AND RESISTANCE IN ONE CIRCUIT.
IN THE EXPERIMENT, FIRST WE DETERMINE OUR
PANEL METER LIMITS ON HOW MUCH VOLTAGE AND
CURRENT IT CAN HANDLE. IN THIS WE FOUND OUT THAT
APPLYING TOO MUCH CURRENT TO THE METER
MOVEMENT, AS MOVEMENTS ARE VERY SENSITIVE
DEVICES AND EASILY DAMAGED BY OVER CURRENT. OUR
METER MOVEMENTS HAVE FULL-SCALE DEFLECTION
CURRENT RATINGS OF 100 uA SO WE CHOOSE A
POTENTIOMETER THAT HAS A VALUE HIGH ENOUGH TO
LIMIT CURRENT APPROPRIATELY, AND BEGIN TESTING
WITH THE POTENTIOMETER TURNED TO MAXIMUM
RESISTANCE. THE LOWER THE FULL-SCALE CURRENT
RATING OF A MOVEMENT, THE MORE SENSITIVE IT IS.
AFTER DETERMINING THE FULL-SCALE CURRENT
RATING OF OUR METER MOVEMENT, WE ACCURATELY

MEASURE ITS INTERNAL RESISTANCE. TO DO THIS, WE

DISCONNECT ALL COMPONENTS FROM THE PREVIOUS
TESTING ON THE CIRCUIT AND CONNECT OUR DIGITAL
OHMMETER ACROSS THE METER MOVEMENT TERMINALS.
RECORD THIS RESISTANCE FIGURE ALONG WITH THE
FULL-SCALE CURRENT.
IN ADDITION TO THAT WE MADE THE OHM METER IN
THE EXPERIMENT. AND FOUND OUT THAT WHEN THERE IS
INFINITE RESISTANCE, THERE IS MINIMUM CURRENT
THROUGH THE METER MOVEMENT, AND THE NEEDLE
POINTS TOWARD THE FAR LEFT OF THE SCALE. IN THIS
REGARD, THE OHMMETER INDICATION IS BACKWARDS
BECAUSE MAXIMUM INDICATION IS ON THE LEFT OF THE
SCALE, WHILE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT METERS HAVE
ZERO AT THE LEFT OF THEIR SCALES.
ALSO IN THE EXPERIMENT WE FOUND OUT THAT
OHMMETERS CONTAIN INTERNAL SOURCES OF VOLTAGE
TO SUPPLY POWER IN TAKING RESISTANCE
MEASUREMENTS.
ANALOG OHMMETERS ALSO HAVE NONLINEAR
SCALES, "EXPANDED" AT THE LOW END OF THE SCALE
AND "COMPRESSED" AT THE HIGH END TO BE ABLE TO
SPAN FROM ZERO TO INFINITE RESISTANCE.

AND LASTLY WE ARE ABLE TO KNOW THAT

OHMMETERS SHOULD NEVER BE CONNECTED TO AN
ENERGIZED CIRCUIT. ANY VOLTAGE APPLIED TO THE
TEST LEADS OF AN OHMMETER WILL INVALIDATE ITS
READING.

CONCLUSION:
BASED ON THE RESULT OF THE EXPERIMENT,
THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE INFERRED:
1. THE MULTIMETER GIVES US ONEPIECE OF
EQUIPMENT THAT CAN BEUSED TO MEASURE
RESISTANCE, CURRENT, AND VOLTAGE.

2. VERIFYING THEORETICALLY CALCULATED

RESULTS USING BASIC NETWORK LAWS IS
NEEDED TO COME UP WITH VALUES THAT
WILL BE STIPULATED IN CREATING A DC
MULTIMETER.

3. PROFICIENCY CREATING ELECTRICAL

CIRCUITS USING RESISTORS, WIRES AND
POWER SUPPLIES IS IMPORTANT TO MEET THE
DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS IN CREATING THE
DC MULTIMETER

COMPUTATION:
VOLTMETER MULTIPLIER RESISTOR

CALCULATED (SCALE 2 V)
RIN = 1.825 K OHMS
(FV/FA) - RIN
(2 V / 100UA) 1.825 K OHMS
RS1 = 18.175 K OHMS

CALCULATED (SCALE 20 V)
RIN = 1.825 K OHMS
(FV/FA) - RIN
(20 V / 100uA) 1.825 K OHMS
RS1 = 198.175 K OHMS

CALCULATED (SCALE 50 V)
RIN = 1.825 K OHMS
(FV/FA) - RIN
(50 V / 100uA) 1.825 K OHMS
RS1 = 498.175 K OHMS

VOLTMETER MULTIPLIER RESISTOR

MEASURED (SCALE 2 V)
RIN = 1.795 K OHMS
(FV/FA) - RIN
(2 V / 100uA) 1.795 K OHMS
RS1 = 18.105 K OHMS

MEASURED (SCALE 20 V)
RIN = 1.795 K OHMS
(FV/FA) - RIN
(20 V / 100uA) 1.795 K OHMS
RS1 = 197.405 K OHMS

MEASURED (SCALE 50 V)
RIN = 1.795 K OHMS
(FV/FA) - RIN
(50 V / 100uA) 1.795 K OHMS
RS1 = 502.205 K OHMS

MILLIAMETER SHUNT RESISTOR

CALCULATED (SCALE 100 mA)
n = (I / IM)
RSH = ( RM / (n 1) ]}}}])
n = ( 100 mA / 100uA )
n = 1000
RSH = ( 1.825 K OHMS / (1000 1) )
RSH = 1.875 OHMS

CALCULATED (SCALE 10 mA)

n = (I / IM)
RSH = ( RM / (n 1) ]}}}])
n = ( 10 mA / 100uA )
n = 100
RSH = ( 1.825 K OHMS / (100 1) )
RSH = 18.43 OHMS

MEASURED (SCALE 100 mA)

n = (I / IM)
RSH = ( RM / (n 1) ]}}}])
n = ( 100 mA / 100uA )
n = 1000
RSH = ( 1.795 K OHMS / (1000 1) )
RSH = 1.797 OHMS

MEASURED (SCALE 10 mA)

n = (I / IM)
RSH = ( RM / (n 1) ]}}}])
n = ( 10 mA / 100uA )
n = 100
RSH = ( 1.795 K OHMS / (100 1) )
RSH = 18.131 OHMS

RANGE
FOR RANGE = 2 V
RSH = S X RANGE - RM
RSH = (1 / 100 uA) x 2 V 1.795 K OHMS
RSH = 18.205 K OHMS

FOR RANGE = 20 V
RSH = S X RANGE - RM
RSH = (1 / 100 uA) x 20 V 1.795 K OHMS
RSH = 198.205 K OHMS

FOR RANGE = 50 V
RSH = S X RANGE - RM
RSH = (1 / 100 uA) x 50V 1.795 K OHMS
RSH = 498.205 K OHMS

PERCENTAGE ERROR
VOLTMETER MULTIPLIER RESISTOR

COMPU MEASUR
TED
ED

Percentage
Error

2V
18.175 18.105
K OHMS K OHMS

% E = ( |(18.175
18.105) / 18.175 )

0.38
5%

x 100

20 V
198.17
5K
OHMS

197.405
K OHMS

% E = ( |(198.175
197.405) / 198.175 )

0.38
9%

x 100

50 V
498.17
5K

502.205
K OHMS

% E = ( |(498.175
502.205) / 498.175 )

0.81

OHMS

8%
x 100

MILLIAMMETER SHUNT RESISTOR

COMPU MEASUR
TED
ED

Percentage
Error

10
mA
18.43

18.131

OHMS

OHMS

% E = ( |(18.43
18.131) / 18.4327 )

1.62
2%

x 100

100
mA
1.827

1.797

OHMS

OHMS

% E = ( |(1.827 1.797) /
1.827 )
x 100

1.64
2%

TROUBLESHOOTING

MEASU COMPUT
RED
ED

18.14
K

18.20 % E = ( |(18.20 18.14) /

0.33
18.20 )
K OHMS
%

OHMS

x 100

197.20 198.20
5
K 0
K
OHMS

Percentage
Error

OHMS

% E = ( |(198.200
197.205) / 198.2 )
x 100

0.50
2%

499
K
OHMS

498.2
K
OHMS

% E = ( |(498.2 499) /

498.2 )

0.16
1%

x 100

215
K
OHMS

216.4
K
OHMS

% E = ( |(216.4 215) /

516
K
OHMS

516.4
K
OHMS

% E = ( |(516.4 516) /

216.4 )

0.64
7%

x 100

516.4 )

0.07
7%

x 100

696
K
OHMS

696.4
K
OHMS

% E = ( |(1.827 1.797) /
1.827 )

0.05
7%

x 100

STEP 4

MEASU COMPUT

Percentage

RED

ED

Error

18.5
K

18.20
K OHMS

% E = ( |(18.20 18.5) /
18.20 )

OHMS

1.64
8%

x 100

STEP 5

MEASU COMPUT
RED
ED

1.9
K
OHMS

1.82
K
OHMS

Percentage
Error

% E = ( |(1.82 1.9 /
18.20 )

4.40
%

x 100

REFERENCE:
HTTP://WWW.ALLABOUTCIRCUITS.COM/VOL_6/C
HPT_3/11.HTML

HTTP://WWW.ALLABOUTCIRCUITS.COM/WORKSH
EETS/METERS2.HTML
HTTP://WWW.ALLABOUTCIRCUITS.COM/VOL_1/C
HPT_8/6.HTML