SuttonShelton

SkeletalSystemLabReport

Thehumanbodyhas206bones,whichalloriginatedindifferentanduniqueways.Manyofthe
bonesnamescamefromLatinlanguage.Ihavechosentodiscusstheribs,vertebra,andtheskull.
TheribsnameoriginatedfromthemiddleEnglishword
ribb
,whichmeansstripwhich
thereforecametomeanthestripofthechest.Theribsareflatboneswhichtogether,withthe
sternum,makeupthetheribcagethatplayanimportantroleofprotectingtheinternalorgansand
majorvesselsintheupperbody.Theribscanbeclassifiedintothreedifferentcategories
including:trueribs,falseribs,andfloatingribs.Thefirstsevenribsareconsideredthetrueribs
duetothefactthattheyareconnectedtothespineinthebackandconnecttothesternum
cartilageinthefront.Liketrueribs,falseribsconnectalsointhebacktothespine,butinsteadof
connectingtothesternumcartilagefalseribsconnecttolowestribs.Floatingribsarethelast,
andsmallest,tworibs.Thesetworibsarecalledfloatingribsduetothefactthattheyare
connectedtothespineintheback,andareconnectedtonothinginthefront.Thevertebra
originatesfromtheLatintermmeaningjoint.Thetermwasusedtodetermineanyjointor
bonewhichisapartofthespine.Inlateryearsitbecamestrictlyrelatedtothespine.The
vertebraeholdsthespinalcanalwhichprotectsthespinalcord.Inthehumanbodythevertebrae
hastypicallyflatuppersurfaces,aswellaslower.Thevertebraehas24articulatingvertebraeand
9fused,thevertebraearedisconnectedfromeachotherbyintervertebraldisc.Theskull
originatesfromAngloSaxonsword
scealu
meaningcup.Theskullgotitsnameduetothe
cup,orpossiblyevenabowl,resemblance.Thecraniumsupportsthestructureofthefaceand
protectsthebrainfrominjuriesandbraindamage.Therearetwopartsofthecraniumwhich
includethefacialskeletonandtheneurocranium.Thefacialskeletonisthebonessupportingthe
face.Neurocraniumaretheboneswhichprotectthehouseofthebrain.Allthebones,excluding
themandible,areconnectedtogetherbyjointsallowinglimitedflexibility.

Normal

Vinegarsoakedbone CookedBone

CollagenMatrix

Present

Present

Notpresent

MineralSalts

Stiff,unbendable

Flimsy

Breakable

DiseaseorDisorder

Characteristics

Smoothtexture,with
pinkandbrown
colorization.Shiny
andbloody.Ableto
beslightlybent.

Yellowandfattywith
extremebend.

Hard,unbendable,
driedout,crispywith
brownandwhite
colorization.

Theimagetotheleftisarepresentationofthesternum,andtherib
cage.Thesternumissmooth,flatbone.Thesternumisalsoalong,
narrowbone.Theribsarelongnarrow,curvedbonewhichhelp
protectthethoraciccavity.Eachribsisattachedtothebackby
cartilage.

Totheleftisavisualrepresentationoftheskull.Theskullis
consideredtobeaflatbone.Thecraniumprovidesprotection
forthebrain,andpreventingbraindamage.

Totheleftisavisualofsectionsandpartsofthevertebrae.The
vertebraeisconsideredandirregularbone.Thevertebraeand
supportandstructuretotheentirebody.

Thepictureaboveisfromalabwewereabletoconductinwhichwewereabletorecognizea
compactboneandnoticecomponentswithin.WewereabletofindtheLamellae,Lacuna,
HaversianCanal,andOsteon.

Trabecularbone
iscomposedof
barsandsheets
ofboneand
branchofftoact
asaspongelike
network.
usuallytheends
oflongonesare
madeupof
trabecular.

Periosteumistheouterlayerthatcoversandprotectsthebone.Itisdividedintofibrouslayer
andcambiumlayer.Theperiosteumismadeupofmanycollagenfiberswhichhelpsupportthe
bone.

Bonehasmultiplecomponentsincluding:minerals,organicmatrix,waterandlipids.Boneisrenewedby
osteoblasticandosteoclasticwhichbothoccuratthebonesurface.Thisprocessiscalledbone
remodelingwhichisimportantfornormalbonehomeostasisandbonestrength.Boneremodelingisa
relationbetweenbonecomponentcells.Throughouttheremodelingprocessresorptionoftheosteoblastic
continuestheformationbyosteoclastic.Inanormalhumanskeletonthesetwocomponentsbalanceeach
otheroutallowinganormalhomeostasis.Formationandresorptionareanotherthingwhichcanbe
combinedorcoupledtogetherduetothefactthattheyhavetheabilitytochange.Diseasedbonesarea
resultofanimbalanceofbonerespiration(osteoclast)andboneformation(osteoblast).Hypercalcemiais

anexampleofanimbalancedandanabnormalconcentrationofcalciuminthebloodwhichmayevenlead
tocardiacarrest.Theremodelingprocessincludesfourmajorphasesincluding:
1.Activationofboneremodelinginacertainregion
2.Bonerespiration
3.Osteoblastdifferentiation
4.Completionoftheremodelingprocess

Duringthislabwewereabletotakeacookedbone,avinegarsoakedbone,andauncooked
bone.Wewereabletotakeobservationsandwerewereabletodeterminehowmuchcollagen
waspresentineach.

ProteinCellularInterfaces:
Intheresearchprovided,theywereabletounderstandchemicalandphysicalrelationsbetween
cellsandproteinsduringcellularbehavior.Withdesigningmethodsthatmimicsthenatural
tissueenvironmentsisimportantwhenrestoringhumancells,andtissuestoallownormal
function.Multipleattemptsandtrialshavebeenmadetomimicthesmallenvironmentwhichan
organismliveswithinbyusingextracellularmoleculestotricktheEMCsbiological,chemical
andlogicalcharacteristics.Theresultsshowedgreathopeforimprovingthecellbehavior,but
havingcompletecontroloverthebiochemicalandphysicalsignalsusingtraditionalformsisstill
achallenge.Whenanytypeofmodificationisneededtobedonetothechemicalstructures,it
requiresalargeamountofworkofchemicalsynthesis.Theexaminerswereabletoexaminea
conewithalowamountofcollagen.Theydisplayedaminoacidsinhighdensitiesonthebone

andstudiedtheeffectsonthebone.Throughoutthestudythatwereabletoconcludethat
aminoacidscouldhaveaneffectandstimulatebonestemoutgrowanevent.
ForensicCaseStudies:

Awomenwasfounddeadwithnogravemarker,ornameplate,oridentification.Thedeceased
womenwas60yearsold,theinvestigatorswereabletodeterminetheageduetomarkingsonthe
skullwheretheplatesoftheskullgrewtogether.womenTheywereabletodeterminethesexof
theskeleton,byproceedingtododeepexaminationsofbonessuchasthepelvisandcranium.As
weknow,afemale'spelvisiswiderthanamales,whichisaobviousdifferentiation.Another
examinationthatmayhaveleadtodeterminingthesexwouldbeanexaminationofthecranium.
Afemalehasamoreroundedcraniumopposedtoamalewhohasamorecurvedposteriorskull.
TheinvestigatorswereabletotakeDNAfromtheexistingbonesfromthedeceasedwomen,to
determinehername,eatinghabits,andwhereshelives
throughoutherlife.Theinvestigatorsmayhaveexaminedthe
teethtofindspecificinformationconcerningthewomen's
characteristics.Wealsoknowanadultbonewillbelargerwith
age,andwillcontainacertainamountofnuclearDNA.This
couldplayfactorindetermininginformationconcerningthe
woman'sidentity.

Totheleftisaphototakenby:Smithsonianforensic
anthropologistDouglasOwsleyandKariBruwelheideexamine
theburial.PhotoCourtesy:SmithsonianInstitution.

Thephotototherightistakenby:Misaligned,healedfracture
oftherightfemur.PhotoCourtesy:SmithsonianInstitution.

APACitations:

Clarke,B.(2008,November1).ClinicalJournaloftheAmericanSocietyofNephrology.
RetrievedOctober22,2015.

Clarke,B.(2008,November1).ClinicalJournaloftheAmericanSocietyofNephrology.
RetrievedOctober22,2015.

"TheSeungWukLeeLab(n.d).UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley."Retrieved21Oct.2015

Skinner,H.(1961).Bonecardnames.RetrievedOctober22,2015.

"WritteninBoneForensicCaseFilesAnthropology."2009.22Oct.2015

"TheRibsTheHumanSkeletalSystem."2013.22Oct.2015