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Facultatea de Chimie
Laboratorul de Chimia Materialelor
Dr. IULIEAN VASILE ASAFTEI
Dr. AURELIA VASILE
CHIMIA MATERIALELOR ,CHIMIE TEHNOLOGIC
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Pentru acordarea primului ajutor n fiecarH ODERUDWRU H[LVW R WUXV PHGLFDO FDUH vQ
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GHUDQMDUHVSLUDLDLFHOHFDUHVXQWvPELEDWHFXVXEVWDQHWR[LFH'DFDFFLGHQWDWXOQXUHVSLUL
10
VHYDIDFHUHVSLUDLHDUWLILFLDOQSULPHOHRUH GHODLQWR[LFDUHDSULQvQJKLLUHGHVXEVWDQH
toxice se va proceda astfel:
- vQFD]XOED]HORULVHGDFFLGHQWDWXOXLVEHDFkWPDLUHSHGH]HDPGHOPkLH
VDXRHWGLOXDWLDUDSRLODSWHDPHVWHFDWFXWUHL SDWUXRX
- vQ FD]XO DFL]LORU L VH G ODSWH DPHVWHFDW FX WUHL SDWUX RX L PDJQH]LH
FDOFLQDW
1X VH YRU SURYRFD vQ QLFL XQ FD] YUVWXUL OD PDL PXOW GH RUH GH OD vQJKLLUHD
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stomacului, iar eforturile pot provoca perforarea acestora.
Sarcini de prevenire a incendiilor n laboratoare
1. 6HLQWHU]LFHFXGHVYkULUHIXPDWXOvQODERUDWRDUH
2. 6HLQWHU]LFHEORFDUHDFLORUGHDFFHVDFFHVXOODKLGUDQLVDXDFFHVXOODVWLQJWRDUH.
3. (VWH LQWHU]LV GHSR]LWDUHD FkUSHORU XWLOL]DWH OD FXUHQLH SH FDORULIHUH VDX vQ
DSURSLHUHD VXUVHORU GH FOGXU $FHVWHD YRU IL GHSR]LWDWH vQ UHFLSLHQL PHWDOLFL
SUHY]XLFXFDSDF
4. /XFUULOHGHODERUDWRUVHYRUHIHFWXDVXEGLUHFWDVXSUDYHJKHUHDFDGUHORU didactice.
5. (VWHLQWHU]LVEORFDUHDIHUHVWUHORUFXPDWHULDOHSDFKHWHDSDUDWHHWF
6. &LUFXLWHOH GH DOLPHQWDUH FX JD]H WUHEXLH V ILH vQ SHUIHFW VWDUH GH IXQFLRQDUH
(WDQHLWDWHDFRQGXFWHORUGHJD]HLDYHQWLOHORUVHYDFRQWURODSHULRGLF FXVROXLH
de VSXQ(VWHLQWHU]LVYHULILFDUHDFRQGXFWHORUGHJD]HFXIODFUGHVFKLV
7. (VWH LQWHU]LV IXQFLRQDUHD DSDUDWHORU HOHFWULFH IU D IL VXSUDYHJKHDWH 3HULRGLF
DFHVWHDYRUILYHULILFDWHGHFWUHSHUVRQDOVSHFLDOL]DW
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9. 1X VH YRU IRORVL DOWHUH vQWUHUXSWRDUH SUL]H GHIHFWH vQWUXFkW OD IRORVLUHD ORU VH
IRUPHD]DUFXULHOHFWULFHFDUHSRWGXFHODvQFHSXWGHLQFHQGLL
10. 7UHEXLHGHHYLWDWGHDVHIDFHOHJWXUDGLUHFWGLQWUHGRLFRQGXFWRULGLIHULi ntruct
vQSXQFWXOGHOHJWXUDFRQGXFWRULORUDSDUIHQRPHQHGHGLULMDUHDFOGXULLFHHDFH
FRQGXFHODDSULQGHUHDLQVWDODLHL
11. $WXQFLFkQGVHREVHUYvQFHSXWXULGHSHUOULDOHFRQWDFWHORUVDXRULFHDOWGHIHFWDUH
WUHEXLHOXDWHPVXULGHvQGHSUWDUHLPHGLDWDDFHVWRUD
12. (VWHLQWHU]LVDVHIRORVLLQVWDODLLHOHFWULFHLPSURYL]DWH
13. (VWHLQWHU]LVOVDUHDDSDUDWHORUHOHFWULFHVXEWHQVLXQH
14. QODERUDWRUQXVHSVWUHD]VXEVWDQHLQIODPDELOHVDXXRUYRODWLOHvQFDQWLWLPDL
mari dect necesarul pentru o zi.
11
15. Q FD]XO DSULQGHULL XQXL OLFKLG LQIODPDELO WUHEXLH V VH SURFHGH]H FX OLQLWH IU
SDQLFH[HFXWkQGX-VHvQRUGLQHXUPWRDUHOH
-
se stinge becul;
VHDFRSHUIODFUDFXRSWXUVDXQLVLS
vQ SDUDOHO FX RSHUDLLOH GH VWLQJHUH VH VFRW WRDWH YDVHOH FX VXEVWDQe
LQIODPDELOHFDUHVHDIOvQODERUDWRU
GDFQXVHVWLQJHIRFXOVHFKHDPSRPSLHULLDQXQkQGX-se de la nceput ce
VXEVWDQHDXOXDWIRF
VH YD DGXFH OD FXQRWLQ FHORU FH OXFUHD] vQ DSURSLHUH GH SUH]HQD vQ
DWPRVIHUDXQRUFDQWLWLSHULFXORDVHGHVXEVWDQH
16. QFD]XODSULQGHULLvPEUFPLQWHLVHYDSURFHGDDVWIHO
-
VQXVHDOHUJH
VVHVWLQJIODFUDSULQvQYHOLUHFXRSWXU
KDODWHOH V ILH LJQLIXJDWH FX LJQLIXJ WH[WLO DQWHULRU vQFHSHULL OXFUXOXL FX
VXEVWDQHLQIODPDELOH
17. 6SODUHD FX EHQ]LQ VDX DOWH VXEVWDQH LQIODPDELOH vQ DSURSLHUHD VXUVHORU GH IRF
HVWHLQWHU]LV
18. 'DF GLQ vQWkPSODUH VH YDUV R FDQWLWDWH RDUHFDUH GH OLFKLG LQIODPDELO VH
SURFHGHD]vQPRGXOXUPWRU
-
se sting imediat toate becurile;
VHvQFKLGXLOHLVHGHVFKLGIHUHVWUHOH
lichidul YUVDWVHYDWHUJHFX R FkUS FDUH VH YD VWRDUFH vQWU-un balon cu

dop;
VH YD vQWUHUXSH DHULVLUHD QXPDL GXS FRQVWDWDUHD GLVSDULLHL FRPSOHWH D

YDSRULORUGLQOLFKLGXOYUVDW
19. Q FD]XO LQFHQGLLORU GH SURSRULL PDUL JD]XO PHWDQ VH vQFKLGH GH OD FRQGXFWD
SULQFLSDO
/DvQFHSXWXOILHFUHLOXFUULGHODERUDWRUYDILHIHFWXDWXQVFXUWLQVWUXFWDMGHSURWHFLD
PXQFLLVSHFLILFOXFUULLUHVSHFWLYH
12
05,0,,81,7,),=,&(,&+,0,&(
2DPHQLL DX FUHDW L XWLOL]DW XQLWL GH PVXU L PLMORDFH GH PVXUDUH GLQ FHOH PDL
YHFKL WLPSXUL &XQRDWHUHD VWSkQLUHD L WUDQVIRUPDUHD UDLRQDO D PHGLXOXL UHDOL]DUHD GH
SURGXVHGHFDOLWDWHSURJUHVXOWLLQHLL WHKQLFLLVXQWGHQHLPDJLQDWIUPLMORDFHLXQLWLGH
PVXU
([LVWHQD D QXPHURDVH VLVWHPH GH XQLWL FURUD OL VH DGXJDX XQ QXPU PDUH GH
XQLWL GH PVXU FDUH QX IFHDX SDUWH GLQ QLFL XQXO GLQWUH DFHVWH VLVWHPH D GHWHUPLQDW
adoptarea, la XI-a &RQIHULQJHQHUDOGH0VXULL*UHXWL3DULVDXQXLVLVWHPGH
XQLWLGHPVXUSUDFWLFVLPSOXLUDLRQDOVWUXFWXUDWFXDSOLFDELOLWDWHvQvQWRDWHGRPHQLLOH
WLLQHLLWHKQLFLLGHQXPLW6LVWHPXO,QWHUQDLRQDOGH8QLWL6,6LVWHPXO,QWHUQDLRQDOGH
8QLWL HVWH IRORVLW vQ SHVWH GH UL L FRQLQH WUHL FODVH GH XQLWL GHQXPLWH L XQLWL
fundamentale XQLWL GHULYDWH L XQLWL VXSOLPHQWDUH &ODVLILFDUHD HVWH DUELWUDU L QX HVWH
LPSXV GH OHJLOH IL]LFLL 5RPkQLD D DGRSWDW FD VLQJXU VLVWHP GH XQLWL GH PVXU OHJDO L
obligatoriu, S. I. din 1961.
QDIDUGHVLVWHPXO,QWHUQDLRQDOVHPDLXWLOL]HD]FDVLVWHPHWROHUDWHXUPWRDUHOH
VLVWHPHGHXQLWL
Sistemul tehnic MKFS metru, kilogram-IRUVHFXQG
Sistemul practic MKSA PHWUXNLORJUDPVHFXQGDPSHU
Sistemul CGS FHQWLPHWUXJUDPVHFXQG
8QLWLIXQGDPHQWDOH
6LVWHPXO,QWHUQDLRQDOGHXQLWLDUHODED]DSWHXQLWLIXQGDPHQWDOHELQHGHILQLWH
independente din punct de vedere dimensional.
Lungimea. 8QLWDWHD GH PVXU HVWH metrul (m). P UHSUH]LQW OXQJLPHD GUXPXOXL
SDUFXUVGHOXPLQvQYLGvQWLPSGHGLQWU-RVHFXQG.
Masa. 8QLWDWHDGHPVXUHVWHkilogramul (kg). Kilogramul este masa kilogramului
SURWRWLS LQWHUQDLRQDO DGRSWDW FD XQLWDWH GH PVXU D PDVHL GH &RQIHULQD *HQHUDO GH
0VXULL*UHXWLGLQDQXO
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UHSUH]LQW GXUDWD D SHULRDGH D UDGLDLHL FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH WUDQ]LLH vQWUH FHOH
GRXQLYHOHGHHQHUJLHKLSHUILQHDOHVWULLIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHDWRPXOXLGH&V
Intensitatea curentului electric. 8QLWDWHD IXQGDPHQWDO GH PVXU D LQWHQVLWLL
curentului electric este amperul (A). $UHSUH]LQWLQWHQVLWDWHDXQXLFXUHQWHOHFWULFFRQVWDQW
carHPHQLQXWvQWUHGRXFRQGXFWRDUHSDUDOHOHUHFWLOLQLLFXOXQJLPHDLQILQLWLFXVHFLXQHD
FLUFXODU QHJOLMDELO DH]DWH vQ YLG OD R GLVWDQ GH P XQXO GH FHOODOW DU SURGXFH vQWUH
acestea RIRUGH.10-7 dintr-un newton, pe o lungime de 1m.
Temperatura. 8QLWDWHD GH WHPSHUDWXU WHUPRGLQDPLF HVWH gradul Kelvin (K). 1K,
UHSUH]LQWGLQWHPSHUDWXUDWHUPRGLQDPLFDSXQFWXOXLWULSOXDODSHL
&DQWLWDWHD GH VXEVWDQ 8QLWDWHD IXQGDPHQWDO GH PVXU D FDQWLWLL GH VXEVWDQ
este molul (mol). PROUHSUH]LQWFDQWLWDWHDGHVXEVWDQdintr-XQVLVWHPFDUHFRQLQHDWkWHD
HQWLWL HOHPHQWDUH FkL DWRPL H[LVW vQ NJ & DGLF .1023 3RW IL HQWLWL
elementare: atomi, ioni, electroni, etc.
,QWHQVLWDWHD OXPLQRDV 8QLWDWHD IXQGDPHQWDO GH PVXU D LQWHQVLWLL OXPLQRDVH
este candela (cd). FG UHSUH]LQW LQWHQVLWDWHD OXPLQRDV vQWU-R GLUHFLH GDWD XQHL VXUVH
FDUH HPLWH UDGLDLH PRQRFURPDWLF FX IUHFYHQD GH .1012 KHUW]L L D FUHL LQWHQVLWDWH
HQHUJHWLFvQGLUHFLDUHVSHFWLYHVWHGHGLQWU-un watt pe steradian.
8QLWLGHULYDWH
8QLWLOH GHULYDWH VXQW XQLWL FDUH SRW IL IRUPDWH SULQ FRPELQDUHD XQLWLORU
IXQGDPHQWDOHSHED]DXQRURSHUDLLDOJHEULFHDOHVHFDUHOHDJPULPLOHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHQ
conWLQXDUH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH GHILQLLLOH XQLWLORU GHULYDWH SHQWUX PULPLOH GH VSDLX WLPS
PHFDQLFHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHWHUPLFHPULPLFDUHVXQWXWLOL]DWHLvQDSOLFDLLOHQXPHULFHDOH
OXFUULORUGHODERUDWRU
14
0ULPLLXQLWLGHVSDLXLWLPS
Nr.
crt.
0ULPHDGHULYDW
Unitatea
GHULYDW
Simbol
'HILQLLH
1.
Aria, A
PHWUXSWUDW
m2
$ULDXQXLSWUDWFXODWXUDGHP
2.
Volum, V
metru cub
m3
Volumul unui cub cu latura de 1m.
3.
9LWH]Y
PHWUXVHFXQG
m/s
9LWH]DXQXLSXQFWvQPLFDUHUHFWLOLQLHLXQLIRUP
FDUHSDUFXUJHGLVWDQDGHPvQWU-RVHFXQG
4.
$FFHOHUDLHD
PHWUXVHFXQG
ODSWUDW
m/s2
$FFHOHUDLDXQXLSXQFWvQPLFDUHUHFWLOLQLHXQLIRUP
YDULDWDFUXLYLWH]YDULD]FXPVvQWU-RVHFXQG
5.
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hertz
Hz
)UHFYHQDXQXLIHQRPHQSHULRGLFDFUXLSHULRDG
HVWHRVHFXQG
0ULPLLXQLWLPHFDQLFH
Nr.
crt.
0ULPHDGHULYDW
8QLWDWHDGHULYDW
Simbol
'HILQLLH
1.
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kilogram/metru cub
kg/m3
0DVDYROXPLFDXQXLFRUSRPRJHQFXYROXPXO
de 1m3 DFUXLPDVDHVWHGHNJ
2.
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newton
)RUDFDUHDSOLFDWXQXLFRUSFXPDVDGHNJvL
LPSULPRDFFHOHUDLHGHPV2.
Pa
3DVFDOXOHVWHSUHVLXQHDFDUHDFLRQkQGXQLIRUPSH
o VXSUDIDGHP2 H[HUFLWSHUSHQGLFXODUSH
DFHDVWVXSUDIDRIRUWRWDOGH1
/XFUXOPHFDQLFHIHFWXDWGHRIRUGH1DOFUXL
SXQFWGHDSOLFDLHVHGHSODVHD]FXP vQGLUHFLD
IRUHL
pascal
2
3.
Presiune, p
1N/m = 10 dyn/cm2;
1 atm. =
1,013.105N/m2
joule
4.
Lucrul mecanic,
L
1kcal = 4,18 kJ
1kWh = 3,6.106J
1kWh = 860,11 kcal.
5.
Puterea, P
watt
3XWHUHDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHWUDQVIHUXOXLGHHQHUJLHGH
1J care se produce timp de 1s.
6.
Debit volumetric,
Dv, (*)
PHWUXFXESHVHFXQG
m3/s
&DQWLWDWHDvQXQLWLGHYROXPFDUHWUHFHSULQWU-un
punct al conductei ntr-RVHFXQG
7.
Debit masic, Dm
NLORJUDPSHVHFXQG
kg/s
CantitDWHDvQXQLWLGHPDVFDUHWUHFHSULQWU-un
punct al unei conducte n timp de 1s.
15
(*) Debitul volumetric, DvSHQWUXRFRQGXFWFXVHFLXQHDFLUFXODUVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD

Dv =
d2
v
4
unde: d diametrul conductei;

v viteza lichidului .
0ULPLLXQLWLHOHFWURPDJQHWLFH
Nr.
crt.
0ULPHDGHULYDW
Unitatea
GHULYDW
Simbol
'HILQLLH
1.
6DUFLQDHOHFWULF
Q
coulumb
Cantitatea de electricitate care, trecnd

printr-un conductor timp de 1s, produce un
curent de 1A.
2.
Tensiune
HOHFWULF8
7HQVLXQHDHOHFWULFGLQWUHGRXSXQFWHDOH
unui conductor parcurs de un curent constant
GH$FkQGSXWHUHDGLVLSDWvQWUHFHOHGRX
puncte este de 1W
volt
3.
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HOHFWULF R
ohm
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XQXLFRQGXFWRUFkQGODWHQVLXQHHOHFWULFGH
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conductorului, prin acesta trece un curent de
1A.
4.
Capacitate
HOHFWULFF
farad
Capacitatea unui condensator electric care

VXEWHQVLXQHDGH9DSOLFDWvQWUHDUPWXULOH
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Simbol
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0ULPLLXQLWLWHUPLFH
Nr.
crt.
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Unitatea
GHULYDW
1.
&OGXUVSHFLILF
c
Joule pe
kilogram
Kelvin
J/kg K
&OGXUDPDVLFDXQXLFRUSFXPDVDGHNJ
DFUXLWHPSHUDWXUWHUPRGLQDPLFFUWHFX
.FkQGSULPHWHRFDQWLWDWHGHFOGXUGH
1J
W/m.K
&RQGXFWLYLWDWHDWHUPLFDunui corp omogen

SULQDFUXLVXSUDIDGHP2 trece un flux
WHUPLFGH:ODRYDULDLHDWHPSHUDWXULLvQ
GLUHFLDQRUPDOHLODVXSUDIDDL]RWHUPGH
1K/m.
Watt pe metru
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2.
Conductivitate
WHUPLF
1W/m.K =
2,39.10-3
cal/cm.s.K =
0,86 kcal/m.h.K
16
8QLWL6,GHULYDWHFXGHQXPLULVSHFLDOH
0ULPHD
Unitatea S.I.
Simbol
Exprimarea n
fundamentale
9LVFR]LWDWHGLQDPLF
Pa.s
m-1.kg.s-1
7HQVLXQHVXSHUILFLDO
N/m
kg.s-2
&DSDFLWDWHWHUPLFHQWURSLH
J/K
m2.kg.s-2.K-1
Cmp electric (intensitatea cmpului electric)
V/m
m.kg.s-3.A-1
(QHUJLHPRODU
J/mol
m2.kg.s-2.mol-1
(QWURSLHPRODU
J/mol.K
m2.kg.s-2.K-1.mol-1
XQLWL 6,
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IUHFYHQW D XQLWilor tROHUDWH LPSXQH QHFHVLWDWHD GH WUDQVIRUPDUH D XQLWLORU 6, vQ XQLWL
ale altor sisWHPHLLQYHUVYH]LAnexele 1-8).
8QLWLVXSOLPHQWDUH
QDFHDVWFDWHJRULHVXQWLQFOXVH
-
Unitatea S.I. de unghi plan radianul este unghiul plan cuprins

vQWUHGRXUD]HFDUHLQWHUFHSWHD]SHFLUFXPIHULQDXQXLFHUFXQDUF
GHOXQJLPHHJDOFXDUD]HL;
Unitatea S.I. de unghi solid steradianul - este unghiul solid care,

DYkQGYkUIXOvQFHQWUXOXQHLVIHUHGHOLPLWHD]SHVXSUDIDDDFHVWHLD
R DULH HJDO FX FHD D XQXL SWUDW D FUXL ODWXU HVWH HJDO FX UD]D
sferei.
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Q SUH]HQW SH SODQ PRQGLDO DOWXUL GH XQLWLOH 6LVWHPXOXL ,QWHUQDLRQDO VH PDL
IRORVHVFRFD]LRQDOFDXUPDUHDRELQXLQHLLXQLWLGHPDVQHFRHUHQWH$VWIHOGHH[HPSOX
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ScarD FHQWLJUDG VDX &HOVLXV & HVWH GLYL]DW vQ GH XQLWL 3H DFHDVW VFDU
temperatura de solidificare a apei este 0C, iar temperatura de fierbere la 1 atm. este 100 C.
17
Scara Raumur, R, HVWH IRORVLW vQ ULOH GH OLPE IUDQFH] 7HPSHUDWXUD GH
solidificare a apei este de 0R, iar temperatura de fierbere la 1 atm. este 80 R, scara fiind
GLYL]DWvQGHXQLWL
Scara Fahrenheit, F IRORVLW vQ ULOH GH OLPE HQJOH] DUH FD WHPSHUDWXU GH
solidificare a apei 32F, iar cea de fierbere 212 F. 'LIHUHQDGLQWUHFHOHGRXWHPSHUDWXULHVWH
GHIDGH SHVFDUDFHQWLJUDG
Scara Kelvin, KVDXVFDUDDEVROXWHVWHLVFDUD6,GHWHPSHUDWXU=HURDEVROXWHVWH
considerat 0K, n acest sistem, temperatura de solidificare a apei este 273k iar temperatura de
fierbere 373K. Temperatura S.I. Kelvin este cu 273,15K mai mare dect temperatura n C.
&RUHODUHDVFULORUGHWHPSHUDWXUVHIDFHFXUHODLLOH
K = C + 273
C = K 273
C = 5/4 R
=
R = 4/5 C
32
F = C.1,8+32
1,8
5HODLDJHQHUDO
R
4
32
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QXPUXO HOHPHQWHORU GLQ WDEHOXO SHULRGLF al elementelor. De exemplu, oxigenul n
18
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(1 u.a.m.) se FRQVLGHUD-a parte din masa tomului de carbon-izotopul 12.
0DVDDWRPLF a unui HOHPHQWFKLPLFUHSUH]LQWXQQXPUDGLPHQVLRQDOSULQFDUHVH
DUDWGHFkWHRULDWRPXOVXHVWHPDLJUHXGHFkWXDPSULQXQLUHDvQWU-un anumit raport a
mai multor atomi GHDFHODLIHOVDXGLIHULLVHRELQPROHFXOH
0DVD PROHFXODU D XQHL VXEVWDQH FKLPLFH UHSUH]LQW XQ QXPU DGLPHQVLRQDO FDUH
DUDWGHFkWHRULHVWHPDLJUHDPROHFXODUHVSHFWLYGHFkWXDP
&RQIRUP OHJLL FRQVHUYULL PDVHL PDVD PROHFXODU VH FDOFXOHD] FD VXPD PDVHORU
atomice a elementelor constituente.
Ex: NaCl
mNaCl = 22,9898
MNaCl = 58,4428
mCl = 35,453
0DVDUHDODPROHFXOHLVHSRDWHFDOFXODFXUHODLD
Mr(NaCl) = 58,4428 x 1,66033 x 10-24, g
Unde 1,66033 x 10-24 UHSUH]LQWPDVDXQXLDWRPGHKLGURJHQvQJUDPH
0DVDDWRPLFLPDVDPROHFXODUUHSUH]LQW XQLWLUHODWLYHGHPDV
19
8QLWLFKLPLFHGHPDVD
Atom- gram. 0DVD DWRPLF D XQXL HOHPHQW H[SULPDW vQ JUDPH UHSUH]LQW XQ DWRPgram.
Ex.:
mNa = 22,9898 g = 23,0 g
mFe = 55,847 g = 55,85 g
mCl = 35,453 g = 35,45 g
mO = 15,9994 g = 16,0 g
&XQRVFkQGPDVDDWRPLFH[SULPDWvQJUDPHVHSRDWHGHWHUPLQDQXPUXOGH
atomi-JUDPFDUHVHDIOvQWU-RFDQWLWDWHGHVXEVWDQ
Ex.:
1) &kLDWRPL-JUDPGHILHUVHJVHVFvQWU-un kg de pulbere de fier?
mFe = 55,847 g
GFe = 1kg = 1000 g
nFe = 1000/55,847 = 17,9
2) &kWHJUDPHGH1DUHSUH]LQWDWRmi-gram sodiu?
mNa = 23,0 g
nNa = 10
GNa = nNa.mNa = 230,0 g
0ROHFXO-gram. 0DVDPROHFXODUDXQHLFRPELQDLLFKLPLFHH[SULPDWvQJUDPHUHSUH]LQWR
PROHFXOJUDPVDXXQPRO Pentru a calcula masa unei molecule-JUDPWUHEXLHVFXQRDWHP
formula FKLPLFDVXEVWDQHLUHVSHFWLYHLPDVHOHDWRPLFHH[SULPDWHvQJUDPH
Ex.:
Carbonatul de calciu (CaCO3)
mCa = 40
mC = 12
mO = 16
1 mol CaCO3 = 40+12+3x16 = 100 g
Cunoscnd masa moleculei-JUDPLFDQWLWDWHDGHVXEVWDQVHSRDWHFDOFXODQXPUXOGHPROL
GHVXEVWDQ
Ex.:
1) &kLPROLVHJVHVFvQWU-XQOLWUXGHDS?
20
1 mol = MH 2 O = (2 1,008) + 16 = 18,06 g 18,0 g

nH 2 O =
1000
= 55,5moli
18
2) &kWHJUDPHUHSUH]LQWPROLGH&D&23?
MCaCO 3 = 100 g
nCaCO 3 = 2,5 moli
G = 100 x 2,5 = 250 g CaCO3
2PROHFXOJUDPPROGLQWU-RVXEVWDQFRQLQH[23 PROHFXOHQSUDFWLF
VHIRORVHWHRXQLWDWHGH 1000 de ori mai mare dect molul, kilomolul, (kmol).
1 kmol = 1000 moli.
Echivalent gram. Cantitatea dintr-R VXEVWDQ H[SULPDW vQ JUDPH QXPHULF HJDO FX
HFKLYDOHQWXOHLFKLPLFVHQXPHWHHFKLYDOHQWJUDPVDXYDO
(FKLYDOHQWXO JUDP ( UHSUH]LQW cantitatea n grame dintr-XQ HOHPHQW VDX VXEVWDQ
FDUH VH FRPELQ FX J GH +2 sau cu 8 g de O2 VDX SRDWH vQORFXL DFHVWH FDQWLWL vQ
FRPELQDLLOH ORU 5HDFLLOH FKLPLFH DX ORF GH OD HFKLYDOHQW OD HFKLYDOHQW 'HWHUPLQDUHD
HFKLYDOHQWXOXLXQHLVXEVWDQHVH IDFHSHED]DUHDFLHLODFDUHDFHDVWDSDUWLFLS
Metode generale de calcul:
-
Echivalentul unui element dintr-RVXEVWDQVLPSOVDXFRPELQDLH

FKLPLFH[$OvQ$O&O3 sau Al2O3
EAl = mAl YDOHQ(Al = 27/3 = 9 g;
Echivalentul unui oxid:
Eoxid =
M oxid
metalului nr .atomi de metal
EFe 2 O 3 =
-
MFe 2 O 3 159,7
=
= 26,6
32
6
Echivalentul unui acid ntr-RUHDFLHGHQHXWUDOL]DUH

Eacid =
Macid
nr. ionilor de H +
EHCl =
EH 2 SO 4
36,5
= 36,5 g
1
98
=
= 49,0 g
2
21
Echivalentul unei baze:
E =
MB(OH )n
nOH
40
= 40 g
1
74
=
= 37 g
2
ENaOH =
ECa (OH )2
-
(FKLYDOHQWXOXQHLVULvQWU-RUHDFLHGHGXEOXVFKLPE
Esare =
molecula gram
nr. atomilor de metal metalului
58,45
= 58,45 g
1
106
= 53,0 g
ENa 2 CO 3 =
2
100
ECaCO 3 =
= 50,0 g
2
ENaCl =
9ROXPXOPRODUDOVXEVWDQHORUvQVWDUHJD]RDV
Conform legii lui Avogadro, YROXPH HJDOH GH JD]H GLIHULWH vQ DFHOHDL FRQGLLL GH
WHPSHUDWXULSUHVLXQHFRQLQDFHODLQXPUGHPROHFXOH. Volumul ocupat de un molde gaz
vQFRQGLLLVWDQGDUG&LPP+JVHQXPHWHvolum molar LDUHDSUR[LPDWLYDFHHDL
valoare pentru toate gazele ideale (22,40 l).
2 PROHFXO JUDP GLQ RULFH JD] vQ FRQGLLL VWDQGDUG GH WHPSHUDWXU L SUHVLXQH
RFXSXQYROXPFRQVWDQWHJDOvQPHGLHFXO &XQRVFkQGPDVDXQHLPROHFXOH JUDPL
GHQVLWDWHDJD]XOXLOD&LPP+JVHSRDWHGHtermina volumul molar astfel:
1) MH 2 = 2,016 g
dH 2 = 0,08987 g/l
MH 2
2,016 g
v0 =
=
= 22,428 l
dH 2
0,08987 g/l
2) MO 2 = 32,0 g
dH 2 = 1,429 g/l
MO 2
32,0 g
=
= 22,392 l
v0 =
dO 2
1,429 g/l
22
n calcule se va lua valoarea medie de 22,40 l. Cunoscnd volumul molar al unui gaz
vQFRQGLLLVWDQGDUGVHSRDWHFDOFXODPDVDPROHFXODUDJD]XOXLVDXPDVDXQXLDQXPLWYROXP
de gaz.
a) Q FRQGLLL VWDQGDUG XQ YROXP GH PO JD] FkQWUHWH J 6 VH
GHWHUPLQHPDVDPROHFXODUDJD]XOXL
500
22400
=
;
0,9825
M
M=
224 0,9825
= 44,01
5
b) Care va fi masa uQXLOLWUXGHD]RWvQFRQGLLLVWDQGDUG?

MN 2 = 28,02 g
v0 = 22,4 l
d0 JOGHQVLWDWHDOD&LPP+J
CXQRVFkQG YROXPXO XQXL JD] vQ FRQGLLL VWDQGDUG VH SRDWH FDOFXOD YROXPXO VX vQ
FRQGLLL GH OXFUX 7 L 3 DSOLFkQG HFXDLD GH VWDUH D JD]HORU LGHDOH RELQXW SULQ
generalizarea legilor Boyle-Mariotte, Gay-/XVVDFL&KDUOOHV
PV P0 V0
=
;
T
T0
PV = n R T
(FXDLDSRDWHILJHQHUDOL]DWSHQWUXRULFHFRQGLLLvQFDUHYDULD]FHLWUHLSDUDPHWULGHOXFUX
P1 V1 P2 V2
=
T1
T2
Ex.:
a) Care va fi volumul ocupat de 1 kmol de CO2 OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH & L
presiunea de 750 mm Hg?
T0 = 273 K;
T = 273 + 20 = 293 K
P0 = 760 mm Hg; P = 750 mm Hg
V0 = 22,4 l;
V=?
V0 (kmol) = 22,4 x 103 l
PV P0 V0
=
T0
T
V=
P0 V0 T 760 4 103 293

=
= 24365 l
PT0
750 273
b) 8Q JD] RFXS OD & XQ YROXP GH PO &DUH YD IL YROXPXO VX OD
WHPSHUDWXUDGH&FRQVLGHUkQGFSUHVLXQHDJD]XOXLDUPDVFRQVWDQW"
23
T1 = 273 +20 = 290 K;

P1 = mm Hg;
V1 = 850 ml;
T = 273 + 50 = 323 K
P2 = P1 mm Hg
V2 = ?
P1 V1 P2 V2
=
T1
T2
V2 =
V1 T2 850 323
=
= 937,03 ml
T1
293
c) 6VHGHWHUPLQHFHFDQWLWDWHGHR[LJHQVHSRDWHvPEXWHOLDvQWU-un rezervor
de 1 m3 ODSUHVLXQHDGHDWPLWHPSHUDWXUDGH&
T0 = 273 K;
P0 = 1 atm;
V0 =?
T = 273 + 20 = 293 K
P = 150 atm
V = 1m3 = 1000 l
PV P0 V0
=
T
T0
V0 =
PVT0 150 1000 273

=
= 139761,092 l
P0 T
293
Goxigen = V0
32
= 199658,702 g = 199,7 kg
22,4
)RUPHGHH[SULPDUHDFRPSR]LLHLDPHVWHFXULORULVROXLLlor
QIXQFLHGHVWDUHDGHDJUHJDUHDFRPSRQHQWHORUFDUHIRUPHD]XQVLVWHPGHRVHELP
-
sisteme solide;
sisteme lichide;
sisteme gazoase.
/D UkQGXO ORU DFHVWH VLVWHPH VH VXEvPSDUW vQ IXQFLH GH VWDUHD GH DJUHJDUH D ID]HL
dispersate n mediul de dispersie.
QIXQFLHGHdimensiunile particulelor aflate n sistem deosebim:
-
suspensii SDUWLFXOHFXGLPHQVLXQLGHRUGLQXODc!P

1= 10-8 FPP );
VROXLLFRORLGDOH particule ntre 10-1000 (1-P
24
VROXLLPROHFXODUH particule cu dimensiuni moleculare sub 10

P).
3ULQFLSDOHOHVLVWHPHvQWkOQLWHvQSUDFWLFVXQWSUH]HQWDWHvQWDEHOXOXUPWRU
Sistemul
Mediul de
dispersie
Faza
GLVSHUVDW
Suspensii
mecanice
6ROXLL
coloidale
6ROXLL
moleculare
Solid (S)
amestecuri
geluri solide
aliaje, cristale
mixte
suspensii
VROXLL
coloidale
VROXLL
moleculare
emulsii
emulsii
coloidale
VROXLL
spume
spume
VROXLL
prafuri,
fumuri
aerosoli
FHDSORDLH
FHD
Amestec de
JD]HVROXLL
gazoase)
Lichid (L)
Gazos (G)
&RPSR]LLDDPHVWHFXULORU VROLGH VHH[SULPVXE IRUPDFRQFHQWUDLLORU SURFHQWXDOH GH PDV

(%). Astfel, presupunnd un amestec binar (W, grame) format din componentele A(wA L
B(WBFRPSR]LLDSURFHQWXDOGHPDVVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
%A =
wA
100
W
%B =
wB
100
W
100 - %A = %B
([ J DPHVWHF FRQLQ J FDUERQDW GH FDOFLX L J FDUERQDW GH PDJQH]LX 6 VH
FDOFXOH]HFRPSR]LLDSURFHQWXDOGHPDV
%CaCO3 =
35
100 = 70;
50
70%CaCO3
25
%MgCO3 =
15
100 = 30;
50
30%MgCO3
&RPSR]LLLOH VXVSHQVLLORUVHH[SULPvQ JO sau g/m3 VXVSHQVLHLDU FRPSR]LLDSUDIXULORUvQ

g/l sau g/Nm3 gaz.
&RPSR]LLD DPHVWHFXULORU JD]RDVH VH H[SULP VXE IRUPD GH FRQFHQWUDLH SURFHQWXDO GH
YROXPYROGHFRQFHQWUDLHSURFHQWXDOGHPDVVDXGHIUDFLHPRODU;
6WDUHD JD]RDV HVWH FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ WUHL SDUDPHWUL SUHVLXQH WHPSHUDWXU L YROXP
SDUDPHWULOHJDLvQWUHHLSULQOHJLOHJD]HORULGHDOH
/HJHDFRPSUHVLELOLWLLL]RWHUPHVDXOHJHD%R\OH-Mariotte FRQIRUPFUHLDvQWU-o transformare
L]RWHUPYROXPXOXQXLJD]HVWHLQYHUVSURSRULRQDOFXSUHVLXQHDODFDUHHVWHVXSXVJD]XO
V = k/p sau p.V = K = const.
/HJHD GLODWDELOLWLL L]REDUH VDX /HJHD *D\-Lussac staELOHWH F OD SUHVLXQH FRQVWDQW
YROXPXOXQHLPDVHGHWHUPLQDWHGHJD]VHPUHWHVDXVHPLFRUHD]SHQWUXILHFDUHFUHWHUH
VDXVFGHUHGH&FXGLQYROXPXOSHFDUHvORFXSOD&
V = V0 (1 +
1
t)
273
unde t este temperatura n C.

2IRUPSDUWLFXODUDOHJLL*D\-/XVVDFHVWHXUPWRDUHD
V1 T1 1
=
=
V2 T2 2
/HJHD GLODWDELOLWLL L]RFRUH VDX OHJHD OXL &KDUOHV FRQIRUP FUHLD OD volum constant
SUHVLXQHDXQXLJD]FUHWHVDXGHVFUHWHFXGLQSUHVLXQHDLQLLDOSHQWUXILHFDUHJUDGGH
WHPSHUDWXU
p = p2 1 +
1
t
273
3HQWUXVWULGLIHULWHDOHXQXLJD]HVWHYDODELOUHODLD
p1 p2
=
T1 T2
26
(FXDLDGHVWDUHDJD]HORULGHDOH. Legile Boyle-Mariotte:

pV = const.
L*D\-Lussac:
V/T = const.
pot fi reunite ntr-R VLQJXU HFXDLH 3HQWUX DFHDVWD VH FRQVLGHU PDL vQWkL JD]XO vQ FRQGLLL
normale: p0, V0, T0'DFJD]XOVHvQFO]HWH90 YDFUHWHOD91:
V1 =
V0
T
T0
Presiunea se va modifica de la p0 la p:
p0 V1 = p V
'DFVHLQHFRQWGHUHODLDOXL91 VHRELQH
p0 V0 pV
=
T0
T
Deoarece:
p0 V0
= const.
T0
5H]XOWFL
pV
= const.
T
3HQWUXXQPROGHJD]FRQVWDQWDQXGHSLQGHGHPDVGHFLQLFLGHQDWXUDJD]XOXLRELQkQGX-se
UHODLD
pV = RT HFXDLDGHVWDUHa gazelor ideale
XQGH5HVWHFRQVWDQWDXQLYHUVDOJHQHUDODJD]HORULQGHSHQGHQWGHQDWXUDDFHVWRUDFDUH
SRDWHDYHDXUPWRDUHOHYDORUL
R = 0,082
l atm
;
K mol
R = 62400
ml mm Hg
K mol
27
R = 8,314
J
;
K mol
R2
cal
K mol
3HQWUXQPROLGHJD]HFXDLDGH stare a gazelor devine:

pV=nRT
sau
pV =
m
RT
M
unde n = m/M.
(FXDLD JHQHUDO D JD]HORU VH PDL QXPHWH L HFXDLD 0HQGHOHHY Clapeyron cu
DMXWRUXOFUHLDVHSRDWHGHWHUPLQDGHQVLWDWHDXQXLJD]
=
m pM
=
V RT
'DF FRQVLGHUP GRX gaze, cu masele moleculare M1 L 02 OD DFHHDL SUHVLXQH L

WHPSHUDWXUVHSRDWHVFULH
1 =
p M1
respectiv
RT
2 =
p M2
RT
Deci:
1 M1
=
2 M2
5DSRUWXOGHQVLWLORUDGRXJD]HDIODWHvQDFHOHDLFRQGLLLGHWHPSHUDWXULSUHVLXQHHVWH
egal cu raportul maselor moleculare ale gazelor respective.
6WDUHDOLFKLG'HRDUHFHvQOXFUULOHGHODERUDWRUVHOXFUHD]vQPDMRULWDWHDFD]XULORU
FXVROXLLOLFKLGHvQFRQWLQXDUHVXQWSUH]HQWDWHIRUPHOHGHH[SULPDUHDFRQFHQWUDLHLVROXLLORU
lichide utilizate n mod curent n calcule tehnico-chimice.
6ROXLD UHSUH]LQW XQ DPHVWHF RPRJHQ GH GRX VDX PDL PXOWH VXEVWDQH DOH FURU
SDUWLFXOHVXQWGLYL]DWHPROHFXODUXQHOHvQDOWHOHFRPSRQHQWDDIODWvQFDQWLWDWHDFHDPLDPDUH
VH QXPHWH GL]ROYDQW VROYHQW LDU FHOHODOWH FRPSRQHQWH VH QXPHVF GL]ROYDW VROYLW VDX
VXEVWDQGL]ROYDW
&RQFHQWUDLD SURFHQWXDO GH PDV UHSUH]LQW PDVD GH VXEVWDQ vQ JUDPH
GL]ROYDWvQJGHVROXLH
([VROXLH+2SO4 75 g H2SO4 VHJVHVFvQJGHVROXLH
28
'DFVHFXQRDWHGHQVLWDWHDVROXLHLGJPOLFRQFHQWUDLDSURFHQWXDOGHPDVVH

SRDWHFDOFXODYROXPXOGHVROXLHUHVSHFWLYFRQFHQWUDLDvQJUDPHGHVXEVWDQGL]ROYDWvQWUXQOLWUXGHVROXLHJO
([&DUHHVWHFRQFHQWUDLDSURFHQWXDOGHPDVDXQHLVROXLLFDUHFRQLQHPROL&2H5OH
LPROL+2O?
MC 2 H 5 OH = 1mol = 46 g;
MH 2 O = 1 mol = 18 g;
10 moli = 460 g
10 moli = 180 g
0DVDVROXLHL0 J

%C2 H5 OH =
460
100 = 71,87;
640
71,87% C2 H5 OH
%H2 O = 100 %C2 H5 OH = 28,13;
28,13% H2 O
&RQFHQWUDLDLQGXVWULDO&JUDPHGHVXEVWDQOLWUXVROXLH

([FDUHHVWHFRQFHQWUDLDvQJODXQHLVROXLLGHDFLGFORUKLGULF+&ODFUHLGHQVLWDWH
este d415= 1,17 g/ml?
33,46 g HCl100 g sol..100/1,17 ml sol.
C g..1000 ml sol.
C=
33,46 1000 1,17

= 391,48 g HCl g HCl/l
100
&RQFHQWUDLD PRODU P molaritate QXPU GH PROHFXOH JUDP PROL VXEVWDQ

GL]ROYDWvQWU-XQOLWUXGHVROXLH
([&DUHYDILPRODULWDWHDXQHLVROXLLGH+&OFDUHFRQLQHJ+&OGL]ROYDWHvQPO
VROXLH"
MHCl = 36,45 g;
n (moli HCl) = 441 /36,45
441/36,45 moli HCl.1500 ml sol.

m moli HCl1000 ml sol
m=
molaritatea (m) =
sau:
1000 441
= 8,07
1500 36,45
moli
, molil sol.
litri
29
m=
gl sol.
,
masa
molil sol.
&RQFHQWUDLDQRUPDOQ normalitate QXPUXOGHHFKLYDOHQLJUDPGHVXEVWDQ

GL]ROYDLvQWU-XQOLWUXGHVROXLH
normalitatea (n) =
gram
litri de
n=
gl sol.
E
unde E echivalentul gram.

([6VHFDOFXOH]HQRUPDOLWDWHDVROXLHLFDUHFRQLQHJFDUERQDWGHVRGLXvQ
POVROXLH"
MNa 2 CO 3 = 106 g;
ENa 2 CO 3 =
106
= 53 g
2
nr. de echiv. gram = 20 /53 = 0,3773

normalitatea (n) =
0,3773
= 0,629
0,6
sau:
C (gl) =
n=
1000 20
= 33,333 gl
600
33,333
= 0,629;
53
0,629 n Na2 CO3
)UDFLH PRODU ; UDSRUWXO GLQWUH QXPUXO GH PROL D XQXL FRPSRQHQW L QXPUXO
WRWDO GH PROL DL WXWXURU FRPSRQHQLORU DIODL vQ VROXLH Presupunnd un amestec binar care
FRQLQHPA JUDPHFRPSRQHQW$GHPDVPROHFXODU0A LPB JUDPHFRPSRQHQW%GHPDV
PROHFXODU0BQXPUXOGHPROLGHFRPSRQHQW$YD fi:
nA =
mA
MA
nB =
mB
MB
LDUQXPUXOGHPROLGHFRPSRQHQW%
)UDFLDPRODUDFRPSRQHQWHL$YDILGDWGH
30
XA =
XA + XB = 1;
nA
nA + nB
XB = 1 - XA
([2VROXLHFRQLQHJ 1D&OLJ+22&DUHHVWHFRPSR]LLDHLH[SULPDWvQIUDFLL
molare?
MNaCl = 58,45 g;
100 g NaCl =
MH 2 O = 18 g;
900 g H2 O =
100
= 1,71 moli NaCl
58,45
900
= 49,94 moli H2 O
18
)UDFLDPRODUYDIL
XNaCl =
1,71
= 0,0331
1,71 + 49,94
XH 2 O =
49,94
= 0,9669
1,71 + 49,94
XNaCl + XH 2 O = 1
Calcule stoechiometrice. &DOFXOHOH FX SULYLUH OD GHWHUPLQDUHD FRPSR]LLHL XQHL FRPELQDLL
DPHVWHFGHVROXLHDHFKLYDOHQLORUFKLPLFLDFDQWLWLLGHUHDFWDQLDSURGXLORUGHUHDFLHD
FRQYHUVLHL UHDFWDQLORU L D UDQGDPHQWXOXL GH UHDFie, se numesc calcule stoechiometrice.
Pentru a executa corect calculele stoechiometrice trebuie scrise corect formulele chimice ale
VXEVWDQHORUUHDFLLOHFKLPLFHODFDUHSDUWLFLSLOHJLOHGHFRPELQDUH
([&HFDQWLWDWHGHYDUVHRELQHSULQGHVFRPSXQHUHDWHUPLFDXQHLWRQHGHFDUERQDWGH
calciu?
CaCO3
CaO + CO2
100
56
GCaO =
44
1000 56
= 560 kg
100
2) Ce cantitate GHYDUWHKQLFVHRELQHSULQGHVFRPSXQHUHDWHUPLFDWGHFDOFDUFDUH
FRQLQH&D&23",PSXULWLOHVHFRQVLGHULQHUWH
1000 96
= 960 kg CaCO3
100
GCaO =
960 56
= 537,6 kg
100
Gvar tehnic = NJ&D2NJLPSXULWL NJ
31
6VHGHWHUPLQHPDVDGLR[LGXOXLGHFDUERQUH]XOWDWODSXQFWXOSUHFXPLYROXPXO
RFXSDWOD&LPP+J"
GCO 2 =
960 44
= 422,4 kg
100
VCO 2 (273 K 760 mm Hg) = 22,4 l

V0 (CO2 ) = 422,4 103
22,4
= 215,04 103 l = 215,04 Nm3
44
p0 V0 PV
=
T0
T
V=
p0 V0 T 760 215,04 298

=
= 234,73 Nm3
pT0
760 273
Probleme propuse
1) O butelie de azot pierde gaz astfel nct, la temperatura de 7C, presiunea este
8,31 N/m2 'XS XQ WLPS OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH & VH FRQVWDW F SUHVLXQHD JD]XOXL HVWH
DFHHDL6VHFDOFXOH]HPDVDGHD]RWFDUHDLHLWGLQEXWHOLHWLLQGFYROXPXOEXWHOLHLHVWHGH
0,01 m3.
R. 0,0762 kg
8QUHFLSLHQWGLQRHOFXSHUHLLJURLHVWHSOLQFXFORUOLFKLGG JFP3). Care
YDILSUHVLXQHDvQLQWHULRUXOUHFLSLHQWXOXLGDFDFHVWDHVWHvQFO]LWOD&"
R. 1205 atm
2 EXWHOLH FX YROXPXO GH OLWUL L WHPSHUDWXUD GH & FRQLQH R[LJHQ VXE R
presiune de 107 N/m2'XSFHRSDUWHGLQR[LJHQXOGLQEXWHOLHDIRVWFRQVXPDWSUHVLXQHDD
VF]XWODS1 = 5.106 N/m2, iar temperatura la 7 &6VHcalculeze:
DPDVDR[LJHQXOXLFDUHVHJVHDLQLLDOvQEXWHOLH
b) masa oxigenului consumat.
R. 5,134 kg O2; 2,384 kg O2
&HYROXPRFXSJGHR[LJHQOD &LDWP"
R. 22,4 l.
32
5) Ce volum de CO2 PVXUDW OD & L PP +J UH]XOW SULQ WUDWDUHD D J
PDUPXU FH FRQLQH &D&23 FX PO VROXLH +&O G JPO" &DUH
VXEVWDQVHDIOvQH[FHV"
R. 30,973 m3 CO2; 47,628 g HCl n exces.
6) Prin calcinarea a 24 t de calcar cu 85 % CaCO3 VHRELn 15,024 t var tehnic. Care
HVWHUDQGDPHQWXOGHGHVFRPSXQHUHDOFDOFDUXOXL"&DOFXODLFRPSR]LLDSURFHQWXDOGHPDVD
YDUXOXL WHKQLF WLLQG F DFHVWD FRQLQH &D2 L LPSXULWLOH DIODWH LQLLDO vQ FDOFDU FDUH VXQW
LQHUWHvQWLPSXOFDOFLQULL
R. 100 %; 76,03 % CaCO3LPSXULWL
&HFDQWLWDWHGHVROXLHFX+2SO4 VHRELQHSULQSUHOXFUDUHDXQHLWRQHGHSLULW
GHSXULWDWHSUHVXSXQkQGFWRWVXOIXOWUHFHvQDFLGVXOIXULF"
R. 1500 kg sol 95 % H2SO4
6HGRWEOHQGGHSXULWDWH6VHFDOFXOH]H
a) volumul de aer, cu 20 % O2 QHFHVDU SHQWUX SUMLUHD XQHL WRQH GH
minereu?
E YROXPXO VROXLHL +2SO4 G J PO RELQXW SULQ
prelucrarea SO2 UH]XOWDWvQWLPSXOSUMLULL"
R. 1385,5 m3 DHUOVROXLHH2SO4.
2 VROXLHGHDFLGVXOIXULFDUHFRQFHQWUDLD H[SULPDW vQ SURFHQWHJUDYLPHWULFHGH
6VHH[SULPHYDORDUHDFRQFHQWUDLHLDFHVWHLVROXLLvQDOWHIRUPHGHH[SULPDUH
6VHFDOFXOH]HFRPSR]LLDDPHVWHFXOXLRELQXWSULQDPHVWHFDUHDDO aer cu 3 l
DPRQLDFvQFRQGLLLQRUPDOH
33
IDENTIFICAREA COMPONENTELOR UNUI ALIAJ METALIC PRIN METODE

ELECTROCHIMICE
Aliajele VXQW PDWHULDOH PHWDOLFH RPRJHQH OD VFDU PDFURVFRSLF RELQXWH vQ PRG
RELQXLWSULQVROLGLILFDUHDXQRUID]HOLFKLGHWRSLWXULFDUHFRQLQVSHFLLOHDWRPLFHDOHPDLmultor
elemente chimice.
(OHPHQWHOH FKLPLFH FRQLQXWH vQ VWUXFWXUD XQXL DOLDM VXQW GHQXPLWH componentele
aliajului. 2ULFH DOLDM DUH vQ FRPSR]LLH XQ FRPSRQHQW SULQFLSDO QXPLW L FRPSRQHQW GH ED]
PHWDOLFLXQXOVDXPDLPXOWHFRPSRQHQWHVHFXQGDUHQXPLWH LFRPSRQHQWHGHDOLHUHPHWDOLFH
sau nemetalice.
7RWDOLWDWHD DOLDMHORU DOFWXLWH GLQ DFHOHDL FRPSRQHQWH OXDWH vQ GLIHULWH SURSRULL
IRUPHD]un sistem de aliaje.
QIXQFLHGHQXPUXOFRPSRQHQWHORUDOLDMHOHLVLVWHPHOHGHDOLDMHSRWIL
-binare FXGRXFRPSRQHQWH
- ternare (cu trei componente),
- cuaternare FXSDWUXFRPSRQHQWHL
- polinare sau complexe (cu mai multe componente).
&RPSR]LLD DOLDMHORU VH GHILQHWH SULQ FRQFHQWUDLLOH PDVLFH VDX DWRPLFH DOH
componentelor DFHVWRUDFRQLQXWXUile procentuale masice sau atomice ale componentelor). De
exemplu, pentru un aliaj binar, avnd componentele A FXPDVDDWRPLFmaA LYDOHQDvALB (
FXPDVDDWRPLFmaB LYDOHQDvBFRPSR]LLDVHH[SULPSULQ
- FRQFHQWUDLLOHPDVLFHDOHFRPSRQHQWHlor (%Am; %Bm):
- FRQFHQWUDLLOHDWRPLFHDOHFRPSRQHQWHORUAat; %Bat):
Lucrarea de laborator are drept scop identificarea componentelor unui aliaj metalic.
Componentele unui aliaj metalic se pot identifica cu ajutorul analizei electrografice care
este FXQRVFXWLVXEGHQXPLUHDGHPHWRGDDPSUHQWHORU
1. Principiul metodei
$QDOL]D HOHFWURJUDILF HVWH R PHWRG HOHFWURFKLPLF FDUH FRQVW vQ WUHFHUHD
FRPSRQHQWHORUDOLDMHORUVDXPLQHUHXULORUSHRKkUWLHGHILOWUXVXEIRUPGHLRQLprin dizolvare
DQRGLFDOLDMXOMRDFUROGHDQRG$GXJkQGSHKkUWLDGHILOWUXUHDFWLYXOVSHFLILFSHQWUXILHFDUH
34
LRQ UHDFWLY FKLPLF FX FDUH IRUPHD] FRPELQDLL FRORUDWH VSHFLILF DSDU SH HD SHWH FRORUDWH
FDUDFWHULVWLF Q IXQFLH GH LQWHQVLWDWHD FRORUDLLORU VH SRDWH DSUHFLD FX DSUR[LPDLH FRQLQXWXO
elementelor
respective
proba
de
analizat.
$YDQWDMHOH DQDOL]HL SULQ PHWRGD HOHFWURJUDILF VXQW WLPSXO VFXUW SHQWUX HIHFWXDUHD
DQDOL]HLSUREDGHDQDOL]DWQXVHGLVWUXJHVHSXQvQHYLGHQILVXULOHSRULLLGLIHritele incluziuni
ale probei de analizat.
2. ASDUDWXULVXEVWDQH
Electrograful HVWHXQDSDUDWFXRFRQVWUXFLHIRDUWHVLPSOILJ3HXQFDGUXPHWDOLFVXQW
IL[DWHFDWRGXOGLQDOXPLQLXIL[DWSHPDWHULDOXOL]RODWRULDQRGXOGLQSOXPE). Anodul
SRDWH IL GHSODVDW SH YHUWLFDO L IL[DW vQWU-R DQXPLW SR]LLH FX DMXWRUXO XUXEXOXL
(OHFWURJUDIXOVHFRQHFWHD]ODRVXUVGHFXUHQWFRQWLQXXGH-12 V.
Reactivi necesari: NaOH, NH4OH, KNO3, 5% ; NaNO3 5%, H2O2 3%; K4Fe(CN)6; K2SO4 5%
VROXLHFXUROGHHOHFWUROLWURXGHDOL]DULQGLPHWLOJOLR[LP3E&+3COO)2
0DWHULDOHKkUWLHPHWDORJUDILFKkUWLHGHILOWUXSLSHWHIRDUIHFH
Fig.1. Electrograful: (1)- cadru metalic; (2)- material izolator; (3) catod din aluminiu; (4) hrtie de filtru ; (5) SOFXGHDQDOL]DW- anod din plumb (7)- XUXESHQWUXIL[DUHDSUREHLGH
analizat.
3. Modul de lucru
3UREDGHDQDOL]DWFXJURVLPHDGHPPLFHOHODOWHGLPHQVLXQLDSUR[LPDWLYHJDOHFXFHOH
DOHHOHFWUR]LORUVHOHIXLHWHFXKkUWLHPHWDORJUDILFVHVSDOELQHFXDSGHODURELQHWDSRLFX
DS GLVWLODW L VH WHUJH FX KkUWLH GH ILOWUX 3H FDWRGXO GH DOXPLQLX VH SXQH R KkUWLH GH ILOWUX
vPELEDWFXVROXLDXQXLHOHFWUROLW.2SO4 3HVWHDFHDVWKkUWLHVHDHD]SUREDGHDQDOL]DW
35
cDUHVHSUHVHD]ELQHvQWUHFHLGRLHOHFWUR]LSULQVWUkQJHUHDXUXEXOXi 6HFRQHFWHD]VXUVDGH
tensiune de 6-9 V, timp de 20-VFkQGDUHORFHOHFWUROL]DvQGHFXUVXOFUHLDDOLDMXOGHDQDOL]DW
va genera ioni care trec pe hrtia de filtru (aliajul de aQDOL]DW MRDF URO GH DQRG VROXELO
'L]ROYDUHDDQRGLFDUHORFGXSVFKHPD
0H0Hz+ + z e6HGHFXSOHD]VXUVDGHWHQVLXQHVHGHVIDFHXUXEXOVHVFRDWHFXJULMKkUWLDGHILOWUX
LVHWUDWHD]FXUHDFWLYXOFRUHVSXQ]WRUPHWDOXOXLFXWDW6HSURFHGHD]GXSFXPXUPHD]
,GHQWLILFDUHDIHUXOXLGLQRHO VHWUDWHD]KkUWLDGHILOWUXGHODHOHFWURJUDIFX-SLFWXUL
VROXLH.4Fe(CN)6$SDUHRFRORUDLHDOEDVWULQWHQV
,GHQWLILFDUHDQLFKHOXOXLGLQRHO KkUWLDGHILOWUXVFRDVGHODHOHFWURJUDIVHWUDWHD]FX
1- SLFWXUL VROXLH 1+42+ GXS FDUH vQ DFHODL ORF VH DGDXJ - SLFWXUL VROXLH
GLPHWLOJOLR[LP$SDUHRFRORUDLHURLHGDWRUDWIRUPULLFRPSOH[XOXL1L2+ cu dimetilglioxima.
'HSLUHD WLPSXOXL GH H[SXQHUH VDX D WHQVLXQLL GHWHUPLQ GL]ROYDUHD )H FDUH LQWHQVLILF
FXORDUHD3ULQVSODUHFX&+3&22+UPkQHFXORDUHDUR]DFRPSOH[XOXL1L-dimetilglioxima.
,GHQWLILFDUHDFURPXOXLGLQRHO KkUWLDGHILOWUXVFRDVGHODHOHFWURJUDIVHWUDWHD]FX 12 SLFWXUL VROXLH +2O2 3%, apoi cu 1- SLFWXUL VROXLH 1D2+ L - SLFWXUL VROXLH
Pb(CH3COO)2 $SDUH R FRORUDLH JDOEHQ-EUXQ GDWRUDW IRUPLL 3E&U24 DX ORF XUPWRDUHOH
UHDFLL
2 Cr+ + 10 NaOH + 3 H2O2 = 2 Na2CrO4 + 8 H2O + 6 Na+
Na2CrO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 = PbCrO4 + 2 CH3COONa
Galben
,GHQWLILFDUHD DOXPLQLXOXL GLQ GXUDOXPLQLX VH WUDWHD] KkUWLD GH ILOWUX GH OD
HOHFWURJUDI FX VROXLH GH NH42+ L DSRL FX URX GH DOL]DULQ $SDULLD FRORUDLHL URX-carmin
GRYHGHWHSUH]HQDLRQLORUGHDOXPLQLX
,GHQWLILFDUHD FXSUXOXL GLQ DODP SH KkUWLD GH ILOWUX GH OD HOHFFWURJUDI VH DGDXJ -2
SLFWXUL GH VROXLH IHURFLDQXU GH SRWDVLX .4Fe(CN)63UH]HQD LRQLORU GH FXSUX FRQGXFH OD
DSDULLDXQHLFRORUDLLEUXQH
36
ELOXAREA I COL ORAREA ALU MINI ULUI

6FRSXOOXFUULL
6H HIHFWXHD] R[LGDUHD DQRGLF D DOXPLQLXOXL SHQWUX RELQHUHD XQXL VWUDW GH $O2O3
SURWHFWRULGHFRUDWLYVHYHULILFUH]LVWHQDODFRUR]LXQHDSHOLFXOHLRELQXWHLVHIDFHFDOFXOXO
FRQVXPXOXLGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULFLWHUPLF
Introducere
$OXPLQLXOHVWHXQPHWDODOEDUJLQWLXvQWLHWXUSURDVSWDUHGHQVLWDWHDNJP3 ,
este maleDELOGXFWLOVHSUHOXFUHD]XRUSULQODPLQDUHLPDWULDUH
$OXPLQLX L DOLDMHOH GH DOXPLQLX SUH]LQW R ODUJD JDP GH XWLOL]UL vQ GRPHQLXO
WHOHFRPXQLFDLLORU vQ HOHFWURWHKQLF L SHQWUX VWUXFWXUL DHURQDXWLFH L DHURVSDLDOH /D
expunerea n aer pe suSUDIDDSURDVSWFXUDWDDOXPLQLXOXLVHIRUPHD]RSHOLFXOGHR[LG
de numai 0.01PPQDWPRVIHUQRUPDOJURVLPHDSHOLFXOHLFUHWHDWLQJkQG 0.2 Pm.
Straturi de Al2O3 PDLJURDVHLPDLXQLIRUPHFXUH]LVWHQPDLPDUHODFRUR]LXQHVH
SRW RELQH SULQR[LGDUHDFKLPLFLPDLHILFLHQWSULQ R[LGDUHDHOHFWURFKLPLFDDOXPLQLXOXL
3URFHGHXOVHQXPHWHHOR[DUH Grosimea peliculei atinge 5 30 PPvQIXQFLHGHFRQGLLLOH
GH OXFUX FRPSR]LLD ELL GH HOHFWUROL] GHQVLWDWH GH FXUHQW GXUDWD HOHFWUROL]HL). n cazuri
VSHFLDOHSHQWUXDQXPLWHGHVWLQDLLVHGHSXQSHOLFXOHSkQOD 200 Pm.
Peliculele de Al2O3 RELQXWHSULQR[LGDUHDDQRGLFVXQWDGHUHQWHODVXEVWUDWXOPHWDOLF
HODVWLFH WHUPRUH]LVWHQWHVWDELOHODFRUR]LXQHD DWPRVIHULF LvQ DQXPLWH PHGii corozive, dar
DXSRUR]LWLPDUL65-93, SR 7043/5-90, STAS 12914-90).
$FRSHULUHDDOXPLQLXOXLSULQR[LGDUHDDQRGLFvQIXQFLHGHGHVWLQDLHDUHFDVFRS
- SURWHFLDvPSRWULYDFRUR]LXQLLVDXX]XULL
- ILQLVDUHDGHFRUDWLYvQFDUHDVSHFWXOLORQJHYLWDWHDFRQVWLWXLHSURSULHWLLPSRUWDQWH
- DVLJXUDUHDSURSULHWLORUHOHFWURL]RODQWHSHQWUXL]RODLLHOHFWULFH
- IRORVLUHDGUHSWVXSRUWSHQWUXRDOWDFRSHULUHHOHFWURFKLPLF
2%,1(5($3(/,&8/(,DE Al2O3 PE CALE ELECTROCHIMI&
Q DFHDVW OXFUDUH VH YD HIHFWXD R[LGDUHD DQRGLF D XQHL SOFXH GH DOXPLQLX vQWU-o
VROXLHDSRDVGH+2SO4 IRORVLQGXQFDWRGGHSOXPE$QRGXOHVWHSOFXDGLQDOXPLQLXO
FDUHXUPHD]VILHDFRSHULWFXR[LG
H2SO4 fiind un electrolit tare, disocierea n ioni este aproape WRWDO
37
2 H+
H2SO4
SO4
Apa este un electrolit slab:

+
H2O
HO
/DHOHFWUR]LDXORFXUPWRDUHOHUHDFLLHOHFWURFKLPLFH
La catod (-):
- oxidare
HO _ e
La anod (+):
HO
5HDFLLVHFXQGDUH
2 HO
Al
H2O
+ 3O
Al2O3
COMPACTIZAREA ,&2/25$5($16&23 DECORATIV A STRATULUI DE Al2O3

Stratul de Al2O3 IRUPDW SULQ R[LGDUHD DQRGLF D DOXPLQLXOXL HVWH SRURV 3HQWUX
UHGXFHUHDSRUR]LWLLLHYHQWXDODFDSDFLWLLGHDEVRUELHVHDSOLFWUDWDPHQWXOGHKLGUDWDUHD
peliculei de Al2O3. Prin iQWURGXFHUHD SLHVHL HOR[DWH vQ DS ILHUELQWH OD -98q C timp de 15
PLQXWHvQSRULVHIRUPHD]R[LGGHDOXPLQLXKLGUDWDWFXYROXPPDUHFDUHDVWXSSRULL
Un alt procedeu de compactizare a peliculei de Al2O3 FRQVW vQ LQWURGXFHUHD SLHVHL
DFRSHULWFXVWUDWXOGHR[LGvQVROXLHDSRDVGHELFURPDWGHSRWDVLX6HIRUPHD]R[LFURPDWXO
de potasiu Al2O3.CrO4 FDUHvQFKLGHSRULLLDUHRDFLXQHSDVLYDQWDVXSUDDOXPLQLXOXL
Stratul de Al2O3 IRUPDW SULQ R[LGDUHD DQRGLF HVWH LQFRORU L WUDQVOXFLG (O SRDWH IL
FRORUDWDWXQFLFkQGVHFHUHRILQLVDUHGHFRUDWLY&RORUDUHDVHSRDWHUHDOL]DSULQXUPWRDUHOH
metode (SR 7043/1-93):
Colorarea stratului de Al2O3 SULQDGVRUELHGHFRORUDQL
Colorarea printr-un procedeu electrochimic de depunere a oxizilor metalici colRUDL vQ
porii stratului.
2[LGDUHDDQRGLFDDOXPLQLXOXLvQWU-un electrolit adecvat, care produce direct un strat de
oxid colorat pe anumite aliaje de aluminiu.
38
Q DFHDVW OXFUDUH FRORUDUHD VWUDWXOXL GH $O2O3 GHSXV VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ LQWURGXFHUHD
piesei HOR[DWH VXFFHVLY vQ GRX VROXLL , L ,, DOHVH vQ IXQFLH GH FXORDUHD GRULW FRQIRUP
XUPWRUXOXLWDEHO
Culoare
6ROXLD,
6ROXLD,,
Albastru
)HURFLDQXUGHSRWDVLX
&ORUXUIHULF
(10-50g/l)
10-100g/l
)HURFLDQXUGHSRWDVLX
Sulfat de cupru
(10-50g/l)
10-100g/l
Bicromat de potasiu
Acetat de plumb
50-100g/l
100-200g/l
Tiosulfat de sodiu
Permanganat de potasiu
10-50g/l
10-50g/l
Acetat de cobalt
Permanganat de potasiu
50-100g/l
15-26g/l
Brun
Galben
Galben auriu
Negru
V(5,),&$5($&$/,7,, STRATULUI DE Al2O3

5H]LVWHQD OD FRUR]LXQH D SHOLFXOHL GH Al2O3 VH YHULILF FX R VROXLH DSRDV GH
bicromat de potasiu, K2Cr2O7 L +&O 6H PVRDU WLPSXO vQ FDUH R SLFWXU GLQ VROXLD GH
K2Cr2O7 L +&O vL VFKLPE FXORDUHD GH OD JDOEHQ OD YHUGH 6FKLPEDUHD GH FXORDUH VH
GDWRUHD]UHGXFHULLLRQXOXL&U6+ la Cr3+ GXSGLVWUXJHUHDSHOLFXOHLGH$O2O36HFRQVLGHUF
SHOLFXODHVWHVXILFLHQWGHSURWHFWRDUHGDFWLPSXOGHPRGLILFDUHDFXORULLGHFHOSXin 5 min. la
temperatura de 18 21q&LPLQODWHPSHUDWXUDGH- 26qC.
Continuitatea stratului de Al2O3 VH YHULILF FX DMXWRUXO VROXLHL GH &X624 (STAS
7043/3-SULQSLFXUDUHSHVXSUDIDDHOR[DWSULQSXQHUHDvQHYLGHQDSXQFWHORUQHJUHFDUH
apar la locurile neacoperite din stratul de oxid unde are loc o cuprare a aluminiului.
9HULILFDUHDVHFRQVLGHUFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHGDFSHVXSUDIDWHVWDW QXDDSUXWFXSUXPHWDOLF
9HULILFDUHDQXVHDSOLFGHFkWVWUDWXULORUVXELULFXJURVLPHGHPD[Pm.
Apara tur
,QVWDODLD GH HOR[DUH GLQ ILJXUD HVWH IRUPDW GLQ FHOXOD GH HOHFWUROL] FDWRG GH
plumb, anod de aluminiu, ampermetru, sursa de curent, SRWHQLRPHWUXOYROWPHWUXO
39
Fig. 1 ,QVWDODLDGHHOR[DUH
FHOXODGHHOHFWUROL]
2. catod de plumb
3. anod de aluminiu
4.ampermetrul
5.sursa de curent
SRWHQLRPHWUXO
7.voltmetrul
Substane i mat erial e

6ROXLH DSRDV GH +2SO4 VROXLH GH GHJUHVDUH VROXLH GH GHFDSDUH KkUWLH
DEUD]LYVROXLHGH.2Cr2O7 L+&OVROXLHGH&X624VROXLLGHFRORUDUH
Mod de lucru
3OFXHOHGHDOXPLQLXVHFXUFXKkUWLHDEUD]LYLVHVSDOFXDS
6HLQWURGXFvQVROXLDGHGHJUHVDUHLVHODVPLQDSRLVHVSDOFXMHWGHDS
6H LPHUVHD] vQ VROXLD GH GHFDSDUH WLPS GH PLQ DSRL VH VSDO FX DS GLVWLODW L VH
XVXFFXKkUWLHGHILOWUX
6HPVRDUVXSUDIDWRWDODSOFXHLGHDOXPLQLXLPHUVDWvQEDLDGHHOHFWUROL]
Se verifiFPRQWDMXOGLQILJXULVHLQWURGXFHSOFXDGH$OODDQRG
6HFRQHFWHD]HOHFWUROL]RUXOODUHHDLVHSXQHvQIXQFLXQH
6HUHJOHD]WHQVLXQHDOD9LVHFLWHWHLQWHQVLWDWHDGHFXUHQW
2EVHUYDLH.: 3HSDUFXUVXOGHWHUPLQULLVHXUPUHWHFDWHQVLXQHD VUPkQFRQVWDQW
7LPSXOGHHOHFWUROL]HVWHGHPLQ6HVFRDWHSULPDSUREGLQFHOXODGHHOHFWUROL]LVH
LQWURGXFHLPHGLDWSOFXDXUPWRDUHFXVXSUDIDDSUHJWLWvQSUHDODELO
3ULPD SURE VH VSDO FX DS L VH LQWURGXFH vQWU-XQ SDKDU FDUH FRQLQH DS GLVWLODW
vQFO]LWODq&XQGHVHODVPLQDSRLVHXVXFFXKkUWLHGHILOWUX
$GRXDSOFXGHDOXPLQLXHOR[DWVHVSDOFXDSGLVWLODWVHXVXFFXKkUWLHGHILOWUXL
VHLPSUHJQHD]FXFRORUDQWSULQLPHUVLHWLPSGHPLQVXFFHVLYvQVROXLD,LvQVROXLD,,
2EVHUYDLH QDLQWHGHLQWURGXFHUHvQVROXLD,,SOFXDVHVSDOFXDSGLVWLODW
40
6HYHULILFVWDELOLWDWHDODFRUR]LXQHDSHOLFXOHLGH$O2O3DSOLFkQGSHILHFDUHGLQFHOHGRX
SOFXHGHDOXPLQLXFkWHRSLFWXUGHVROXLHGH K2Cr2O7 L+&O
6HFURQRPHWUHD]WLPSXOvQFDUHSLFWXUDvLVFKLPEFXORDUHDvQYHUGH
6HFRPSDUHILFLHQDFHORUGRXWLSXULGHSUHOXFUULSULQFRPSDFWL]DUHvQDSLFRORUDUH
6HGHOLPLWHD]FXFUHLRQXOPRDOHRVXSUDIDGHFP2 a piesei. Cu pipeta se DGDXJ-5
SLFWXULGHVROXLHGH&X624 FDUHVHODVWLPSGHPLQXWH
3UREDVHVSDOFXDSVHXVXFLVHH[DPLQHD]FXRFKLXOOLEHU
Calculul consumului de energie
&RQVXPXOGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULF vQUHJLVWUDWODHOR[DUH:VHFDOFXOHD]FXIRUPXOD
W = UIt
(kWh)
n care: U WHQVLXQHDHOHFWULF9
I - intensitatea curentului electric, A;
t - GXUDWDHOR[ULLV
&RQVXPXO VSHFLILF GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF :sp, definit prin raportul ntre energia
FRQVXPDW:H[SULPDWvQN:KLVXSUDIDDSLHVHLHOR[DWH6H[SULPDWvQP2):
Wsp = W/S
(kWh/m2)
&RQVXPXO GH HQHUJLH WHUPLF 4 L FRQVXPXO VSHFLILF GH HQHUJLH WHUPLF 4sp ,
FRQVXPDWvQID]DGHFRPSDFWL]DUHODHOR[DUHDGXUFkQGVHIRORVHWHXQUDSRUWYROXPSLHV
YROXPDS VHFDOFXOHD]HQHUJLDWHUPLFQHFHVDUvQFO]LULLDSHLGHODWHPSHUDWXUDW1
PVXUDWLQLLDOSkQOD0&IRORVLQGUHODLD
4 PFW
n care: m masa apei;
c cOGXUDVSHFLILFDDSHL
5H]XOWDWXOVHH[SULPvQNFDOLvQN-
&RQVXPXOVSHFLILFGHHQHUJLHWHUPLF4sp VHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
Qsp 46LVHH[SULPvQNFDOP2, respectiv n kJ/m2.
&RQVXPXOWRWDOGHHQHUJLH(LFRQVXPXOVSHFLILFtotal de energie, Esp, nregistrat
ODHOR[DUHDGXUVHFDOFXOHD]FXDMXWRUXOUHODLLORU
E=W+Q
respectiv:
Esp = Wsp + Qsp
41
Rezultate experimentale
5H]XOWDWHOHH[SHULPHQWDOHRELQXWHVHWUHFvQWU-un tabel de forma:
Nr
U
(V)
1
2
I
(A)
S
2
(m )
(s)
W
(kWh
Wsp
Q
2
(kWh/m )
kJ
Tratare
Qsp
kJ/m
5H]LVWHQD
coroziune
tv (min)
Obs.
42
COROZIUNEA MATERIALELOR METALICE

Coroziunea este un proces natural, nedorit, de GLVWUXJHUH SURJUHVLY D PHWDOHORU
VXEDFLXQHDFKLPLFDPHGLXOXLvQFRQMXUWRU'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHWHUPRGLQDPLFPHWDOHOH
vQVWDUHHOHPHQWDUVXQWLQVWDELOH&RQGLLLOHPHGLXOXLvQFRQMXUWRUGHWHUPLQWUHFHUHDGLQ
VWDUHDLQVWDELOGHPHWDOGHHQHUJLHPDUHvQVWDUHDVWDELOGHLRQGHHQHUJLHPDLPLF
SUH]HQWvQR[L]LKLGUR[L]LVDXVUXUL7UHFHUHDPHWDOHORUGLQVWDUHDHOHPHQWDUvQVWDUHD
LRQLFUHSUH]LQWIHQRPHQXOGHFRUR]LXQHDPHWDOHORU
)LHFDUHPHWDOHVWHFRQVWLWXLWGLQDWRPL FDUH VH GLIHUHQLD] vQWUH HL SULQ VWUXFWXUD
HOHFWURQLFLSULQSURSULHWLOHORUSHULRGLFHLQHSHULRGLFH$VWIHOGHRVHELP
-
metale tipice care fac parte din blocurile s Lp;
PHWDOHWUDQ]LLRQDOHcare fac parte din blocul d ;
semimetale.
7HQGLQDGHWUHFHUHvQVWDUHLRQLFGLIHUGHODXQPHWDOODDOWXOLSRDWHILDSUHFLDW
GLQYDULDLDHQWDOSLHLOLEHUH*DUHDFLHLGHLRQL]DUHQFRQGLLLDWPRVIHULFHvQSUH]HQD
VLPXOWDQDR[LJHQXOXLLDXPLGLWLLODS+ VXQWVWDELOHQXPDLPHWDOHOH$X3W,UL
3G SHQWUX FDUH * ! $FHVWHD VH QXPHVF metale nobile L VH JVHVF vQ VWDUH QDWLY
0HWDOHOHFDGHH[HPSOX$JKJ&XDXYDORULSR]LWLYHSHQWUX*GDUQXPDLvQDEVHQD
R[LJHQXOXLL vQ FRQGLLLGH GHVFUFDUH FRQWLQX D LRQLORU ++. Acestea se numesc metale
seminobile LVHJVHVFvQQDWXUDWkWvQVWDUHQDWLYFkWLVXEIRUPGHFRPELQDLL5HVWXO
PHWDOHORUDXYDORULQHJDWLYHSHQWUX*FHHDFHDUDWFSURFHVXODUHORFVSRQWDQvQVHQVXO
LRQL]ULL $FHVWHD VH QXPHVF metale bazice L vQ QDWXU VH JVHVF QXPDL VXE IRUP GH
FRPELQDLL
&RPSRUWDUHD PHWDOHORU OD FRUR]LXQH SRDWH IL DSUHFLDW L SH ED]D PULPLL
SRWHQLDOXOXL GH R[LGDUH VWDQGDUG, 0 UHVSHFWLY D ORFXOXL SH FDUH vO RFXS vQ VHULD
tensiunilor sau seria de activitate a metalelor:
Li, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Cd, Ni, Mo, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Ag, Hg, Pd, Pt, Au
-3,045 (V)
-0,44 (V)
+1,69
Q H[WUHPD VWkQJ VH JVHVF PHWDOHOH DOFDOLQH IRDUWH UHDFWLYH LDU vQ H[WUHPD
GUHDSW VH DIO PHWDOHOH QRELOH LQHUWH $SUHFLHUHD FRPSRUWULL PHWDOHORU OD FRUR]LXQH
43
0
QXPDLSHED]DYDORULORU*LM
Z + /M
QXHVWHVXILFLHQW$VWIHO$ODUWUHEXLVILHmai
reactiv dect Zn, iar Cr mai reactiv dect Fe, de ex., dar n realitate este tocmai invers, Al
L&UILLQGPDLVWDELOHGHFkW=QL)H/DIHO$OL&UVXQWPDLVWDELOHvQ+123 dect Cu,
iar Mg este mai stabil n mediu bazic dect Al sau Zn.
'XSPHFDQLVPXOGHGHVIXUDUHLQDWXUDDJHQWXOXLGHFRUR]LXQHGHRVHELP
-
FRUR]LXQHFKLPLF
FRUR]LXQHHOHFWURFKLPLF
FRUR]LXQHELRFKLPLF
&RUR]LXQHD FKLPLF D PHWDOHORU DUH ORF vQ JD]H XVFDWH vQ VROXLL GH QHHOHFWUROLL
VDXODWHPSHUDWXULULGLFDWH3URGXLLGHFRUR]LXQHvQDHUXVFDWVXQWR[L]LLPHWDOLFLLDUvQ
alte gaze (H2S, HCl, CO, H2) sunt sulfurile, clorurile, carbonilii sau hidrurile matalice.
Cel mai SXWHUQLF DJHQW GH FRUR]LXQH HVWH R[LJHQXO GLQ DHU 5HDFLLOH GH R[LGDUH D
metalelor pot fi scrise astfel:
Me (II) + 1/2O2
MeO
2Me (III) + 3O2
Me2O3
'DFVWDUWXOGHR[LGIRUPDWSHVXSUDIDDPHWDOXOXLHVWHFRPSDFWLDGHUHnt atunci
HOMRDFUROGHSURWHFLHDVXSUDIHHLPHWDOXOXLUHVSHFWLYFXPHVWvQFD]XO$O=Q&G3E
1L&U'DFVWUDWXOGHR[LGIRUPDWHVWHSRURVLQHDGHUHQWFRUR]LXQHDFRQWLQXSkQOD
GLVWUXJHUHDWRWDODPHWDOXOXLFDGHH[HPSOXvQFD]XO)H0JBa, Ca, etc.
Permeabilitatea peliculei de oxid format se poate aprecia pe baza coeficientului de
volum al oxidului, K,:
Voxid
K=
=
Vmetal
Moxid
oxid
n Mmetal
metal
unde: Moxid, Mmetal PDVDPROHFXODUDR[LGXOXLLDPHWDOXOXLJ

oxidmetal densitatea oxidului, respectiv metalului, g/cm3;
n QXPUXODWRPLORUGHPHWDOGLQR[LG
44
6XQWSRVLELOHXUPWRDUHOHFD]XUL
-
K< 1 VHIRUPHD]SHOLFXOHSRURDVHQHDGHUHQWH
1< K< 1,5 VHIRUPHD]SHOLFXOHFRPSDFWHSURWHFWRDUH
K > 1,5 se foUPHD] SHOLFXOH FRPSDFWH OD JURVLPL PLFL GXS

FDUHDUHORFH[IROLHUHDLGHJUDGDUHDVXSUDIHHLPHWDOLFH
&RUR]LXQHD HOHFWRFKLPLF DUH ORF GDWRULW UHDFLLORU PHWDOHORU FX VROXLLOH

HOHFWUROLLORU FX FDUH VH DIO vQ FRQWDFW FX IRUPDUHD XQRU LRQL VROYDWDL VDX FRPELQDLL
FRPSOH[HLFXSURGXFHUHDGHFXUHQWHOHFWULF3URGXLLGHUHDFLHUH]XOWDLSRWILVROXELOL
VDXJUHXVROXELOLvQXOWLPXOFD]DFHWLDVHGHSXQSHVXSUDIDDPHWDOXOXL
&RUR]LXQHD HOHFWURFKLPLF D PHWDOHORU L VDX DOLDMHORU PHWDOLFH VH GDWRUHD]
unui SURFHVGHR[LGDUHDQRGLFFXWUHFHUHDPHWDOXOXLvQVWDUHLRQLF
Me
Men+ + n . e-
Me + nH2O
Me(OH)n + nH+ + n . e-
L D XQXL proces GH UHGXFHUH FDWRGLF care are loc simultan cu procesul de oxidare
DQRGLFLFDUHFRQVWn degajare de H2 (provenit din ionii hidroniu mediu acid sau
neutru):
2H3O+ + 2e-
2H2O + H2
nH+ + ne-
n/2 H2
VDXGLQPROHFXOHGHDSvQPHGLXED]LF
2H2O + 2e-
H2 + 2HO-
Ln reducerea O2 UHDFLHGHGHSRODUL]DUH:

n/4O2 + nH2 + ne-
n/2H2O
&RUR]LXQHDHOHFWURFKLPLFDUHFDUH]XOWDWIRUPDUHDXQRUmicropile locale, datorate

QHRPRJHQLWLL FRPSR]LLRQDOH SUH]HQHL WHQVLXQLORU interne rezultate n urma
SUHOXFUULORU PHFDQLFH GLIHUHQHORU GH WHPSHUDWXU LVDX UHSDUWLLHL QHXQLIRUPH D
R[LJHQXOXLvQPHGLXOGHFRUR]LXQHHOHFWUROLWvQVROXLH
45
5XJLQLUHDVDXFRUR]LXQHDILHUXOXLLDDOLDMHORUVDOHPDWHULDOHOHPHWDOLFHGHED]
Q FRQVWUXFLLOHPHWDOLFHPDLQLXWLODMH HWF HVWHXQD GLQSUREOHPHOH HFRQRPLFHIRDUWH
LPSRUWDQWHVROXLLOHWHKQLFHDFWXDOHRUHGXFGRDULQXRHOLPLQ6HFODRUDDFWXDOGLQ
PXQFLWRUL FDUH OXFUHD] vQ LQGXVWULD RHOXOXL XQXO VH RFXS FX SURWHFLD VDX vQORFXLUHD
fierului pierdut n urma fenomenului de ruginire).
&RUR]LXQHD ILHUXOXL HVWH GDWRUDW DFLXQLL FRQFRPLWHQWH D R[LJHQXOXL L D DSHL
SURFHVXOILLQGDFFHOHUDWGHSUH]HQDLRQLORU++ LvQWkU]LDWvQSUH]HQDXQRUPHWDOHFD=Q
sau mg. CorozLXQHD DSDUH PDL UHSHGH vQ ]RQHOH XQGH H[LVW WHQVLXQL PHFDQLFH PDUL FD
XUPDUH D SUHOXFUULORU PHFDQLFH OD FDOG VDX OD UHFH 5HDFLLOH FDUH DX ORF vQ FD]XO
FRUR]LXQLLHOHFWURFKLPLFHDILHUXOXLUXJLQLUHVXQWXUPWRDUHOH
Fe0
2H+ + 2e-
Fe2+ + 2e- R[LGDUHDQRGLF

H2
UHGXFHUHFDWRGLF
H2 + 1/2O2 (din aer)
H2O
2Fe2+ + 1/2O2 + 3H2O + 4e-
2FeO(OH) + 2H2
Oxihidroxid
IHULFVDXUXJLQ
&RUR]LXQHDHOHFWURFKLPLFDXQXLPHWDOVHGHVIRDUODXQDQXPLWSRWHQLDOFDUH
VH VWDELOHWH vQWUH PHWDO L VROXLD GH HOHFWUROLW QXPLW SRWHQLDO GH FRUR]LXQH 0ULPHD
SRWHQLDOXOXL GH FRUR]LXQH GHSLQGH GH QDWXUD PHWDOXOXL GH VWDUHD VXSUDIHHL DFHVWXLD
VXSUDIHHOHQHWHGHVHFRURGHD]PDLJUHXSUHFXPLGHS+-ul mediului de coroziune.
3RWHQLDOXOGHFRUR]LXQHDOXQXLPHWDOHVWHSRWHQLDOXOGHLRQL]DUHDPHWDOului cu
IRUPDUH GH LRQL PHWDOLFL L HOHFWURQL FDUH VXQW FRQVXPDL GH GHSRODUL]DQWXO H[LVWHQW vQ
VROXLHLRQL+3O+R[LJHQDS9DORDUHDDFHVWXLDHVWHFXSULQVvQWUHFHDDSRWHQLDOXOXL
standard de electrod al metalului la 25C, M LFHDDSRWHQLDOXOXi standard de reducere a
depolarizantului depolar . coroziune
M < coroziune < depolar
46
Determinarea vitezei de coroziune

$SUHFLHUHDFDQWLWDWLYDFRUR]LXQLLPHWDOLFHVHIDFHSHED]Dvitezei de coroziune,
kg, H[SULPDWvQJUDPHGHPHWDO FRURGDWGHSHRVXSUDIDGHP2 WLPSGHRRUUHVSHFWLY
cu ajutorul LQGLFHOXLGHSHQHWUDLH, p, exprimat prin grosimea stratului de metal corodat n
mm timp de 1 an:
kg =
g
St
p=
(g/m2.h) sau ( mg/dm2.24h)
d
t
k g 8760
(mm/an)
103
XQGHJ pierderea n greutate datorate coroziunii, g;

S VXSUDIDDSLHVHLVXSXVFRUR]LXQLLP2;
t WLPSXOvQFDUHDDYXWORFSURFHVXOGHFRUR]LXQHRUKVDXXQDQ
densitatea metalului, g/cm3;
8760 QXPUXOGHRUHGLQWU-un an.
Modul de lucru. Q FDGUXO OXFUULL GH ODERUDWRU VH YD GHWHUPLQD YLWH]D GH FRUR]LXQH D
PHWDOHORU DWkW vQ VROXLL DFLGH FkW L vQ VROXLL ED]LFH GH FRQFHQWUDLL FXQRVFXWH
(standardizate), 5%.
QXUPDUHDFLHLFXDFL]LVDXED]HPHWDOHOHVDXDOLDMHOHDFHVWRUDVHFRURGHD]FX
degajare de H2 DFUXLYROXP9VHPVRDUFXH[DFWLWDWHvQFRQGLLLGHWHPSHUDWXU7vQ
.LSUHVLXQHPPFRO+JGDWH3ULQWUDQVIRUPDUHDYROXPXOXLGH+29GLQFRQGLLLOHGH
OXFUX37vQFRQGLLLVWDQGDUG30, T0) se dHWHUPLQYROXPXO90, iar pe baza calculelor
VWRHFKLRPHWULFHPDVDGHPHWDOFRURGDWJ
6FKHPDLQVWDODLHLGHODERUDWRUHVWHSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUDQYDVXOGHVWLFOVH
LQWURGXFHSkQODQLYHOVROXLDGHDFLG+2SO4, HCl, HNO3HWFVDXED]1D2+9 avnd
R FRQFHQWUDLH GH 'UHSW PDWHULDOH PHWDOLFH VH SRW IRORVL ILHUXO IRQW RHO QHDOLDW
]LQF L DOXPLQLX 'XS FXULUHD PHFDQLF D SOFXHORU PHWDOLFH FX KkUWLH DEUD]LY
PLUJKHO VH YRU PVXUD FX H[DFWLWDWH L VH YRU FDOFXOD VXSUDIHHOH 6 3OFXHOH DVWIHO
SUHOXFUDWHVHYRULQWURGXFHvQYDVXOFXVROXLDGHDFLGVDXED]FXDMXWRUXOFkUOLJXOXL
L D GRSXOXL FDUH WUHEXLH V VH vQFKLG HWDQ ,PHGLDW VH GHVFKLGH URELQHWXO
47
cnd ntr-XQSDKDU%HU]HOLXVVHYDVFXUJHVROXLDGLQYDVXOSkQFkQGGDWRULWYLGXOXL

creat aceasta nu mai curge.
)LJ ,QVWDODLH SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD YLWH]HL GH FRUR]LXQH YDV GH VWLFO FX VROXLH
DFLGVDXED]LFGRSHWDQGHVWLFOURGDWVDXGLQFDXFLXFFkUOLJSOFXGH
metal; (5) robinet; (6) cilindru gradat.
n acest moment se nloFXLHWH SDKDUXO %HU]HOLXV FX XQ FLOLQGUX JUDGDW L VH
FURQRPHWUHD]WLPSXOGHUHDFLHFRUR]LXQHQXUPDUHDFLHLVHGHJDM+2 FDUHFUHHD]R
XRDU VXSUDSUHVLXQH vQ YDVXO FDUH YD GHWHUPLQD FD R SDUWH GLQ OLFKLG V FXUJ vQ
cilindrul gradat (6). 9ROXPXOGHVROXLH9t (cm3PVXUDWvQWLPSXOW PLQXWH
este egal cu volumul de H2 GHJDMDW vQ FRQGLLLOH GH OXFUX 3 7 'HRDUHFH vQ H[SUHVLD
vitezei de coroziune, timpul este de 1h, se va converti volumul de H2 GHDSGHODWLPSXO
t, la RRU960).
Masa H2 rezultat n timpul procesului de coroziune se va calcula cu ajutorul legii
generale a gazelor.
m
PV = M RT; PV = nRT sau
PV
T
unde: P SUHVLXQHDEDURPHWULFDWP
V = V60 volumul de H2 UH]XOWDWvQWLPSGHRUOLWUL
M PDVDPROHFXODUD+2;
R constanta gazelor = 0,82 l /atm..K;
P0V0
T0
48
T temperatura de lucru n K.
0DVDGHPHWDOFRURGDWJFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHFHORUPJUDPHGH+2VHFDOFXOHD]
pHED]DUHDFLLORUFKLPLFH6DXIRORVLQGOHJHDHFKLYDOHQLORU
Fe + 2HCl
FeCl2 + H2
Zn + 2HCl
ZnCl2 + H2
2Al + 6HCl
Al2Cl6 + 3H2
Fe + H2SO4
FeSO4 + H2
Zn + H2SO4
ZnSO4 + H2
2Al + 3H2SO4
Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
Fe + 2NaOH
Na2FeO2 + H2
Ferit de Na
Zn + 2NaOH
Na2ZnO2 + H2
Zincat de Na
2Al + 2NaOH + H2O
2NaAlO2 + 3H2
Aluminat de Na
1EH1EFe
1gH27,92 gFe
PJ
.
J m, (g) (pentru Fe)

.
QPRGDVHPQWRUSHQWUX=QJ m, (g)

.
UHVSHFWLY$OJ m, (g)

&XQRVFkQG YDORDUHD OXL J vQ J VXSUDIDD 6 P2) respectiv timpul, t (h), se
FDOFXOHD]YLWH]DGHFRUR]LXQH
kg =
g
, (g/m2 h)
S t
49
&XQRVFkQG GHQVLWLOH PHWDOHORU VXSXVH FRUR]LXQLL Fe = 7,86 g/cm3;

Zn = 7,133 g/cm3; Al = 2,70 g/cm3 L YLWH]D JUDYLPHWULF GH FRUR]LXQH Ng, se poate
FDOFXODLQGLFHOHGHSHQHWUDLHS
p=
k g 8760
, mm/an
3
Me 10
5H]XOWDWHOHRELQXWHVHYRUWUHFHvQWU-un tabele de forma:

Metal
S, m2
t, min.
Vt, l
T, K
P, atm.
V60, l
m H 2,
g
JJ
kg,
g/m2h
p,
mm/an
6ROXLHDFLG
Fe
Zn
Al
6ROXLHKLGUR[LGGH1D
Fe
Zn
Al
3H ED]D YDORULL LQGLFHOXL GH SHQHWUDLH S VH YD DSUHFLD JUDGXO GH UH]LVWHQ D
PHWDOHORUVWXGLDWHODFRUR]LXQHIRORVLQGVFDUDFRQYHQLRQDOSUH]HQWDWPDLMRV
*UXSDGHUH]LVWHQ
I.
II.
1
Perfect rezistente
Foarte rezistente
III.
Rezistente
IV.
V.
5H]LVWHQ
VF]XW
3XLQUH]LVWHQWH
VI.
Nerezistente
,QGLFHOHGHSHQHWUDLH
mm/an
2
0,001
0,001 0,005
0,005 0,010
0,010 0,050
0,050 0,100
0,100 0,500
0,500 1,000
1,000 5,000
5,000 10,000
> 10,000
*UDGXOGHUH]LVWHQ
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
50
3527(&,$$17,&252=,9$0(7$/(/25
0HWDOHOHLDOLDMHOHDFHVWRUDUHSUH]LQWPDWHULDOHGHFRQVWUXFLHGHED]FXXQURO
KRWUkWRU DVXSUD QLYHOXOXL GH LQGXVWULDOL]DUH DO XQHL UL $VWIHO DFHVWHD VH UHJVHVF vQ
PDLQL L DSDUDWH HFKLSDPHQWH LQGXVWULDOH PLMORDFH GH WUDQVSRUW FRQVWUXFLL FLYLOH
SRGXULEDUDMHDUPDPHQWFRQGXFWHUH]HUYRDUHPLMORDFHGHFRPXQLFDLLHWF
&RQVWUXFLLOHLHFKLSDPHQWHOHPHWDOLFHLQGLIHUHQWGDFYLQvQFRQWDFWFXVXEVWDQH
DJUHVLYH VH DIO vQ DWPRVIHU VDX VXQW vQJURSDWH vQ SPkQW VXQW DIHFWDWH GH FRUR]LXQH
ntr-R PVXU PDL PDUH VDX PDL PLF vQ IXQFLH GH PHWDOXO VDX DOLDMHOH GLQ FDUH VXQW
FRQVWUXLWHDJHQLLGHFRUR]LXQHHWF'DWRULWFRUR]LXQLLFKLPLFHLVDXHOHFWURFKLPLFHDUH
ORFGHJUDGDUHDVXSUDIHHORUPHWDOLFHFXPRGLILFDUHDSURSULHWLORUUHVSHFWLYFRPSR]LLHL
materialelor metalice.
7RWDOLWDWHD PVXULORU FDUH VH LDX SHQWUX GLPLQXDUHD IHQRPHQXOXL GH FRUR]LXQH D
materialelor PHWDOLFH FRQVWLWXLH SURWHFLD vPSRWULYD FRUR]LXQLL $FHDVWD SUHVXSXQH
FKHOWXLHOLVXSOLPHQWDUHOHJDWHGHFHUFHWDUHPDWHULDOHWHKQLFGHSURWHFLHFHUFHWDUHHWF
FDUHVHUHJVHVFvQFDOLWDWHDLVLJXUDQDvQIXQFLRQDUHDSURGXVHORUPHWDOLFH
Principalele metode de controlare /diminuare a coroziunii sunt:
-
metodele de prevenire a coroziunii;
PHWRGHOHGHSURWHFLHvPSRWULYDFRUR]LXQLL.
Prevenirea coroziunii VHUHDOL]HD]SULQ

-
DOHJHUHDGHPDWHULDOHPHWDOLFHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHGLQSXQFWGH
evitarea punerii n contact a unui metal cu un alt metal care
vedere al coroziunii;
DUH SRWHQLDOGHHOHFWURGPDLSR]LWLYGHH[ DOXPLQLXO DOWXULGHRHOXULDOLDWHVDXDOLDMH
DOHFXSUXOXLVDXSXQHUHDEURQ]XOXLvQFRQWDFWFXRHOHWF
-
evitarea punerii n contact a metalelor prelucrate prin
GHIRUPDUH SODVWLF OD FDOG VDX UHFH VDX SULQ DFKLHUH PHWDOH HFUXLVDWH FX PHWDOH
UHFRDSWH VDX SUHOXFUDWH SULQ WXUQDUH GHRDUHFH SULPHOH VH FRURGHD] UDSLG vQ SUH]HQD
HOHFWUROLLORU
51
SUHOXFUDUHD DWHQW D VXSUDIHHORU PHWDOLce, deoarece este
UHFXQRVFXWIDSWXOFRVXSUDIDQHWHGOXFLRDVVHFRURGHD]PDLJUHXFRPSDUDWLYFX
XQDFDUHSUH]LQW]JkULHWXUL
3URWHFLDDQWLFRUR]LYDVXSUDIHHORUPHWDOLFH DUHODED]XUPWRDUHOHSURFHGHH
-
Procedeul prin aliere FRQVW vQ LQWURGucerea unui metal
QRUPDO SDVLY vQ FRPSR]LLD XQXL PHWDO DFWLY FHHD FH DUH FD HIHFW SDVLYDUHD DOLDMXOXL
UHVSHFWLY 3URFHGHXO VH IRORVHWH vQGHRVHEL OD RELQHUHD RHOXULORU DOLDWH VDX
LQR[LGDELOHGUHSW SDVLYDQL ILLQG XWLOL]DL &U 1L 0R &X 6L HWF 2Hlurile inoxidabile
DFUH DX vQ FRPSR]LLD ORU &U L 1L VXQW FXQRVFXWH vQ WHKQLF FD RHOXUL 92A sau 18-8.
Aliajele Ni-&XDXSURSULHWLDVHPQWRDUHFXDOH1LGDFDXvQFRPSR]LLHPDLPXOWGH
1L vQ FD] FRQWUDU DYkQG SURSULHWL DVHPQWRDUH FX DOH &X Q FD]XO RHOXULORU
FDUERQ RELQXLWH SUH]HQD 6L vQ SURSRULH GH FFD UHGXFH YLWH]D GH UXJLQLUH FX
DSUR[LPDWLY Q FD]XO RHOXULORU FDUERQ vQ XUPD WUDWDPHQWHORU WHUPLFH FXQRVFXWH
VXEQXPHOHGHFOLUHHIHFWHOHVXQWDVHPQWRDUHFXFHOHDOHDlierii. n acest caz austenita
FXELFRVROXLHVROLGD&vQ)H-DYkQGPD[LP&OD&WUHFHvQPDUWHQVLW
WHWUDJRQDO XQ FRQVWLWXHQW )H-& FX & IRDUWH GXU L UH]LVWHQW $OLDMHOH
inoxidabile sunt foarte rezistente la coroziune, dar sXQW L IRDUWH VFXPSH IDSW FDUH
GHWHUPLQXWLOL]DUHDMXGLFLRDVGLULMDWDDFHVWRUD
-
3URFHGHXO XWLOL]ULL LQKLELWRULORU GH FRUR]LXQH FRQVW vQ
XWLOL]DUHDXQRUVXEVWDQHRUJDQLFHVDXDQRUJDQLFHFDUHDGXJDWHvQFDQWLWLPLFLGLUHFW
n mediul corosiv saX DSOLFDWH GLUHFW SH VXSUDIDD PHWDOLF UHGXF VDX HOLPLQ UHDFLLOH
electrochimice de la catod (inhibitorii catodici) sau de la anod (inhibitorii anodici).
-
3URFHGHXO SURWHFLHL FDWRGLFH VDX DQRGLFH, este aplicat n
VSHFLDOvQFD]XO)HLDOLDMHORUVDOHIRlosind anod auxiliar de sacrificiu (Zn, Mg, Al) sau

RVXUVH[WHULRDUGHFXUHQWFRQWLQXXILJXULOHL
-
3URFHGHXO DFRSHULULL GH VXSUDID FRQVW vQ GHSXQHUHD GH
VWUDWXUL SURWHFWRDUH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH EDULHUH L]RODWRDUH QHUHDFWLYH L FDUH SUH]LQW R

soOXELOLWDWHIRDUWHPLFvQPHGLXOGHHOHFWUROLW
7UDQVIRUPDUHDVXSUDIHHLXQXLPHWDOvQWU-RIRUPQHUHDFWLYVHSRDWHUHDOL]DSULQ
-
DFRSHULUH FKLPLF R[LGDUH FURPDUH QLWUXUDUH IRVIDWDUH

cementare);
52
DFRSHULUH HOHFWURFKLPLF vQ EL GH JDOYDQL]DUH ]LQFDUe,

cuprare,
nichelare,
cromare,
cadmiere,
atanare,
aurire,
argintare);
-
DFRSHULUHSULQLPHUVLHvQPHWDOWRSLW]LQFDUHDWDEOHLVDXHYLORU
GHRHOVWDQDUHSOXPEXLUH
acoperire prin pulverizare /metalizare cu Al, Sn, Cu, Pb, Zn;
acoperire prin grunduire LYRSVLUH
acoperire prin emailare;
acoperire cu mase plastice, cauciuc sau bitumen.
Mediu coroziv
e-
Mediu coroziv
e
Fe
Fe
anod
Zn
catod
Fe
Fe
anod
(a)
catod
(b)
Fig.2. Formarea PLFURSLOHORUGHFRUR]LXQH OD VXSUDIDDILHUXOXLDLSURWHFLDFDWRGLF

cu anod de sacrificiu de zinc (b)
2
- +
e-
1
5
)LJ6FKHPDSURWHFLHLFDWRGLFHDXQHLFRQGXFWHVXEWHUDQHFXVXUVH[WHULRDUGHFXUHQW
FRQWLQXX FRQGXFW PHWDOLF VXUV GH FXUHQW FRQWLQXX DQRG DX[LOLDU
FRQGXFWRUGHOHJWXUPHGLXFRURVLY
53
3URWHFLDPHWDOHORUSULQ]LQFDUHHOHFWUROLWLF
$FRSHULULOHPHWDOLFHSHFDOHHOHFWURFKLPLFVHHIHFWXHD]FXXUPWRDUHOHVFRSXUL
-
SURWHFLDvPSRWULYDPHGLXOXLDPELDQW
vPEXQWLUHDDVSHFWXOXLSULQPRGLILFDUHDOXFLXOXLVDXRELQHUHD
XQHLDQXPLWHFRORUDLL
RELQHUHD XQXL VWUDW PHWDOLF FX DQXPLWH FDUDFWHULVWLFL IL]LFRPHFDQLFH VSHFLDOH UH]LVWHQ OD VROLFLWUL
IXQFLRQDOH
(temperaturi nalte, frecare, etc.).

QFD]XOSURWHFLHLVXSUDIHHORUPHWDOLFHGLQRHO]LQFDUHDHVWHFHOPDLGHVIRORVLW
GHRDUHFHFRQGXFHODFUHWHUHDUH]LVWHQHLODFRUR]LXQHDDWPRVIHULFIXUQL]HD]SURWHFLD
de sacrificiu, dizolvndu-se vQORFXOPHWDOXOXLGHED]ILHUXOXLQHDFRSHULWLFRQGXFHvQ
FRQWDFW FX XQLL DJHQL FRUR]LYL OD SURGXL UH]LVWHQL OD FRUR]LXQHD XOWHULRDU =LQFDUHD
HOHFWUROLWLF HVWH XQ H[HPSOX GH DFRSHULUH FDWRGLF vQ FDUH SRWHQLDOXO VWDQGDUG DO
zincului ( 0 = -0,76 V) este mai negativ dect cel al metalului suport ( 0 = -0,44 V).
=LQFDUHDHOHFWUROLWLFDSLHVHORUGLQRHOSUH]LQWXUPWRDUHOHDYDQWDMH
-
VH RELQH R SHOLFXO GH =Q SHUIHFW DGHUHQW FRPSDFW

XQLIRUP FD JURVLPH OLSVLW GH SRULVWUOXFLWRDUH L FX PDUH
VWDELOLWDWHFKLPLF
VHSRWRELQHSHOLFXOHFXJURVLPLYDULDELOHGXSQHFHVLWLSULQ
YDULHUHD WLPSXOXL GH GHSXQHUH L D FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU GH FXUHQW
(intensitate, tensiune, etc.);
QX QHFHVLW vQFO]LUHD SLHVHORU PHWDOLFH FDUH DU FRQGXFH OD

GHIRUPULVWUXFWXUDOHVDXGLPHQVLRQDOH
3URFHGHXOGH]LQFDUHHOHFWUROLWLFVHDSOLFvQVSHFLDOSHQWUXRELQHUHDDFRSHULULORU
GHFRUDWLYH SHQWUX SURWHFLD XQRU SLHVH VDX FRPSRQHQWH GLQ LQGXVWULD HOHFWURWHKQLF L
HOHFWURQLFHWF
Acoperirile galvanice cu ]LQFVHSRWUHDOL]DLQGXVWULDOSULQGRXSURFHGHH
-
]LQFDUHDJDOYDQLFvQELDOFDOLQHFLDQX
54
ULFH SH ED] GH FLDQXU GH ]LQF SURFHGHX DEDQGRQDW DVW]L
GDWRULWJUDGXOXLIRDUWHPDUHGHWR[LFLWDWHLSHULFXOR]LWDWH
]LQFDUHDJDOYDQLFvQELDFLGHSHED]GHVXOIDWVDXFORUXUGH
zinc.
&DOLWDWHD GHSXQHULL GH ]LQF HVWH LQIOXHQDW GH PDL PXOL IDFWRUL GLQWUH FDUH
PHQLRQP
-
QDWXUDFRPSR]LLDLSXULWDWHDHOHFWUROLWXOXLGHGHSXQHUH
puritatea anozilor;
VWDUHDVXSUDIHHLSHFDUHVHUHDOL]HD]GHSXQHUHD]LQcului;
SDUDPHWULL GH OXFUX GHQVLWDWHD GH FXUHQW FDWRGLF $GP2),

WHQVLXQH9UDSRUWXOVXSUDIHHORUDQRGFDWRG6A/SK);
SUH]HQDDJHQLORUGHOXFLXLQDWXUDDFHVWRUD
agitarea electrolitului.
Prepararea electrolitului de zincare

Pentru realizarea ]LQFULLOXFLRDVHDSLHVHORUGHRHOVHIRORVHWHGUHSWHOHFWUROLWR
VROXLHFDUHFRQLQHJO=Q624.7H2O; 50 g/l Al2SO4.18H2O; 100 g/l Na2SO4.10H2O,
JO GH[WULQ L VDX XUHH FD DJHQL GH OXFLX S+-XO ILQDO DO VROXLHL WUHEXLQG V ILH GH
3,5-4(OHFWUROLWXOVHSUHSDUSULQGL]ROYDUHDVHSDUDWDFRPSRQHQWHORUvQDSGLVWLODW
VROXLLOHRELQXWHDPHVWHFkQGX-se.
3UHJWLUHDVXSUDIHHORUPHWDOLFH
6WDUHDVXSUDIHHLPHWDOXOXLvQDLQWHGHLQWURGXFHUHDvQEDLDGH]LQFDUHWUHEXLHVILH
QHWHG OLSVLW GH R[L]L VDX VUXUL DOH PHWDOXOXL OLSVLW GH JUVLPL XOHLXUL L LQFOX]LXQL
PHFDQLFH SUDI JUDILW ]JXU HWF 0HQLQkQG SDUDPHWULL GH OXFUX OD YDORUL RSWLPH
FDOLWDWHD VXSUDIHHL HVWH DFHHD FDUH LQIOXHQHD] vQ SURSRULD FHD PDL PDUH FDOLWDWHD
deSXQHULL'LQ DFHVWPRWLYSUHJWLUHDVXSUDIHHORU PHWDOLFH UHSUH]LQWDSUR[LPDWLY
GLQ YROXPXO WRWDO GH PXQF QHFHVDU vQ SURFHVXO GH ]LQFDUH 3UHJWLUHD VXSUDIHHORU
SLHVHORU VXSXVH ]LQFULL VH UHDOL]HD] vQ SUDFWLF SULQ RSHUDLL PHFDQLFH FKLPLFH L
electrochimice.
3UHJWLUHD PHFDQLF XUPUHWH vQGHSUWDUHD R[L]LORU UXJLQ D LQFOX]LXQLORU
SUHFXPLQLYHODUHDDVSHULWLORUVXSUDIHHORU$FHVWHRSHUDLLVHUHDOL]HD]SULQ
55
SHULHUH PDQXDO VDX PHFDQLF SH FDOH XVFDW VDX XPHG FX
perii metalice sau din fire sintetice;
VDEODUH FXULUHD VXSUDIHHL PHWDOLFH FX XQ MHW GH DHU

FRPSULPDWLQLVLSFXUDWLXVFDWVDXDOLFHGHIRQWVDXRHO
OHIXLUHVDXUHFWLILFDUHvQGHSUWDUHDXQXLVWUDWIRDUWHVXELUHGH
SH VXSUDIDD PHWDOLF FDUH XUPHD] D IL VXSXV ]LQFULL SULQ
folosirea unor materiale abrazive);
/XVWUXLUHD FDUH DUH GUHSW VFRS VXSUDILQLVDUHD VXSUDIHHL

metalice, executndu-se nainte de depunere sau n unele cazuri
LGXSFHDDYXWORFGHSXQHUHDJDOYDQLF
3UHJWLUHD FKLPLF XUPUHWH GHJUHVDUHD GHFDSDUHD L OXVWUXLUHD VXSUDIHHORU

PHWDOLFHSULQIRORVLUHDXQRUUHDFWLYLFKLPLFL'HJUHVDUHDFRQVWvQHOLPLQDUHD JUVLPLORU
SULQGL]ROYDUHHPXOVLRQDUHVDXVDSRQLILFDUH6HUHDOL]HD]SUDFWLFFXDMXWRUXOVROYHQLORU
RUJDQLFL L FX VROXLL DOFDOLQH Q FD]XO GHJUHVULL FX VROYHQL VH OXFUHD] SULQ WHUJHUH
LPHUVLHVDXvQYDSRULGHVROYHQWQFD]XOOXFUULLGHIDVHYDIRORVLQXPDLGHFDSDUHD
PHWRGFDUHFRQVWvQvQGHSUWDUHDR[L]LORUPHWDOLFLGHSHVXSUDIDDSLHVHLGH]LQFDUHSULQ
imersie n VROXLLGHDFL]LPLQHUDOL Q FD]XOPHWDOHORUIHURDVHVHIRORVHWH GHFDSDUHDFX
VROXLH-10% H2SO4 OD&FXVROXLH-15% HCl, la temperatura camerei sau cu un
DPHVWHFGHDFLGVXOIXULFLDQKLGULGFURPLFOD&
&RQGLLL GH OXFUX: tempeUDWXUD ELL GH HOHFWUROL] -& UDSRUWXO VXSUDIHHORU
SA/SK GHQVLWDWHDGHFXUHQWFDWRGLF-6 A/dm2, timpul de depunere 5-10 min.,
WHQVLXQHD9GLVWDQDDQRG catod de aprox. 4 cm.
$SDUDWXUDLPRGXOGHOXFUX
,QVWDODLDSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDSUDFWLF D]LQFULLHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWVFKHPDWLFvQILJXUD
&HOXOD GH ]LQFDUH JDOYDQLF HVWH FRQIHFLRQDW GLQWU-un material antiacid avnd o
IRUP SDUDOHOLSLSHGLF vQ LQVWDODLD GH ODERUDWRU HVWH XQ EDF UHFXSHUDW GH OD XQ
DFXPXODWRUEDWHULH DXWR X]DW 1XPUXO DQR]LORU L DO FDWR]LORU GHSLQGH GH PULPHD
FHOXOHLXWLOL]DW$QR]LLVXQWFRQIHFLRQDLGLQSODFLGH=QGHvQDOWSXULWDWH(OHFWUROLWXO
WUHEXLH V GHSHDVFQLYHOXOVXSHULRUDOHOHFWUR]LORU$QR]LLFW L FDWRGXOWUHEXLHVVH
DIOH OD R DQXPLW GLVWDQ GH IXQGXO FHOXOHL $XWRWUDQVIRUPDWRUXO L UHGUHVRUXO FX
VHOHQLXSHUPLWDOLPHQWDUHDFXHQHUJLHHOHFWULFDFHOXOHLODSDUDPHWULLQHFHVDULLQGLFDL
GHDSDUDWHOHGHPVXUDPSHUPHWUXOLYROWPHWUXO
56
)LJ ,QVWDODLD GH ]LQFDUH JDOYDQLF FHOXO GH ]LQFDUH DXWRWUDQVIRUPDWRU

UHGUHVRUFXVHOHQLXDPSHUPHWUXYROWPHWUXDQR]LGH]QGHvQDOWSXULWDWH
catodul (piesa de zincare).
Modul de lucru:
1)
6H GHWHUPLQ FX SUHFL]LH VXSUDIDD DQR]LORU 6A FHOH GRX IHH
RSXVHLVXSUDIDDFDWRGXOXLSLHVHLVXSXVH]LQFULL6K, dm2.

2)
6H SUHJWHWH VXSUDIDD SLHVHL GH ]LQFDW PHFDQLF FX KkUWLH
DEUD]LYSULQGHFDSDUHGHJUHVDUHLVSODUHVH OXFUHD]FXXQFOHWHPHWDOLFLQXFX

mna).
3)
Se introduc anoziLvQFHOXOLDSRLSLHVDGH]LQFDWvQWUHDQR]L
4)
6H FRQHFWHD] FHOXOD OD VXUVD GH FXUHQW OD YDORULOH SUHVFULVH L VH
FURQRPHWUHD]WLPSXOGHGHSXQHUH
5)
6H VFRDWH SLHVD VH VSDO FX DS VH LQWURGXFH WLPS GH -30 sec.
ntr-o baie de acid azotic 2% pentru inWHQVLILFDUHD OXFLXOXL VH VSDO GLQ QRX FX DS
GLVWLODWLVHXVXFODHWXYOD-70C.
&RQWUROXOFDOLWLLGHSXQHULL
3LHVD]LQFDWVHVXSXQHFRQWUROXOXLGHFDOLWDWHvQFHHDFHSULYHWHDGHUHQDOXFLXO
SRUR]LWDWHD JURVLPHD GHSXQHULL UH]LVWHQD OD coroziune. Dintre aceste caracteristici n
lucrarea de laborator se va efectua numai determinarea grosimii depunerii de zinc prin
PHWRGD GHVWUXFWLY SULQ DWDF vQ SLFWXU FX XQ UHDFWLY VSHFLILF VROXLH GH LRG GH
FRQFHQWUDLHJ,2/l).
3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD JURVLPLL VWUDWXOXL GH =Q GHSXV VH SURFHGHD] DVWIHO VH GHJUHVHD]
VXSUDIDD GHDWDFSULQ WHUJHUHFXYDWvPELEDW vQ WHWUDFORUXU GH FDUERQ GXS FDUH VH
57
ODVVFDGRSLFWXUGLQVROXLDGHLRGFXDMXWRUXOXQHLSLSHWHLVHDWHDSWXQPLQXW

VH WHUJH SURGXVXO GH UHDFLH FX KkUWLH GH ILOWUX L VH DGDXJ R QRX SLFWXU L LDU VH
DWHDSW XQ PLQXW 2SHUDLD VH UHSHW SkQ VH DMXQJH OD PHWDOXO GH ED] &DOFXOXO
JURVLPLLVWUDWXOXLGH]LQFGHSXVVHUHDOL]HD]FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
G = (N-1)K
unde: g JURVLPHDVWUDWXOXLGH]LQFGHSXVJDOYDQLF -6m);
N QXPUXOGHSLFWXULGHVROXLHGHLRGIRORVLWH
K IDFWRUGHSHQHWUDLHPLQFDUHOD&DUHYDORDUHD PLQ
0DVD WHRUHWLF GH ]LQF FDUH DU WUHEXL V VH GHSXQ Pt VH FDOFXOHD] FX DMXWRUXO
legii lui Faraday:
mt = K I t =
EZn
96500
I t,
unde: EZn echivalentul electrochimic al Zn; 65,38 / 2 = 32,69, g;

I intensitatea curentului electric, A;
t timpul depunerii, s.
Masa GH]LQFGHSXVSUDFWLFPpVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
mp = SK g
Zn
10 2 , g
unde: SK VXSUDIDDFDWRGXOXLSLHVHLGH]LQFDWGP2;

g JURVLPHDVWUDWXOXLGH]LQFGHSXV
Zn densitatea zincului, 7,133 g/cm3.
Randamentul de curent DOFHOXOHLJDOYDQLFHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
mp
mt
100, %
58
'DWHOHH[SHULPHQWDOHRELQXWHSUHFXPLGDWHOHFDOFXODWHFXUHODLLOHGHPDLVXVVH
trec ntr-un tabel de forma:
Nr.det. SA,
dm
SK,
2
dm
SA
SK
I, A
U, V timp, J
sec
dc ,
A/dm
mp ,
mt ,
c, %
Probleme propuse
1) Printr-R FRQGXFW VXEWHUDQ GLQ RHO FDUERQ GHQVLWDWHD G JFP3) cu
OXQJLPHDGHPLGLDPHWUXOLQWHULRU GH P VH WUDQVSRUW R DS UH]LGXDO DFLG
WLLQGFRSOFXGLQDFHODLRHODYkQGVXSUDIDDGHFP2DIODWvQDSDFLGvQWLPS
GHRUGHJDMPO+2 vQFRQGLLLQRUPDOHVVHGHWHUPLQHFXFkWVHYDPLFRUD
grosimea conductei timp de un an de zile.
R.
0,0622
mm/an
2) Cunoscnd indicele de penetrDLHS PPDQvQFD]XOFRUR]LXQLLDFLGHD
XQHLSOFLGHFURPG JFP3FXVXSUDIDDGHP2VVHFDOFXOH]H
a) indicele gravimetric al coroziunii n g/m2.RU
EJURVLPHDVWUDWXOXLvQGHSUWDWvQWLPSGHXQDQGH]LOH
R.
0,0008219
g/m2.RU
micron
6VHGHWHUPLQHFDUHHVWHJURVLPHDVWUDWXOXLGHR[LGIHURIHULFIRUPDWSHRSODF
GH ILHU FX VXSUDIDD GH FP2 GDF GXS R RU SURED D FkWLJDW vQ JUHXWDWH J
(d Fe3O4 = 5,18 g /cm3).
R.
0,074
cm
4) n urma coroziunii unei bare de aluminiu avnd dimensiunile 50 x 20 x 5 mm,
vQ VROXLH GH 1D2+ vQ WLPS GH PLQXWH V-au degajat 2,24 ml H2 PVXUDW vQ
FRQGLLLQRUPDOH6VHVFULHHFXDLDUHDFLHLGHFRUR]LXQHVVHFDOFXOH]Hcantitatea de
DOXPLQLXFRURGDWLQGLFHOHJUDYLPHWULFDOFRUR]LXQLLLLQLFHOHGHSHQHWUDLH
R. 10,8
mm/an.
10-3 g/h; 4,0 g/m2.RU 12,96
59
6VHFDOFXOH]HFRHILFLHQWXOGHYROXPDOR[LGXOXLNvQFD]XOPHWDOHORU: Na, Ca,

0J$O3E=Q&X1L:&U97LFXQRVFkQGGHQVLWLOHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDPHWDOXOXLL
oxizilor respectivi. Densitatea metalelor: dNa = 0,971 g /cm3; dCa =
1,55 g /cm3;
dMg = 1,74 g /cm3; dAl = 2,703 g /cm3; dPb = 11,34 g /cm3; dZn = 7,13 g /cm3;
dCu = 8,96 g /cm3; dNi = 8,907 g /cm3; dW = 19,32 g /cm3; dCr = 7,2 g /cm3;
dV = 5,96 g /cm3; dTi = 4,49 g /cm3'HQVLWLOHR[L]LORUPHWDOLFL1D2O = 2,27 g/cm3;
CaO = 3,37 g/cm3; MgO = 3,58 g/cm3; Al2O3 = 4,10 g/cm3; PbO = 9,51 g/cm3;
ZnO = 5,70 g/cm3; CuO = g/cm3; NiO = 6,827 g/cm3; WO3 = 7,16 g/cm3;
CrO3 = 2,80 g/cm3; V2O5 = 3,34 g/cm3; TiO2 = 4,20 g/cm3 'XS YDORULOH OXL N V VH
aprecieze UH]LVWHQDODFRUR]LXQHDSHOLFXOHORUR[LGLFHUHVSHFWLYH
2SLHVPHWDOLFDYkQGVXSUDIDDGHFP2 HVWHVXSXV]LQFULLHOHFWUROLWLFH
RELQkQGX-VH R GHSXQHUH FX JURVLPHD GH PP WLLQG F GHQVLWDWHD ]LQFXOXL HVWH GH
7,133 g/cm3, randamentul de curent al celulei de 95 %, iar intensitatea curentului de 3 A,
VVHGHWHUPLQHWLPSXOQHFHVDUGHSXQHULL
R.
33
minute
WLLQGFRSLHVPHWDOLFFXVXSUDIDDGHGP2SULQ]LQFDUHJDOYDQLFDFLGD
crescut n greutate cu 0,6538 JVVHGHWHUPLQHJURVLPHDSHOLFXOHLGH]LQFGHSXV
R.
9,16
microni
2 VkUP GH ILHU DYkQG OXQJLPHD GH P L GLDPHWUXO GH FP HVWH VXSXV
]LQFULLvQWU-REDLHDFLGFXVXOIDWGH]LQFWLLQGFVHOXFUHD]WLPSGHPLQXWHFXR
densitate de FXUHQW FDWRGLF GH $FP3 L OD XQ UDQGDPHQW GH FXUHQW GH V VH
determine care va fi grosimea depunerii (n microni).
R.
30,771
microni
3HQWUX SURWHFLD DQWLFRUR]LY D DOXPLQLXOXL VH IRORVHWH vQ SUDFWLF R[LGDUHD
DQRGLF vQ EDLH de acid sulfuric, procedeu denumit eloxare (anodul este constituit din
SLHVDGH$OLDUFDWRGXOGLQ3EWLLQGFVHOXFUHD]WLPSGHGHPLQXWHFXXQFXUHQW
DYkQGLQWHQVLWDWHDGH$VVHFDOFXOH]H
DYROXPXOGHR[LJHQFDUHVHIRUPHD]ODDQRGPVXUDWvQFRQGLLL
normale);
60
b) masa de Al2O3 IRUPDW SH DQRG FRQVLGHUkQG F WRW R[LJHQXO

UHDFLRQHD]FXDOXPLQLXO
c) grosimea peliculei de Al2O3 IRUPDW GDF VXSUDIDD DQRGXOXL
2
este de 1 dm , iar randamentul de curent este de 100 5 (dAl 2 O 3 = 4,1 g/cm3).

R. 69,58 ml O2; 0,2006 g Al2O3; 4,892
microni
61
%,/$1'(0$7(5,$/(%,/$1DE ENERGIE
3ULQELODQWHKQRORJLFVHvQHOHJHUH]XOWDWXOFDOFXOHORUH[SULPDWVXEIRUPGHHFXDLLVDX
WDEHOH L GLDJUDPH FDUH FXSULQG FDQWLWLOH GH PDWHULDOH VDX GH HQHUJLH LQWUDWH L LHLWH GLQWU-un
proces tehnologic. La ED]DDOFWXLULLELODQXOXLGHPDWHULDOHVWOHJHDFRQVHUYULLPDVHLFRQIRUP
FUHLD PDVD VXEVWDQHORU LQWUDWH vQWUX-XQ SURFHV HVWH HJDO FX PDVD VXEVWDQHORU UH]XOWDWH GLQ
SURFHVLQGLIHUHQWGHWUDQVIRUPULOHFDUHDXORF
Mi
unde
Mi ,
Me = 0
Me UHSUH]LQWPDVHOHWRWDOHDOHPDWHULDOHORULQWUDWHUHVSHFWLYLHLWHGLQSURFHV
3H ED]D ELODQXOXLGHPDWHULDOHVHVWDELOHWH ELODQXO HQHUJHWLF SHQWUX SURFHVXO UHVSHFWLY

FDUH DUH OD ED] OHJHD FRQVHUYULL HQHUJLHL FRQIRUP FUHLD FDQWLWLOH GH FOGXU VDX HQHUJLH
introduse ntr-XQSURFHVWUHEXLHVILHHJDOHFXFDQWLWLOHGHFOGXUUHVSHFWLYHQHUJLHLHLWHRGDW
FXSURGXVHOHRELQXWHGLQSURFHVXO
/D DOFWXLUHDELODQXOXLWHKQRORJLF VH XWLOL]HD] FDOFXOHOH VWRHFKLRPHWULFH L WHUPLFH LDU
ntr-RVHULHGHFD]XULLGLIHULWHOHJLIL]LFHLIL]LFR-chimice. Cu alte cuvinte la stabilirea datelor
GH ELODQ VH WLQH VHDPD GH OHJLOH FKLPLFH L IL]LFH FDUDFWHULVWLFH WUDQVIRUPULORU FDUH DX ORF vQ
proces.
6FRSXOvQWRFPLULLELODQXOXLGHPDWHULDOHHVWHPXOWLSOX
n faza de proiectare, SHUPLWH GLPHQVLRQDUHD FRUHFW D XWLODMHORU L

UHDFWRDUHORULHYLGHQLD]IOX[XOPDVLFGHPDWHULDOH
n faza de exploatare, DXQXLSURFHVWHKQRORJLFUHIOHFWFRQGLLLOHUHDOH

vQ FDUH DFHVWD VH GHVIRDU SHUPLkQG VWDELOLUHD FRQVXPXULORU
VSHFLILFH SUDFWLFH D UDQGDPHQWHORU WUDQVIRUPULORU L D XWLODMHORU D
gradului de transformare (utilizare) al materiilor prime, a pierderilor de
IDEULFDLH QHLGHQWLILFDWH D XQRU SDUDPHWUL DL IDEULFDLHL vQ YHGHUHD
RSWLPL]ULL SURFHVXOXL L D HILFLHQHL HFRQRPLFH D DFWLYLWLL GH
SURGXFLH
62
%LODQXULOH GH PDWHULDOH L GH HQHUJLH DX PDUH LPSRUWDQ SHQWUX DQDOL]D L DSUHFLHUHD
FRUHFW D SURFHVHORU OD UHDOL]DUHD DFHVWRUD vQ FRQGLLL LQGXVWULDOH &X DMXWRUXO ORU VH VWDELOHVF
YDORULOHLQGLFDWRULORUGHOXFUXVSHFLILFLUDQGDPHQWHOHSLHUGHULOHGHPDWHULLSULPHGHFOGXUL
DOWH PDWHULDOH SUHFXP L FRHILFLHQLL GH XWLOL]DUH D HQHUJLHL %LODQXULOH VHUYHVF SHQWUX
GHWHUPLQDUHD GLPHQVLXQLORU DSDUDWXULL L D SURGXFWLYLWLL DFHVWHLD LQWHQVLWDWHD SURFHVHORU L R
VHULHGHLQGLFDWRULDLSURGXFLHLQHFHVDULvQFDOFXOXOGHSURLHFWDUH
%LODQXULOHUHIOHFWFRQGLLLOHGHH[SORDWDUHLJUDGXOGHSHUIHFLRQDUHDSURFHVHORUUHDOH
PULPHDSLHUGHULORUGHPDWHULDOHLHQHUJLHFDUHvQGUHDSWDWHQLDFWUHUHDOL]DUHDFRQGLLLORUFDUH
V SHUPLW LQWHQVLILFDUHD SURFHVHORU L SHUIHFLRQDUHD DSDUDWXULL vQ YHGHUHD IRORVLULL PD[LPH D
UHVXUVHORUGHPDWHULDOHLHQHrgie.
/DvQFHSXWVHDOFWXLHWHELODQXOGHPDWHULDOHLDUSHED]DDFHVWXLDVHDOFWXLHWHELODQXO
energetic.
Datele analitice se folosesc pentru calculele stoechiometrice, care stau la baza ntocmirii
ELODQXULORU GH PDWHULDOH LDU FRQVWDQWHOH WHUPRFKLPLFH L WHUPRIL]LFH FOGXUL GH IRUPDUH L GH
GHVFRPSXQHUHFOGXULGHWRSLUHGL]ROYDUHHYDSRUDUHFOGXULVSHFLILFHSDUDPHWULLHOHFWULFLHWF
VHXWLOL]HD]ODVWDELOLUHDELODQXULORUHQHUJHWLFH
QIRUPDJHQHUDOELODQXOGHPDWHULDOHVHH[SULPSULQ HFXDLD
MA + MB += MC + MD + + M$ + M%+ + M& + M' + + Mp
unde: MA, MB PDVDVXEVWDQHORULQWUDWHvQSURFHVXOWHKQRORJLFvQXQXOGLQVWDGLLOHVDOHVDXvQWUun aparat /reactor;
MC, MD masele produselor evacuate din reactor;
M$, M% PDVHOHVXEVWDQHORULQLLDOHQHUHDFLRQDWH
M&, M' PDVHOHSURGXVHORUGHUHDFLHUPDVHvQUHDFWRUGDFH[LVW
Mp masa materialelor pierdute.
(FXDLDELODQXOXLGHPDWHULDOHVHSRDWHUHIHULODXQLWDWHDGHPDWHULHSULPVDXODXQLWDWHD
GHSURGXVFkWLODODXQUHDFWRUDSDUDWVDXODRRSHUDLHVSHFLILF'HDVHPHQHDVHSRDWHUHIHULOD
63
XQ VWDGLX DO SURFHVXOXL VDX OD XQLWDWHD GH WLPS Q XQHOH FD]XUL ELODQXULOH GH PDWHULDOH VH
DOFWXLHVF SH XQ VLQJXU FRPSRQHQW FDUH SDUWLFLS OD SURFHVXO UHVSHFWLY GH UHJXO FRPSRQHQWXO
cel mai valoros.
3HQWUXDOFWXLUHDELODQXULORUGHPDWHULDOHHVWHQHFHVDUFXQRDWHUHDFRPSR]LLHLFKLPLFH
L FkWHYD SURSULHWL IL]LFH L IL]LFR-FKLPLFH DOH PDWHULLORU SULPH LQLLDOH DOH SUoduselor
LQWHUPHGLDUH VHPLIDEULFDWHORU UHVSHFWLY DOH SURGXVHORU ILQLWH 'XS HIHFWXDUHD FDOFXOHORU
VWRHFKLRPHWULFHVHDOFWXLHWHWDEHOXOELODQXOXLGHPDWHULDOHGXSPRGHOXO
Materiale intrate
Materialul
0DWHULDOHLHLWH
Cantitatea
kg
Materialul
cantitatea
kg
MC
MD
MA
MB
M $
M $
&
M &
'
M '
Pierderi
Mp
Total
Mi
100
Total
Mf
100
&X GDWHOH GLQ WDEHO VH SRDWH UHSUH]HQWD JUDILF ELODQXO GH PDWHULDOH 3HQWUX DFHDVWD VH
SRDWH SURFHGD vQ GRX IHOXUL GXS PRGXO GH H[SULPDUH D FDQWLWLORU GH PDWHULDOH LQWUDWH VDX
LHLWHGLQSURFHVvQJUHXWDWHVDXvQSURFHQWHJUDYLPHWULFH)LJXUDDb). n primul caz se ia un
VHJPHQW GH GUHDSW GH R OXQJLPH DUELWUDU FDUH YD IL DOHV FD XQLWDWH GH H[ XQ VHJPHQW FX
64
OXQJLPHDGHFPVUHSUH]LQWHNJNJVDXWIXQFLHGHYDORDUHDXQLWLORUGLQWDEHOXO
GHELODQ
MC
MB
$SDUDWXOVDXRSHUDLD
MA
MD
M$ + M%
M& + M'
(a)
c%
b%
$SDUDWXOVDXRSHUDLD
a%
d%
(a b) %
(c d)%
P%
(b)
)LJ 5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF D ELODQXOXL GH PDWHULDOH SULQ EHQ]L SURSRULRQDOH FX D PDVHOH
VXEVWDQHORUEFXSURFHQWHOHPDWHULDOHORULQWUDWHLLHLWHGLQSURFHV
65
n cel de al doilea caz, se folosesc rubricile n care sunt indicate procentele. n acest caz
VH LD XQ VHJPHQW GH GUHDSW YHUWLFDO L VH vPSDUWH vQ SUL HJDOH Q SDUWHD GLQ VWkQJD D
DFHVWXLD VH ILJXUHD]EHQ]LRUL]RQWDOHFXOLPHDHJDO FX SURFHQWHOH PDWHULDOHORU LQWUDWH LDU vQ
SDUWHDGUHDSWVHWUDVHD]EHQ]LXRUvQFOLQDWHFXOLPHDHJDOFXSURFHQWHOHPDWHULDOHORULHLWH
%LODQXOHQHUJHWLFVDXWHUPLFVXEIRUPJHQHUDOSRDWHILH[SULPDWDVWIHO
QF + QE + QI = QF + Qp
unde: QF FOGXUDIL]LFLQWURGXVvQSURFHVFXVXEVWDQHOHLQLLDOH
QE FOGXUDUHDFLLORUH[RWHUPHLDWUDQVIRUPULORUIL]LFH
QI FOGXUDLQWURGXVvQSURFHVGLQDIDU QHXWLOL]DW vQ UHDFLLOH FKLPLFH H[ FX JD]HOH
FDOGHFXWRSLWXULOHFXDSDFDOGHWF
QF FOGXUDIL]LFDSURGXVHORUGHUHDFLHFDUHDXLHLWGLQSURFHV
Qp FOGXUDSLHUGXWvQH[WHULRU
0RGXOvQFDUHvQJHQHUDOFOGXULOHFRPSRQHQWHDOHELODQXOXLWHUPLFVHSRWFDOFXODHVWH
redat n continuare.
&OGXUDIL]LFLQWURGXVFXVXEVWDQHOHLQLLDOH QF, VDXLHLWFXSURGXVHOHGHUHDFLH QF,
VHFDOFXOHD]FXIRUPXOD
QF = c m t
unde: m FDQWLWDWHDVXEVWDQHLLQLLDOHvQNJVDXNPROL
c FOGXUDVSHFLILFPHGLHDVXEVWDQHLLQLLDOH
t WHPSHUDWXUDLQLLDODVXEVWDQHL
Pentru calculul lui QF VH IRORVHWH DFHHDL UHODLH GDU vQ FDUH VH LDX YDORULOH
FRUHVSXQ]WRDUHSURGXVHORUGHUHDFLH
&OGXUDUHDFLLORUH[RWHUPHLDWUDQVIRUPULORUIL]LFH,QEDOHVXEVWDQHORULQLLDOHGLQWU-o
VWDUH GH DJUHJDUH vQ DOWD FXP DU IL WRSLUHD L YRODWLOL]DUHD VXEVWDQHORU VROLGH HYDSRUDUHD
66
OLFKLGHORU VDX D VROXELOL]ULL L FULVWDOL]ULL VH LD GLQ GDWHOH H[SHULPHQWDOH FH VH JVHVF vQ
literatura de specialitate, sau se determina cu ajutorul calculelor termodinamice pe baza legii lui
Hess.
&OGXUDLQWURGXVvQDSDUDWHUHDFWRDUHGLQDIDUQHXWLOL]DWvQUHDFLLOHFKLPLFH QI, se
FDOFXOHD]SHED]DFRQLQXWXOXLGHFOGXUDJD]HORUOLFKLGHORUVDXVROLGHORUDQDORJFu QF.
3LHUGHULOHGHFOGXUvQPHGLXH[WHULRU, QpGDWRULWFRQGXFWLELOLWLLWHUPLFHDSHUHLORU
DSDUDWHORU UHDFWRDUHORU UDGLDLHL L FRQYHFLHL VH FDOFXOHD] SH ED]D OHJLORU GH WUDQVIHU GH
FOGXUVDXVHDSUR[LPHD]GLQGDWHOHSUDFWLFH
Pentru ntocPLUHDELODQXOXLWHUPLFHQHUJHWLFHVWHQHFHVDURSUH]HQWDUHFODUDWXWXURU
SURFHVHORUIL]LFHLFKLPLFHFDUHDXORFSUHFXPLLQGLFDWRULLGHPDWHULDOHSHQWUXILHFDUHGLQHOH
FDUHVHLDXGLQELODQXOGHPDWHULDOH
'DFGDWHOHLQLLDOHLGDWHOHGLQvQGUXPWRDUHOLWHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWHQXVXQWVXILFLHQWH
SHQWUXDOFWXLUHDELODQXOXLWHUPLFDWXQFLVHXWLOL]HD]OHJLIRUPXOHFDOFXOH LGDWHSUDFWLFH
$VWIHO GDF vQ vQGUXPWRDUH OLSVHVF GDWHOH UHIHULWRDUH OD FOGXULOH GH UHDFLH VDX GDF
determLQULOH H[SHULPHQWDOH DOH DFHVWRUD VXQW IRDUWH JUHOH VDX FRPSOLFDWH DWXQFL DFHVWHD VH
FDOFXOHD] IRORVLQG OHJHD OXL +HVV FRQIRUP FUHLD HIHFWXO WHUPLF DO UHDFLHL HVWH HJDO FX VXPD
DOJHEULFDFOGXULORUGHIRUPDUHGLQHOHPHQWHDVXEVWDQHORUSDUWLFLSDQWHODUHDFLHQDFHVWFD]
FOGXUDGHJDMDWVDXDGVRUELWGHUHDFLHSRDWHVVHFDOFXOH]HFDGLIHUHQDGLQWUHVXPDFOGXULORU
GHIRUPDUHDSURGXVHORUGHUHDFLHLVXPDFOGXULORUGHIRUPDUHDUHDFWDQLORU
9DORDUHDFOGXULLVSHFLILFHODWHPSHUDWXUGDWVHSRDWHFDOFXODIRORVLQGUHODLLGHWLSXO
Cp = a + bT + cT2 + , cal /mol.grd
Cp = a + bT + c / T2 + , cal /mol.grd
unde: a, b, c, - FRQVWDQWHOH FDUDFWHULVWLFH VXEVWDQHORU GDWH FDUH VH JVHVF WDEHODWH vQ
vQGUXPWRDUHVDXvQPDQXDOHGHspecialitate.
'DFDFHVWHGDWHOLSVHVFGLQvQGUXPWRDUHOHVDXPDQXDOHOHSHFDUHOHDYHPODGLVSR]LLH
DWXQFLVHSRWXWLOL]DXUPWRDUHOHGDWHDSUR[LPDWLYHSHQWUXPDMRULWDWHDFRUSXULORUVROLGHFOGXUD
67
VSHFLILFDHOHPHQWHORUDUHDFHHDLYDORDUHDSURSLDWGHYDODELOSHQWUX+%&6L6L)
LDUFOGXUDVSHFLILFPRODUHVWHHJDOFXVXPDFOGXULORUVSHFLILFHDWRPLFHDOHHOHPHQWHORUFDUH
DOFWXLHVFPROHFXOD
Q FD]XO vQ FDUH SH OkQJ UHDFLD FKLPLF DX ORF L SURFHVH GH WRSLUH VDX FULVWDOL]DUH
FRQLQXWXO GH FOGXU D VXEVWDQHORU OLFKLGH LQFOXGH L FOGXUD GH WRSLUH LDU OD SURFHVHOH GH
HYDSRUDUHLFRQGHQVDUHVXEVWDQHOHvQVWDUHGHYDSRULFXSULQGLFOGXUDODWHQWGHHYDSRUDUH
3LHUGHULOH GH FOGXU D DSDUDWHORU vQ PHGLX vQFRQMXUWRU SH FDOHD FRQGXFWLELOLWLL D
UDGLDLHLVDXDFRQYHFLHLVHFDOFXOHD]ILHFXDMXWRUXOOHJLLFRQGXFWLELOLWLLWHUPLFHLDUDGLDLHL
WHUPLFHILHVHGHWHUPLQGLQGDWHOHSUDFWLFHVDXGDFDFHVWOXFUXQXHVWHSRVLELOSULQGLIHUHQD
GLQWUHVXPDFOGXULORUGLQ VWDGLXOLQLLDOLFHOILQDO
3HQWUX FDOFXOXO UDGLDLHL WHUPLFH VH XWLOL]HD] OHJHD OXL 6WHIDQ L %ROW]PDQQ FRQIRUP
FUHLD FDQWLWDWHD GH FOGXU 4 UDGLDW vQ XQLWDWHD GH WLPS HVWH SURSRULRQDO FX VXSUDIDD GH
UDGLDLHILFXWHPSHUDWXUDDEVROXW7, la puterea a patra.
Q = C F(T 100)4
XQGH&UHSUH]LQWFRHILFLHQWXOGHSURSRULRQDOLWDWHQXPLWLFRHILFLHQWGHUDGLDLH
3HQWUXFDOFXOXOFOGXULLSLHUGXWSULQSHUHLLSDUDWHORUUHDFWRDUHORUVHXWLOL]HD]OHJHDOXL
)RXULHU FRQIRUP FUHLD FDQWLWDWHD GH FOGXU FDUH V-D WUDQVPLV SULQ VXSUDIDD SHUHLORU SULQ
FRQGXFWLELOLWDWH WHUPLF HVWH SURSRULRQDO FX VXSUDIDD SHUHLORU ) GLIHUHQD GH WHPSHUDWXU
vQWUHVXSUDIHHOHSHUHLORUW1 t2WLPSXOLLQYHUVSURSRULRQDOFXJURVLPHDSHUHLORU
Q=
F(t1
t2)
XQGH FRHILFLHQWXO GH FRQGXFWLELOLWDWH WHUPLF PULPH FDUH GHSLQGH GH SURSULHWLOH
PDWHULDOXOXLGLQFDUHHVWHFRQIHFLRQDWSHUHWHOHUHDFWRUXOXLLGHWHPSHUDWXUDDFHVWXLD
'H FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL OD FDOFXOXO FOGXULL SLHUGXWH SULQ SHUHLL VIHULFL VDX FLOLQGULFL VH
IRORVHWHHFXDLD1HZWRQ Fourier.
68
Q = K F t
unde: K FRHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUkcal/m2 h grd;
F VXSUDIDDP2;
W GLIHUHQDPHGLHGHWHPSHUDWXUvQWUHIHHOHSHUHWHOXL&
CoeficientuOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXU.VHFDOFXOHD]FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
K=
1
1 +
1
, kcal/m2 h grd
1
+
2
XQGH12 FRHILFLHQLLSDULDOLGHWUDQVIHUkcal/m2 h grd.

3H ED]D FDOFXOHORU FOGXULORU LQWUDWH L LHLWH GLQ SURFHV VH DOFWXLHWH WDEHOXO ELODQXOXL
tHUPLF vQ FDUH VH vQVFULX FOGXULOH LQWUDWH L FOGXULOH LHLWH H[SULPDWH vQ NFDO VDX N- L vQ
SURFHQWH5H]XOWDWHOHVHSRWSUH]HQWDLVXEIRUPJUDILFFDLvQFD]XOELODQXOXLGHPDWHULDOH
&OGXULLQWUDWH
kcal sau %
kJ
&OGXULLHLWH
&OGXUDIL]LF4F
&OGXUD
UHDFLLORU
H[RWHUPH
L
D
WUDQVIRUPULORUIL]LFH4E
&OGXUD IL]LF LHLW GLQ

proces, QF
GLQ .
&OGXUD
DIDU4I
Total
LQWURGXV
kcal
kJ
sau %
&OGXUD SLHUGXW vQ
PHGLXOvQFRQMXUWRU , Qp
Total
n cazul SURFHVHORUHOHFWURWHUPLFHLHOHFWURFKLPLFHPULPLOHWHUPLFHVHWUDGXFGLQFHOH
HOHFWULFH XWLOL]kQG OHJHD HFKLYDOHQHL (FKLYDOHQWXO HOHFWURFKLPLF HVWH HJDO FX FDQWLWDWHD GH
VXEVWDQVHSDUDWODWUHFHUHDXQXLFXUHQWGHXQDPSHUWLPSGHRRUNZK 00 kcal, etc.).
7DEHOHOHLIRUPHOHJUDILFHDOHELODQXULORUGHPDWHULDOHLHQHUJHWLFHQXVHH[SULPQXPDL
vQ XQLWL GH JUHXWDWH VDX YROXP XQLWL FDORULFH VDX HOHFWULFH FL L vQ SURFHQWH ID GH WRWDOXO
69
LQWUDW VDX LHLW DFHDVW IRUP GH SUH]HQWDUH SHUPLWH V VH RJOLQGHDVF GHPRQVWUDWLY JUDGXO GH
XWLOL]DUHDOPDWHULDOHORULDHQHUJLHLvQUDSRUWFXPD[LPXODWLQVVDXFXSRVLELOLWLOHWHRUHWLFH
%LODQXULOH vQWUHSULQGHULORU VH DOFWXLHVF SH ED]D GDWHORU WHKQLFH DQDOLWLFH L FRQWDELOH
'DF vQWUH FDQWLWLOH LQWURGXVH L FHOH UH]XOWDWH H[LVW GLIHUHQH DWXQFL DFHVW IDSW LQGLF ILH
JUHHOL OD vQUHJLVWUDUH ILH JUHHOL GH DQDOL] L FDOFXO VDX SLHUGHUL QHFXQRVFXWH Q FD]XO
ELODQXULORUHQHUJHWLFHVHUHDOL]HD]HJDOLWDWHDvQPDMRULWDWHDFD]XULORUSULQUHHYDOXDUHDFOGXULL
sau energiei electrice pierdute.
QFD]XOUHSUH]HQWULORUJUDILFHDOHELODQXULORUGHPDWHULDOHLWHUPLFHWUHEXLHVVHLQ
VHDPD L GH IHOXO SURFHVXOXL DVSHFWHOH JUDILFH ILLQG GLIHULWH FXP DU IL vQ FD]XO SURFHVHORU
tehnologice cu UHFLUFXODUHFLFOLFHVDXDFHORUvQFDUHDUHORFUHFXSHUDUHDXQHLSULGLQFOGXU
5H]ROYDUHD SUREOHPHORU GH ELODQ GH PDWHULDOH L VDX WHUPLF SUHVXSXQH SDUFXUJHUHD
XUPWRDUHORUHWDSH
vQVXLUHDGDWHORUSUREOHPHLGHELODQ
vQWRFPLUHDVFKLHLVLPSOLILFDWHDSURFHVXOXLFXHYLGHQLHUHDLQWUULORUL
DLHLULORUFXGHELWHOHLFRPSR]LLLOHFDUDFWHULVWLFH
VWDELOLUHD ED]HL GH FDOFXO D ELODQXOXL XQLWDWH GH PDV SHQWUX

SURGXVXOILQLWNJ NJ W HWF VDX XQLWDWH GH WLPS RU RUH
OXQDQ
sFULHUHDFRUHFWDHFXDLLORUUHDFLLORUFKLPLFHFDUHDXORF
HIHFWXDUHD FDOFXOHORU VWRHFKLRPHWULFH LQkQG FRQW GH OHJLOH
WUDQVIRUPULORUIL]LFHLFKLPLFHLGHUDQGDPHQWHOHDFHVWRUD
H[SULPDUHDWXWXURULQWUULORULDLHLULORUVHIDFHvQDFHHDLXQLWDWHde
PVXUJNJWPRO
analiza rezultatelor, respectiv compararea valorilor cunoscute n

SUREOHPDGHELODQFXFHOHFDOFXODWH
70
Exemple
1) 2FDQWLWDWHGHNJVROXLHGHD]RWDWGHDPRQLXVHHYDSRUGHODFRQFHQWUDLDLQLLDO
GHVXEVWDQGL]ROYDWSkQODFRQFHQWUDLDILQDOGH6VHDOFWXLDVFELODQXOGH
PDWHULDOHDOSURFHVXOXLGHHYDSRUDUHLQkQGVHDPDFSLHUGHULOHGHIDEULFDLHUHSUH]LQW
Rezolvare: /DVWDELOLUHDELODQXOXLGHPDWHULDOHvQDFHVWDF]HVWHQHFHVDUVVHWLQVHama de:
3LHUGHULOHGHIDEULFDLHDOHVROXLHL
5000 . 0,001 = 5kg
&DQWLWDWHDGHVROXLHVXSXVHYDSRUULLSkQODRELQHUHDSURGXVXOXLILQDO
5000 5 = 4995 kg
0DVDD]RWDWXOXLGHDPRQLXGL]ROYDWvQVROXLHFHVHVXSXQHHYDSRUULL
4995 . 0,45 = 2247,75 kg
0DVDVROXLHLUPDVGXSHYDSRUDUH
2247,75 . 0,95 = 2335,36 kg
&DQWLWDWHDGHDSHYDSRUDW
4995 2335,36 = 2659,64 kg
5H]XOWDWHOHRELQXWHVHWUHFvQWDEHOXOELODQXOXLGHPDWHULDOH
0DWHULDOHLHLWH
Materiale intrate
Materialul
6ROXLH
LQLLDO
total
Cantitatea
Cantitatea
kg
5000
5000
100
100
Materialul
6ROXLH
FRQFHQWUDW
SkQOD
$S
HYDSRUDW
Pierderi
Total
kg
2335,36
46,7
2659,64
5,00
53,2
0,1
5000
100
2) 6 VH DOFWXLDVF ELODQXO GH PDWHULDOH SHQWUX RELQHUHD D R WRQ GH VROXLH GH +&O
SOHFkQG GH OD VDUH JHP FX 1D&O L VROXLH GH +2SO4 75%, cunoscndu-se din
SUDFWLFFODPDQLSXODUHDVULLVHvQUHJLVWUHD]SLHUGHULGH
Rezolvare
71
6HvQWRFPHWHVFKHPDVLPSOLILFDWDSURFHVXOXLtehnologic:
0NJDS
DEVRUELH
M, kg sol. H2SO4,
M, kg sare, 58%
NaCl
HCl gaz
0NJDS
1000 kg sol.
HCl 36,45%
M, kg Na2620NJLPSXULWL
6HVFULHHFXDLDUHDFLHLFKLPLFHLVHFDOFXOHD]masele moleculare:
2NaCl(s) + H2SO4(sol.) = Na2SO4(s) + 2HCl(g)
2.58,45 + 98
142
+ 2.36,5
%D]DGHFDOFXONJVROXLH+&O
'HWHUPLQDUHD WXWXURU LQWUULORU L LHLULORU HYLGHQLDWH SH VFKHPD WHKQRORJLF SH ED]D
FDOFXOHORUVWRHFKLRPHWULFHLWHKQLFR-economice:
a) &HOHNJGHVROXLH+&O:
1000
36,45
= 364,5 kg HCl pur (100%)
100
b) 3H ED]D UHDFLHL FKLPLFH VH FDOFXOHD] PDVD GH FORUXU GH VRGLX QHFHVDU
RELQHULLDNJ+&O
MNaCl
pur
364,5
58,45 = 584,5 kg
36,45
6HLQHVHDPDGHSXULWDWHDVULL
MNaCl
(98%)
= 584,5
100
= 596,43 kg
98
6HFDOFXOHD]SLHUGHULOHGHIDEULFDLH
P = 596,43
0,2
= 1,193 kg
100
72
6HFDOFXOHD]PDVDWRWDOGHVDUHWHKQLF
M 1D&OWHKQLF = 596,43 + 1,193 = 597,623 kg
c) 6HFDOFXOHD]PDVDGH+2SO4 QHFHVDURELQHULLDNJ+&O
98
= 490 kg
2 36,45
MH 2 SO 4 (pur ) = 364,5
6HFDOFXOHD]PDVDGHVROXLHGH+2SO4:
Msol .H 2 SO 4 75 % = 490
100
= 653,333 kg
75
d) 6HFDOFXOHD]FDQWLWDWHDGHVXOIDWGHVRGLXrezultat:
MNa SO 4 = 364,5
142
= 710 kg
2 36,45
e) 6HFDOFXOHD]FDQWLWDWHDGHLPSXULWLSURYHQLWHGLQVDUH
Mimp . = 596,43
2
= 11,929 kg
100
f) 6HFDOFXOHD]FDQWLWDWHDGHDSQHFHVDUSHQWUXDRELQHNJVROXLH+&O
36,45%:
Map (HCl ) = 1000
364,5 = 635,5 kg
g) Se FDOFXOHD]FDQWLWDWHDGHDSUPDVGLQVROXLDGHDFLGVXOIXULF
Map (H 2 SO 4 ) = 653,333
490 = 163,333 kg
h) 6H FDOFXOHD] FDQWLWDWHD GH DS QHFHVDU VXSOLPHQWDU SHQWUX DEVRUELD +&O
gazos:
MDSDEV = 635,500 163,333 = 472,167 kg
&XGDWHOHRELQXWHVHvQWRFPHWHELODQXOGHPDWHULDOHVXEIRUPGHWDEHO
73
Materiale intrate
Nr. Denumirea
materiei prime
crt.
Produse rezultate
U/
M
Cantitat %
ea
Nr. Denumirea
produsului
crt.
597,62
3
36,4
8
1.
633,33
3
37,9
2
472,16
7
27,4
0
1723,1
23
100
1.
Sare (98% NaCl)
kg
2.
Sol. H2SO4 (75%)
kg
$SSWUDEV+&O
kg
3.
Total
Sol.
(36,45%)
Na2SO4
3.
,PSXULWL
4.
U/
M
HCl kg
Cantitat %
ea
1000
58,0
3
kg
710
kg
11,929
41,2
1
kg
1,193
0,69
Pierderi
0,07
1723,1
22
Total
100
5HSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILFDELODQXOXLGHPDWHULDOHVHIDFHODRVFDUDUELWUDUDOHDVSHED]D
UHSDUWLLHLSURFHQWXDOHFDOFXODWHIDGHWRWDO
11,68 %
37,92 %
sol.
Sare
H2SO4
27,4
% a
58,03%
sol. HCl,
(36,45%)
41,90%
Na2SO4(imp.)
Pierderi 0,07%
74
3)
6 VH FDOFXOH]H ELODQXO GH PDWHULDOH L ELODQXO WHUPLF SHQWUX R VRE GH VLQWH] D
DFLGXOXLFORUKLGULFFXRSURGXFLHGHNJDFLGFORUKLGULFJD]RVK0DWHULLOHSULPHQHFHVDUH
VXQWFORUXOLKLGURJHQXOHOHFWUROLWLF+LGURJHQXOHOHFWUROLWLFDUHFRPSR]LLD+2, 0,42% O2
L12LDUFORUXOHOHFWUROLWLFFRQLQH&O2, 0,6% H2, 1,0% CO2 L22&RPSR]LLD
ambelor gaze s-D H[SULPDW vQ SURFHQWH YROXPHWULFH 6H PHQLRQHD] GH DVHPHQHD F DPEHOH
JD]HVXQWVDWXUDWHFXYDSRULGHDSOD&'LQSUDFWLFDLQGXVWULDOVHWLHFVHIRORVHWHXQ
exces de 10% H2 LFJUDGXOGHWUDQVIRUPDUHDFORUXOXLHVWHHJDO FXXQLWDWHD*D]HOHLQLLDOH
LQWU vQ VRED GH VLQWH] FX WHPSHUDWXUD GH & LDU JD]HOH ILQDOH DX OD LHLUHD GLQ VRE R
WHPSHUDWXUGH&
Rezolvare: 6HvQWRFPHWHVFKHPDELODQXOXLGHPDWHULDOH
MHCl
MH 2
MCl 2
MH 2
MH 2O
M gaze
inerte
MH 2O
M gaze
inerte
MO 2
6HFDOFXOHD]FRPSR]LLDYROXPHWULFDFHORUGRXJD]HLQkQGVHDPDGHXPLGLWDWHDORU
La temperatura de 25C, presiunea de vapori a apei este 23,756 mmHg, respectiv
23,756 / 760 = 0,0312 atm.
&RQFHQWUDLDDSHLH[SULPDWvQSURFHQWHYROXPHWULFHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
%H2 O =
PH 2 O
VH O
0,0312
100 = 2 100 =
100 = 3,12
1
Pt
Vtotal
75
Pentru calculul FRPSR]LLHL YROXPHWULFH D JD]HORU LQkQG FRQW GH XPLGLWDWHD ORU VH
IRORVHWHUHODLD
%Xiumed =
%Xiusc . (100
100
3,12
unde Xi UHSUH]LQWFRPSRQHQLLFDUHDOFWXLHVFVLVWHPXO
Astfel, pentru hidrogenul electrolitic vom avea:

H2 % =
98(100 3,12)
= 94,94
100
N2 % =
1,58(100 3,12)
= 1,53
100
O2 % =
0,42(100 3,12)
= 0,40
100
H2O% = 3,12
Pentru clorul umed:
Cl2 % =
98(100 3,12)
= 94,94
100
H2 % =
0,6(100 3,12)
= 0,58
100
CO2 % =
O2 % =
1(100 3,12)
= 0,97
100
0,4(100 3,12)
= 0,38
100
H2O% = 3,12
6HFDOFXOHD]HOHPHQWHOHELODQXOXLGHPDWHULDOH
3HQWUXFDOFXOXOFDQWLWLLGHKLGURJHQMH 2 WUHEXLHVDLQHPVHDPDGHUHDFLLOH
76
H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O
LGHH[FHVXOGHIRORVLWvQSUDFWLFDLQGXVWULDO
Cantitatea GHKLGURJHQQHFHVDUSHQWUXRELQHUHDDNJ+&OJD]RVVHFDOFXOHD]DVWIHO
HCl.1/2H2
36,5 kg HCl.1 kg H2
5000 kg HCl.x
x=
5000
= 136,98 kg H2
36,5
3HQWUX VLPSOLILFDUHD FDOFXOHORU VH YD FDOFXOD FRPSR]LLD FHORU GRX JD]H vQ SURFHQWH
JUDYLPHWULFHQDFHVWVHQVVHFDOFXOHD]PDLvQWkLGHQVLWDWHDJD]HORUGHSXULWDWHWHKQLFIRORVLQG
UHODLD
amestec
Yi
unde: Yi IUDFLDPRODUDFRPSRQHQWHORU
i densitatea componentelor (din tabele).
3HQWUXFRPSRQHQWHOHFHORUGRXJD]H WHKQLFHVXQWYDODELOHXUPWRDUHOHYDORULDOHGHQVLWLORU
H2
= 0,08988 kg/Nm3 ;
CO 2
= 1,9769 kg/Nm3 ;
Cl 2
O2
= 3,2140 kg/Nm3 ;
= 1,42904 kg/Nm3 ;
N2
= 1,2568 kg/Nm3 ;
H2O
= 0,803 kg/Nm3 ;
$VWIHOVHYRURELQH
H 2 electrolitic
= 0,1352 kg/Nm3
Cl 2 el ectrolitic
= 3,1013 kg/Nm3
77
&RPSR]LLDH[SULPDWvQ SURFHQWH JUDYLPHWULFH D FHORU GRX JD]H WHKQLFH VH VWDELOHWH

FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
%Xi =
Yi
100
amestec
unde Yi IUDFLDGHYROXPDFRPSRQHQWHORU
&RPSR]LLDJUDYLPHWULFDKLGURJHQXOXLHOHFWUROLWLFva fi:
H2 % =
0,08988 94,94
100 = 63,11
0,1352 100
N2 % =
1,2568 1,53
100 = 14,22
0,1352 100
O2 % =
1,42904 0,4
100 = 4,22
0,1352 100
H2 O % =
0,803 3,12
100 = 18,53
0,1352 100
Iar cea a clorului electrolitic:

Cl2 % =
3,124 94,94
100 = 98,39
3,1013 100
H2 % =
0,08988 0,58
100 = 0,02
3,1013 100
CO2 % =
O2 % =
1,9769 0,97
100 = 0,62
3,1013 100
1,42904 0,38
100 = 0,17
3,1013 100
H2 O % =
0,803 3,12
100 = 0,80
3,1013 100
78
Cantitatea de clor pur, MCl 2 , QHFHVDU VLQWH]HL D NJ GH +&O VH FDOFXOHD] SH ED]D
UHDFLHL
HCl.1/2Cl2
36,5 kg HCl.35,5 kg Cl2
5000 kg HCl.x
x=
35,5 5000
= 4863,01 kg Cl2
36,5
0DVDFORUXOXLHOHFWUROLWLFVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
100 kg Cl2 electrolitic .98,39 kg Cl2
x..4863,01 Kg Cl2
x=
4863,01 100
= 4942,58 kg Cl2 electrolitic
98,39
&DQWLWDWHDGHDSLQWURGXVGHFORUXOHOHFWUROLWLFVHFDOFXOHD]
100 kg Cl2 electrolitic .0,80 kg H2O
4942,58 kg Cl2electroliticx
x=
4942,58 0,80
= 39,54 kg H2 O
100
&DQWLWDWHDGHKLGURJHQLQWURGXVGHFORUXOHOHFWUROLWLFVHFDOFXOHD]
100 kg Cl2 electrolitic .0,02 kg H2
x=
4942,58 0,02
= 0,98 kg H2
100
&DQWLWDWHDGHR[LJHQLQWURGXVGHFORUXOHOHFWUROLWLFVHFDOFXOHD]
100 kg Cl2 electrolitic .0,17 kg O2
79
x=
4942,58 0,17
= 8,40 kg O2
100
&DQWLWDWHDGHGLR[LGGHFDUERQLQWURGXVGHFORUXOHOHFWUROLWLFVHFDOFXOHD]
100 kg Cl2 electrolitic .0,62 kg CO2
4942,58 0,62
= 30,64 kg CO2
100
x=
&DQWLWDWHDVWRHFKLRPHWULFGHKLGURJHQSXUSHQWUXSURGXFHUHDDNJ+&OSXUHVWHGH
NJODFDUHVHDGDXJH[FHVXOGHLVHRELQHNJ'HFLMH 2 = 150,68 kg.
3HQWUXFDOFXOXOFDQWLWLLGHKLGURJHQHOHFWUROLWLFVHYDLQHVHDPDGHSXULWDWHDDFHVWXLDLVH
QHJOLMHD]FDQWLWDWHDGHKLGURJHQLQWURGXVGHFORUXOHOHFWUROLWLFGHRDUHFHRPDUHSDUWHGLQDFHVWD
YDILFRQVXPDWGHR[LJHQXOGLQFHOHGRXJDze.
100 kg H2 electrolitic .63,11 kg H2
x150,68 kg H2
x=
100 150,68
= 238,75 kg H2 electrolitic
1063,11
&DQWLWDWHDGHDSLQWURGXVFXKLGURJHQXOHOHFWUROLWLFVHFDOFXOHD]
100 kg H2 electrolitic .18,53 kg H2O
238,75 kg H2electroliticy
y=
238,75 18,53
= 44,24 kg H2 O
100
&DQWLWDWHDGHD]RWLQWURGXVFXKLGURJHQXOHOHFWUROLWLFVHFDOFXOHD]
100 kg H2 electrolitic .14,22 kg N2
238,75 kg H2electroliticz
z=
238,75 14,22
= 33,95 kg N2
100
80
&DQWLWDWHDGHR[LJHQLQWURGXVFXKLGURJHQXOHOHFWUROLWLFVHFDOFXOHD]
100 kg H2 electrolitic .4,22 kg O2
238,75 kg H2electroliticu
u=
238,75 4,22
= 10,07 kg O2
100
(VWH QHFHVDU V VH FDOFXOH]H L FDQWLWDWHD GH YDSRUL GH DS FDUH UH]XOW vQ XUPD DUGHULL
hidrogenului din gaze:
H2 + O2 = 2H2O
&DQWLWDWHDWRWDOGHR[LJHQLQWURGXVvQVREDGHVLQWH]HVWHGDWGHPDVDR[LJHQXOXLGLQ
FORUXOHOHFWUROLWLFNJODFDUHVHDGDXJPDVDR[LJHQXOXLGLQKLGURJHQXOHOHFWUROLWLF
NJDGLFvQWRWDOMO 2 = 18,47 kg.
LQkQGFRQWGHUHDFLDGHDUGHUHFDOFXOPFDQWLWDWHDGH DS
32 kg O2 .36 kg H2O
18,47 kg O2x
x=
18,47 36
= 20,77 kg H2 O
32
&DQWLWDWHDGHKLGURJHQFRQVXPDWSHQWUXIRUPDUHDDSHLVHFDOFXOHD]
32 kg O2 .4 kg H2
18,47 kg O2x
x=
18,47 4
= 2,30 kg H2
32
&DQWLWDWHDWRWDOGHKLGURJHQSXUMH 2 HVWHIRUPDWGLQNJ+2 FDOFXODWGLQUHDFLH

ODFDUHVHDGDXJNJ+2 LQWURGXVFXFORUXOHOHFWUROLWLFDGLFvQWRWDl MH 2 = 151,66 kg H2.
QWLPSXOSURFHVXOXLVHFRQVXPXUPWRDUHOHFDQWLWLGHKLGURJHQ
-
pentru sinteza acidului clorhidric: 136,98 kg H2;
81
pentru formarea apei: 139,28 kg H2;
Total: 139,28 kg H2.
= 151,66
Excesul de hidrogen MHexces
2
139,28 = 12,38 kg H2 . $FHDVWFDQWLWDWH
UHSUH]LQWXQSURFHQWGHVWXOGHPDUHSHQWUXDVDWLVIDFHFRQGLLLOHWHUPRGLQDPLFHLPSXVHGH
UHDFLDGHVLQWH]
0DVDJD]HORULQHUWHLQWURGXVHFXJD]HOHLQLLDOH
Mg.i = MCO 2 + MN 2 = 30,64 + 33,95 = 64,59 kg
0DVDYDSRULORUGHDSGLQJD]HOHLQLiale:
Cl
MHi 2 O = MH 22O + MH 22O = 39,52 + 44,24 = 83,76 kg

0DVDYDSRULORUGHDSGLQJD]HOHUH]XOWDWHGLQUHDFLHUHSUH]LQWVXPDGLQWUHPDVD
YDSRULORUGHDSLQWURGXLFXJD]HOHLQLLDOHLPDVDYDSRULORUGHDSIRUPDLvQXUPDUHDFLHL
hidrogenului cu oxigenul:
MHf 2 O = 83,76 + 20,77 = 104,53 kg
&XGDWHOHRELQXWHVHvQWRFPHWHELODQXOGHPDWHULDOHvQIRUPDWDEHODU
Materiale intrate
kg/h
0DWHULDOHLHLWH
kg/h
Hidrogen
15,66
Acid clorhidric
5000,00
Clor
4863,01
Hidrogen n exces
12,38
9DSRULGHDS
83,76
9DSRULGHDS
104,53
Gaze inerte
64,59
Gaze inerte
64,59
Oxigen
18,47
Total
5181,49
Total
5181,49
Pentru calculul ELODQXOXLWHUPLFVHYDUHSUH]HQWDVFKHPDSULQFDUHVHHYLGHQLD]

elementele acestuia:
82
ti = 25C
tf = 400C
Q Cl 2
Q HCl
QH 2
QH 2
Q vap .
Q,vap .
QO 2
Q CO 2
Q CO 2
Q,N 2
QN 2
Qp
Q reac ie
&DOFXOXOWHUPHQLORUELODQXOXLWHUPLF
Pentru calculul valorii lui Q Cl 2 VHYDIRORVLUHODLD
Q Cl 2 =
MCl 2
Cp t i ,
M
kcal/h
unde: MCl 2 - debitul clorului, kg/h;

M PDVDPROHFXODU
Cp FOGXUDVSHFLILFPHGLHDFORUXOXL
ti WHPSHUDWXUDLQLLDO&
Cl 2
Cp
= 8,28 + 0,056 T, kcal/kmol . grd.

T = 273 + 25 = 298K
Cl 2
Cp
= 8,28 + 0,056 298 = 8,477 kcal NPROJUG
83
QCl 2 =
4863,01
8,477 25 = 14670,65 kcal/h
70
Calculul lui Q H 2 , se IDFHvQPRGDVHPQWRU

H
Cp 2 = 6,62 + 0,056 T, kcal/kmol . grd.

T = 273 + 25 = 298K
H
Cp 2 = 6,62 + 0,056 298 = 6,86 kcal NPROJUG.

QH 2 =
151,66
6,86 25 = 13004,84 kcal/h
2
&OGXUDYDSRULORUGHDS4vap. 6HGHWHUPLQFXDMXWRUXOHQWDOSLHLDFHVWRUDODWHPSHUDWXUD
GDW(QWDOSLDYDSRULORUGHDSVHFDOFXOHD]FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHLOXL5DP]LQ
iH 2 O = 595 + 0,46 t kcal/kg
iH 2 O = 595 + 0,46 25 = 606,5 kcal/kg
Qvap . = MH 2 O iH 2 O kcal/h
Qvap . = 83,76 606,5 = 50800,44 kcal/h
QO 2 =
MO 2
Cp t i ,
M
kcal/h
Cp 2 = 7,0 kcal NPROJUG., la 25C

QO 2 =
18,47
7,0 25 = 101,0 kcal/h
32
QN 2 =
MN 2
Cp t i ,
M
kcal/h
Cp 2 = 6,96 kcal NPROJUG la 25C

QN 2 =
33,95
6,96 25 = 211,0 kcal/h
28
84
Q CO 2 =
CO 2
Cp
Q CO 2 =
MCO 2
Cp t i ,
M
kcal/h
= 8,70 kcal NPROJUGODC
30,64
8,70 25 = 235,0 kcal/h
44
&DOFXOXOFOGXULLGHUHDFie, QUHDFLH.
3HQWUXVLPSOLILFDUHDFDOFXOHORUVHYDOXDvQFRQVLGHUDUHQXPDLHIHFWXOWHUPLFDOUHDFLHLGH
VLQWH] D DFLGXOXL FORUKLGULF FOGXUD GHJDMDW GLQ UHDFLD GH IRUPDUH D DSHL VH QHJOLMHD]
FDQWLWDWHDGHDSIRUPDWHVWHIRDUWHPLF
Efectul WHUPLF DO UHDFLH GH VLQWH] D DFLGXOXL FORUKLGULF OD GLIHULWH WHPSHUDWXUL VH
FDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
Hto = 44.000 + 0,1 t Kcal 2 kmol HCl
&RQVLGHUkQGWHPSHUDWXUDIOFULLW &RELQHP
o
H2400
= 44.000 + 0,1 2400 = 46.640 Kcal 2 kmol HCl
LDWXQFL
Qreac ie =
2 36,5
Qreac ie =
o
H2400
, kcal /h
5000
46.640 = 3194520,52 kcal/h
2 36,5
&DOFXOXOFDQWLWLLGHFOGXU LHLWHGLQUHDFLH
QHCl =
MHCl
Cp t i kcal/h
M
CpHCl = 6,70 + 0,00084 T, kcal/kmol . grd

T = 273 + 400 = 673K
Cl 2
Cp
= 8,28 + 0,056 298 = 8,477 kcal NPROJUG
85
QHCl =
5000
7,265 400 = 39808,20 kcal/h
36,5
&OGXULOHVSHFLILFHSHQWUX+2, N2 L&22 OD&VXQWXUPWRDUHOH

H
Cp 2 = 7,03 kcal NPROJUG

CO 2
Cp
= 11,79 kcal NPROJUG
Cp 2 = 7,31 kcal NPROJUG

Q,H 2 =
12,38
7,03 400 = 17.406 kcal/h
2
Q,vap . = MH 2 O iH 2 O kcal/h
iH 2 O = 595 + 0,46 400 = 779,0 kcal/kg

Q,vap . = 104,53 779,0 = 80649,87 kcal/h
Q,CO 2 =
30,64
11,79 400 = 3284,0
44
Q,N 2 =
kcal/h
33,95
7,31 400 = 354,60 kcal/h
28
&DOFXOXO SLHUGHULORU GH FOGXU 4p VH IDFH FX DMXWRUXO HFXDLHL JHQHUDOH D ELODQXOXL
termic, pentru sLQWH]DDFLGXOXLFORUKLGULFH[SOLFLWDWSHQWUX4p:
Qp = QCl 2 + Q H 2 + QH 2 O + Q O 2 + QCO 2 + Q N 2 + Qreac ie
QHCl
Q,H 2
Q,H 2 O
Q,CO 2
Q,N 2
Qp = 14670,65 + 13004,84 + 50800,44 + 101,0 + 211,0 + 235,0 + 3194520,52 398082,20

17406,00 80649,87 3284,00 3453,60 = 2770577,78 kcal /h.
n acest caz, Qp DUH VHPQLILFDLD FDQWLWLL GH FOGXU FDUH WUHEXLH vQGHSUWDW RUDU GLQ
VREDGHVLQWH]SHQWUXFDWHPSHUDWXUDJD]HORUVILHGH&LUHDFLDGHVLQWH]VDLEORFFX
un grad de transformare ct mai apropiat de unitate. Valoarea lui Qp, (aproximativ 84,6% din
FDQWLWDWHDWRWDOGHFOGXULQWUDWDUHRLPSRUWDQIRDUWHPDUHvQFD]XOGLPHQVLRQULLLDOHJHULL
PDWHULDOXOXLGLQFDUHVHFRQVWUXLHWHVREDGHVLQWH]DDFLGXOXLFORUKLGULFGLQHOHPHQWH
86
&XGDWHOHRELQXWHVHUHDOL]HD]ELODQXOWHUPLFVXEIRUPGHWDEHO
&OGXULLQWUDWH
kcal /h
&OGXULLHLWH
kcal /h
Q Cl 2
14670,65
QHCl
398082,20
QH 2
13004,84
Q,H 2
17406,00
Q vap .
50800,44
Q,vap .
80649,87
QO 2
101,0
Q,CO 2
3284,00
Q CO 2
211,0
Q,N 2
3543,60
QN 2
235,0
Qp
2770577,78
Q reac ie
Total
3194520,52
3273543,45
Total
3273543,45
Probleme propuse
1)
ntr-R LQVWDODLH GH IDEULFDUH D VRGHL FDXVWLFH SULQ SURFHGHXO HOHFWURFKLPLF VH
SUHOXFUHD]VDUDPXUGHVRGLXFDUHDUHXUPWRDUHDFRPSR]LLH1D&O JO0J&O2 =
0,5 g/l; CaCl2 = 0,9 g/l; Na2SO4 JO6VHvQWRFPHDVFELODQXOGHPDWHULDOHSHQWUXP3 de
VDUDPXU SHQWUX ID]D GH SUHFLSLWDUH D LPSXULWLORU WLLQG F SHQWUX SUHFLSLWDUH VH IRORVHVF
UHDFWLYLvQVWDUHVROLGLQXvQVROXLH
2)
CaCl2 + Na2CO3
CaCO3 + 2NaCl
MgCl2 + 2NaOH
Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl
Na2SO4 + BaCl2
BaSO4 + 2NaCl
6 VH vQWRFPHDVF ELODQXO GH PDWHULDOH WDEHODU D XQHL OLQLL GH IDEULFDLH FDUH
produce 800 t/zi azotat de amoniu. 0DWHULLOHSULPHXWLOL]DWHVXQWDPRQLDFLDFLGD]RWLF

%.
3)
$]RWDWXOGHDPRQLXVHRELQHLQGXVWULDOSULQWUDWDUHDVROXLHGHDFLGD]RWLF
FX DPRQLDF JD]RV5HDFLDILLQGH[RWHUPVHXWLOL]HD] XQ UHDFWRU GHFRQVWUXFLH VSHFLDO FDUH

permite recupHUDUHD FOGXULL JHQHUDW GH UHDFLH SULQ XWLOL]DUHD HL OD FRQFHQWUDUHD VROXLHL GH
D]RWDWGHDPRQLXUH]XOWDW3URFHGHXOFRQVWvQDOLPHQWDUHDFRQWLQXDUHDFWRUXOXLFXVROXLHGH
HNO3 OD&LFXDPRQLDFJD]RVOD&VROXLDGHD]RWDWGHDPRQLXGHFRQFHQWUDLH
87
HVWHHYDFXDWGLQUHDFWRUFXRWHPSHUDWXUGH&WLLQGFSLHUGHULOHGHFOGXUvQ
PHGLXO H[WHULRU VXQW GH L WUDQVIRUPDUHD UHDFWDQLORU DUH ORF FX UDQGDPHQWXO FDQWLWDWLY
VVHvQWRFPHDVFELODQXOGHPDVLELODQXOtermic. Se dau: CNH 3 = 0,5 kcal/kg . grad;
CHNO 3 60 % =0,65
kcal/kg
grad;
CNH 4 NO 4 83,3 %=
0,67
kcal/kg
grad;
CH 2 O = 1 kcal/kg .JUDGFOGXUDGHHYDSRUDUHDDSHLrH 2 O NFDONJFOGXUDGHUHDFLH+

20 kcal/mol; MNH 3 = 17; MNH 4 NO 4 = 80; MHNO 3 = 60.
4)
2,QVWDODLHGHGLVWLODUHDWPRVIHULFDLHLXOXLSUHOXFUHD]WRULHLQWRFPLL
ELODQXO]LOQLFGHPDWHULDOHDOLQVWDODLHLWLLQGFSLHUGHULOHGHPDWHULHSULPVXQWGHLDU
ca produse VHRELQEHQ]LQODPSDQWPRWRULQLSFXU
5)
ntr-REOD]GHGLVWLODUHVLPSOVHGLVWLONJDPHVWHFFDUHFRQLQHJU
DOFRROHWLOLFLDS'XSGLVWLODUHUH]LGXXOGLQEOD]FRQLQHDOFRROLDUGLVWLODWXO 73,5
$PHVWHFXO VH LQWURGXFH vQFO]LW SkQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH ILHUEHUH & LDU SLHUGHULOH GH
FOGXU vQ PHGLXO vQFRQMXUWRU UHSUH]LQW GLQ FDQWLWDWHD GH FOGXU 3HQWUX GLVWLODUH VH
FRQVXPNJDEXUODS DWP6HGDXFOGXUDVSHFLILFDDlcoolului etilic calcool = 3350 J/kg
.
JUDGFOGXUDVSHFLILFDDSHLFDS = 4185,5 J/kg . JUDGFOGXUDGHYDSRUL]DUHDDOFRROXOXLUalcool
= 855 . 103 -NJFOGXUDGHYDSRUL]DUHDDSHLUDS= 2990 . 103 J/kg.

6)
6 VH FDOFXOH]H ELODQXO GH PDWHULDOH DO XQHL LQVWDODLL GH IDEULFDUH D DFLGXOXL
FORUKLGULFSULQVLQWH]FDUHSURGXFHRUDUNJVROXLHGHDFLGFORUKLGULFGHJUDY
&D PDWHULL SULPH VH XWLOL]HD] KLGURJHQ WHKQLF FX SXULWDWHD L FORU SXU RELQXW SULQ
evaporarea clorului lichid. Din SUDFWLFVHFXQRDWHF
-
VHXWLOL]HD]XQH[FHVGHKLGURJHQ
SHQWUX RELQHUHD XQHL VROXLL GH DFLG FORUKLGULF FkW PDL SXU DEVRUELD VH
UHDOL]HD]FXDSGLVWLODW
7)
pierderile de acid clorhidric sunt de 1,5 %.

6 VH VWDELOHDVF ELODQXO GH PDWHULDOH L ELODQXO WHUPLF SHQWUX SURFHVXO GH
RELQHUH D DOGHKLGHL IRUPLFH SULQ R[LGDUHD PHWDQROXOXL OD R SURGXFLH GH W GH &+2O/h. Se
FXQRDWHFDOGHKLGDIRUPLFVHRELQHSULQR[LGDUHDFDWDOLWLFD metanolului cu aer. Procesul are
loc pe catalizatori de argint la temperatura de 450 - & L VH SRDWH H[SULPD FX DMXWRUXO
HFXDLLORU
CH3OH + 1/2 O2
CH3OH
HCHO + H2O+ -38 kcal
HCHO + H2+ NFDO
88
De asHPHQHDSRWDYHDORFLXUPWRDUHOHUHDFLLVHFXQGDUH
CH3OH + 3/2 O2
CH3OH + H2
CO2 + 2H2O
CH4 + H2O
'LQDFHVWPRWLYSHQWUXDVHUHGXFHFRQVXPXOGHDOFRROGDWRULWUHDFLLORUVHFXQGDUHVHOXFUHD]

n LQVXILFLHQGHR[LJHQ$OFRROXOPHWLOLFVHVXSXQHHYDSRUULLvQWU-un evaporator la temperatura
de 40-& YDSRULL ILLQG DQWUHQDL FX DHU FRQFHQWUDLD NJ &+3OH la 1 Nm3 aer), iar
DPHVWHFXORELQXWVHSUHvQFO]HWHODWHPSHUDWXUDGH-&GXSFDre, se introduce n soba
de contact. Procesul are loc autotermic la temperatura de 450-& GXS FRQWDFW JD]HOH
RELQXWHVHUFHVFSkQOD-&LVHLQWURGXFvQWU-XQDEVRUEHUXQGHDOGHKLGDIRUPLFHVWH
UHLQXWGHFWUHXQFXUHQWGHDSFHFRQLQe 8-PHWDQRO*D]HOHILQDOHQHDEVRUELWHFRQLQkQG
73,7 % N2; 21,0% H2, 4 % CO2, 0,8% CH4 L 22 YRO VH HYDFXHD] vQ DWPRVIHU
3LHUGHULOH GH DOGHKLG IRUPLF VXQW GH &RPSR]LLD VROXLHL ILQDOH GH IRUPDOGHKLG
IRUPDOLQ vQ SURFHQWH JUDYLPHWULFH HVWH XUPWRDUHD +&+2 &+3OH, 55,8 %
H22%LODQXOGHPDWHULDOHVHYDFDOFXODSHQWUX100 m3 DYkQGFRPSR]LLDGHPDLVXV
89
STABILIREA REGIMULUI DE CURGERE A FLUIDELOR PRIN CONDUCTE

DREPTE
&XUJHUHDIOXLGHORUSULQFRQGXFWHVHIDFHFXYLWH]HGLIHULWHGHODFHOHPDLPLFLSkQ
la cele mai mari. n cazul unei curgeri destul de lente, traiectoriile particulelor individuale
GH IOXLG UHSUH]LQW GUHSWH SDUDOHOH SH SRULXQLOH UHFWLOLQLL DOH FRQGXFWHOor, iar n cazul
PRGLILFULL GLUHFLHL GH FXUJHUH D IOXLGXOXL GDWRULW GLIHULWHORU FRWXUL SH FDUH OH SUH]LQW
LQVWDODLLOH IRUPDWH GLQ DQVDPEOXUL GH FRQGXFWH DFHVWHD IRUPHD] XQ VLVWHP UHJXODW GH
curbe.
&XUJHUHD vQ WLPSXO FUHLD SDUWLFXOHOH GH IOXLG VH GHSODVHD] UHFWLOLQLX L SDUDOHO
XQHOH vQ UDSRUW FX FHOHODOWH VH QXPHWH vQ KLGURGLQDPLF FXUJHUH ODPLQDU. Cnd
SDUWLFXOHOHLQGLYLGXDOHGHIOXLGVHGHSODVHD]FXYLWH]HPDULFKLDUvQFD]XOXQHLFXUJHUL
SULQSRULXQL UHFWLOLQLLDOHFRQGXFWHORUPLFDUHD ORUYDILGH]RUGRQDWvQGLIHULWHGLUHFLL
'HSODVDUHD SDUWLFXOHORU VH YD IDFH GXS WUDLHFWRULL FH-L PRGLILF FRQWLQXX DVSHFWXO 2
DVHPHQHDFXUJHUHVHQXPHWHFXUJHUHWXUEXOHQW.
5HSDUWLLD YLWH]HORU SDUWLFXOHORU GH IOXLG vQ FD]XO FHORU GRX UHJLPXUL de curgere
HVWHUHSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUD
)LJ 5HSDUWLLD YLWH]HORU OD FXUJHUHD ODPLQDU D L WXUEXOHQW E D OLFKLGHORU SULQ
conducte drepte.
n cazul curgerii laminare (figura 1.a), cnd particulele individuale de fluid se
GHSODVHD]SDUDOHOXQD IDGHDOWDvQWU-RFRQGXFWGUHDSWYLWH]DHVWHPD[LPGH-a lungul
D[HLFRQGXFWHLLVFDGHVSUHPDUJLQLODvQFHSXWPDLvQFHWLDSRLGLQFHvQFHPDLUHSHGH
ODSHUHWHGHYHQLQGHJDOFX]HUR5HSDUWLLDYLWH]HORUSHGLDPHWUXOFRQGXFWHLDUHORFGXS
90
legea parabolei: viteza medie de curgere wmed, YD IL HJDO FX MXPWDWH GLQ YLWH]D
PD[LPZmax.
QFD]XOFXUJHULLWXUEXOHQWHYLWH]DSDUWLFXOHORULQGLYLGXDOHQXPDLHVWHFRQVWDQWFL
YDULD] DWkW FD PULPH FkW L FD GLUHFLH vQ MXUXO XQHL valori medii oarecare, aceasta din
XUPILLQGSDUDOHOFXD[DFRQGXFWHLQFD]XOFXUJHULLWXUEXOHQWHUHSDUWLLDYLWH]HORUPHGLL
GXSGLDPHWUXOFRQGXFWHLHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWSULQWU-RSDUDEROFXYkUIPDLODWILJXUDEQ
DSURSLHUHDSHUHLORUFRQGXFWHLUPkQHEvQFDUHDUHORFRVFGHUHUHODWLYOLQLDUDYLWH]HL
SkQ OD ]HUR Q DFHVW VWUDW VH FRQVLGHU F OLFKLGXO FXUJH ODPLQDU &X DOWH FXYLQWH QX
H[LVW R FXUJHUH WXUEXOHQW SXU DFHDVWD ILLQG vQVRLW vQWRWGHDXQD GH FXUJHUHD ODPLQDU.
De asemenea, QX H[LVW FXUJHUH ODPLQDU SXU SDUWLFXOHOH HOHPHQWDUH GH IOXLG HIHFWXkQG
PLFUL GH WUDQVODLH VH GHIRUPHD] L VH URWHVF GHL YLWH]D ORU UH]XOWDQW HVWH GLULMDW
SDUDOHO FX D[D FXUHQWXOXL 9LWH]HOH VH UHSDUWL]HD] vQ PRGXO GHVFULV DQWHULRU DWXQFL FkQG
FXUJHUHD HVWH VWDELOL]DW KLGURGLQDPLF 'DWHOH H[SHULPHQWDOH DX HYLGHQLDW IDSWXO F vQ
FD]XO UHJLPXOXL WXUEXOHQW GH FXUJHUH VWDELOL]DUHD FXUJHULL DUH ORF GXS FH OLFKLGXO D
SDUFXUVRGLVWDQGHFLUFDGHRULPDLPDUHGHFkWGLDPHWUXOFRQGXFWHL
Caracterul laminar sau turbulent al curgerii unui fluid prin conducte drepte se poate
GHWHUPLQD FX DMXWRUXO XQHL UHODLL DGLPHQVLRQDOH GLQWUH YLWH]D GH FXUJHUH D IOXLGXOXL
GLDPHWUXOFRQGXFWHLGHQVLWDWHDIOXLGXOXLLYLVFR]LWDWHDIOXLGXOXLFXQRVFXWVXEQXPHle de
criteriul lui Reynolds:
Re =
w d
(1)
unde: Re criteriul lui Reynolds;

w- viteza de curgere a fluidului, m/s;
d diametrul conductei, m;
densitatea lichidului, kg/m3;
viscozitatea lichidului, N . s/m2.
Pe baza datelor experimentale referitoare la curgerea fluidelor prin conducte
GUHSWHRELQXWHGHFWUH5H\QROGVFRQILUPDWHXOWHULRULGHDOLFHUFHWWRULVHFRQVLGHU
FSHQWUXYDORULDOHOXL5HPDLPLFLGHDUHORFFXUJHUHODPLQDUODYDORULDOHOXL5H
91
cuprinse ntre 2320 DUH ORF FXUJHUH LQWHUPHGLDU LDU OD YDORUL DOH OXL 5H PDL
mari de 10.000 are loc curgere n regim turbulent.
Caracterul curgerii IOXLGHORU SULQ FRQGXFWH L PDL DOHV DSDUDWH L UHDFWRDUH DUH R
LQIOXHQ FRQVLGHUDELO DVXSUD SURFHVHORU GH WUDQVIHU GH PDV L GH FOGXU Q SUH]HQWD
OXFUDUHVHYDGHVFULHPRGXOGHGHWHUPLQDUHDUHJLPXOXLGHFXUJHUHDDSHLLVHYDFDOFXOD
valoarea vitezei critice FRUHVSXQ]WRDUHWUHFHULLGHODFXUJHUHDODPLQDUDODFHDWXUEXOHQW
Modul de lucru. ,QVWDODLDSHQWUXVWDELOLUHDUHJLPXOXLGHFXUJHUHDDSHLHVWHSUH]HQWDWvQ
figura 2.
)LJXUD6FKHPDLQVWDODLHLSHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDUHJLPXOXLGHFXUJHUHa apei prin conducte

GUHSWH YDV FX QLYHO FRQVWDQW WXE GH VWLFO URWDPHWUX YDV FX OLFKLG FRORUDW
WHUPRPHWUXFRQGXFWGHDGXFLXQHWXEGHSUHD-plin; 8) plnie; 9) robinet.
$SDGLQWXEXOGHDGXFLXQHLQWUvQPRGFRQtinuu n vasul de nivel constant 1.
6XUSOXVXO GH DS VH VFXUJH vQ SkOQLD GH FROHFWDUH SULQ WXEXO GH SUHD-SOLQ L DSRL OD
FDQDO9DVXODYkQGQLYHOFRQVWDQWYDDVLJXUDRSUHVLXQHFRQVWDQWDDSHLFDUHVHVFXUJH
SULQ WXEXO GH VWLFO 'HELWXO DSHL FDUH VH VFXUJH SULQ WXEXO GH VWLFO VH UHJOHD] FX
DMXWRUXOURELQHWXOXLGHODSDUWHDLQIHULRDUDURWDPHWUXOXL
92
'XSFHYDVXODIRVWXPSOXWFXDS SkQODQLYHOFRQVWDQWVHGHVFKLGHURELQHWXO
URWDPHWUXOXL L VH ODV V FXUJ apa prin conducta 2 cu un anumit debit. n timpul
GHWHUPLQULORU VH YD XUPUL FD SULQ WXEXO GH SUHD-SOLQ V VH VFXUJ vQ PRG FRQWLQXX
VXUSOXVXOGHDS'XSFHFXUJHUHDV-DVWDELOL]DWVHLQWURGXFHvQYDVXOvQFXUHQWXOGHDS
o cantitate de lichid coloUDWUHJODWFXDMXWRUXOURELQHWXOXL'DFXYLDGHOLFKLGFXUJH
vQOLQLHGUHDSWSDUDOHOFXD[DFRQGXFWHLvQVHDPQFUHJLPXOGHFXUJHUHHVWHODPLQDU
LDU GDF SUH]LQW RQGXODLL FXUJHUHD HVWH WXUEXOHQW 7UHFHUHD GH OD XQ UHJLP GH FXUJHUH
laminar la unul turbulent se face prin modificarea debitului de curgere a lichidului, cu
DMXWRUXO URELQHWXOXL GH OD SDUWHD LQIHULRDU D URWDPHWUXOXL 6H YD VWDELOL UHJLPXO GH
curgere pentru 7-10 valori ale debitului cuprinse ntre 25 500 L/h.
Datele citite, OXDWHGLQFULOHGHVSHFLDOLWDWHSUHFXPLFHOHFDOFXODWHVHYRUvQVFULH
ntr-un tabel.
7DEHO 0ULPL FLWLWH L FDOFXODWH OD GHWHUPLQDUHD UHJLPXOXL GH FXUJHUH D DSHL SULQ
conducte drepte.
Nr.
det.
Vh,
L/h
0ULPLFLWLWH

t, C
Ns/m2 kg/m3
d, m
Vs,
m3/s
0ULPLFDOFXODWH
w,
wcr.,
Re
m/s
m/s
Obs.
Efectuarea calculelor
Debitul Vs, exprimat n m3V VH FDOFXOHD] GLQ GHELWXO 9h, exprimat n L/h, cu
UHODLD
Vs =
Vh 10 3 m3
,
s
3600
(2)
9LWH]DGHFXUJHUHZVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
w=
4Vs m
,
s
d2
(3)
&ULWHULXO OXL 5H\QROGV VH FDOFXOHD] FX DMXWRUXO UHODLHL 9LWH]D FULWLF Zcr, se
FDOFXOHD]FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
wcr =
2320
, ms
d
(4)
93
M685$5($&85*(5,,)/8,'(/25
7UDQVSRUWXOOLFKLGHORULJD]HORUIOXLGHORUVHUHDOL]HD]SULQFRQGXFWHvQFKLVHVDX
FDQDOH FX DMXWRUXO SUHVLXQLL FDUH VH SURGXFH SH ED]D GLIHUHQHL GH QLYHO D OLFKLGHORU VDX
IRORVLQG SRPSH 'HELWXO L YLWH]D GH FXUJHUH D IOXLGHORU GHSLQGH GH YLVFR]LWDWH L GH
WHQVLXQHDVXSHUILFLDODDFHVWRUDGLPHQVLXQLOHFRQGXFWHORUVDXFDQDOHORUHWF
'DF SUHVXSXQHP FSULQWU-R FRQGXFW FXUJHXQ OLFKLGFDUHXPSOHWRWVSDLXOGLQ
LQWHULRUXOVXDWXQFLYROXPXOFDUHVHVFXUJHSULQVHFLunea conductei n unitatea de timp
VHQXPHWHdebit. 'HELWXOVHH[SULPvQ6LVWHPXO,QWHUQDLRQDOGH8QLWLGHPVXU6,
n m3/s dar LvQXQLWLWROHUDWHL/s sau cm3/s9LWH]DSDUWLFXOHORUGHOLFKLGQXHVWHDFHHDLvQ
GLIHULWHOHSXQFWHDOHVHFLXQLLWUDQVYHUVDOHDFXUHQWXOXL([SHULPHQWDOV-DFRQVWDWFYLWH]D
HVWH PD[LP vQ OXQJXO D[HL FRQGXFW YLWH]D GHYLQH GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PLF HL VSUH SHUHL
viteza devine din ce Q FH PDL PLF LDU OD SHUHWH GDWRULW DGHUULL SDUWLFXOHORU YLWH]D
DFHVWRUDHVWHQXOQSUDFWLFVHDGPLWHFSDUWLFXOHOHGHOLFKLGDXDFHHDLYLWH]SHWRDW
VHFLXQHD FRQGXFWHL SHQWUX VLPSOLILFDUHD FDOFXOHORU $FHDVW YLWH] VH QXPHWH YLWH]
medie LUHSUH]LQWUDSRUWXOGLQWUHYROXPXOGHOLFKLGFDUHVHVFXUJHvQXQLWDWHDGHWLPSL
VXSUDIDDVHFLXQLLWUDQVYHUVDOHDFRQGXFWHLVDXFDQDOXOXL
'DFVHQRWHD]
Vs debitul lichidului, m3/s;
A VXSUDIDDVHFLXQLLWUDQVYHUVDOHDFRQGXFWHLP2;
w viteza medie de curgere a lichidului, m/s;
atunci se poate scrie:
Vs = w A, m3 /s
(1)
A = Vs/w,
m2
(2)
w = Vs/A,
m/s
(3)
Debitul masic sau gravimetric, GH[SULPDWvQNJVHVWHGDWGHUHODLD

G=wA
XQGHHVWHGHQVLWDWHDIOXLGXOXLvQNJP3.
(4)
94
QSUDFWLFDLQGXVWULDOVHDGPLWXUPWRDUHOHYLWH]HGHFXUJHUH
-
SHQWUXOLFKLGHSkQODPV
pentru gaze la presiuni mici, 8 15 m/s;
pentru gaze sub presiune, 15 25 m/s;
pentru abur saturat, 20 30 m/s;
SHQWUXDEXUVXSUDvQFO]LW 50 m/s.
6FRSXOOXFUULL
QSUH]HQWDOXFUDUHVHXUPUHVFXUPWRDUHOHRELHFWLYH
-
SUH]HQWDUHD XQRU GLVSR]LWLYH GH ODPLQDUH D FURU FGHUH GH
SUHVLXQHGHSLQGHGHGHELWFDUHVWDXODED]DFRQVWUXFLHLXQRUGHELWPHWUH
-
PVXUDUHDGHELWXOXLFXUHRPHWUHLHWDORQDUHDXQXLUHRPHWUX
PVXUDUHD GHELWXOXL FX URWDPHWUH L HWDORQDUHD XQXL
rotametru.
0VXUDUHDYLWH]HLLDGHELWXOXLXQXLIOXLGSULQFRQGXFWHVHUHDOL]HD]FXDMXWRUXO
DSDUDWHORUFXFGHUHGHSUHVLXQHYDULDELOLDDSDUDWHORUFXFGHUHGHSUHVLXQHFRQVWDQW
&GHUHDGHSUHVLXQHYDULDELOvQIXQFLHGHGHELWVHUHDOL]HD]DWXQFLcnd n conducte se
PRQWHD]GLVSR]LWLYHGHODPLQDUH'UHSWGLVSR]LWLYHGHODPLQDUHVHIRORVHVFGLDIUDJPHOH
DMXWDMHOHGX]HOHLWXEXULOH9HQWXULILJXUDDOFURUSULQFLSLXGHIXQFLRQDUHVHED]HD]
SH PVXUDUHD FGHULL EUXWH GH SUVLXQH vQ FRQGXFW FUHDW SULQ vQJXVWDUHD VHFLXQLL
FXUHQWXOXL GH IOXLG Q DFHVW FD] GDWRULW YDULDLHL YLWH]HL R SDUWH GLQ SUHVLXQHD VWDWLF
H[LVWHQW vQ FRQGXFW vQDLQWHD GLVSR]LWLYXOXL GH REWXUDUH VH WUDQVIRUP LPHGLDW GXS
DFHVWDvQSUHVLXQHGLQDPLF
&GHUHD GH SUHVLXQH vQ GLVSR]LWLYXO GH ODPLQDUH VH PVRDU FX DMXWRUXO
PDQRPHWUXOXL GLIHUHQLDO 3ULQ FDOFXO VH GHWHUPLQ GHELWXO OLFKLGXOXL FDUH FXUJH SULQ
GLVSR]LWLYQDFHVWFD]VHIRORVHWHUHODLDSUHVLXQLLWRWDOHGLQFDUHVHFDOFXOHD]YLWH]DGH
curgere, iar aSRL SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO UHODLHL GLQWUH GHELW YLWH]D L VXSUDIDD VHFLXQLL VH
FDOFXOHD]LGHELWXO
La curgerea unui lichid printr-RFRQGXFWRUL]RQWDOSUHVLXQHDWRWDO3HVWHHJDO
FXVXPDGLQWUHSUHVLXQHDVWDWLFSLFHDGLQDPLFGDWGHUHODLD
w 2
2
95
P=p+
w2
2
(5)
1HJOLMkQG IUHFDUHD SULQ HJDODUHD FHORU GRX H[SUHVLL DOH SUHVLXQLL WRWDOH SHQWUX
FHOHGRXVHFLXQLvQDLQWHLGXSREVWDFROGLVSR]LWLYXOGHREWXUDUH (figura 1.A) se
RELQH
w12 w22 p1 p2
+
=0
2
Notnd,
A2
A1
L
w1
w2
(6)
, FX P YLWH]D OLFKLGXOXL GXS GLVSR]LWLYXO GH REWXUDUH
FRUHVSXQ]WRDUHVHFLXQLLFXDULDA2 HVWHGDWGHUHODLD
w2 =
1
1
m2
2
p
(7)
XQGHS S1 p2HVWHGLIHUHQDGHSUHVLXQHFLWLWSHPDQRPHWUXOGLIHUHQLDO

p = h m = h m g,
N/m2
(8)
XQGHm JUHXWDWHDVSHFLILFDOLFKLGXOXLPDQRPHWULF1P3;
m densitatea lichidului manometric, kg/m3;
K denivelarea, m;
g DFFHOHUDLDJUDYLWDLRQDOPV2.
'DFIDFHPvQORFXLULOHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHH[SUHVLDGHELWXOXLgravimetric, G, devine:
G=
1
1 m2
A2 2 p
(9)
&XDOWHFXYLQWHGHELWXOJUDYLPHWULFJGHYLQHSURSRULRQDOFXFGHUHDGHSUHVLXQH
SUHVSHFWLYGHQLYHODUHDK
'LVSR]LWLYHOH GH ODPLQDUHD XWLOL]DWH vQ SUDFWLFD LQGXVWULDO sunt normalizate. n
FD]XOvQFDUHVHXWLOL]HD]GLVSR]LWLYHGHODPLQDUHQHQRUPDOL]DWHHVWHQHFHVDUHWDORQDUHD
DFHVWRUDFkWPDLSUHFLV
96
)LJ'LVSR]LWLYHGHODPLQDUH$FRQGXFWFXGLDIUDJPVDXDMXWDMGX]DGLDIUDJP

EGX]DMXWDM%FRQGXFWFXWXE9HQWXUL
3HQWUX FRQGXFHUHD FRUHFW D SURFHVHORU WHKQRORJLFH GLQ LQGXVWULD FKLPLF HVWH
QHFHVDU FXQRDWHUHD FkW PDL H[DFW D GHELWHORU JD]HORU L OLFKLGHORU SULQ FRQGXFWHOH
LQVWDODLLORU
0VXUDUHDGHELWXOXLIOXLGHORUFXUHRPHWUH
Reometrele VXQW FRQVWUXLWH SH SULQFLSLXO XWLOL]ULL XQRU vQJXVWUL UH]LVWHQH OD
FXUJHUHDIOXLGHORU&GHUHDGHSUHVLXQHVHPVRDUFXDMXWRUXOXQXLPDQRPHWUXGLIHUHQLDO
FXOLFKLGFDUHSRDWHDYHDRVFDUJUDGDWvQPLOLPHWULVDXFXGLYL]LXQLFDUHSHUPLWFLWLrea
GLUHFWDYDORULLGHELWXOXLILJXUD5HRPHWUHOHFXGLDIUDJPILJXUDDVXQWPDLSXLQ
VHQVLELOHGDUSHUPLWVVHOXFUH]HFXGHELWHPDLPDULGHODFkLYDPLOLOLWULSkQODVXWHGH
OLWUL GH JD] SH PLQXW OD SUHVLXQL PLFL 5HRPHWUHOH FX FDSLODU (figura 2.b), se folosesc
97
SHQWUX PVXUDUHD GHELWHORU PLFL GH JD]H GH OD FkLYD PLOLOLWUL OD FkLYD OLWUL SH PLQXW
3HQWUX GHELWH IRDUWH PLFL GH JD] VH IRORVHVF UHRPHWUH FX PDQRPHWUX GLIHUHQLDO vQFOLQDW
(figura 2.c), avnd ca lichid de nchidere alcool coORUDW5HRPHWUHOHFXDMXWDMILJXUDGL
H GDWRULW VFKLPEULL FX XXULQ D DMXWDMXOXL SRW VHUYL OD PVXUDUHD GHELWHORU GH JD]
FXSULQVHvQWUHOLPLWHIRDUWHODUJL5HRPHWUHOHVHUYHVFvQVSHFLDOODPVXUDUHDGHELWHORUGH
JD]GDUVHSRWIRORVLLODPVXUDUHDGHELWHORUXQRUOLFKLGHGDFvQWXEXOPDQRPHWULFVH
LQWURGXFH PHUFXU LDU OLFKLGXO D FUXL GHELW VH PVRDU QX DUH DFLXQH FRUR]LY DVXSUD
acestuia.
)LJ 5HRPHWUH D FX GLDIUDJP E FX FDSLODU F FX PDQRPHWUX GLIHUHQLDO vQFOLQDW
G FX DMXWDM H FX DMXWDM L PDQRPHWUX GLIHUHQLDO IRUPDW GLQ GRX WXEXUL FRQFHQWULFH FX
lichid.
Etalonarea reometrelor
Pentru etalonarea reometrelor se folosesc contoare de gaz sau chiar reometre
verificate special pentru gazul respectiv. Schema inVWDODLHLSHQWUXHWDORQDUHDUHRPHWUHORU
98
FX DMXWRUXO XQXL FRQWRU GH JD] HVWH SUH]HQWDW vQ ILJXUD 3HQWUX HIHFWXDUHD HWDORQULL
UHRPHWUHORUHVWHQHFHVDULXQFURQRPHWUX
)LJ6FKHPDLQVWDODLHLSHQWUXHWDORQDUHDUHRPHWUHORUVXIOWRUFRQWRUGH gaze; 3)

reometru de etalonat.
Mod de lucru. &XDMXWRUXOVXIOWRUXOXLVHWULPLWHXQFXUHQWGHDHUSULQFRQWRULUHRPHWUX
'HELWXO DHUXOXL VH UHJOHD] vQ DD IHO vQFkW OD vQFHSXW GHQLYHODUHD OLFKLGXOXL GLQ WXEXO
PDQRPHWULF DO UHRPHWUXOXL V ILH GH -5 PP 'XS XQ WLPS FkQG DFXO LQGLFDWRU DO
FRQWRUXOXLGHJD]WUHFHSULQGUHSWXOGLYL]LXQLL]HURVHSRUQHWHFURQRPHWUXO&kQGDFXOD
DMXQV GLQ QRX OD DFHHDL GLYL]LXQH ]HUR GXS FH V-DX VFXUV FLQFL OLWUL GH JD] VH RSUHWH
FURQRPHWUXOLVHQRWHD]WLPSXXOvQFDUHSULQFRQWRUDWUHFXWYROXPXOGHJD]PVXUDWQ
WRW DFHVW WLPS GHQLYHODUHD GLQ WXEXO PDQRPHWULF DO UHRPHWUXOXL WUHEXLH V UPkQ
FRQVWDQW 2SHUDLD VH UHSHW GH PDL PXOWH RUL SHQWUX DFHODL YROXP GH JD] L DFHHDL
denivelare, notndu-se de fiecare GDW WLPSXO &X GDWHOH RELQXWH VH FDOFXOHD] WLPSXO
PHGLXQHFHVDUFXUJHULLDFHOXLDLYROXPGHJD]$FHVWHGHWHUPLQULVHUHSHWSHQWUXYDORUL
GLQFHvQFHPDLPDULDOHGHQLYHOULLOLFKLGXOXLGLQWXEXOPDQRPHWULFLDUGDWHOHRELQXWHVH
nscriu n tabelul 1.
7DEHOXO'DWHOHRELQXWHODHWDORQDUHDUHRPHWUXOXL
Nr.
det.
0ULPLFLWLWH
+GLYL]LXQL
Volumul, L
Debitul calculat
Timpul, s
L/min.
m3/s
99
'HELWXO FRUHVSXQ]WRU ILHFUHL GHQLYHOUL D OLFKLGXOXL GLQ WXEXO PDQRPHWULF VH

FDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
Vm =
V
60, L/ min
(10)
sau:
Vs =
V
m3
103 ,
s
(11)
unde: Vm L9s debitul gazului, n L/min., respectiv n m3/s;

V YROXPXOJD]XOXLPVXUDWGHFtre contor, L;
timpul curgerii volumului V de gaz, s.
'HRDUHFH vQVFULHUHD SH GLYL]LXQLOH PDQRPHWUXOXL GLIHUHQLDO SUH]LQW XQHOH
GLILFXOWLvQSUDFWLFDGHODERUDWRUVHRELQXLHWHFDSHQWUXILHFDUHUHRPHWUXVVHWUDVH]HR
GLDJUDPGHHWDORQDUHvQFRRUGRQDWH+YV9m. 'LDJUDPDGHHWDORQDUHHVWHYDODELOGRDU
SHQWUXFRQGLLLOHvQFDUHV-DHIHFWXDWHWDORQDUHDQFD]XOIRORVLULLDOWRUJD]HHVWHQHFHVDUR
QRX HWDORQDUH SHQWUX JD]HOH UHVSHFWLYH ,QVWDODLLOH XWLOL]DWH VXQW DVHPQWRDUH cu cele
SUH]HQWDWH vQ ILJXUD FX VSHFLILFDLD F GUHSW DSDUDW GH PVXU VH SRW XWLOL]D ILH DOWH
reometre n prealabil etalonate, fie alte contoare pentru gazele respective.
0VXUDUHDGHELWHORUGHJD]HVDXOLFKLGHFXDMXWRUXOURWDPHWUHORU
Rotametrele sXQWDSDUDWHGHPVXUDGHELWXOXLGHJD]VDXOLFKLGFDUHIXQFLRQHD]
FX FGHUH GH SUHVLXQH FRQVWDQW )XQFLRQDUHD DFHVWRU DSDUWH VH ED]HD] SH HJDOLWDWHD
GLQWUH JUHXWDWHD XQXL SOXWLWRU DH]DW vQ FXUHQWXO GH JD] VDX GH OLFKLG L IRUD GH IUHFDUH
dintre aFHVWD L FXUHQWXO IOXLGXOXL UHVSHFWLY 3HQWUX DFHDVWD JUHXWDWHD VSHFLILF D
SOXWLWRUXOXL WUHEXLH V ILH PDL PDUH GHFkW JUHXWDWHD VSHFLILF D IOXLGXOXL D FUXL GHELW VH
PVRDU 'LIHULWH WLSXUL GH URWDPHWUH XWLOL]DWH vQ SUDFWLFD LQGXVWULDO L GH ODERUDWRU sunt
prezentate n figura 4.
5RWDPHWUXOGLQILJXUDDFRQVWGLQWU-XQWXEFRQLFYHUWLFDOFRQIHFLRQDWGLQVWLFO
FXED]DPDUHvQGUHSWDWvQVXV7XEXODUHPRQWDWHODFDSHWHWXXULOHLFDUHVHUYHVF
SHQWUX LQWUDUHD L LHLUHD IOXLGXOXL $FHVWH WXXUL VXQW PRQWDWH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO D GRX
LQHOH FRQIHFLRQDWH GLQ PDWHULDO SODVWLF VDX PHWDO SULQVH GH WXEXO GH VWLFO FX XQ FKLW
100
VSHFLDOQLQWHULRUXOWXEXOXLGHVWLFOVHJVHWHSOXWLWRUXOGHIRUPFLOLQGULFUH]XOWDW
prin mbinarea mai multor tronsoane de diferite diametre. Diametrul exterior maxim al
plutitorului este ntotdeauna mai mic dect diametrul minim interior al tubului. plutitorul
HVWHFRQIHFLRQDWGLQPHWDOHXRDUHVDXGLQPDWHULDOHSODVWLFHFDUHQXLQWHUDFLRQHD]FX
fluidul de PVXUDW 3H WURQVRQXO VXSHULRU DO SOXWLWRUXOXL VXQW SUDFWLFDWH WUHL FDQDOH
vQFOLQDWHDH]DWHODGLVWDQHHJDOHvQWUHHOHFDUHvQFXUHQWXOGHIOXLGIDFFDDFHVWDVFDSHWH
RPLFDUHGHURWDLHvQYHGHUHDXQHLFHQWUULSHUIHFWH
Fig. 4. Rotametre: a) rotametru simplu; b) rotametru cu ventil; c) citometru; d9 rotametru

LQGXVWULDOWXEFRQLFSOXWLWRUWXGHLQWUDUHWXGHLHLUHDUFXULFRQLFH
ventil.
3HQWUX D SUHYHQL vQFKLGHUHD WXXULORU L DWXQFL FkQG SOXWLWRUXO VH DIO OD
vQOLPHD PLQLP UHVSHFWLY PD[LP OD FDSHWHOH WXEXOXL YHUWLFDO VXQW PRQWDWH DUFXULOH
conice 5.
8QHOHURWDPHWUHDXODED]XQYHQWLOILJXUDE FXDMXWRUXOFUXLDVHSRDWHYDULD
debitul fluidului, transformndu-se astfel aparatul de indicarea a debitului ntr-unul de
reglare a acestuia.
101
([LVWXQHOHURWDPHWUHSHQWUXOLFKLGHFDUHIXQFLRQHD]vQFXUHQWGHVFHQGHQWLFDUH
au un flotor dintr-XQPDWHULDOFXGHQVLWDWHDPDLPLFGHFkWDOLFKLGXOXLWXEXODYkQGvQ
DFHVWFD]FRQLFLWDWHLQYHUVFDSWXOPDLVXELUHvQVXV
8Q DOW WLS GH URWDPHWUXHVWH DD-QXPLWXO FLWRPHWUX ILJXUD F FDUH IXQFLRQHD]
SH DFHODL SULQFLSLX FD L URWDPHWUHOH vQV WXEXO FRQLF GH VWLFO HVWH vQORFXLW FX XQ WXE
FRQLFPHWDOLFSOXWLWRUXOILLQGFRQWLQXDWFXRWLMDFUHLSR]LLHSRDWHILREVHUYDWvQWU-un
WXEGHVWLFOFLOLQGULFJUDGDW
QLQGXVWULHGDWRULWGHELWHORUPDUHGHIOXLGHFDUHVXQWWUDQVSRUWDWHSULQLQVWDODLL
rotametrele sunt montate pe by-pass-uri ale conductelor principale (figura 4.d), unde
debitele sunt la IUDFLXQLDOHFHORUWRWDOHJUDGDLLOHLQGLFkQGX-le pe acestea.
La introducerea n rotametru a unui fluid cu debit constant, plutitorul se va ridica la
R DQXPLW vQOLPH FDUH UPkQH FRQVWDQW /D XQ GHELW PLF DO IOXLGXOXL SOXWLWRUXO VH YD
ridica la o QOLPH PLF 3H PVXUD FH GHELWXO IOXLGXOXL FUHWH SOXWLWRUXO HVWH ULGLFDW OD
vQOLPLPDLPDUL&XUHQWXOGHIOXLGULGLFSOXWLWRUXOvQWXEXOXRUFRQLFSkQFHSUHVLXQHD
GLQDPLF D FXUHQWXOXLGH IOXLG HVWH HJDODW GH JUHXWDWHDSOXWLWRUXOXL $WXQFL FkQG IRUHOH
FDUHDFLRQHD]DVXSUDSOXWLWRUXOXLGHVXVvQMRVLGHMRVvQVXVVXQWvQHFKLOLEUXSHUIHFW
SOXWLWRUXOVHYDDIODODRvQOLPHFRQVWDQWFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDFHOXLGHELWGHIOXLG
$FHVWHIRUHVXQW
-
JUHXWDWHDDSDUHQWDSOXWLWRUXOXL GSHQWUXFDFHVWDVHDIO
ntr-XQIOXLGFDUHDUHRDQXPLWGHQVLWDWH
G, = G
p f
p
(12)
unde: G greutatea plutitorului n N;

p Lf GHQVLWLOHSOXWLWRUXOXLLIOXLGXOXLNJP3.
-
IRUD GH vPSLQJHUH a fluidului F, GHSHQGHQW GH QDWXUD
IOXLGXOXLGHSUHVLXQHDGLQDPLFDDFHVWXLDLGHIUHFDUHDFXSOXWLWRUXO
F = f
w 2 d2
2
4
XQGH FRHILFLHQWXOGHIUHFDUHGLQWUHIOXLGLSOXWLWRU
(13)
102
d diametUXOVHFLXQLLFLUFXODUHPD[LPHDSOXWLWRUXOXLP
w viteza fluidului, m/s.
/DHFKLOLEUXOUHSUH]HQWDWSULQSR]LLDVWDLRQDUDSOXWLWRUXOXLFHOHGRXIRUHGHYLQ
egale. Astfel, putem calcula greutatea plutitorului:
f p
, n N
G = w 2 d2
p f
8
(14)
sau masa acestuia:

G=
2 2 f p
w d
, n kg
p f
g 8
(15)
'DWRULW FRQVWUXFLHL WXEXOXL VXSUDIDD VHFLXQLL FLUFXODUH GLQWUH SOXWLWRU L SHUHLL

tubului, pe PVXUDPLFULLDVFHQGHQWHDSOXWLWRUXOXLVHPUHWHFRQWLQXXQDFHVWIHOOD
SR]LLDGHHFKLOLEUXDSOXWLWRUXOXLvQVHFLXQHDLQHODUYLWH]DIOXLGXOXLDUHDFHHDLYDORDUH
ZLGHELWXOJD]XOXLGHSLQGHQXPDLGHYDORDUHVXSUDIHHLLQHODUHGHODQLYHOXl la care se
VWDELOHWHSOXWLWRUXO'HRDUHFHYLWH]DFXUHQWXOXLGHIOXLGvQILHFDUHVHFLXQHLQHODUODFDUH
VH VWDELOHWH SOXWLWRUXO HVWH R PULPH FRQVWDQW LDU VHFLXQHD LQHODU GLQWUH SOXWLWRU L
SHUHLLWXEXOXLVHPRGLILFFRQWLQXXDFHVWDUHSUH]LQW RPULPHYDULDELO$VWIHOLQkQG
FRQW GH UHODLD GHELWXOXL vQVHDPQ F OD vQOLPL PDUL DOH SOXWLWRUXOXL FRUHVSXQG
VXSUDIHH DOH VHFLXQLL LQHODUH GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PDUL L GHELWH SURSRULRQDOH DFHVWHL
VHFLXQLGHRDUHFHYLWH]DIOXLGXOXLUPkQHFRQVWDQW
'LQ DFHVW PRWLY URWDPHWUHOH VH QXPHVF DSDUDWH FX FGHUH FRQVWDQW GH SUHVLXQH
GHRDUHFH PULPHD SUHVLXQLL GLQDPLFH FDUH GHWHUPLQ PULPHD FGHULL GH SUHVLXQH HVWH
HJDO FX Z2 vQ ILHFDUH VHFLXQH D WXEXOXL LQGLIHUHQW GH vQOLPHD OD FDUH VVH DIO
SOXWLWRUXOUHSUH]LQWRPULPHFRQVWDQW
(WDORQDUHDURWDPHWUXOXLSHQWUXPVXUDUHDGHELWXOXLGHDS
'DWHOH HWDORQULL XQL URWDPHWUX VXQW YDODELOH QXPDL SHQWUX IOXLGXO L FRQGLLLOH vQ
care s-D HIHFWXDW HWDORQDUHD 6FKHPD LQVWDODLHL SHQWUX HWDORQDUea rotametrelor n scopul
PVXUULLGHELWXOXLXQXLOLFKLGDSHVWHSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUD
,QVWDODLD HVWH DOFWXLW GLQWU-un vas de nivel constant2, rotametrul de etalonare 3,
UH]HUYRUXO GH PVXUDUH L XQ QXPU GH FRQGXFWH L URELQHWH $SD GLQ WXEXO de
103
DGXFLXQHLQWUvQPRGFRQWLQXXvQYDVXOGHQLYHOFRQVWDQW6XUSOXVXOGHDSVHVFXUJH
n conducta de colectare 10, prin tubul de prea-plin 11 la canal. Vasul 2, avnd nivel
FRQVWDQWDVLJXURSUHVLXQHFRQVWDQWDDSHLFDUHVHVFXUJHSULQWXEXOn rotametrul de
HWDORQDUHSULQWXEXOLQWUDSDDFUHLFDQWLWDWHVHUHJOHD]FXDMXWRUXOURELQHWXOXL
$SDFDUHLHVHGLQURWDPHWUXSULQWXEXOHVWHGXVvQUH]HUYRUXOGHPVXUDUHvPSULW
vQ GRX FRPSDUWLPHQWH FDUH QX FRPXQLF vQWUH HOH )LHFDre compartiment al vasului de
PVXUDUHHVWHSUHY]XWFXFkWHXQWXESHQWUXLQGLFDUHDQLYHOXOXLFRQIHFLRQDWGLQVWLFOL
SH FDUH VXQWWUDVDWHFkWHGRXUHSHUHFHOHLQIHULRDUH FRUHVSXQG YROXPXOXL GH OLWUL LDU
cele superioare volumului de 10 litri. CelHGRXFRPSDUWLPHQWHDOHYDVXOXLGHPVXUDUH
VXQWSUHY]XWHODSDUWHDLQIHULRDUFXFkWHXQURELQHWFDUHSHUPLWJROLUHDLQGHSHQGHQW
DILHFUXLFRPSDUWLPHQW
)LJ6FKHPDLQVWDODLHLSHQWUXHWDORQDUHDXQXLURWDPHWUXSHQWUXDSWXEGHDGXFLXQH
YDV FX QLYHO FRQVWDQW URWDPHWUX L WXEXUL URELQHW FX WUHL FL YDV GH
PVXUDUHLURELQHWHWXEFROHFWRUWXEGHSUHD-plin.
Modul de lucru. 6HvQFKLGHYHQWLOXOLVHvQGHSUWHD]DSDGLQDPEHOHFRPSDUWLPHQWH
DOHYDVXOXLGHPVXUDUHFXDMXWRUXOURELQHWHORU3ULQFRQGXFWDGHDGXFLXQHvQYDVXO
104
GHQLYHOFRQVWDQWVHLQWURGXFHDSSkQFkQG SULQWXEXOGHSUHD-plin 11, apa curge n

tubul de colectare 10. Se nchide unul din robinetele 7, de exemplu cel din dreapta, iar
URELQHWXO FX WUHL FL VH DHD] vQ SR]LLD FDUH FRQGXFH FXUHQWXO GH DS vQ
FRPSDUWLPHQWXOGLQVWkQJDDOYDVXOXLGHPVXUDUH6HvQFKLGHYHQWLOXOLVHVWDELOHWH
PULPHD GHELWXOXL GH DS vQ DD IHO vQFkW SOXWLWRUXO URWDPHWUXOXL V VH ULGLFH vQ GUHSWXO
SULPHORUGLYL]LXQLWUDVDWHSHWXEXOGHVWLFO6HVFKLPESR]LLDURELQHWXOXLFXWUHLFLvQ
DDIHOvQFkWDSDVVHVFXUJvQFRPSDUWLPHQWXOGLQGUHDSWDDOUH]HUYRUXOXLGHPVXUDUH
LvQDFHODLWLPSVHSRUQHWHFURQRPHWUXO&XDMXWRUXOFURQRPHWUXOXLVHGHWHUPLQWLPSXO
GH XPSOHUH D UH]HUYRUXOXL SkQ OD VHPQXO FRUHVSXQ]WRU YROXPXOXL GH OLWUL VDX GH
OLWUL'XSXPSOHUHDFRPSDUWLPHQWXOXLGLQGUHDSWDSkQODQLYHOul de 5 sau de 10 litri se
RSUHWH FURQRPHWUXO QRWkQGX-VH WLPSXO LQGLFDW L VH DGXFH GLQ QRX OD ]HUR $VWIHO GH
PVXUWRUL VH UHSHW GH WUHL-FLQFL RUL SHQWUX ILHFDUH YLWH] D FXUHQWXOXL GH DS L VH
GHWHUPLQYDORDUHDPHGLHDWLPSXOXLQHFHVDUGHWUHFHUHSrin rotametru a 5 sau 10 litri de
DS 6H H[HFXW GHWHUPLQUL SHQWUX -6 puncte diferite de pe scala rotametrului, iar
YDORULOHRELQXWHVHvQVFULXvQWDEHOXO
7DEHOXO(WDORQDUHDURWDPHWUXOXLSHQWUXDS
Nr.
det.
0ULPLFLWLWH
,QGLFDLLOH
rotametrului, div.
Volumul apei din vasul de

PVXUDW/
Debitul calculat
Timpul,
s
L/min.
m3/s
3H ED]D GDWHORU RELQXWH VH FRQVWUXLHWH FXUED GH HWDORQDUH DYkQG vQ RUGRQDW
YDORULOH FLWLWHDOHvQOLPLLSOXWLWRUXOXL LDU SH DEVFLVGHELWXOFXUHQWXOXL GH DS /PLQ
sau m3VFDOFXODWFXUHODLLOH-11).
105
67$%,/,5($&2(),&,(178/8,727$/'(75$160,7(5($&/'85,,
&OGXUD MRDF XQ URO LPSRUWDQW vQ GHVIXUDUHD PXOWRU SURFHVH IL]LFH L FKLPLFH
$VWIHO vQFO]LUHD HYDSRUDUHD ILHUEHUHD XVFDUHD GLVWLODUHD UHFWLILFDUHD HWF VXQW GRDU R
SDUWHGLQRSHUDLLOHIL]LFHFDUHQXSRWDYHDORFIULQWHUYHQLDFOGXULLQcazul proceselor
FKLPLFH WHPSHUDWXUD PHGLXOXL GH UHDFLH LQIOXHQHD] DWkW HFKLOLEUXO FKLPLF VHQVXO GH
GHVIXUDUHD D WUDQVIRUPULL FKLPLFH L PDL DOHV YLWH]D UHDFLLORU FKLPLFH
&RQGXFHUHDGHVIXUDUHDXQRUDVWIHOGHSURFHVHLPSXQHLQWURGXFHUHDVDXvQGHSUWDUHDXQHL
DQXPLWHFDQWLWLGHFOGXUvQVDXGLQPHGLXOGHUHDFLH7UDQVPLWHUHDFOGXULLvQPHGLXO
GHUHDFLHVHSRDWHUHDOL]DSULQPDLPXOWHPRGXUL
-
prin conductivitate;
SULQFRQYHFLH
SULQUDGLDLH
n aparatele ntlnite n industria chimic UFLWRDUH SUHvQFO]LWRDUH LQVWDODLL GH

IULJFD]DQHGHDEXUHYDSRUDWRDUHFXSWRDUHUHDFWRDUHFKLPLFHHWFWUDQVPLWHUHDFOGXULL
SHSDUFXUVXOGHVIXUULLSURFHVHORUFKLPLFHDUHORFFRQFRPLWHQWSULQFHOHWUHLPRGXUL
6FRSXOOXFUULL
Lucrarea are dUHSWVFRSXUPWRDUHOH
-
WUDWDUHDDVSHFWHWHRUHWLFHUHIHULWRDUHODWUDQVPLWHUHDFOGXULL
vQYHGHUHDvQHOHJHULLVHPQLILFDLLORUIL]LFHDOHFRHILFLHQLORUGHWUDQVIHUWHUPLF
-
RSHUDUHD SH R LQVWDODLH GH ODERUDWRU SUHY]XW FX XQ
VFKLPEWRUGHFOGXUFXHYLFRQFHQWULFHWLSHDYvQHDYvQYHGHUHDRELQHULLGDWHORU

H[SHULPHQWDOHQHFHVDUHGHWHUPLQULLFRHILFLHQWXOXLWRWDOGHWUDQVPLWHUHDFOGXULL
7UDQVPLWHUHD FOGXULL SULQ FRQGXFWLYLWDWH. Prin conductiYLWDWH FOGXUD VH WUDQVPLWH vQ
interiorul unui FRUSVDXvQFRUSXULGLIHULWHFDUHVHDIOvQWU-un contact strns, din aproape n
DSURDSHGHODPROHFXOODPROHFXOIUGHSODVDUHDSDUHQWGHVXEVWDQ0ROHFXOHOHPDL
FDOGH FDUH SRVHG HQHUJLH FLQHWLF PDL PDUH UHVSHFWLY YLWH] PDL PDUH FLRFQHVF
molHFXOHOH YHFLQHPDLUHFLFHGkQGRSDUWHGLQHQHUJLDORU7UDQVPLWHUHD FOGXULLDUHORF
SkQ FkQG VH UHDOL]HD] XQLIRUPL]DUHD VWULL HQHUJHWLFH UHVSHFWLY XQLIRUPL]DUHD
temperaturii corpurilor respective.
106
7UDQVPLWHUHD FOGXULL SULQ FRQGXFWLYLWDWH HVWH GHVFULV GH OHJHD OXL )RXULHU
VWDELOLWHPSLULF&RQIRUPDFHVWHLDIOX[XOGHFOGXU4GHILQLWSULQFDQWLWDWHDGHFOGXU
FDUHVHWUDQVIHUvQXQLWDWHDGHWLPSHVWHSURSRULRQDOFXJUDGLHQWXOGHWHPSHUDWXULFX
PULPHDVXSUDIHHL
Q =
dt
A, W
dn
(1)
unde: Q IOX[XOGHFOGXU:
FRHILFLHQWXOGHFRQGXFWLYLWDWHWHUPLF:Ps;
A VXSUDIDDGHWUDQVIHUSHUSHQGLFXODUSHGLUHFLDIOX[XOXLGHFOGXUP2;
dt
dn
gradientul de tHPSHUDWXU.P
6HPQXO PLQXV GLQ PHPEUXO GUHSW DO HFXDLHL QH DUDW F YDULDLD IOX[XOXL GH
FOGXUDUHORFvQVHQVXOPLFRUULLWHPSHUDWXULL
6HQVXO IL]LF L GLPHQVLXQHD FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH FRQGXFWLYLWDWH WHUPLF UH]XOW GLQ
HFXDLDUH]ROYDWvQ UDSRUWFX
[] =
Jm
W
Q dn
= 2
=
m Ks
mK
A dt
(2)
$DGDU FRHILFLHQWXO GH FRQGXFWLYLWDWH WHUPLF UHSUH]LQW FDQWLWDWHD GH FOGXU

H[SULPDW vQ - FDUH WUHFH SULQWU-R VXSUDID GH P2 vQ WLPS GH V OD R GLIHUHQ GH
WHPSHUDWXUGH .SHRGLVWDQGHPVDXIOX[XOGHFOGXUH[SULPDWvQ:FDUHVH
transmite printr-RVXSUDIDGHP2ODRGLVWDQGHPLFXXQJUDGLHQWGHWHPSHUDWXU
de 1 K.
&RHILFLHQWXO GH FRQGXFWLYLWDWH WHUPLF H[SULP FDSDFLWDWHD XQHL VXEVWDQH GH D
transPLWH FOGXUD L SULQ XUPDUH HVWH R FDUDFWHULVWLF IL]LF D DFHVWHL VXEVWDQH
&RQGXFWLYLWDWHD WHUPLF GHSLQGH GH QDWXUD L FRPSR]LLD VXEVWDQHL SUHFXP L GH
temperatura acesteia.
QFD]XOXQXLSHUHWHSODQIOX[XOGHFOGXUVHRELQHSULQLQWHJUDUHDHFXDLHL
Q = (t1 t 2 )A,
(3)
107
XQGH grosimea peretelui, m;

t1, t2 WHPSHUDWXUDVXSUDIHHORUH[WHULRDUHDOHSHUHWHOXL&
GDF SHUHWHOH HVWH IRUPDW GLQ PDL PXOWH VWUDWXUL GH PDWHULDOH L JURVLPL diferite,
HFXDLDGHYLQH
Q = kt A,
(4)
XQGHNHVWHFRHILFLHQWXOWRWDOGHWUDQVPLWHUHDFOGXULLSULQFRQGXFWLYLWDWHFDUHHVWHGDWGH
UHODLD
k=
1
1 2
+ + + n
1 2
n
(5)
XQGH12n grosimea straturilor, m;

12n FRHILFLHQWXOGHFRQGXFWLYLWDWHWHUPLFDOILHFUXLVWUDWWm K.
7UDQVPLWHUHD FOGXULL SULQ FRQYHFLH. 7UDQVPLWHUHD FOGXULL SULQ FRQYHFLH VH IDFH SULQ
GHSODVDUHGHVXEVWDQJD] VDXOLFKLG'HSODVDUHDVXEVWDQHLLWUDQVPLWHUHDFOGXULLSULQ
FRQYHFLH VH GDWRUHD] ILH GLIHUHQHL GH GHQVLWDWH D GLIHULWHORU SUL GLQ IOXLG FRQYHFLH
QDWXUDO SULOH GH IOXLG PDL FDOGH DYkQG GHQVLWDWH PDL PLF VH ULGLF SULQ IOXLG LDU
cele PDL UHFL PDL JUHOH FRERDU VSUH SDUWHD LQIHULRDU ILH GDWRULW GLIHULWHORU PLMORDFH
PHFDQLFHFDUHSXQvQPLFDUHIOXLGHOH FRQYHFLHIRUDW
)OX[XOGHFOGXUFDUHVHWUDQVIHUSULQFRQYHFLHHVWHGDWGHHFXDLDGHUFLUHDOXL
Newton:
Q = At p t f ,
XQGH FRHILFLHQWXOLQGLYLGXDOGHWUDQVIHUGHFOGXUSULQFRQYHFLHW/m2 K;
A VXSUDIDDGHWUDQVIHUP2;
tp temperatura peretelui, K;
tf temperatura fluidului, K.
(6)
108
&RHILFLHQWXOGHWUDQVPLWHUHDFOGXULLSULQFRQYHFLHUHSUH]LQWIOX[XOGHFOGXU
SH FDUH vO FHGHD] XQ SHUHWH PHGLXOXL IOXLG VDX LQYHUV vO SULPHWH GH OD XQ IOXLG SH R
VXSUDIDGHP2 ODRGLIHUHQGHWHPSHUDWXUGH.
Coeficientul de transmiterHDFOGXULLSULQFRQYHFLHGHSLQGHGHPDLPXOLIDFWRUL
natura fluidului, regimul de curgere, forma peretelui (dimensiunile liniare, lungimea L, sau
GLDPHWUXO G VWDUHD L SURSULHWLOH IOXLGXOXL WHPSHUDWXUD W SUHVLXQHD 3 GHQVLWDWHD
FOGXUDVSHFLILFFFRQGXFWLYLWDWHDWHUPLFYLVFR]LWDWHDWHPSHUDWXUDSHUHWHOXLHWF
I/GW3F
GDWRULW QXPUXOXL PDUH GH IDFWRUL GH FDUH GHSLQGH coeficientul de transmitere a
FOGXULL SULQ FRQYHFLH HVWH JUHX V VH GHV R IRUPXO JHQHUDO vQ YHGHUHD GHWHUPLQULL
DFHVWXLD 'H DFHHD SHQWUX ILHFDUH FD] SDUWLFXODU WUHEXLH V VH UHFXUJ OD GHWHUPLQUL
H[SHULPHQWDOHFDUHDVLJXURPDLPDUHDFXUDWHHDYDORULORUQXPHULFHRELQXWHQSUDFWLFD
GHSURLHFWDUHYDORDUHDFRHILFLHQLORUGHWUDQVPLWHUHDFOGXULLSULQFRQYHFLHVHGHWHUPLQ
vQ XQHOH FD]XUL FX DMXWRUXO XQRU UHODLL FULWHULDOH RELQXWH SULQ DSOLFDUHD VLPLOLWXGLQLL L
analizei dimensionale.
TransmLWHUHDFOGXULLSULQUDGLDLH 3ULQUDGLDLHFOGXUDVHWUDQVIRUPvQHQHUJLHUDGLDQW
FDUHVWUEDWHVSDLXOVXEIRUPGHXQGHFkQGDFHVWHDvQWkOQHVFXQFRUSVHWUDQVIRUPGLQ
QRX WRWDO VDX SDULDO vQ FOGXU Q SUH]HQWD OXFUDUH GHRDUHFH WUDQVPLWHUHD FOGXULL SULQ
UDGLDLHHVWHQHJOLMDELOQXYRUILSUH]HQWDWHUHODLLOHPDWHPDWLFHFDUHGHVFULXDFHVWWLSGH
WUDQVIHUGHFOGXU
'HWHUPLQDUHDH[SHULPHQWDODFRHILFLHQWXOXLWRWDOGHWUDQVPLWHUHDFOGXULL
n prezenta lucrare se va determina experimental valoarea coeficientului de
WUDQVPLWHUH D FOGXULL SHQWUX FD]XO JHQHUDO vQ FDUH VFKLPEXO GH FOGXU vQWUH GRX IOXLGH
DUHORFSULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQXLSHUHWHGHVSULWRUQDFHVWVFRSVHYDIRORVLXQVFKLPEWRUGH
FOGXUWLSHDYvQHDY
9DULDLD WHPSHUDWXULL vQ UHJLP VWDLRQDU vQ FD]XO WUDQVPLWHULL FOGXULL vQWUH GRX
IOXLGHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQXLSHUHWHGHVSULWRUHVWHSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUD
109
^trt tir
Fluidul 1
Fluidul 2
^trt tir
Perete
t1
t2
)LJ9DULDLDWHPSHUDWXULLvQWU-RVHFLXQHSULQSHUHWHLSULQIOXLGHOHvQYHFLQDWH
'DFWUDQVPLWHUHDFOGXULLvQVWUDWXULOHVWDLRQDUHLvQSHUHWHOHVROLGV-ar face prin
FRQGXFWLYLWDWHFOGXUDWUDQVPLVV-DUFDOFXODDSOLFkQGUHODLDVXE forma:
Q=
1
A t
1 2
+ +
1 2
(8)
XQGH1 L2 VXQWJURVLPLOHLDU1 L2 FRHILFLHQLLGHFRQGXFWLYLWDWHWHUPLFDLVWUDWXULORU

VWDLRQDUHL
'HRDUHFHDFHVWHPULPLQXVXQWFXQRVFXWHLGHRDUHFHHVWHQHFHVDUVVHLQFRQW
LGHWUDQVPLWHUHDFOGXULLSULQFRQYHFLHSULQVWUDWXULOHGHIOXLGUDSRDUWHOH11 L22 se
YRU vQORFXL SULQ FRHILFLHQLLSDULDOLGH WUDQVPLWHUH D FOGXULL 1 L UHVSHFWLY 2 H[SULPDL
n W/m2 KQDFHVWFD]HFXDLDGevine:
Q=
1
A t
1 2
+ +
1 2
(9)
sau:
=
(10)
XQGH.HVWHFRHILFLHQWXOWRWDOGHWUDQVPLWHUHDFOGXULLGDWGHUHODLD
K=
1
1 2
1 + + 2
(11)
110
. UHSUH]LQW IOX[XO GH FOGXU H[SULPDW vQ : FDUH WUDYHUVHD] R VHFLXQH GH
VFKLPEHJDOFXXQPHWUXSWUDWGLIHUHQDGHWHPSHUDWXUGLQWUHFHOHGRXIOXLGHILLQGGH
un grad. Acesta se poate caOFXODLFXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
K=
Q
W
,
K
A t m2
(12)
'HRDUHFH GLIHUHQD GH WHPSHUDWXU W YDULD] GH-D OXQJXO HYLORU VFKLPEWRUXOXL
GHFOGXUvQHFXDLDVHYDLQWURGXFHGLIHUHQDGHWHPSHUDWXUPHGLHWm. n figura 2
HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW YDULDLD WHPSHUDWXULORU FHORU GRX IOXLGH vQ IXQFLH GH OXQJLPHD HYLORU
VDXPULPHDVXSUDIHHL
t1i
t1i
Fluid cald
t1f
Fluid cald
t1f
t i2
t f2
t f2
t i2
Fluid rece
Fluid rece
A(L)
A(L)
(a)
(b)
)LJ9DULDLDWHPSHUDWXULLIOXLGHORUGH-DOXQJXOVXSUDIHHLGHvQFO]LUHDvQHFKLFXUHQW
(b) n contracurent.
'LIHUHQDPHGLHGHWHPSHUDWXUWmVHFDOFXOHD]DSOLFkQGPHGLDORJDULWPLFvQWUH
GLIHUHQHOHGHWHPSHUDWXUDFHORUGRXIOXLGHODFDSWXOVFKLPEWRUXOXLGHFOGXU
t m =
t1i t i2 t1f t f2
t i t i2
ln 1f
t1 t f2
(13)
unde: t1i t i2 - WHPSHUDWXUD IOXLGXOXL FDOG OD LQWUDUHD L OD LHLUHD GLQ VFKLPEWRUXO GH
FOGXU.
111
t1f t f2 - WHPSHUDWXUD IOXLGXOXL UHFH OD LQWUDUHD L OD LHLUHD GLQ VFKLPEWRUXO GH
FOGXU.
(FXDLD HVWH YDODELO SHQWUX FD]XO vQ FDUH FHOH GRX IOXLGH FLUFXO vQ
HFKLFXUHQWSHQWUXFHOODOWFD]DFHDVWUHODLHDUHRIRUPDVHPQWRDUH
'DF UDSRUWXO GLQWUH GLIHUHQD GH WHPSHUDWXU GH OD FDSHWHOH VFKLPEWRUXOXL GH
FOGXUHVWHPDLPLFGHFkWDWXQFLGLIHUHQDPHGLHGHWHPSHUDWXUWm, se poate calcula
FX VXILFLHQW H[DFWLWDWH DSOLFkQGX-VH PHGLD DULWPHWLF $FHDVWD HVWH YDODELO DWkW SHQWUX
FLUFXODLDIOXLGHORUvQFRQWUDFXUHQWFkWLSHQWUXFLUFXODLDDFHVWRUDvQHFKLFXUHQW
'HVFULHUHD LQVWDODLHL ,QVWDODLD XWLOL]DW SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD FRHILFientului total de
WUDQVPLWHUHDFOGXULLHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUD
,QVWDODLDFRQVWGLQWU-XQVFKLPEWRUGHFOGXUWLSHDYvQHDYXQvQFO]LWRU
HOHFWULF SHQWUX DS URWDPHWUHOH L YDVXO GH QLYHO FRQVWDQW URELQHWHOH L L
termomHWUHOH6FKLPEWRUXOGHFOGXUDFRQVWGLQGRXHYLFRQFHQWULFHFRQIHFLRQDWH
GLQRHOFDUERQDYkQGGLDPHWUHOHGHPPUHVSHFWLYPPLOXQJLPHDGHP
QVFRSXOOLPLWULLSLHUGHULORUGHFOGXUHDYDH[WHULRDUHVWHDFRSHULWFXXQVWUDW
GH L]RODLH WHUPLF DYkQG JURVLPHD GH PP L FRQVW GLQ IXOJL GH D]EHVW VDX YDW
PLQHUDOLQVWDODLDILLQGIL[DWFXDMXWRUXOXQHLPDQWDOHGHWDEOVXELUH
QFO]LWRUXO HOHFWULF FRQVW GLQWU-XQ YDV GH WDEO FX R FDSDFLWDWH GH OLWUL
SUHY]XW FX XQ WXE GH QLYHO FRQVWDQW Q LQWHULRUXO DFHVWXL YDV VH JVHVF VXVSHQGDWH WUHL
vQFO]LWRDUH HOHFWULFH WHUPRSORQMRUH DYkQG SXWHUHD GH : ILHFDUH FDUH DVLJXU
vQFO]LUHDDSHLSkQODRWHPSHUDWXUGH &DXQHLFDQWLWLGHDSFDUHWUHFHSULQ
insWDODLH FX XQ GHELW GH /K Q YHGHUHD PLFRUULL SLHUGHULORU GH FOGXU DWkW
vQFO]LWRUXOHOHFWULFFkWLFRQGXFWDSULQFDUHVHWUDQVSRUWDSDFDOGvQVFKLPEWRUXOGH
FOGXUVXQWSUHY]XWHFXXQVWUDWGHL]RODLHWHUPLFGHPP'HELWXODSHLFDOGHL
DSHL UHFL FDUH D VWUEWXW VFKLPEWRUXO GH FOGXU VH PVRDU FX DMXWRUXO URWDPHWUHORU
L7HPSHUDWXUDDSHLFDOGHODLQWUDUHDLLHLUHDGLQVFKLPEWRUXOGHFOGXUSUHFXPL
WHPSHUDWXUDDSHLFDUHVHvQFO]HWHVHPVRDUFX ajutorul termometrelor 8.
112
)LJ6FKHPDLQVWDODLHLSHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDFRHILFLHQWXOXLWRWDOGHWUDQVPLWHUHDFOGXULL
SHQWUXXQVFKLPEWRUGHFOGXUWLSHDYvQHDYYDVGHQLYHOvQFO]LWRUHOHFWULF
VFKLPEWRU GH FOGXU WLS HDY vQ HDY URWDPHWUH URELQHWH
termometre.
Modul de lucru. 6HODVVFXUJDSvQYDVXOSkQFkQGVHVWDELOHWHQLYHOXOFRQVWDQW
IDSWFDUHVHFRQVWDWSULQVFXUJHUHDH[FHVXOXLGHDSSULQWXEXOGHSUH-SOLQODFDQDO'XS
aceasta cXDMXWRUXOURELQHWXOXLVHODVVWUHDFSULQLQVWDODLHXQFXUHQWGHDSFXGHELWXO
de 15 /KGHELWLQGLFDWGHPDQRPHWUXO$FHVWFXUHQWGHDSFLUFXOSULQvQFO]LWRUXO
HOHFWULFvQFDUHvLULGLFWHPSHUDWXUDSkQOD &DSRLLQWUvQVSDLXOGLQWUHFHOH
113
GRXHYLDOHVFKLPEWRUXOXLGHFOGXU'XSDFHDVWDSULQLQWHUPHGLXOURELQHWXOXLVH
ODVVWUHDFSULQWXEXOLQWHULRUDOVFKLPEWRUXOXLGHFOGXUXQFXUHQWGHDSUHFHFXXQ
debit de 15 /KPVXUDWFXDMXWRUXOURWDPHWUXOXL2GDWFXLQWURGXFHUHDFHORUGRX
FXUHQWHGHDSSULQVFKLPEWRUXOGHFOGXUVHFXSOHD]ODUHHDXDHOHFWULFvQFO]LWRDUHOH
2SHUDLD VH HIHFWXHD] SkQ FkQG WRDWH WHUPRPHWUHOH LQGLF YDORUL FRQVWDQWH DOH
temperaturii. Lucrarea se va efectua att peQWUXUHJLPXOGHFXUJHUHDDSHLvQHFKLFXUHQWL
vQFRQWUDFXUHQWSULQVFKLPEWRUXOGHFOGXU FkWLODGHELWHGLIHULWHDOH DSHLUHFLLDSHL
FDOGH'DWHOHRELQXWHVHvQVFULXvQXUPWRUXOWDEHO
Tabelul 1. Datele referitoare la determinarea coeficientului WRWDOGHWUDQVPLWHUHDFOGXULL
0ULPLFLWLWH
Nr.
det
Nr.
det.
$SFDOG
D1,
L/h
t1i , C
D1, m3/s
t1f , C
$SUHFH
1,
c1,
kg/m3 J/kg K
D2, m3/s
D2,
L/h
t i2 , C
0ULPLFDOFXODWH
A, m2
2,
c2,
kg/m3 J/kg K
t f2 , C
K, W/m2K
Q, W
3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD FRHILFLHQWXOXL WRWDO GH WUDQVPLWHUH D FOGXULL VH YD FDOFXOD
ILHFDUHIDFWRUGLQHFXDLD$VWIHOIOX[XOGHFOGXU4FHGDWGHDSDFDOGLSULPLWGH
DSDUHFHVHFODFXOHD]FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHLGHELODQtermic:
Q = D1 1 t1i t1f c1 = D2 2 t f2 t i2 c2 ,
(14)
unde: D1 L'2 GHELWXODSHLFDOGHLDDSHLUHFLP3/s;

1 L2 GHQVLWDWHDPHGLHDDSHLFDOGHLDDSHLUHFLNJP3;
c1 LF2 FOGXUDVSHFLILFPHGLHDDSHLFDOGHLDDSHLUHFL-NJ.K.
6XSUDIDDGHVFKLPEGHFOGXU$VHFDOFXOHD]FXQRVFkQGX-VHGLPHQVLXQLOHHYLL
LQWHULRDUHDVFKLPEWRUXOXLGHFOGXUIRORVLQGUHODLD
A = d L,
m2
unde: d GLDPHWUXOPHGLXDOHYLLLQWHULRDUHP
L OXQJLPHDHYLLLQWHULRDUHVFOGDWGHDSDFDOGP
(15)
114
Cunoscndu-VHWHPSHUDWXULOHLQGLFDWHvQ ILJXUD GLIHUHQD PHGLH GH WHPSHUDWXU

Wm VHFDOFXOHD]FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
115
TESTAREA UNEI POMPE CENTRIFUGE

&LUFXODLD IOXLGHORU SULQ FRQGXFWH DSDUDWH L UHDFWRDUH DUH ORF VXE DFLXQHD XQHL
GLIHUHQH GH SUHVLXQH FUHDW vQWUH SXQFWXO LQLLDO L ILQDO DO FRQGXFWHL VDX DSDUDWXOXL
UHDFWRUXOXL 'LIHUHQD GH SUHVLXQH QHFHVDU WUDQVSRUWXOXL IOXLGHORU VH UHDOL]HD] ILH SULQ
FGHUHOLEHUILHFXDMXWRUXOXQRUSRPSH'DWRULWFRQGLLLORUIRDUWHGLIHULWHvQFDUHWUHEXLH
VIXQFLRQH]HH[LVWRPDUHGLYHUVLWDWHGHSRPSHILHFDUHGHVHUYLQGQHFHVLWLWHKQLFHL
economice specifice. &HD PDL PDUH UVSkQGLUH vQ SUDFWLFD LQGXVWULDO R DX SRPSHOH
FHQWULIXJH GHRDUHFH DX R FRQVWUXFLH UHODWLY VLPSO VXQW LHIWLQH L DVLJXU XQ GHELW
constant.
3ULQFLSLXOGHIXQFLRQDUHDXQHLSRPSHFHQWULIXJHHVWHSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUD
)LJ3RPSFHQWULIXJURWRUSDOHWHOHURWRUXOXLD[SUHVHWXSFDUFDV

FDQDOFROHFWRUFRQGXFWGHDVSLUDLHFRQGXFWGHUHIXODUH
&UHDUHDFkPSXOXLGHIRUHFHQWULIXJDOVHUHDOL]HD]SULQURWLUHDFXWXUDLHPDUHD
unui rotor cu palete, n inWHULRUXO FDUFDVHL SUHY]XW FX XQ FDQDO PDUJLQDO FROHFWRU vQ
IRUP GH PHOF FDQDOXO FROHFWRU VH OUJHWH FRQWLQXX FWUH FRQGXFWD GH UHIXODUH VLWXDW
WDQJHQLDO ID GH FDUFDV &RQGXFWD GH DVSLUDLH HVWH UDFRUGDW D[LDO OD FDUFDVD SRPSHL
lichidul de traQVSRUWDW ILLQG DVSLUDW SULQ FRQGXFWD D[LDO 'DWRULW FkPSXOXL FHQWULIXJDO
FUHDW SULQ URWLUH URWRUXOXL OLFKLGXO HVWH DFFHOHUDW FRQWLQXX vQ GUXPXO VX FWUH FDQDOXO
116
FROHFWRUDOFDUFDVHLYLWH]DUHVSHFWLYHQHUJLDVDFLQHWLFFUHVFvQWLPSFHSDUFXUJHFDQDOele
GLQWUH SDOHWHOH URWRUXOXL /D LHLUHD GLQ URWRU OLFKLGXO LQWU vQ VHFLXQHD PDL ODUJ D
FDQDOXOXL FROHFWRU YLWH]D VD VFDGH HQHUJLD FLQHWLF ILLQG WUDQVIRUPDW vQ HQHUJLH GH
SUHVLXQH OLFKLGXO ILLQG UHIXODW WDQJHQLDO 'DWRULW DFHVWXL SULQFLSLX GH IXQFLRQDUH
SRPSHOHFHQWULIXJHQXVHDPRUVHD]GHFkWGDFVXQWSOLQHFXOLFKLG'HRDUHFHIXQFLRQDUHD
QXSUHVXSXQHVHSDUDUHDHWDQDVSDLLORUGHDVSLUDLHLGHUHIXODUHSRPSDFHQWULIXJQX
HVWH SUHY]XW FX VXSDSH ILLQG SUHY]XW GRDU FX HWDQDUH H[WHULRDU SULQWU-o cutie de
HWDQDUH SUHVHWXS vQWUH D[XO URWRUXOXL L FDUFDVD SRPSHL 3RPSHOH FHQWULIXJH SRW IL FX
unul sau mai multe rotoare, cu ax orizontal sau vertical.
6FRSXOOXFUULL
n lucrare este VWXGLDW R LQVWDODLH GH WHVWDUH D XQHL SRPSH FHQWULfuge cu ax
YHUWLFDO 2 DVWIHO GH LQVWDODLH SHUPLWH RELQHUHD FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU XQHL SRPSHL FHQWULIXJH
GHELW vQOLPH PDQRPHWULF SXWHUH L UDQGDPHQW QOLPHD PDQRPHWULF SXWHUHD L
UDQGDPHQWXO IXQFLH GH GHELW VH YRU WUDQVSXQH vQWU-un grafic de forma celui prezentat n
figura 2
Fig. 2. Caracteristicile unei pompe centrifuge: H vQOLPHDPDQRPHWULF1 SXWHUHDL

- UDQGDPHQWXOODWXUDLHPD[LP
'HVFULHUHDLQVWDODLHL 6FKHPDLQVWDODLHLGHODERUDWRUXWLOL]DWSHQWUXWHVWDUHDXQHLSRPSH
FHQWULIXJHHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUD
117
)LJ ,QVWDODLHGHODERUDWRUSHQWUXWHVWDUHD XQHL SRPSHFHQWULIXJH SRPS FHQWULIXJ

cu ax vertical; 2) rezervor de 60 litri; 3) rotametru; 4), 5) manometre; 6) tablou electric;
7) motor electric; 8) robinet.
118
,QVWDODLDGHWHVWDUHFRQVWGLQWU-XQFLUFXLWvQFKLVvQFDUHDSDHVWHSXVvQPLFDUH
FX DMXWRUXO XQHL SRPSH FHQWULIXJH FX D[ YHUWLFDO 3H FRQGXFWD GH UHIXODUH VH JVHWH
URWDPHWUXO SHQWUX PVXUDUHD GHELWXOXL URELQHWXO SHQWUX PRGLILFDUHD GHELWXOXL L
PDQRPHWUXO SHQWUX FLWLUHD SUHVLXQLL GH UHIXODUH 3H FRQGXFWD GH DVSLUDLH VH JVHWH
PDQRPHWUXO3RPSDHVWHSXVvQPLFDUHFXDMXWRUXOPRWRUXOXLHOHFWULFFXplat direct la
D[XO DFHVWHLD $OLPHQWDUHD PRWRUXOXL L PVXUDUHD SDUDPHWULORU HOHFWULFL L IDFH FX
ajutorul tabloului electric 6.
Modul de lucru. 6H DPRUVHD] SRPSD FHQWULIXJ 6H SXQH vQ PLFDUH PRWRUXO L VH
XUPUHWHFDSRPSDVLQWUHvQUHJLPQDFHVWVFRSVHFLWHVFLQGLFDLLOHWXWXURUDSDUDWHORU
GH PVXU 6H vQFKLGH URELQHWXO L VH FLWHVF YDORULOH LQGLFDWH GH DSDUDWHOH GH PVXU
WHQVLXQH LQWHQVLWDWH SUHVLXQH GH UHIXODUH L SUHVLXQH GH DVSLUDLH GHELWXO ILLQG HJDO FX
]HUR'XSFDUHVHGHVFKLGHURELQHWXOLVHIDFRVHULHGHFLWLULSHQWUXGLIHULWHGHELWHGLQ
FHvQFHPDLPDUL&LWLULOHVHIDFGLQvQGHOLWULGDUQXPDLSXLQGH0ULPLOH
citite se trec ntr-un tabel de forma:
7DEHOXO0ULPLFLWLWHODWHVWDUHDXQHLSRPSHFHQWUifuge.
Nr.
det.
Vh,
L/h
U,
V
I,
A
P1,
at.
0ULPLFLWLWH
P2,
Pb,
mm Hg
mm Hg
h0,
m

kg/m3
g,
m/s
Efectuarea calculelor
Debitul VHFLWHWHGLUHFWSHURWDPHWUXOvQ/KLVHWUDQVIRUPvQP3VFXUHODLD
Vs =
Vh 10 3
,
3600
m3
s
(1)
unde: Vs L9h debitul pompei n m3/s, respectiv L/h.

QOLPHDPDQRPHWULF VHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
Hm = h0 +
Pref .
Pasp .
,
g
unde: Hm vQOLPHDPDQRPHWULFP
h0 GLVWDQDGLQWUHSXQFWHOHGHPVXUDUHDSUHVLXQLLLGHSUHVLXQLLP
(2)
119
Pref. presiunea de refulare, N/m2;

Pasp. SUHVLXQHDGHDVSLUDLH1P2.
3UHVLXQLOHGHDVSLUDLHLUHIXODUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLLOH
Pref . =
Pb
+ P1
733
Pasp . =
9,81 104 , N m2
Pb P2
9,81 104 ,
733
m2
(3)
(4)
unde: Pb SUHVLXQHDEDURPHWULFPP+J
P1 L32 SUHVLXQLOHFLWLWHODPDQRPHWUHOHL
3XWHUHDFRQVXPDW VHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
Nc =
U I
,
1000
kW
(5)
unde: Nc SXWHUHDFRQVXPDWN:
U tensiunea, V;
I intensitatea curentului, A
Randamentul pompei HVWHGDWGHUHODLD
=
Nu
100,
Nc
(6)
unde: NuSXWHUHDXWLON:GDWGHUHODLD
Nu =
Vs
g Hm
,
1000
kW
(7)
LQkQG FRQW GH UHODLD SHQWUX FDOFXOXO UDQGDPHQWXOXL SRPSHL FHQWULIXJH VH RELQH
UHODLD
=
Vs
g Hm
,
10 Nc
(8)
120
Datele calculate se trec n tabelul 2.

7DEHOXO0ULPLQHFHVDUHJUDILFXOXLGHWHVWDUHDXQHLpompe centrifuge:
Nr. det.
0ULPLFDOFXODWH
3
Vs, m /s
Pref.,
N/m2
Pasp,
N/m2
Hm, m
Nc, kW
Nu, kW

&X YDORULOH PULPLORU FDOFXODWH VH YRU WUDVD FXUEHOH FDUDFWHULVWLFH SRPSHL
centrifuge folosite.
121
$3$1,1'8675,$&+,0,&
'H]YROWDUHD RULFUHL UDPXUL LQGXVWULDOH UHFODP IRORVLUHD DSHL L HQHUJLHL WHUPLFH
electrice, etc.) n procesele tehnologice de transformare a materiilor prime n produse
intermediare sau n bunuri de consum.
n industrie, apa VH IRORVHWH ILH FD PDWHULH SULP SHQWUX RELQHUHD KLGURJHQXOXL L
R[LJHQXOXL D JD]XOXL GH VLQWH] L D XQRU SURGXVH FKLPLFH VXE IRUP GH VROXLL ILH SHQWUX
SURGXFHUHDDEXUXOXLvQFHQWUDOHOHWHUPLFHLWHUPRHOHFWULFHFDDJHQWGHvQFO]LUHLUFLUHFD
DJHQW GH IORWDLHHWF &DOLWDWHD DSHL VH VWDELOHWH SULQ GHWHUPLQDUHD FkWRUYD FDUDFWHULVWLFL GH
PDUH vQVHPQWDWH FXP VXQW GXULWDWHD WUDQVSDUHQD FRQLQXWXO GH VXEVWDQH RUJDQLFH
FRQLQXWXOWRWDOGHVUXULHWFQIXQFLHGHGRPHQLXOGHXWLOL]DUHDFHste caracteristici trebuie
VVHvQFDGUH]HvQDQXPLWHOLPLWH
$SDQDWXUDOQXHVWHSXU$FHDVWDFRQLQH
-
gaze dizolvate: O2, N2, CO2, H2S, etc.,
VUXULVROXELOHDOHPHWDOHORUDOFDOLQH1D.
VUXUL VROXELOH DOH PHWDOHORU DOFDOLQR-SPkQWRDVH &D 0J VXb

IRUP GH FDUERQDL ELFDUERQDL FORUXUL VXOIDL IRVIDL VLOLFDL
D]RWDLHWF
VXEVWDQHRUJDQLFHSUHFXPLLPSXULWLPHFDQLFH
3HQWUX D SXWHD IL IRORVLW vQ LQGXVWULH GDU QX QXPDL DSD WUHEXLH vQ SUHDODELO
SXULILFDW GHRDUHFH XQHOH GLQWUH LPSXULWL DX DFLXQH GXQWRDUH SURYRFkQG FRUR]LXQHD
PHWDOHORU IRUPDUHD FUXVWHL vQ FD]DQHOH GH DEXU VDX SH FRQGXFWH LPSXULILFDUHD VXEVWDQHORU
FDUH VH RELQ VXE IRUP GH VROXLL DSRDVH HWF &X DOWH FXYLQWH HVWH QHFHVDU FXQRDWHUHD
FRPSR]LLHLDSHLvQYHGHUHDVWDELOLULLFDOLWLLUHVSHFWLYDSURFHVHORURSWLPHGHSXULILFDUHD
acesteia.
$SHOHVXSHUILFLDOHLFHOHIUHDWLFHVXQWVXSXVHSHSDUFXUVXOVWUEWXWGHHIOXHQLXQRU
SURFHVH GH WUDQVIRUPUL FRQWLQXH VXE DVSHFWXO FRPSR]LLHL FKLPLFH VXVSHQVLLOH RUJDQLFH L
DQRUJDQLFH VH GHSXQ SULQ VHGLPHQWDUH VXEVWDQHOH DQRUJDQLFH VH LQVROXELOL]HD] SULQ
R[LGDUHD VDX PLQHUDOL]DUH HWF 6UXULOH FDUH VXQW SUHGRPLQDQWH VXE DVSHFW FDQWLWDWLY vQ DS
122
constituie un criteriu de clasificare a apelor naturale, de ex.: DSHOHFDOFDURDVHFRQLQLRQLGH

Ca2+ L0J2+ VROXELOL]DLVXEIRUPGHELFDUERQDLHWF
Q IXQFLH GH FDQWLWDWHD GH VXEVWDQH GL]ROYDWH DSHOH GLQ UHHDXD KLGURJUDILF VXQW
IRORVLWHvQVFRSXULSRWDELOHLVDXLQGXVWULDOHGDUQXPDLvQDQXPLWHFD]XULvQFRQGLLLFXWRWXO
H[FHSLRQDOHIUDILVXSXVHXQRURSHUDLLLSURFHVHSULQFDUHVHFRUHFWHD]FRPSR]LLDORU
FKLPLFDVWIHOvQFkWVFRUHVSXQGFRQGLLLORULPSXVHGHFRQVXPDWRULLFDVQLFLVDXLQGXVWULDOL
&RPSR]LLD DSHL VH DSUHFLD] SH ED]D XQRU DQDOL]H GH ODERUDWRU L VH SRDWH H[SULPD
VXEIRUPDXQRUPULPLJOREDOHFDVXVSHQVLLWRWDOHUH]LGXXWRWDOLUH]LGXXIL[DOFDOLQLWDWH
DFLGLWDWHGXULWDWHFRQLQXWGHVXEVWDQHRUJDQLFH22, CO2, H2S, cationi (Na+, K+, Li+, Ca2+,
Mg2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al3+,etc.), anioni (Cl-, SO42-, PO43+, etc.).
'HRDUHFH PXOWH XWLOL]UL DOH DSHL VXQW GHSHQGHQWH GH GXULWDWHD DFHVWHLD vQ SUH]HQWD
OXFUDUH QH YRP RFXSD GH GHILQLUHD GXULWLL GH XQLWDWHD GH PVXU UHVSHFWLY GH PHWRGHOH
analitice de determinare.
Totalitatea sUXULORU GH FDOFLX L PDJQH]LX GL]ROYDWH vQ DS FRQVWLWXLH GXULWDWHD
apei. 'XS QDWXUD VUXULORU GL]ROYDWH L GXS PRGXO GH FRPSRUWDUH OD vQFO]LUH GHRVHELP
XUPWRDUHOHWLSXULGHGXULWDWH
-
'XULWDWHD WHPSRUDU, Dt FDUH HVWH GDW GH ELFDUERQDLL GH
calciu L PDJQH]LX GL]ROYDL 6H QXPHWH GXULWDWH WHPSRUDU, GHRDUHFH SULQ vQFO]LUH OD
80 & ELFDUERQDLL VH GHVFRPSXQ WUHFkQG vQ FDUERQDLL FRUHVSXQ]WRUL &D&23
insolubil, respectiv MgCO3 SDULDOVROXELO
-
'XULWDWHD SHUPDQHQW Dp, care HVWH GDWRUDW VUXULORU GH
FDOFLXLPDJQH]LXDOHDFL]LORUWDUL+&O+2SO4, etc.). . 6HQXPHWHGXULWDWHSHUPDQHQW,

deoarece DFHVWH VUXUL UPkQ QHPRGLILFDWH OD vQFO]LUH LDU SHQWUX vQGHSUWDUHD ORU VH
IRORVHVFUHDFWLYLFKLPLFLVDXVFKLPEWRULGHLRQL
-
'XULWDWHDWRWDODTHVWHVXPDGLQWUHGXULWDWHDWHPSRUDUL
FHDSHUPDQHQW
DT = Dp + Dt
123
'UHSW XQLWDWH GH PVXU D GXULWLL DSHL VH IRORVHWH gradul de duritate, d, care
FRUHVSXQGHODPJ&D2ODS QIXQFLHGHYDORULOHJDUGXOXLGHGXULWDWHDSHOHVHFODVLILF
n:
-
$SHSXLQGXUHVDXDSHPRL'T = 5 -10 d;
Ape medii, DT = 10 -20 d;
Ape dure, DT = 20 -30 d;
Ape foarte dure, DT > 30 d.
Duritatea apei se poate determina prin mai multe metode PHWRGD YDU L VRG
PHWRGDWLWUULLDOFDOLQLWLLLPHWRGDFRPSOH[RQRPHWULF
6FRSXO SUH]HQWHL OXFUUL HVWH GHWHUPLQDUHD GXULWLL DSHL GH OD UHHDXD ODERUDWRUXOXL
SULQPHWRGDWLWUULLDOFDOLQLWLLLPHWRGDFRPSOH[RQRPHWULF
'HWHUPLQDUHDGXULWLL DSHLSULQWLWUDUHDDOFDOLQLWLL
'HWHUPLQDUHDGXULWLLWHPSRUDUHDt.
0HWRGD FRQVW vQ GR]DUHD DOFDOLQLWLL GDWRUDWH ELFDUERQDLORU GH FDOFLX L PDJQH]LX
SUH]HQLvQDSDGHDQDOL]DWSULQWLWUDUHFXVROXLHGH+&O
Reactivi necesari:
-
VROXLH+&OQ
LQGLFDWRUVROXLHDSRDVPHWLORUDQJH
Modul de lucru: ntr-un flacon de titrare, se introduc 50 PODSGLVWLODWL 5

SLFWXUL GH LQGLFDWRU GXS FDUH VH WLWUHD] FX VROXLD GH +&O SkQ FkQG FXORDUHD VROXLHL
GHYLQHURX portocaliu.
RHDFLLOHFDUHDXORFVXQWXUPWRDUHOH
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HCl
CaCl2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2HCl
MgCl2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O
'XULWDWHDWHPSRUDUVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
124
Dt =
nHCl NHCl ECaO

v
102 , d
unde: Dt GXULWDWHDWHPSRUDUG
NHCl YROXPXOVROXLHLGH+&OFRQVXPDWODWLWUDUHPO
nHCl QRUPDOLWDWHDVROXLHLGHDQDOL]DWHFKLYDOHQLO
v YROXPXOGHDSDQDOL]DWPO
ECaO echivalentul chimic al oxidului de calciu, g.
'HWHUPLQDUHDGXULWLLWRWDOH'T
3URED GH DS GH OD GHWHUPLQDUHD GXULWLL WHPSRUDUH VH ILHUEH WLPS GH PLQXWH
SHQWUX vQGHSUWDUHD &22 6H DGDXJ DSRL PO VROXLH RELQXW SULQ DPHVWHFDUH vQ SUL
HJDOH D XQHL VROXLL GH 1D2CO3 0,1 n cX R VROXLH GH 1D2+ Q L VH ILHUEH GLQ QRX
PLQXWH SHQWUX SUHFLSLWDUHD VUXULORU GH FDOFLX L PDJQH]LX 5HDFLLOH FDUH DX ORF VXQW
XUPWRDUHOH
CaCl2 + Na2CO3
CaCO3 + 2NaCl
MgCl2 + NaOH
Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl
CaSO4 + Na2CO3
CaCO3 + Na2SO4
MgSO4 + NaOH
Mg(OH) + Na2SO4
'XSUFLUHVROXLDVHILOWUHD]SHQWUXVHSDUDUHDSUHFLSLWDWXOXLRELQXWVHVSDOILOWUXO
de 2 RULFXDSGLVWLODWLVHWLWUHD]H[FHVXOGH1D2+L1D2CO3 GLQILOWUDWFXVROXLH
+&OQvQSUH]HQGHPHWLORUDQJHQSDUDOHOVHHIHFWXHD]RSUREPDUWRUFDUHFRQVWvQ
WLWUDUHFX+&OQWRWDPODPHVWHFvQSULHJDOHGLQFHOHGRXVROXLLQGH1D2+
L1D2CO3'XULWDWHDWRWDO'T, se FDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
DT =
,
ECaO
nHCl NHCl -NHCl
102 , d
unde: DT GXULWDWHDWRWDOG
NHCl YROXPXOVROXLHLGH+&OFRQVXPDWODWLWUDUHDSUREHLPDUWRUPO
125
ml;
NHCl YROXPXOVROXLHLGH+&OFRQVXPDW OD WLWUDUHD H[FHVXOXL GH 1D2+L 1D2CO3,

nHCl QRUPDOLWDWHDVROXLHLGHDQDOL]DWHFKLYDOHQLO
v YROXPXOGHDSDQDOL]DWPO
ECaO echivalentul chimic al oxidului de calciu, g.
'XULWDWHD SHUPDQHQWDp HVWH GDW GH GLIHUHQD GLQWUH GXULWDWHD WRWDO L duritatea
WHPSRDUDU
Dp = DT - Dt
'DWHOHRELQXWHVHWUHFvQWDEHOHGHIRUPD
Nr.
VDSml
NHCl, ml
nHCl, echiv./l
Dt, d
det.
Nr.
NHCl, ml
NHCl, ml
nHCl, echiv./l
DT, d
Dp, d
det.
'HWHUPLQDUHDGXULWLLDSHLSULQPHWRGDFRPSOH[RQRPHWULF
0HWRGDFRPSOH[RQRPHWULFSHUPLWHFDSHOkQJGHWHUPLQDUHDGXULWLLWRWDOHDDSHL
V VH RELQ L LQGLFDLL FX SULYLUH OD UDSRUWXO vQ FDUH VH JVHVF VUXULOH GH FDOFLX L GH
magneziu n apa de analizat, lucru important pentru calculareD GH H[HPSOX D FDQWLWLORU GH
UHDFWLYLQHFHVDULGHGXUL]ULL$FHDVWPHWRGVHED]HD]SHSURSULHWDWHDSHFDUHRDXDQXPLL
indicatori ca murexidul, negrul de eriocrom T, etc., de a-L VFKLPED FXORDUHD vQ SUH]HQD
ionilor metalici.
Murexidul (purpuratul GH DPRQLX vL VFKLPE FXORDUHD vQ SUH]HQD LRQLORU FDOFLX
FREDOW QLFKHO L FXSUX 'H H[HPSOX vQ VROXLH DSRDV OLEHU GH LRQL &D2+, murexidul are
FXORDUHDYLROHWGHVFKLVSHFkQGvQSUH]HQDORUIL[kQGX-LWUHFHvQFXORDUHDURLH$FHWLLRQL
126
se leag vQV IRDUWH VODE L SRW IL XRU GHSODVDL SULQ DGXJDUHD XQXL UHDFWLY DFLG FkQG
FXORDUHDVHPRGLILFODYLROHWGHVFKLV
0XUH[LGXOQXUHDFLRQHD]FXLRQLL0J2+FHHDFHSHUPLWHGR]DUHDFDOFLXOXLDOWXULGH
magneziu.
1HJUX GH HULRFURP 7 >-hidroxi, 4-sulfonat de sodiu, 6-nitro]- >-hidroxil]
D]RQDIWDOHQvQVROXLHDSRDVOLEHUGHLRQL&D2+ L0J2+ la un pH = 8 GRFRORUDLH
DOEDVWU LDU vQ SUH]HQD ORU IL[kQGX-L G R FRORUDLH URLH &DWLRQLL IL[kQGX-se slab, la
deplasarea lor din molecula de indicator cu un reactiv oarecare, culoarea acestuia revine la
DOEDVWUX1HJUXHULRFURP7VHIRORVHWHODGR]DUHDFRQFRPLWHQWDFDOFLXOXLLPDJQH]LXOXL
'HSODVDUHDLRQLORUPHWDOLFLGLQFRPELQDLLOHFRPSOH[HIRUPDWHFXLQGLFDWRULLVHIDFH
cu ajutRUXO VULLGLVRGLFHDDFLGXOXLHWLOHQ-diamino-tetraacetic (complexon III, CIII) care are
XUPWRDUHDIRUPXOFKLPLF
HOOC
H2C
NaOOC
H2C
CH2
CH2
CH2
COONa
CH2
COOH
sau Na2H2Y
&HLGRLSURWRQLDLFRPSOH[RQXOXL,,,SRWILVXEVWLWXLLSULQWU-un ion divalent (Ca2+ sau

Mg2+SURYHQLLGLQLRQLLOLEHULDIODLvQVROXLHVDXGLQFHLUHLQXLGHLQGLFDWRUL/DWLWUDUHDFX
FRPSOH[RQ,,,DFHVWDIL[HD]vQSULPXOUvQGLRQLLOLEHULGXSFDUHSHFHLUHLQXLGHLQGLFDWRUL
QPRPHQWXOvQFDUHWRLLRQLL&D2+ L0J2+ DXIRVWGHSODVDLGLQLQGLFDWRUDFHVWDvLVFKLPE
FXORDUHDLDVWIHOVHGHWHUPLQSXQFWXOGHHFKLYDOHQ
5HDFLD GLQWUH FRPSOH[RQXO ,,, L LRQLL GH FDOFLX VDX PDJQH]LX 0H2+) este
XUPWRDUHD
Na2H2Y + Me2+ + 2HOrespectiv:
[Na2Y]2-Me2+ + 2H2O
127
CH2
COOH
CH2
COO
CH2
CH2
COONa
CH2
CH2
+ Me2+ + 2HOCH2
CH2
COONa
Me
+ 2H2O
CH2
COONa
CH2
COONa
N
CH2
COOH
CH2
COO
6HREVHUYFXQPROGHFRPSOH[RQ,,,Na2H2<IL[HD]XQDWRPJUDPGHFDOFLXVDX
magneziu.
Reactivi necesari:
-
VROXLH FRPSOH[RQ ,,, &III, 0,01 m; 3,7226 g CIII se introduc
ntr-XQEDORQFRWDWGHPOLVHDGXFHODVHPQFXDSELGLVWLODW
-
VROXLHWDPSRQS+ 1+4Cl + NH4OH; 5,40 g NH4Cl se
introduc ntr-XQ EDORQ FRWDW GH PO SHVWH FDUH VH DGDXJ PO VROXLH FRQFHQWUDW GH
DPRQLDFLDSRLVHFRPSOHWHD]ODVHPQFXDSELGLVWLODW
-
LQGLFDWRULJQHJUXHULRFURP7VHDPHVWHFLQWLPFXJGH
NaCl, prin mojaraUHRJPXUH[LGVHPRMDUHD]vPSUHXQFXJ1D&O

-
VROXLH1D2+Q
'HWHUPLQDUHDGXULWLLWRWDOHDT
ntr-un flacon de titrare se introduc 25 PODSGHDQDOL]DWSHVWHFDUHVHDGDXJ
POVROXLHWDPSRQFLUFDJHULRFURP7XQYvUIGHVSDWXOLPODSGLVWLODW6H
WLWUHD] FX VROXLH GH FRPSOH[RQ ,,, GH OD URX OD DOEDVWUX QHW 'XULWDWHD WRWDO 'T, se
FDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
DT =
NCIII MCaO mCIII

v
102 , d
128
NCIII YROXPXOVROXLHLGHFRPSOH[RQ,,,FRQVXPDWODWLWUDUHPO
MCIII PRODULWDWHDVROXLHLGHFRPSOH[RQ,,,PROO
MCaO PDVDPROHFXODUDR[LGXOXLGHFDOFLXJ
v- YROXPXOGHDSOXDWvQDQDOL]PO
'HWHUPLQDUHDGXULWLLFDOFLFHDCa.
0HWRGDFRQVWvQFRPSOH[DUHDLRQLORUGH&D2+ cu ajutorul complexonului III, utiliznd
ca indicator murexidul, la ph = 12-13. Intr-un flacon de titrare se introduc 25 100 ml de
DSGHDQDOL]DWSHVWHFDUHVHDGDXJ POVROXLHQD2+QFLUFDJPXUH[LGLPO
DSGLVWLODW6HWLWUHD]FXRVROXLHGHFRPSOH[RQ,,,PGHODURXODYLROHW&DOFXOXO
GXULWLLFDOFLFH'Ca se face cu ajutorul formulei:
DCa =
NCIII MCaO mCIII

v
102 , d
NCIII YROXPXOVROXLHLGHFRPSOH[RQ,,,FRQVXPDWODWLWUDUHPO
MCIII PRODULWDWHDVROXLHLGHFRPSOH[RQ,,,PROO
MCaO PDVDPROHFXODUDR[LGXOXLGHFDOFLXJ
v- YROXPXOGHDSOXDWvQDQDOL]PO
'HWHUPLQDUHDGXULWLLPDJQH]LHQHDMg.
'XULWDWHDPDJQH]LDQ'Mg VHGHWHUPLQSULQFDOFXOIFkQGGLIHUHQDGLQWUHGXULWDWHD
WRWDOLFHDFDOFLF
DMg = DT - DCa
5H]XOWDWHOHRELQXWHVHWUHFLQWDEHOHGHIRUPD
Nr.
det.
VDSml
NCIII, ml
mCIII, mol /l
DT, d
129
Nr.
VDSml
NCIII, ml
mCIII, mol /l
DCa, d
DMg, d
det.
'HGXUL]DUHDDSHLFXVFKLPEWRULGHLRQL
2 FRQGLLH GH ED] SULYLQG FDOLWDWHD DSHL IRORVLWH vQ LQGXVWULH R FRQVWLWXLH OLSVD
VUXULORUQGHSUWDUHDWXWXURUVUXULORUGL]ROYDWHvQDSUHSUH]LQWGHPLQHUDOL]DUHDDFHVWHLD
'HGXUL]DUHDDSHLFRQVWLWXLHRSHUDLDSULQ FDUHVHHOLPLQSDULDOVDXWRWDOVUXULOHGH
FDOFLX L PDJQH]LX 'DF VH vQGHSUWHD] WRWDO FDWLRQLL H[LVWHQL RSHUDLD VH QXPHWH
GHVDOLQDUHLDUGDFVHHOLPLQDWkWFDWLRQLLFkWLDQLRQLLSUH]HQLvQDSRSHUDLDVHQXPHWH
deionizarea apei.
Q SUDFWLFD LQGXVWULDO SHQWUX FRUHFWDUHD FDOLWLL DSHL VH IRORVHVF DWkW PHWRGH IL]LFH
FkWLPHWRGHFKLPLFH
Cele mai impRUWDQWHPHWRGHIL]LFHVXQWGLVWLODUHDHOHFWURGLDOL]DLFRQJHODUHD
'LVWLODUHD FRQVW vQ YDSRUL]DUHD DSHL SULQ ILHUEHUH L DSRL FRQGHQVDUHD DFHVWHLD SULQ
UFLUHFXRELQHUHGHDSGLVWLODWSUDFWLFGHPLQHUDOL]DW
(OHFWURGLDOL]DFRQVWvQVHSDUDUHDVUXULORUGLQDSFXDMXWRUXOFXUHQWXOXLHOHFWULFLD
XQRUPHPEUDQHVHOHFWLYHFDUHSHUPLWWUHFHUHDLRQLORULQXSHUPLWWUHFHUHDDSHL
&RQJHODUHD FRQVW vQ WUDQVIRUPDUHD DSHL vQ JKHD SULQ UFLUH FX VHSDUDUHD DSHL
vPERJLWvQVUXUL
Ca metode chimiFHVHIRORVHVFPHWRGHOHFDUHXWLOL]HD]UHDFWLYLFKLPLFLLFHOHFDUH
XWLOL]HD] VFKLPEWRULL GH LRQL 0HWRGHOH FKLPLFH FX UHDFWLYL GH SUHFLSLWDUHD VH UHDOL]HD]
prin procedeele: var VRGVRG VRGFXIRVIDWWULVRGLF
130
'XULWDWHD WHPSRUDU FDUH HVWH GDW GH ELFDUERQDLL GH FDOFLX L PDJQH]LX VH SRDWH
HOLPLQD SULQ vQFO]LUH RSHUDLH SULQ FDUH VH GJDM GLR[LGXO GH FDUERQ L VH IRUPHD]
carbonatul neutru respectiv:
Ca(HCO3)2
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
'XULWDWHDSHUPDQHQWGDWGHLRQLL GHFDOFLXLPDJQH]LXVXEIRUPGHVUXULQHXWUH
VH HOLPLQ SULQ SURFHGHH FKLPLFH FDUH VH GLIHUHQLD] vQ VSHFLDO SULQ UHDFWLYLL IRORVLL L
LPSOLFLWSULQHILFLHQDPHWRGHL
'HGXUL]DUHD DSHL SULQ SURFHGHXO YDU L VRG VH ED]HD] SH XWLOL]DUHD FD UHDFWLvi
FKLPLFLDKLGUR[LGXOXLGHFDOFLXLDFDUERQDWXOXLGHVRGLXFDUHDFLRQHD]GLIHUHQLDWSULPXO
UHDFWLYUHGXFHGXULWDWHDWHPSRUDUFHOGHDOGRLOHDGXULWDWHDSHUPDQHQWFRQIRUPUHDFLLORU
MgX2 + Ca(OH)2
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2
CaX2 + Na2CO3
Mg(OH)2 + CaX2
2 CaCO3 + 2H2O
CaCO3 + 2NaX
Unde X = anion (Cl- sau SO42-).

$VW]LSURFHGHXOYDULVRGQXVHPDLDSOLFODVFDULQGXVWULDOGDWRULWHILFLHQHL
(economiceUHGXVHGDWRUDWvQSULQFLSDOFRQVXPXOXLPDUHGHUHDFWLYLLDSRVLELOLWLLUHGXVH
de valorificare a produselor chimice rezultate.
'HGXUL]DUHD DSHL FX VFKLPEWRUL GH LRQL DUH OD ED] IRORVLUHD XQRU VXEVWDQH VROLGH
naturale, artificiale sau sintetice, RUJDQLFH VDX DQRUJDQLFH LQVROXELOH vQ DS FDUH DX
proprietatea de a schimba ionii proprii (H+, Na+, K+) FXLRQLLDIODLvQDSGXSIHOXOLRQLORU
FDUHSDUWLFLSODVFKLPEDYHP
-
&DWLRQLL VFKLPEWRUL GH LRQL FDUH UHLQ FDWLRQLL GLQ DS
cedndu-i pe FHLGLQFRPSR]LLDORU
-
$QLRQLL VFKLPEWRUL GH LRQL FDUH UHLQ DQLRQLL GLQ DS
cedndu-LSHFHLGLQFRPSR]LLDORU
'XSRULJLQHDORUFDWLRQLLLSRWIL
131
DQRUJDQLFLQDWXUDOL VDX VLQWHWLFL ]HROLL0H2Ze: Na2Ze, K2Ze,
H2=HLQXPDLVLQWHWLFLSHUPXWLLL0H2P: Na2P, K2P, H23FXIRUPXODJHQHUDO

Me2O . Al2O3 . nSiO2 . xH2O
Z (P)
-
RUJDQLFLDUWLILFLDOLVDXVLQWHWLFLFXIRUPXODJHQHUDO5 SO3H,
sau R &22+XQGH5UHSUH]LQWPDFURUDGLFDOXORUJDQLF
QFD]XOVFKLPEWRULORUGHLRQLDQRUJDQLFL DXORFUHDFLLOH
Pentru Dt
Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2Ze
CaZe + 2NaHCO3
Mg(HCO3)2 + Na2Ze
MgZe + 2NaHCO3
Pentru Dp
CaCl2 + Na2Ze
CaZe + 2NaCl
MgCl2 + Na2Ze
MgZe + 2NaCl
CaSO4 + Na2Ze
CaZe + Na2SO4
MgSO4 + Na2Ze
MgZe + Na2SO4
Q FD]XO XWLOL]ULL VFKLPEWRULORU GH LRQL RUJDQLFL GH WLSXO 5 SO3H, eliminarea
GXULWLLDSHLDUHORFFRQIRUPUHDFLLORU
Pentru Dt
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2R SO3H
Ca(SO3R)2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2R SO3H
Mg(SO3R)2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O
Pentru Dp
CaCl2 + 2R SO3H
Ca(SO3R)2 + 2HCl
MgCl2 + 2R SO3H
Mg(SO3R)2 + 2HCl
132
CaSO4 + 2R SO3H
Ca(SO3R)2 + H2SO4
MgSO4 + 2R SO3H
Mg(SO3R)2 + H2SO4
/D WUDWDUHD GHGXUL]DUHD DSHL FX VFKLPEWRUL GH LRQL FDUH FRQLQ FD VL FDWLRQL GH
schimb ioni H+ DSD UH]XOWDW DUH FDUDFWHU DFLG 3HQWUX D VH RELQH DS QHXWU DFHDVWD HVWH
WUHFXWSHDQLRQLLGHIRUPD5 NH2 sau R 2+FkQGDXORFUHDFLLOH
R NH2 + HCl
R(HCl)NH2
sau
R OH + HCl
R Cl + H2O
'DF VH XWLOL]HD] VFKLPEWRUL GH LRQL FDWLRQLL GH IRUPD 5-SO3Na sau RCOONa apa
UH]XOWDWvQXUPDSURFHVXOXLGHGHGXUL]DUHDUHFDUDFWHUDOFDOLQ
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2RSO3Na
Ca(SO3)2 + 2NaHCO3
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2RSO3Na
Mg(SO3)2 + 2NaHCO3
QDFHVWFD]DSDQHXWUVHSRDWHRELQHSULQDPHVWHFDUHDDSHORUGedurizate rezultate de
ODFHOHGRXFRORDQHGHFDWLRQLLvQSURSRULLDGHFYDWH
&DWLRQLLLGXSXQWLPSGHIRORVLUHVDWXUkQGX-VHFXLRQLLGHFDOFLXLPDJQH]LXFDUH
au schimbat ionii Na+ sau H+vLSLHUGDFWLYLWDWHDQYHGHUHDUHXWLOL]ULLDFHVWRUDvn procesul
GHGXUL]ULLDSHLVHVXSXQRSHUDLHLGHUHJHQHUDUH$VWIHOUHJHQHUDUHDFDWLRQLLORUvQIRUPD
Na+ VHUHDOL]HD]FXRVROXLHDSRDV1D&OLDUDFDWLRQLLORUvQIRUPD++ FXRVROXLH
DSRDV+&OVDX 3 % H2SO45HDFLLOHFDUHDXORFVXQW XUPWRDUHOH
CaZe + 2NaCl
Na2Ze + CaCl2
MgZe + 2NaCl
Na2Ze + MgCl2
Ca(SO3R)2 + 2HCl
2RSO3H + CaCl2
Mg(SO3R)2 + 2HCl
2RSO3H + MgCl2
133
$QLRQLLLWUHEXLHLHLUHJHQHUDLGXSRSHULRDGGHXWLOL]DUHSULQVSODUHFXRVROXLH
GHFDUERQDWGHVRGLXVDXKLGUR[LGGHVRGLXDYkQGORFUHDFLLOH
2R(HCl)NH2 + Na2CO3
R Cl + NaOH
R NH2 + 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

R OH + NaCl
6FRSXOOXFUULLGHODERUDWRUHVWHFHOGHGHGXUL]DUHDDSHLFXDMXWRUXOVFKLPEWRULORUGH
ioni.
'HVFULHUHDLQVWDODLHLGHODERUDWRU
,QVWDODLLOHIRORVLWHSHQWUXGHGXUL]DUHDDSHLFXDMXWRUXOVFKLPEWRULORUGHLRQLVXQWGH
PDLPXOWHWLSXULvQIXQFLHGHQDWXUDFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHVFKLPEWRULORUGHLRQLIRORVLL)LJXUD
)LJ 6FKHPD LQVWDODLHL GH ODERUDWRU SHQWUX GHGXUL]DUHD DSHL FX VFKLPEWRUL GH LRQL
RUJDQLFLILOWUXFDWLRQLFILOWUXDQLRQLFYDVHFXVROXLLGHUHJHQHUDUHSRPSH
SHULVWDOWLFHYDVLQWHUPHGLDUYDVFXDSEUXW YDVFXDSGLVWLODWYDVJUDGDW
pentru colectarea apei dedurizate.
134
InstDODLDHVWHDOFWXLWvQSULQFLSDOGLQILOWUXOFDWLRQLFvQFUFDWFXFDWLRQLWRUJDQLF
de forma R SO3+LILOWUXODQLRQLFvQFUFDWFXDQLRQLWGHIRUPD5 NH2. Aceasta mai
FXSULQGH YDVHOH L FX VROXLLOH GH UHJHQHUDUH SRPSHOH SHULVWDOWLFH i 4, vasul
intermediar YDVXOFXDSEUXWYDVXOFXDSGLVWLODWYDVXOGHFROHFWDUHLXQQXPU
de robinete/cleme FX DMXWRUXO FURUD VH UHDOL]HD] FLUFXLWHOH GH GHGXUL]DUH UHJHQHUDUH L
VSODUH
$SDEUXWGLQYDVXOGHQLYHOVHLQWURGXFHvQILOWUXOFDWLRQLFSHODSDUWHDVXSHULRDU
FXGHELWXQLIRUP(DHVWHFROHFWDWvQYDVXOLQWHUPHGLDULDSRLLQWURGXVvQILOWUXODQLRQLF
'XULWDWHD DSHL EUXWH FkW L FHD D DSHL FROHFWDWH vQ YDVXO VH GHWHUPLQ SULQ PHWRGD
FRPSOH[RQRPHWULF
'XSXQWLPSODDFHODLGHELWDODSHLGHGHGXUL]DWGXULWDWHDUH]LGXDOYDFUHWHFHHD
FHLQGLFRDFWLYLWDWHVF]XWHSXL]DUHDVFKLPEWRULORUGHLRQL3HQWUXUHJHQHUDUHDDFHVWRUD
VHYDvQFKLGHFLUFXLWXODSHLEUXWHLVHYDLQWURGXFHvQFRORDQDFXDMXWRUXOSRPSHLVROXLH
de HCl din vasul 3, iar n coloana 2, cu ajutorul pompei 4, VROXLHGH1D2CO3 din vasul 3.
2SHUDLD GH UHJHQHUDUH GXUHD] FLUFD PLQXWH 'XS WHUPLQDUHD RSHUDLHL GH
UHJHQHUDUH VH WUHFH OD VSODUHD ILOWUHORU $VWIHO VH LQWURGXFH DS GLVWLODW GLQ YDVXO FDUH
GXSVFXUJHUHDSULQFRORDQHVHVFXUJHODFDQDO2SHUDLDVHFRQVLGHUWHUPLQDWFkQGQXPDL
VXQWSXLvQHYLGHQLRQLL&O- (tratare cu AgNO3).
&DUDFWHULVWLFDSULQFLSDODVFKLPEWRULORUGHLRQLRFRQVWLWXLHCapacitatea de schimb,
C, SULQ FDUH VH vQHOHJH FDQWLWDWHD PD[LP GH LRQL VFKLPEDL GH FWUH R DQXPLW PDV GH
VFKLPEWRULGHLRQLPJ&D2+ JVFKLPEWRUPJ&D2+ JVFKLPEWRUVDXPHFKLY&D2+ /g
VFKLPEWRU
Modul de lucru. Q FDGUXO OXFUULL GH ODERUDWRU VH ODV V WUHDF DSD GH GHGXUL]DW SULQWU-o
FRORDQ GH FDWLRQLW L DSRL SULQWU-R FRORDQ GH DQLRQLW FX R YLWH] GHWHUPLQDW &RORDQD GH
ODERUDWRU IRORVLW HVWH FRQIHFLRQDW GLQ VWLFO ILLQG SUHY]XW OD SDUWHD LQIHULRDU FX XQ
URELQHW FX DMXWRUXO FUXLD VH UHJOHD] GHELWXO GH FXUJHUH ,Q LQWHULRUXO FRORDQHL VH DIO
VFKLPEWRUXOGHLRQL$SDFDUHVHVFXWJHGLQFRORDQVHFXOHJHvQWU-un flacon conic de unde
se iau probe pentru determinarea pH-ului, DT, DCa L 'Mg conform metodelor
135
complexonometrice GHVFULVH DQWHULRU 'DF GHGXUL]DUHD HVWH WRWDO VH RELQH QXPDL YDULDLD
pH-OXLDSDGHYLQHDFLG
$FLGLWDWHD DSHL UHSUH]LQW gradul de mineralizare H[SULPDW FRQYHQLRQDO vQ PJ
H2SO4 /l H22SHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDJUDGXOXLGHPLQHUDOL]DUHVHSURFHGHD]OD dozarea acizilor
liberi dintr-XQYROXPPVXUDWGHDSFXRVROXLHGH1D2+QvQSUH]HQDIHQROIWDOHLQHLFD
indicator de viraj de la incolor la slab roz.
Modul de lucru. ntr-un flacon Erlenmayer de 100 cm3 se introduc 25 cm3 GHDSUH]XOWDW
din coloanD SOLQ FX VFKLPEWRU GH LRQL FDWLRQLW DSRL FP3 dH DS ELGLVWLODW L 2 3
SLFWXULGHIHQROIWDOHLQ'LQELXUHWVHDGXJvQSLFWXULVXEDJLWDUHFRQWLQXVROXLH1D2+
QSkQFHDSDUHFXORDUHDUR]FHVHPHQLQHFHOSXLQVVHFLWHWHYROXPul de NaOH
0,1n consumat (Nb*UDGXOGHPLQHUDOL]DUHVHFDOFXOHD]FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
G=
0,0049
25
100Nb = 0,196 x Nb , g H2SO4/ lH2O
5H]XOWDWHOHRELQXWHVHWUHFvQWDEHOHGHIRUPD
Nr. det.
$SEUXW
VDSml
VCIII,
MCIII,
ml
mol/l
$SDGHGXUL]DW
o
DT, d
VDSml
VCIII,
MCIII,
ml
mol/l
DT, od
Probleme propuse
1) &DUHYDILGXULWDWHDWRWDODDSHLRELQXWSULQDPHVWHFDUHDDP3 DSFX'T = 20 G
cu 50 m3 DSFX'T = 12 G?
R. 17,33 G
2) WLLQG GXULWDWHD WRWDO D DSHL GH * L FRQLQXWXO GH PJ 0J2+O DS V VH
FDOFXOH]HGXULWDWHDPDJQH]LDQLFDOFLFDDSHL
R. DMg = 4,6 G; DCa = 10,4 G
136
3) Care va fi Dt DXQHLDSHFDUHFRQLQHODXQOLWUXGHDSJELFDUERQDWGHFDOFLX
i 0,2 g bicarbonat de magneziu?
R. 12,84 G
WLLQG F vQ O GH DS VH JVHVF PJ &D2+ L PJ 0J2+ V VH FDOFXOH]H
GXULWDWHDWRWDODDSHLvQJUDGHIUDQFH]HJHUPDQHLPYDO&D2O
R. 21,27 F; 11,85 G; 4,23 mval CaO/l
&RQVLGHUkQGFvQWU-XQOLWUXGHDSPLQHUDOVHJVHVFPJ&D2+, 21 mg Mg2+,
394 mg Na+, 21 mg K+ LPJ+&23-VVHFDOFXOH]H'T DSHLLPDVD&22:
R. 25,84 G; 1,052 g CO2
6 VH FDOFXOH]H PDVD HFKLYDOHQW GH FDUERQDW GH FDOFLX FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH VUXULORU
din 100 m3 DSDFUHLGXULWDWH'T = 10 G.
R. 17,857 g
3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDGXULWLLDSHL't, DpL'T) s-au luat 120 cm3 DSGHDQDOL]DW
La titrDUHD ELFDUERQDLORU GH FDOFLX L PDJQH]LX V-au consumat 1,55 cm3 VROXLH GH DFLG
FORUKLGULFGHQ3HVWHVROXLDWLWUDWV-DXDGXJDWDSRLPOVROXLHDPHVWHF1D2+L
Na2CO3 pentru precipitarea ionilor Ca2+ L0J2+. Precipitatul format s-a separat prin filtrare,
iar filtratul s-a trecut cantitativ ntr-un flacon cotat de 500 cm3 L V-D FRPSOHWDW FX DS
GLVWLODWODVHPQ([FHVXOGHKLGUR[LGGHVRGLXLGHFDUERQDWGHVRGLXGLQFP3 GHVROXLH
OXDW GLQ IODFRQXO FRWDW D IRVW WLWUDW FX FP3 soOXLH +&O FX DFHHDL QRUPDOLWDWH Q
prealabil s-DJVLWFSHQWUXFP 3 VROXLH GH1D2+L1D2CO3 FXQRUPDOLWDWHDvQSUL
HJDOHVHFRQVXPFP3 VROXLHGH+&OGHDFHHDLQRUPDOLWDWH6DVHFDOFXOH]H't, DpL
DT vQJUDGHJHUPDQHGHGXULWDWH6VHVFULHLUHDFLLOHFDUHDXORF
R. Dt = 4,01 G, Dp = 5,96 G, DT = 9,97 G
3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD GXULWLL WHPSRUDUH D XQHL DSH V-au luat 75 cm3 DS L V-au
WLWUDW vQ SUH]HQGHPHWLORUDQJHGUHSWLQGLFDWRU FX VROXLH GH +&O GLQ FDUH V-au consumat
PO 6ROXLHL GH +&O L V-D GHWHUPLQDW FRQFHQWUDLD IRORVLQG J FDUERQDW GH VRGLX
137
anhidru, pentru care s-au consumat 11 cm3 VROXLH+&O&DUHHVWHGXULWDWHDWHPSRUDUDDSHL

GHDQDOL]DWH[SULPDWvQJUDGHJHUmane de duritate.
R. 4,49 G
2LQVWDODLHWHUPLFXWLOL]HD]DSFDOFDURDVFDUHDUHGXULWDWHDWHPSRUDU't = 1,2
*LGXULWDWHDSHUPDQHQW'p *DQDOL]DFKLPLFLQGLFkQGFDPEHOHIHOXULGHGXULWDWH
sunt datorate QXPDLVUXULORUGHFDOFLX&HFDQWLWLGHFDUERQDWGHVRGLXFXSXULWDWHDL
YDU QHVWLQV FX XQ FRQLQXW GH &D2 YRU IL QHFHVDUH SHQWUX vQGHSUWDUHD FRPSOHW D
GXULWLLGLQP3 GHDS"
5NJ&D2LNJ1D2CO3
10) Pentru deWHUPLQDUHDGXULWLLWHPSRUDUHDXQHLDSHGHDQDOL]DWV-a luat din aceasta
RSURELV-DWLWUDWFXVROXLHGHDFLGFORUKLGULFFXQRUPDOLWDWHDGHFRQVXPkQGX-se 5,6
cm3 6 VH FDOFXOH]HGXULWDWHDWHPSRUDUDDSHL GH DQDOL]DW H[SULPDW vQ JUDGH GH Guritate
JHUPDQHLPYDO&D2
R. 14,11 G sau 5,03 mval CaO/l
3ULQDQDOL]FKLPLFV-DGHWHUPLQDWFOLWULGHDSGHL]YRUFRQLQXUPWRDUHOH
FDQWLWLGHVUXULGHFDOFLXLPDJQH]LXJ&D+&23)2, 0,1 g CaSO4 LJ0J6246
sHFDOFXOH]HGXULWDWHDWRWDODDSHLDQDOL]DWHH[SULPDWvQJUDGHGHGXULWDWHJHUPDQH
R. DT = 34,3 G
3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD GXULWLL DSHL 't, Dp L 'T) s-au luat 120 cm3 DS GH
DQDOL]DWODWLWUDUHDELFDUERQDLORUGHFDOFLXLGHPDJQH]LXV-au consumat 2,1 cm3 VROXLHGH
DFLGFORUKLGULF1/DVROXLDWLWUDWV-DXDGXJDWDSRLFP3 GLQVROXLDXQXLDPHVWHF
GH KLGUR[LG GHVRGLXL FDUERQDWGHVRGLXFDUH DX SUHFLSLWDW VUXULOH GH FDOFLX L PDJQH]LX
VXE IRUP GH FDUERQDW GH FDOFLX L KLGUR[LG GH PDJQH]LX 3UHFLSLWDWXO RELQXW D IRVW
vQGHSUWDWSULQILOWUDUHQILOWUDWH[FHVXOGHKLGUR[LGGHVRGLXLGHFDUERQDWGHVRGLXDIRVW
titrat cu 34,3 cm3 GHVROXLHGHDFLGFORUKLGULFFXDFHHDLQRUPDOLWDWHQSDUDOHOV-DJVLWF
pentru 50 cm3 GH DPHVWHFGHKLGUR[LGGHVRGLXLFDUERQDWGHVRGLX DSUR[LPDWLY1vQ
SUL HJDOH VH FRQVXP FP3 VROXLH GH DFLG FORUKLGULF GH DFHHDL QRUPDOLWDWH 6 VH
138
determine Dt, DpL'T H[SULPDWHvQJUDGHGHGXULWDWHJHUPDQHLvQPYDO&D2OLVVHVFULH

HFXDLLOHUHDFLLORUFKLPLFH
R. Dt = 7,19 G, Dp = 7,71 G, DT = 14,90 G
8Q ILOWUX FDWLRQLF DYkQG GLDPHWUXO P L vQOLPHD GH P HVWH XPSOXW
70 % cu cationit avnd capacitatea de schimb de 25 mg Ca2+JLGHQVLWDWHDGHJPO
WLLQGFDSDDUHODLQWUDUH'T *LDUODLHLUH'T *VVHFDOFXOH]HFHYROXPGH
DSSRDWHILGHGXUL]DWSkQODHSXL]DUHDFRPSOHW
R. 216,6 m3 DS
8QILOWUXFDWLRQLFFXGLDPHWUXOGHPLvQOLPHDGHPHVWHXPSOXWFX
cationit cu densitatea de 0,85 g/cm3 L FDSDFLWDWHD GH VFKLPE LRQLF GH J &D2+ /100 g
FDWLRQLW&DOFXODLYROXPXOGHDSFDUHSRDWHILGHGXUL]DWWLLQGFDSDDUHGXULWDWHDWRWDO'T
= 22 G.
R. 159,23 m3 DS
2LQVWDODLHGHGHGXUL]DUHDDSHLHVWHDOLPHQWDWFXDSDFUHLGXULWDWHWRWDOHVWH
DT * ,QVWDODLD SURGXFH P3 DS ]L IRORVLQG ILOWUH FDWLRQLFH FX R Fapacitate de
schimb ionic de 2,8 g Ca2+J FDWLRQLW WLLQG F ILHFDUH ILOWUX FRQLQH NJ FDWLRQLW
FDOFXODL QXPUXO GH ILOWUH QHFHVDU vQ FDGUXO LQVWDODLHL PHQLRQkQG F DFHVWHD VXQW IRORVLWH
SkQODHSXL]DUHDORUFRPSOHW
R. 7 filtre
139
'(7(50,1$5($&21,1878/8,'(&20321(1787,/$81(,0$7(5,,
PRIME NATURALE
Determinarea coninutului de CaCO3 a unei probe de calcar
Materiile prime sunt produse naturale extrase dintr-RDQXPLWUHVXUVPLQHUDOVLOYLF
DQLPDO HWF VHPLIDEULFDWH neprelucrate (lingouri metalice, fibre textile, etc.) sau produse
sintetice rezultate n urma unor alte procese industriale (hidrocarburi, CO, H2, etc.) care se
IRORVHVF SHQWUX D RELQH GLYHUVH PDWHULDOH VHPLIDEULFDWH VDX SURGXVH ILQLWH Q JHQHUDO VH
FRQVLGHU F PDWHULLOH SULPH QDWXUDOH VXQW HSXL]DELOH FHOH VLQWHWLFH VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH FHO SXLQ
teoretic ca inepuizabile.
,PSRUWDQD ILHFUHL PDWHULL SULPH QDWXUDOH GHSLQGH GH JUDGXO GH UVSkQGLUH vQ VFRDUD
SPkQWXOXL GH FRQLQXWXO GH FRPSRQHQW XWLO GH XXULQD FX FDUH VH H[WUDJH GH YDORDUHD VD
LQGXVWULDOGHQDWXUDVXEFDUHVHDIOFRPSRQHQWDXWLOHWF
Carbonatul de calciu, CaCO3 UHSUH]LQW FRPSRQHQWD XWLO GLQ XUPWRDUHOH URFL
VHGLPHQWDUH FDOFDU FUHW GRORPLW PDUQ DUDJRQLW PDUPXU 3LDWUD GH YDU HVWH IRUPDW GLQ
FULVWDOHPLFLGHFDOFLW'HRELFHLHVWHDPHVWHFDWFXDOWHPLQHUDOHDVWIHOGHH[HPSOXvQDPHVWHF
cu MgCO3 IRUPHD]GRORPLWDLDUFkQGHVWHvQDPHVWHFFXDUJLODIRUPHD]PDUQD
)XQFLH GH FRQLQXWXO vQ DFHDVW FRPSRQHQW XWLO GH DOHJ L GRPHQLLOH GH XWLOL]DUH
LQGXVWULDO D DFHVWRU PDWHULL SULPH $VWIHO FDOFDUXO UHSUH]LQW PDWHULD SULP SULQFLSDO vQ
RELQHUHDYDUXOXLQHVWLQV&D2LDGLR[LGXOXLGHFDUERQ&22), la fabricarea sticlei silico calco
sodice, drept fondant Q LQGXVWULD PHWDOXUJLF HWF PDUQD FRQVWLWXLH PDWHULD SULP OD
IDEULFDUHD FLPHQWXULORU LDU GRORPLWXO HVWH XWLOL]DW OD IDEULFDUHD FUPL]LORU UHIUDFWDUH QHFHVDUH
FSWXLULL FXSWRDUHORU LQGXVWULDOH VDX FD IRQGDQW vQ LQGXVWULD PHWDOXUJLF QWUHEXLQULOH
FDOFDUXOXL SLHWUHL GH YDU vQ LQGXVWULD FKLPLF VXQW GLIHULWH OD IDEULFDUHD XQRU DOWH VUXUL vQ
LQGXVWULD ]DKUXOXL SHQWUX OLPSH]LUHD ]HPLL GH VIHFO vQ LQGXVWULD KkUWLHL L FDXFLXFXOXL FD L
PDWHULDO GH XPSOXWXU vQ FRVPHWLF GUHSW FRPSRQHQW SHQWUX R serie de pudre, etc. dintre toate
vQWUHEXLQULOHFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHVXQWODIDEULFDUHDYDUXOXLLDFLPHQWXOXL
&DOFDUXO FRQLQH DOWXUL GH FDUERQDW GH FDOFLX &D&23 L DOL FRPSXL vQ SURSRULL
YDULDELOH DO FURU FRQLQXW VH GHWHUPLQ SULQ DQDOL]H IL]LFH L FKLPLFH $VWIHO vQ FRPSR]LLD
140
FDOFDUXOXL DX IRVW LGHQWLILFDL VLOLFHD 6L22), alumina (Al2O3), oxizii de fier (Fe2O3, Fe3O4),
carbonatul de magneziu (MgCO3), sulfatul de calciu (CaSO4), etc.
'HWHUPLQDUHDFRQLQXWXOXLGH&D&23 al unei probe de calcar se poate realiza prin metode:
JUDYLPHWULFHYROXPHWULFHLJD] volumetrice.
Modul de lucru
&RQLQXWXO GH &D&23 DO XQHL SUREH GH FDOFDU VH GHWHUPLQ FX DMXWRUXO FDOFLPHWUXOXL
utilizndu-se FD PHWRG GH DQDOL] PHWRGD JD] YROXPHWULF 6FKHPD FDOFLPHWUXOXL XWLOL]DW
SHQWUXHIHFWXDUHDOXFUULLGHODERUDWRUHVWHSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUD
)LJ&DOFLPHWUXYDVGHUHDFLHILROFXVROXLHGH+&OELXUHWYDVGHQLYHO

URELQHWFXWUHLFL
&DOFLPHWUXOSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUDVHFRPSXQHGLQYDVXOGHUHDFLHFDUHFRPXQLFSULQ
LQWHUPHGLXOXQXLURELQHWFXWUHLFLFXELXUHWDJUDGDWLPDLGHSDUWHFXYDVXO de nivel
(4). n interiorul ELXUHWHL JUDGDWH L D YDVXOXL GH QLYHO VH DIO R VROXLH GH &X624 DFLGXODW FX
H2SO4FDUHVHUYHWHSHQWUXFLWLUHDGHQLYHOULLOLFKLGXOXLGLQELXUHW
141
'LQSUREDGHFDOFDUGHDQDOL]DWILQPRMDUDWVHFkQWUHVF-0,2 g de calcar, care se aduc

FDQWLWDWLYvQYDVXOGHUHDFLHQDFHODLYDVGHUHDFLHVHLQWURGXFHILRODFXRVROXLH+&O
DFUXLYROXPDVLJXUXQPLFH[FHVGH+&O6HvQFKLGHYDVXOHWDQFXFXGRSXOGHFDXFLXF
SUHY]XW FX WXE GH VWLFO DYkQG JULM V QX VH UVWRDUQH ILROD FX DFLG Q ELXUHWD VH DGXFH
OLFKLGXOODQLYHOXO]HURSULQULGLFDUHDYDVXOXLGHQLYHOURELQHWXOILLQGGHVFKLVLSHUPLkQG
OHJWXUDFXDWPRVIHUD6HvQFKLGHFXJULMURELQHWXOIFkQGOHJWXUDYDVXOXLGHUHDFLHQXPDi
FXELXUHWD3ULQEDODQVDUHDYDVXOXLVHUVWRDUQDFLGXOGLQILROSHVWHSUREDGHFDOFDUDYkQG
ORFXUPWRDUHDUHDFLH
CaCO3 + 2HCl
CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
3HPVXUFHDUHORFUHDFLDFKLPLFVHYDREVHUYDRGHSODVDUHDOLFKLGXOXLvQbiureta (3)
FDXUPDUHDSUHVLXQLLFUHDWHvQXUPDGHJDMULL&22. Pentru a se evita crearea de suprapresiune se
FRERDU YDVXO GH QLYHO 'XS XQ LQWHUYDO GH WLPS QHFHVDU SHQWUX HJDOL]DUHD WHPSHUDWXULL
JD]XOXL FX FHD DWPRVIHULF VH PVRDU YROXPXO GH GLR[id de carbon rezultat, prin aducerea
QLYHOXOXLOLFKLGXOXLGLQYDVXOGHQLYHOODDFHODLQLYHOFXOLFKLGXOGLQELXUHWD
Interpretarea rezultatelor
&XDMXWRUXOOHJLLJD]HORUSHUIHFWHVHWUDQVIRUPYROXPXOGH&229POFLWLWLQELXUHW
n volumul 9RFRUHVSXQ]WRUFRQGLLLORUVWDQGDUGGHWHPSHUDWXULSUHVLXQH
unde:
V volumul de CO2 UH]XOWDWPVXUDWvQFRQGLLLOHGHOXFUXPO
Pb SUHVLXQHDEDURPHWULFPP+J
h tensiunea de vapori a apei la temperatura de lucru (vezi Anexa);
t temperatura de lucru, C.
Masa de CO2 FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH YROXPXOXL 90 VH GHWHUPLQ FX DMXWRUXO OHJLL YROXPXOXL
molar:
142
Masa de component util, respectiv de CaCO3VHFDOFXOHD]FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
Cunoscnd masa de carbonat GHFDOFLXGLQSUREDGHFDOFDUVHSRDWHGHWHUPLQDFRQLQXWXO

procentual de CaCO3UHVSHFWLYSXULWDWHDFDOFDUXOXL3FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
Rezultatele H[SHULPHQWDOHRELQXWHVHWUHFvQWU-un tabel de date de forma:

Nr. det.
a,
V,
g calcar
ml CO2
V0,
Nml CO2
mCO2, g
mCaCO3,
g
P,
% CaCO3
Pm,
% CaCO3
Pm UHSUH]LQWPHGLDDULWPHWLFDYDORULORURELQXWHODGHWHUPLQDUHDSXULWLLFDOFDUXOXL3
143
Probleme propuse
1) 6VHGHWHUPLQHSXULWDWHDYDUXOXLRELQXWSULQSUHOXFUDUHDXQXLFDOFDUFDUHFRQLQH
MgCO3 LLPSXULWLVROLGHLQHUWHODWHPSHUDWXULULGLFDWH
R. 90,53% CaO
6HVXSXQFDOFLQULLNJGHFDOFDUFXXUPWRDUHDFRPSR]LLH&D&23, 5 %
MgCO3, 3 % UH]LGXXPLQHUDOXPLGLWDWH6VHFDOFXOH]H
DFDQWLWDWHDGHYDUWHKQLFRELQXW
b) puritatea varului;
c) volumul de CO2 rezultat.
R. 558 kg var tehnic cu 90 % CaO; 215 Nm3 CO2
6H SOHDF GH OD XQ FDOFDU FX &D&23 UHVWXO ILLQG LPSXULWL D FURU SLHUGHUH OD
FDOFLQDUHHVWHGH3ULQFDOFLQDUHDFDOFDUXOXLVHRELQHYDUWHKQLF6VHGHWHUPLQH
DSLHUGHUHDSURFHQWXDOODFDOFLQDUHDFDOFDUXOXL
EFRQLQXWXOSURFHQWXDOGH&D2GLQYDUXOWHKQLF
R. 42,97 %; 91,32 % CaO
3) ntr-RIDEULFGHVRGFDOFLQDWSURFHVXOWHKQRORJLFUHFODPXQGHELWGHP3 CO2/h
PVXUDWOD.LPP+J&HFDQWLWDWHGHSLDWUGHYDUFXXQFRQLQXWGH
CaCO3 L0J&23HVWHQHFHVDUvQWLPSGH24 H?
R. 10,701 t
3HQWUXRELQHUHDGH&D2L&22 VHDUGHXQDPHVWHFGHFDOFDULFRFVFDUHFRQLQH
FDOFDU L FRFV FRQVLGHUDW & FDOFDUXO FRQLQH &D&23 L
LPSXULWLFDUHUPkQQHWUDQVIRUPDWH9ROXmul de gaz consumat la arderea cocsului este de 1,1
RULPDLPDUHGHFkWYDORDUHDWHRUHWLFWLLQGFUDQGDPHQWXOGHGHVFRPSXQHUHDO&D&23 este de
LFvQWUHDJDFDQWLWDWHGHFRFVVHWUDQVIRUPvQ&22VVHFDOFXOH]H
DFDQWLWDWHDGH&D2UH]XOWDWla calcinarea unei tone de calcar;
ESXULWDWHDYDUXOXLWHKQLFRELQXW
c) volumul practic de aer (21 % O2), consumat n procesul de ardere a
cocsului.
R. 516,04 CaO; 86,79 % CaO; 850,236 Nm3 aer
144
6VHGHWHUPLQHYROXPXOGHGLR[LGGHFDUERQRELQXWvQFRQGLLLQRUPDOHSUHFXPLOD
7 .3 DWPSULQGHVFRPSXQHUHDWHUPLFDXQXLVRUWLPHQWGHFDOFDUFX&D&23.
R. 224 N l CO2; 1120 l CO2
6) ntr-RIDEULFGHVRGFDOFLQDWSURFHVXOWHKQRORJLFQHFHVLW80 m3 CO2KPVXUDWOD
&LPP+J&DOFXODLQHFHVDUXO]LOQLFGHFDOFDUFXXQFRQLQXWGH 89 % CaCO3 L
MgCO3FDUHvQGHSOLQHWHFRQGLLLOHLPSXVHGHSURFHVXOWHKQRORJLF
R. 27924,65 kg calcar
7) Ce volum de CO2 PVXUDW OD & L PP +J UH]XOW OD WUDWDUHD D J GH
PDUPXUFDUHFRQLQH&D&23 FXPOVROXLH+&OG JFP3&DUHVXEVWDQ
este n exces?
R. 30,973 m3CO2; 47,628 g HCl n exces
8) ntr-RIDEULFGHVRGFDOFLQDWSURFHVXOWHKQRORJLFQHFHVLWP3 CO2KPVXUDWOD
&LPP+J&DOFXODLQHFHVDUXO]LOQLFGHFDOFDUFXXQFRQLQXWGH&D&23 L
4 % MgCO3FDUHvQGHSOLQHWHFRQGLLLOHLPSXVHGHSURFHVXOWHKQRORJLF
R. 20899,2 kg calcar
6H VXSXQ FDOFLQULL W FDOFDU FX XQ FRQLQXW GH &D&23 L 0J&23, 2
VXEVWDQHLQHUWHLUHVWXOXPLGLWDWH6VHFDOFXOH]H
DPDVDYDUXOXLWHKQLFRELQXW
b) puritatea acestuia;
c) volumul de CO2 UH]XOWDWPVXUDWOD&LPP+J
R. 665,1 kg var tehnic; 92,95 % CaO; 280,227 m3CO2
145
CARACTERIZAREA COMBUSTIBILILOR
Indicatori de calitate ai combustibililor solizi
&RPEXVWLELOLLVXQWVXEVWDQHRUJDQLFHQDWXUDOHDUWLILFLDOHVDXVLQWHWLFHFDUHSULQDUGHUHD
ORUvQSUH]HQDR[LJHQXOXLGLQDHUGHJDMRFDQWLWDWHPDUHGHFOGXUDUGHUHDILLQGvQVRLWGHXQ
IHQRPHQOXPLQRVIODFUD'LQWUHFRPEXVWLELOLLVROL]LQDWXUDOLSXWHPHQXPHUDOHPQXOWXUEDL
FUEXQLLGHSPkQW
&UEXQLL GH SPkQW V-DX IRUPDW vQ XUPD WUDQVIRUPULORU ELRFKLPLFH L JHRFKLPLFH DOH
VXEVWDQHORU YHJHWDOH GLQ DUERUL LQLLDO vQ SUH]HQD XQHL FDQWLWL VF]XWH GH DHU VWDGLXO
WXUELILFULLLKXPLILFULLLvQILQDOvQDEVHQDWRWDODDHUXOXLVWDGLXOvQFDUERQDWULL
&UEXQLL FRQVWLWXLH R VXUV LPSRUWDQW GH HQHUJLH WHUPLF L WRWRGDW R PDWHULH SULP
IRDUWH LPSRUWDQW
SHQWUX LQGXVWULD FKLPLF 3UHOXFUDUHD DFHVWRUD SULQ FRFVLILFDUH
VHPLFRFVLILFDUH JD]HLILFDUH L VDX KLGURJHQDUH GHVWUXFWLY FRQGXFH OD RELQHUHD XQRU SURGXVH
FKLPLFHFXRYDORDUHHFRQRPLFULGLFDW
6WUXFWXUD L FRPSR]LLD FKLPLF D FUEXQLORU FRQVWLWXLH HOHPHQWH GH ED] SHQWUX
HODERUDUHD SURFHVHORU WHKQRORJLFH GH SUHOXFUDUH D DFHVWRUD &RPSR]LLD FKLPLF L SURSULHWLOH
IL]LFH DOH FUEXQLORU GHSLQG GH QDWXUD VXEVWDQHORU RUJDQLFH LQLLDOH L GH QDWXUD L LQWHQVLWDWHD
IDFWRULORUFRQGLLLOHFDUHDXvQVRLWDFHVWHWUDQVIRUPUL6XEVWDQHOHRUJDQLFHFDUHDXVWDWODED]D
WUDQVIRUPULL FUEXQLORU QDWXUDOL VXQW FHOXOR]D L OLJQLQD 0DWHULD SULP YHJHWDO FRQLQHD
~ 60 FHOXOR] OLJQLQLa ULQLLSURWHLQHQFRPSR]LLDFUEXQLORU
LQWU FRPSRQHQWH SULQFLSDOH PDVD RUJDQLF IRUPDW GLQ & + 1 2 6, PDVD DQRUJDQLF,
IRUPDWGLQVLOLFDLDOFDOLQLLDOFDOLQR SPkQWRLVXOIDLFDUERQDLILHUHWFLapa.
Q XUPD SURFHVXOXL GH vQFDUERQDWDUH DUH ORF R FUHWHUH D FRQLQXWXOXL GH FDUERQ L R
VFGHUHDFRQLQXWXOXLGHKLGURJHQR[LJHQPDWHULLYRODWLOHLXPLGLWDWH3URFHVXOHVWHvQVRLWGH
R FUHWHUH D GHQVLWLL R VFGHUH D VROXELOLWLL vQ VROXLL DOFDOLQH R DFFHQWXDUH D OXFLXOXL R
vQFKLGHUHDFXORULLLRVFGHUHDUHDFWLYLWLLFUEXQLORUIDGHR[LJHQLKLGURJHQ
&RPSRQHQWXO SULQFLSDO DO FUEXQLORU GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH HQHUJHWLF vO FRQVWLWXLH
FDUERQXODOFUXLFRQLQXWGHWHUPLQFODVLILFDUHDFUEXQLORUvQXUPWRDUHOHYDULHWL
146
%C
Lignit <
&UEXQHEUXQ
+XLO
Antracit
30-65 %
67-79 %
76-90 %
89,5-96,5 %
$OWXUL GH PDWHULDOXO RUJDQLF FUEXQH SXU FUEXQLL GH SPkQW PDL FRQLQ VXEVWDQH
PLQHUDOH SURYHQLWH GLQ HVXWXO SODQWHORU L GLQ PLQHUDOH DGLDFHQWH FDUH V-au amestecat cu masa
YHJHWDOLDSXPLGLWDWHQSURFHVXODUGHULLVXEVWDQHOHFDUHIRUPHD] PDVDDQRUJDQLFWUHF
DSURDSHvQvQWUHJLPHvQFHQXRFRPSRQHQWQHFRPEXVWLELOFDUHGHWHUPLQVFGHUHDSXWHULL
FDORULFHDFUEXQLORU
$SD FRQVWLWXLH R FRPSRQHQW FDUH SH GH R SDUWH PLFRUHD] FRQLQXWXO SURFHQWXDO GH
PDV FRPEXVWLELO LDU SH GH DOW SDUWH FRQVXP R DQXPLW FDQWLWDWH GH FOGXU SHQWUX
transformarea ei n vapori.
&RPSR]LLD HOHPHQWDO D FUEXQLORU GHILQHWH QRLXQLOH GH PDV FRPEXVWLELO
FRPEXVWLELO DQKLGUX L FRPEXVWLELO QDWXUDO FDUH VFKHPDWLF VH SRW UHSUH]HQWD SULQ XUPWRDUHD
dLDJUDP
C
S
Organic Sulfuri
Subst.
minerale
$S
0DVRUJDQLFFRPYHQLRQDO
0DVRUJDQLF
0DVFRPEXVWLELO
Combustibil anhidru
Combustibil natural
Balast
&HQX
Umidi
-tate
3HQWUXDVHFXQRDWHSURSULHWLOHWHKQRORJLFHDOHFUEXQLORUHVWHQHFHVDUVVHHIHFWXH]H
DQDOL]D ORU SULQ PHWRGH VWDQGDUGL]DWH vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH XPLGLWDWHD FHQXD PDWHULLOH YRODWLOH
FRFVXOLSXWHUHDFDORULF&UEXQLLHQHUJHWLFLVXQWFDUDFWHUL]DLSULQSXWHUHFDORULFFRQLQXWGH
FHQX XPLGLWDWH L FRQLQXW GH VXOI +XLOHOH FRFVLILFDELOH SH OkQJ FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH HQXPHUDWH
DQWHULRU PDL VXQW FDUDFWHUL]DWH SULQ FRQLQXW GH FRFV FRQLQXW GH PDWHULL YRODWLOH L SULQ
FRPSRUWDUHODWHPSHUDWXU
147
'HWHUPLQDUHDXPLGLWLLKLJURVFRSLFHDFUEXQLORU
QJHQHUDOFUEXQLLSUH]LQWXPLGLWDWHGHDGVRUELHvPELEDLHLXPLGLWDWHKLJURVFRSLF
Prin XPLGLWDWH GH DGVRUELH vPELEDLH VH vQHOHJH DSD UHLQXW GH FUEXQH DWXQFL FkQG
DFHVWD VH DIO vQWU-XQ VSDLX VDWXUDW FX YDSRUL GH DS FRQGLLL KLGURJHRORJLFH GLQ ]FPkQW
SURFHGHHGHFRQFHQWUDUHFRQGLLLGHGHSR]LWDUHHWF
8PLGLWDWHDKLJURVFRSLFHVWHvQSULQFLSLXWRWRXPLGLWDWHGHDGVRUELHGDUVHJVHWHvQ
FRPEXVWLELO QXPDL vQ DQXPLWH FRQGLLL 6H FRQVLGHU XPLGLWDWH KLJURVFRSLF, umiditatea
FRQLQXW vQ FUEXQHOH VXE IRUP GH SUDI L XVFDW vQ DHU OD & XPLGLWDWHD UHODWLY D DHUXOXL
ILLQGGHQSUDFWLFVHFRQVLGHUGUHSWumiditate higrosFRSLFXPLGLWDWHDFRQLQXWGHXQ
FUEXQHXVFDWODWHPSHUDWXUDFDPHUHL'HRDUHFHWHPSHUDWXUDLXPLGLWDWHDGLQODERUDWRUYDULD]
GHRELFHLSXLQXPLGLWDWHDKLJURVFRSLFVHPDLQXPHWHLXPLGLWDWHGHODERUDWRU
Principiul metodei. 8PLGLWDWHD KLJURVFRSLF D XQHL SUREH GH FUEXQH VH GHWHUPLQ SULQ XVFDUH
ntr-R ILRO GH FkQWULUH OD & vQ HWXY SkQ FkQG JUHXWDWHD SUREHL DQDOL]DWH UPkQH
FRQVWDQW
Mod de lucru. 6HFkQWUHVFODEDODQDDQDOLWLFvQWU-RILROGHFkQWULUH JGHFUEXQHILQ
PFLQDW)LRODGHFkQWULUHIUDILDFRSHULWFXFDSDFXOHLVHLQWURGXFHvQWU-RHWXYOD&L
VHPHQLQH- PLQXWH$FHDVWGHWHUPLQDUHQXVHH[HFXWODWHPSHUDWXULPDLPDULGHRDUHFH
FUEXQHOH VH SRDWH R[LGD VDX GHVFRPSXQH 6H DFRSHU ILROD FX FDSDFul, se introduce ntr-un
H[VLFDWRUXQGHVHUFHWHSkQODWHPSHUDWXUDFDPHUHLLDUDSRLVHFkQWUHWHODEDODQDDQDOLWLF
'DFVHQRWHD]FXPi PDVDvQJUDPHDSUREHLLQLLDOHGHFUEXQHLFXPfPDVDDFHOHDLSUREH
GXSXVFDUHXPLGLWDWHDKLJURVFRSLF8VHFDOFXOHD]FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
U=
mi
mf
mi
100,
&XQRVFkQGXPLGLWDWHDKLJURVFRSLFVHSRDWHFDOFXODFRQLQXWXOSURFHQWXDOGHFRPEXVWLELO
DQKLGUXFXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
Canh. = 100 U, %
148

Nr.
det.
6RUWLPHQWGHFUEXQH
mi , g
mf, g
U, %
Canh., %
'HWHUPLQDUHDFHQXLL
&HQXD HVWH UH]LGXXO VROLG GH QDWXU DQRUJDQLF UPDV GXS DUGHUHD FRPSOHW D XQXL
FRPEXVWLELO vQ SUH]HQD XQXL H[FHV GH DHU &HQXD LQFOXGH PDVD DQRUJDQLF FDUH QX VH
YRODWLOL]HD]vQWLPSXOGHVFRPSXQHULLWHUPLFH
Principiul metodei. 6HGHWHUPLQFHQXDXQXL FUEXQHSULQDUGHUHDXQHLSUREHGHFUEXQHvQWU-un
FUHX]HW GH SRUHODQ VDX GH SODWLQ OD IODFUD XQXL EHF GH JD] VDX vQWU-XQ FXSWRU FX PXI FX
WHPSHUDWXUUHJODELO
Mod de lucru. 6H FkQWUHVF OD EDODQD DQDOLWLF vQWU-XQ FUHX]HW GH SRUHODQ - J FUEune fin
PFLQDW6HLQWURGXFHFUHX]HWXOvQWU-XQFXSWRUHOHFWULFvQFO]LWODWHPSHUDWXUDGHa&LDUDSRL
VH FUHWH WHPSHUDWXUD SURJUHVLY OD F L VH PHQLQH OD DFHDVWD YDORDUH RUH 6H VFRDWH
FUHX]HWXOVHODVSHQWUXDVHUFLSHRSODFGH D]EHVWFLUFDPLQXWHGXSFDUHVHLQWURGXFH
ntr-XQ H[VLFDWRU SHQWUX D VH UFL OD WHPSHUDWXUD FDPHUHL 6H FkQWUHWH OD EDODQD DQDOLWLF
2SHUDLDGHFDOFLQDUHVHUHSHWSkQVHDMXQJHODRYDORDUHFRQVWDQWDFHQXLL'DFVHQRWHD]
FX P PDVD SUREHLGHFUEXQHL FXPc PDVDFHQXLL VH SRDWH FDOFXOD FRQLQXWXO SURFHQWXDO DO
FHQXLLFXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
c=
mc
100,
m
FXQRVFkQG XPLGLWDWHD L FHQXD XQHL SUREH GH FUEXQH VH SRDWH FDOFXOD PDVD FRPEXVWLELO D
probei, Mcombust.FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
Mcombust. = 100 (U + c), %
149

Nr.
det.
6RUWLPHQWFUEXQH
m, g
mc, g
c, %
Mcombust. %
'HWHUPLQDUHDPDWHULLORUYRODWLOHLDFRFVXOXL
3ULQvQFO]LUHDFUEXQLORUGHSPkQWODWHPSHUDWXUULGLFDW7!&vQDEVHQDWRWDO
D DHUXOXL R SDUWH GLQ FDUERQ VXOI VH FRPELQ FX KLGURJHQXO R[LJHQXO L D]RWXO H[LVWHQW GkQG
QDWHUHODSURGXVHYRODWLOHJD]RDVHLFRQGHQVDELOHUHVSHFWLYODmaterii volatile LODXQUH]LGXX
solid numit semicocs sau cocs IXQFLHGHWHPSHUDWXUDGHvQFO]LUH
3URFHVXOGHvQFO]LUHDOXQXLFRPEXVWLELOvQDEVHQDDHUXOXLSRDUWQXPHOHGLVWLODUHXVFDW
sau pirogenare6XEVWDQHOHJD]RDVHLFHOHvQVWDUHGHYDSRULFDUHVHGHJDMvQWLPSXOGLVWLOULL
FRQVWLWXLH SURGXVHOH YRODWLOH DOH FUEXQLORU &RPSR]LLD ORU HVWH FRPSOH[ L GHSLQGH GH
WHPSHUDWXUDODFDUHDIRVWvQFO]LWFUEXQHOHSUHFXPLWLSXOGHFUEXQHDQDOL]DW.
3OHFkQG GH OD XQ FUEXQH DIODW OD WHPSHUDWXUD PHGLXOXL DPELDQW HO YD LQFOXGH L DSD
KLJURVFRSLFLDUPDWHULLOHYRODWLOHGHWHUPLQDWHYRUFRQLQHLXPLGLWDWHD
%, materii volatile totale = %, materii volatile combustibile + %, umiditate
Concomitent cu GHWHUPLQDUHD PDWHULLORU YRODWLOH VH H[HFXW L GHWHUPLQDUHD FRFVXOXL
VHPLFRFVXOXL$FHVWDLQFOXGHLFHQXDSDUWHDPLQHUDOFDUHQXDUGH
Principiul metodei. 0DWHULLOH YRODWLOH L FRFVXO VH GHWHUPLQ SULQ vQFO]LUHD FUEXQHOXL ILQ
PUXQLWSUDIvQWU-XQFUHX]HWGHSRUHODQSUHY]XWFXFDSDFvQDEVHQDDHUXOXLODWHPSHUDWXUD
de 950C, timp de 7 minute.
Mod de lucru. 6H FkQWUHVF OD EDODQD DQDOLWLF vQWU-XQ FUHX]HW GH SRUHODQ DSUR[LPDWLY J
FUEXQHILQPFLQDW6HDFRSHUFXXQFDSDFGHSRUHODQL se introduce ntr-XQFXSWRUvQFO]LWOD
WHPSHUDWXUDGH&6HPHQLQHvQFXSWRUWLPSGHPLQXWH6HVFRDWHFUHX]HWXOSHRSODFGH
150
D]EHVWLVHODVVVHUFHDVFSXLQODDHU3HQWUXDVHUFLODWHPSHUDWXUDFDPHUHLVHLQWURGXFH
ntr-un exsicator. SH FkQWUHWH GLQ QRX OD EDODQD DQDOLWLF &RQLQXWXO SURFHQWXDO GH FRFV VH
FDOFXOHD]FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
K=
mK
100,
m
unde: m PDVDSUREHLGHFUEXQHJ
mK PDVDSUREHLGHFRFVRELQXWJ
&XQRVFkQGFRQLQXWXOSURFHQWXDOGHFRFV.VHSRDWHGHWHUPLQDLFRQLQXWXOSURFHQWXDO
al materiilor volatile totale, VtFXUHODLD
Vt = 100 K, %
/XkQG vQ FRQVLGHUDUH XPLGLWDWHD FUEXQHOXL 8 GHWHUPLQDW DQWHULRU VH GHWHUPLQ
FRQLQXWXOSURFHQWXDODOPDWHULLORUSULPHFRPEXVWLELOH9c, cu ajutoUXOUHODLHL
Vc = Vt U, %
Nr.
6RUWLPHQWFUEXQH
m, g
mK, g
K, %
Vt, %
Vc, %
det.
Determinarea puterii calorice

3XWHUHD FDORULF UHSUH]LQW SULQFLSDOD FDUDFWHULVWLF GXS FDUH VH DSUHFLD] XQ
combustibil din punct de vedere termic. 3XWHUHDFDORULFUHSUH]LQWFDQWLWDWHDGHFOGXUFDUH
VHGHJDMODDUGHUHDFRPSOHWDXQHLXQLWLGHPDVGHFRPEXVWLELOLVHH[SULPvQNFDONJVDu
kJ/kg. 'HRDUHFH PDMRULWDWHD FRPEXVWLELOLORU FRQLQ XPLGLWDWH L KLGURJHQ FDUH SULQ DUGHUH
151
FRQGXFHODIRUPDUHDDSHLVHGHRVHEHVFGRXIHOXULGHSXWHULFDORULFHXQDVXSHULRDU3s LDOWD
LQIHULRDU3i.
3XWHUHD FDORULF VXSHULRDU, UHSUH]LQW FDQWLWDWHD GH FOGXU GHJDMDW OD DUGHUHD XQXL
kilogram de combustibil n cazul cnd, att apa UH]XOWDW vQ XUPD DUGHULL KLGURJHQXOXL FkW L
XPLGLWDWHDVHJVHVFGXSDUGHUHVXEIRUPOLFKLGODWHPSHUDWXUDFDPHUHL
3XWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDU UHSUH]LQWFDQWLWDWHDGHFOGXUGHJDMDWvQFD]XOvQFDUHDSD
GLQ SURGXVHOH GH DUGHUH VH JVHWH VXE IRUP GH YDSRUL 'LIHUHQD GLQWUH SXWHUHD FDORULF
VXSHULRDU L SXWHUHD FDORULF LQIHULRDU UHSUH]LQW FDQWLWDWHD GH FOGXU QHFHVDU SHQWUX FD
ntreaga cantitate de aSUH]XOWDWODDUGHUHDXQLWLLGHPDVGHFRPEXVWLELOVWUHDFGLQVWDUH
OLFKLGvQVWDUHGHYDSRUL
3XWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDUVHSRDWHFDOFXODvQIXQFLHGHSXWHUHDFDORULFVXSHULRDUGDF
VHFXQRDWHFRQLQXWXOSURFHQWXDOGHKLGURJHQLXPLGLWDWHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLFXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
Pi = Ps 6(9H + U), kcal/kg
unde: H FRQLQXWXOSURFHQWXDODOKLGURJHQXOXLvQFRPEXVWLELO
U XPLGLWDWHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLH[SULPDWvQSURFHQWHGHJUHXWDWH
3XWHUHDFDORULFDXQXLFRPEXVWLELOVHSRDWHGHWHUPLQDILHIRORVLQGXQHOHUHODLLVWDELOLWH
HPSLULF FDUH XWLOL]HD] UH]XOWDWHOH DQDOL]HL HOHPHQWDUH VDX DOH DQDOL]HL WHKQLFH FRFV VXEVWDQH
YRODWLOHFHQXLXPLGLWDWHILHSHFDOHH[SHULPHQWDO
$VWIHOSHED]DUH]XOWDWHORURELQXWHVHSRDWHGHWHUPLQDFXREXQDSUR[LPDLHSXWHUHD
FDORULFDFUEXQHOXLDQDOL]DWIRORVLQGUHODLD
Q = 81,5C + a.Vc, kcal/kg
unde: Q SXWHUHDFDORULF
C FUEXQHIL[FRFV FHQX
V materii volatile combustibile;
152
a XQ FRHILFLHQW FRQVWDQW FDUH YDULD] IXQFLH GH SURFHQWXO GH PDWHULLYRODWLOH 9) a
FUEXQHOXLSXUIUDSLFHQX
V,=
100Vc
100Vc
=
100-(U+c)
Mc
9DULDLDFRHILFLHQWXOXLDvQIXQFLHGHSURFHQWXOGHPDWHULLYRODWLOH9
V
14
120
24
104
34
95
145
15
117
25
103
35
94
142
16
115
26
102
36
91
139
17
113
27
101
37
88
136
18
112
28
100
38
85
133
19
110
29
94
39
82
10
130
20
109
30
98
40
80
11
127
21
108
31
97,5
41
78
12
124
22
107
32
97
42
75
13
122
23
105
33
96
43
72,5
2EVHUYDLHSHQWUXYDORULLQWHUPHGLDUHDOHOXL9YDORDUHDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDFRQVWDQWHL
DVHFDOFXOHD]SULQLQWHUSRODUH.
'DWHPDLH[DFWHSULYLQGSXWHUHDFDORULFDFRPEXVWLELOLORUVROL]LVHGHWHUPLQSUDFWLFFX
ajutorul aparatului denumit bomba caloriPHWULFYH]L67$6 69).
153
'(7(50,1$5($&21&20,7(17$68/)8/8,,$=278/8,',1&5%81,
(Metoda bombei calorimetrice)
QXUPDFRPEXVWLHLvQERPEDFDORULPHWULFDXQHLSUREHGHFUEXQHVHSRDWHFRQVLGHUD
F vQWUHDJD FDQWLWDWH GH VXOI FRPEXVWLELO GLQ FUEXQH WUHFH vQ JD]HOH GH DUGHUH VXE IRUP GH
GLR[LGGHVXOILDSURDSHvQWUHDJDFDQWLWDWHGHD]RWWUHFHVXEIRUPGHR[L]LGHD]RW
La barbotarea gazelor de combustie, printr-R VROXLH GH DS R[LJHQDW VDX DOW R[LGDQW
are loc oxidarea GLR[LGXOXLGHVXOIODWULR[LGGHVXOILDR[LGXOXLGHD]RWODGLR[LGGHD]RWLDUvQ
XUPDUHDFLHLFXDSDVHYDRELQHRVROXLHFDUHFRQLQHDFLGVXOIXULFLDFLGD]RWLF
SO2 + H2O2
2NO2 + H2O2
H2SO4
2HNO3
Doznd H2SO4 L +1O3 GLQ VROXLD DVWIHO RELQXW SULQ FDOFXOH VLPSOH VH SRDWH
GHWHUPLQDFRQLQXWXOSURFHQWXDOGHVXOLD]RWGLQFUEXQHOHDQDOL]DW
$FHDVWPHWRGGHGHWHUPLQDUHFRQFRPLWHQW DVXOIXOXLLD]RWXOXLHVWHSULQWUHFHOHPDL
IRORVLWH vQ SUDFWLF GHRDUHFH RGDW FX GHWHUPLQDUHD SXWHULL FDORULFH D FRPEXVWLELOXOXL VH RELQ
LQIRUPDLLUHIHULWRDUHLODFRQLQXWXOGHVXOILD]RWDODFHVWXLDOXFUXIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWvQFHHDFH
SULYHWHSURWHFLDPHGLXOXLvQFRQMXUWRU
Modul de lucru. 'XSWHUPLQDUHDFRPEXVWLHLSUREHLGHFUEXQHvQERPEDFDORULPHWULFDFHDVWD
VHPDLPHQLQHvQFKLVvQFDSUR[LPDWLYPLQXWHWLPSvQFDUHDUHORFGL]ROYDUHDXQHLSULGLQ
R[L]LL GLQ JD]HOH GH FRPEXVWLH vQ DSD LQWURGXV vQ ERPED FDORULPHWULF vQDLQWH vQFHSHULL
GHWHUPLQULL3HQWUXUHLQHUHDFRPSOHWDR[L]LORUGLQJD]HOHGHFRPEXVWLHDFHVWHDGLQXUPVH
WUHF FX XQ GHELW IRDUWH PLF VH EDUERWHD] SULQWU-R VROXLH GH +2O2, cnd are loc oxidarea
FRPSOHW D R[L]LORU GH VXOI L D]RW L WUDQVIRUPDUHD DFHVWRUD vQ DFLG VXOIXULF L UHVSHFWLY DFLG
D]RWLF'XSWHUPLQDUHDRSHUDLHLGHEDUERWDUHERPEDFDORULPHWULFVHGHPRQWHD]LFRQLQXWXO
ei se trece cantitativ n vasul n care s-DX EDUERWDW JD]HOH %RPED FDORULPHWULF VH VSDO vQ
LQWHULRUGHFkWHYDRULFXDSGLVWLODWLDUDSHOHGHVSODUHVHFROHFWHD]vQDFHODLYDVvQFDUHD
avut loc barbotarea gazelor.
154
6ROXLD DVWIHO RELQXW VH ILOWUHD] DSRL VH WLWUHD] vQ SUH]HQ GH PHWLORUDQJH GUHSW
LQGLFDWRU FX R VROXLH GH KLGUR[LG GH VRGLX GH QRUPDOLWDWH FXQRVFXW Q Vtabilindu-se n
DFHVWPRGDFLGLWDWHDWRWDO
/DVROXLDWLWUDWVHDGDXJDPRQLDFGLOXDWvQH[FHVSHQWUXSUHFLSLWDUHDILHUXOXLVH
vQFO]HWH OD ILHUEHUH L VH ILOWUHD] SULQWU-XQ ILOWUX FDQWLWDWLY 3UHFLSLWDWXO FDUH VH IRUPHD]
HYHQWXDOVHVSDOFDQWLWDWLYFXDSGLVWLODWILHUELQWH
)LOWUDWXO$VWIHORELQXW-POVHDFLGXOHD]FX+&OGLOXDWVHDGXFHODILHUEHUHL
VHWUDWHD]FXRVROXLHILHUELQWHGH%D&O2, pentru precipitarea ionului SO42-VXEIRUPGH%D624.
Precipitatul de BaSO4 VHVHSDUFDQWLWDWLYSHXQFUHX]HW*4 vQSUHDODELOWDUDWLGXSXVFDUHK
vQHWXYOD&VHGHWHUPLQFDQWLWDWHDGH%D624 RELQXW
&RQVLGHUkQG F V-DX VXSXV FRPEXVWLHL vQ ERPED FDORULPHWULF a J GH FUEXQH F
DFLGLWDWHDWRWDOV-a neutralizat cu NNaOH POVROXLHKLGUR[LGGHVRGLXFXQRUPDOLWDWHDnNaOH LF
sulfatul de bariu uscat a avut masa b J FRQLQXWXO SURFHQWXDO GH VXOI L D]RW GLQ FUEXQH VH
FDOFXOHD]FXDMXWRUXOUHODLLORU
S% =
N% =
bBaSO 4 AS
100
MBaSO 4 a
nNaOH
NNaOH
100
bBaSO 4
EBaSO 4
unde AS L$N VXQWPDVHOHDWRPLFHDOHVXOIXOXLLD]RWXOXL
AN
100
a
155
Probleme propuse
8QFUEXQHFRQLQkQG&L+2 disponibil, este ars cu aer n exces de 40 %.
6VHFDOFXOH]H
a) consumul specific de aer necesar pentru ardere, n Nm3 DHUNJFUEXQH
E FRPSR]LLD SURFHQWXDO YROXPHWULF D JD]XOXL GH DUGHUH FRQVLGHUkQG DUGHUHD
WRWDO
R. 13,44; 14,03 % CO2, 6,97 % O2 n exces, 79,00 % N2
2) ntr-XQFXSWRUVHDUGHFRFVFXXQGHELWGHNJK&RFVXOFRQLQH&L
VXEVWDQHPLQHUDOHLQHUWH5DQGDPHQWXOGHDUGHUHDO&HVWHGHLDUGLQFHODUVWUHFHOD
&2([FHVXOGHDHUHVWHGH6VHFDOFXOH]H
a) debitul orar al aerului;
EFRPSR]LLDJD]HORUGHDUGHUHvQYRO
R. 4913,14 m3/h; 78,19 % N2, 15,87 % CO2; 0,49 % CO, 4,83 % O2
&RPSR]LLDXQXLFUEXQHEUXQHVWHXUPWRDUHD&+26
FRPEXVWLELO1VXEVWDQHPLQHUDOHLQHUWHXPLGLWDWH6VHFDOFXOH]HDHUXO
teoretic necesar arderiLDNJFUEXQHSUHFXPLFRPSR]LLDJD]XOXLGHDUGHUHXVFDWYRO
R. 574,27 Nm3 aer; 17,35 % CO2, 82,47 % N2, 0,18 % SO2
/D DQDOL]D XQXL FUEXQH V-DX RELQXW XUPWRDUHOH GDWH XPLGLWDWH PDWHULL
volatile 17,45 %, cocs FHQX6VHGHWHUPLQHSXWHUHDFDORULFIRORVLQGUHODLD
lui Goutal.
R. 7584 kcal /kg
&XQRVFkQGFRPSR]LLDXQXLFRPEXVWLELOJD]RV&+4, 1 % C2H6, 3 % N2 (% vol.)
VVHGHWHUPLQHYROXPXOWHRUHWLFGHDHUQHFHVDUDUGerii complete.
156
R. 9,31 m3/1 m3 gaz

6) ntr-XQIRFDUVHDUGNJDQWUDFLWRUFUEXQHOHFRQLQkQG&+
VXEVWDQH PLQHUDOH LQHUWH UHVWXO SkQ OD FRPSXL FX 12 L 22 &DOFXODL FRQVXPXO
specific teoretiF&VWLSUDFWLF&VSGHDHULJUDGXOGHXWLOL]DUH8WLLQGFVHXWLOL]HD]
XQH[FHVGHDHUGHLFDHUXOFRQLQH22.
R. Cs.t = 5180,48 Nm3/h; Cs.p= 6475,60 Nm3/h, U = 80 %.
6 VH FDOFXOH]H DHUXO WHRUHWLF QHFHVDU 1P3) pentru arderea unui kilogram de
FRPEXVWLELOFDUHFRQLQH&FDUERQ+KLGURJHQ2R[LJHQL6VXOI
8
C + 8H + S
0,775 3
23
8) ntr-XQIRFDUVHDUGNJDQWUDFLWRUFUEXQHOHFRQLQkQG&+
VXEVWDQHPLQHUDOHLQHUWHXPLGLWDWHLUHVWXOSkQODFRPSXLFX12 L22&DOFXODL
FRQVXPXOVSHFLILFWHRUHWLF&VWLSUDFWLF&VSGHDHULJUDGXOGHXWLOL]DUH8WLLQGFVH
XWLOL]HD]XQH[FHVGHDHUGHLFDHUXOFRQLQH22.
R. Cs.t = 7466,67 Nm3/h; Cs.p= 9333,34 Nm3/h, U = 79,99 %.
9) ntr-RERPEFDORULPHWULFvQYHGHUHDGHWHUPLQULLFRQLQXWXOXLGHVXOILD]RWGLQWU-un
VRUWGHFUEXQHV-DDUVGLQDFHDVWDRSDVWLOGHJ6ROXLDRELQXWSULQEDUERWDUHDJD]HORU
L GLQ XUP VSOULL JD]HORU V-a titrDW FX R VROXLH GH KLGUR[LG GH VRGLX 1 GLQ FDUH V-a
consumat 16,2 cm3 'XS DFHDVW QHXWUDOL]DUH V-a determinat gravimetric ionul SO42-,
RELQkQGX-VH J VXOIDW GH EDULX &DUH D IRVW FRQLQXWXO SURFHQWXDO GH VXOI L D]RW GLQ
FUEXQHOHDUVvQERPEDFDORULPHWULF"
R. 1,68 % S; 0,35% N
/D GHWHUPLQDUHD FRQLQXWXOXL GH VXOI L D]RW GLQWU-XQ FUEXQH HQHUJHWLF V-a folosit
PHWRGDERPEHLFDORULPHWULFH3HQWUXDFHDVWDDFLGLWDWHDWRWDODVROXLHLUH]XOWDWHODGHWHUPLQarea
SXWHULL FDORULFH D XQHL SUREH GH J FUEXQH D IRVW QHXWUDOL]DW SULQ WLWUDUH FX VROXLH GH
hidroxid de sodiu 0,1 N, consumndu-se 45,15 cm3LDUGXSSUHFLSLWDUHDLRQXOXL6242- FXFORUXU
de bariu, s-DXRELQXWJ%D6246HFHUHVVHGHWHUmine:
157
DSURFHQWXOGHVXOILD]RWGLQFUEXQHOHDQDOL]DW
E9ROXPXOGHELR[LGGHVXOIFDUHVHRELQHSULQDUGHUHDDWGHDVWIHOGH
FUEXQH GDF JD]XO HVWH FROHFWDW OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH & L SUHVLXQHD GH R DWPRVIHU IDFWRUXO
T/T0 = 1,091);
c) 9ROXPXOVROXLHLGH1D2+GHG JFP3) necesar pentru
purificarea gazelor de ardere (rezultate la punctul b) de SO2.
R. 5 % S, 1,0 % N; 381,85 m3SO2; 3959,14 l sol NaOH
OD GHWHUPLQDUHD FRQLQXWXOXL GH VXOI L D]RW SULQ PHWRGD arderii complete n bomba
FDORULPHWULF V-DX OXDW J FUEXQH LDU VROXLD UH]XOWDW vQ ERPE FkW L FHD UH]XOWDW SULQ
barbotarea gazelor formate, s-D WLWUDW FX VROXLH GH KLGUR[LG GH VRGLX 1 GLQ FDUH V-au
consumat 64 cm3. La precipitarea sulfului VXEIRUP GH VXOIDW GH EDULX V-DX RELQXW J 6H
cere:
DFRQLQXWXOSURFHQWXDOGHVXOILGHD]RWGLQFUEXQH
b) Ce cantitate de SO2 vQ NJ L vQ 1P3 VH RELQH SULQ DUGHUHD D W
FUEXQHGDFUDQGDPHQWXOGHDUGHUHDDOVXOIXOXLGLQFUEXQHHVWe de 95 %;
FWLLQGFSULQDUGHUHDDNJFUEXQHFX+LXPLGLWDWHVH
GHJDMNFDOVVHFDOFXOH]HSXWHUHDFDORULFVXSHULRDUDFUEXQHOXLvQNFDONJ
GFHFDQWLWDWHGHFRPEXVWLELO FRQYHQLRQDO FF HVWH HFKLYDOHQW X NJ
din FUEXQHOHDQDOL]DWDFUXLSXWHUHFDORULFHVWHGDWODSXQFWXOF
R. 5,07 % S, 2,45 % N; 33,715 Nm3 SO2; Ps NFDONJNJFUEXQH NJFF
158
'(7(50,1$5($387(5,,&$/25,&($&20%867,%,/,/25*$=2,
Puterea FDORULFDXQXLFRPEXVWLELOUHSUH]LQWFDQWLWDWHDGHFOGXUFDUHUH]XOWODDUGHUHD
FRPSOHWDXQHLXQLWLGHPDVNJVDXGHYROXP1P3GHFRPEXVWLELOXVFDWDUGHUHHIHFWXDW
vQFRQGLLL QRUPDOHGHSUHVLXQHLWHPSHUDWXUQIXQFLHGHVWDUHDGHDJUHJDUHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXL
SXWHUHD FDORULF VH H[SULP vQ NFDONJ VDX N-NJ SHQWUX FRPEXVWLELOLL VROL]L VDX OLFKL]L L vQ
kcal/Nm3 sau kJ/Nm3 SHQWUXFRPEXVWLELOLLJD]RL
3XWHUHD FDORULF UHSUH]LQW SULQFLSDOXO LQGLFDWRU FX FDUH VH DSUHFLD] FDOLWDWHD
FRPEXVWLELOLORUSHED]FUXLDVHHIHFWXHD]FDOFXOHOHQHFHVDUXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELO
3HQWUXDFHODLFRPEXVWLELOVHGHILQHVFGRXSXWHULFDORULFH
-
Puterea FDORULFVXSHULRDU3s;
3XWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDU, Pi.
3XWHUHD FDORULF VXSHULRDU Ps UHSUH]LQW FDQWLWDWHD GH FOGXU UH]XOWDW OD DUGHUHD
FRPSOHWDXQHLXQLWLGHPDVVDXGHYROXPGHFRPEXVWLELOFRQVLGHUkQGSURGXVHOHGHDUGHUHOD
&FkQGDSDUH]XOWDWGLQDUGHUHDKLGURJHQXOXLFkWL DSDGDWRUDWXPLGLWLLFRPEXVWLELOXOXL
UH]XOW vQ VWDUH OLFKLG vQ DFHVW FD] YDORDUHD 3s LQFOXGH L FOGXUD ODWHQW GH FRQGHQVDUH D
YDSRULORUGHDSSURFHVH[RWHUP
3XWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDU, PiUHSUH]LQWFDQWLWDWHDGHFOGXUFDUHVHGHJDMODDrderea
XQHLXQLWLGHPDVVDXGHYROXPGHFRPEXVWLELOVROLGOLFKLGVDXJD]RVFRQVLGHUkQGSURGXVHOH
GHDUGHUHODRWHPSHUDWXUPDLPDUHGHFkWWHPSHUDWXUDGHFRQGHQVDUHDYDSRULORUGHDSvQDFHVW
caz, valoarea Pi UHSUH]LQW DSRUWXO UHDO GH FOGXU RELQXW SULQ DUGHUHD XQHL XQLWL GH
combustibil.
QWUHDFHVWHPULPLH[LVWUHODLD
Ps > Pi
'LIHUHQD 3s Pi UHSUH]HQWkQG FOGXUD FRQVXPDW SHQWUX YDSRUL]DUHD DSHL SURFHV
HQGRWHUP 9DORDUHD SXWHULL FDORULFH D FRPEXVWLELOLORU GHSLQGH GH FRPSR]LLD DFHVWRra, fiind
GHWHUPLQDW GH FRPSRQHQWHOH ORU 9DORDUHD 3i LFRPSR]LLD YRO SULQFLSDOLORU FRPEXVWLELOL
JD]RLVXQWUHGDWHvQWDEHOXO
159
7DEHOXO&RPSR]LLDLSXWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDUDSULQFLSDOLORUFRPEXVWLELOLJD]RL
Gazul
&RPSR]LLDYRO
H2
CH4
CO
C2H2
*D]GHDS
Gaz de cocserie
Gaz de furnal
Gaz mixt
H2
10
0
49
50
4
12
CO
100
100
42
8
28
28
CH4 C2H2 C2H4 CO2

100
100
0,5
5,0
29
4,0
2,0
8,0
3
0,2
3,0
3XWHUHDFDORULF
LQIHULRDU3i
N2 Kcal/Nm3 kJ/Nm3
2570
10760
8550
35797
3020
12644
13600
56940
3,0
2580
10802
7,0
4600
19259
60,0
950
3977
54,0
1440
6,029
'HWHUPLQDUHDSXWHULLFDORULFHDFRPEXVWLELOLORUJD]RLVHSRDWHHIHFWXDSULQFDOFXOHFkQG
VHFXQRDWHFRPSR]LLDFKLPLFVDXSHFDOHH[SHULPHQWDOFXDMXWRUXOFDORULPHWUHORU
Cunoscndu-VHFRPSR]LLDFKLPLFDXQXLFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVSXWHUHDFDORULFDDFHVWXLD
VHSRDWHFDOFXODFXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
Pi =
n Pi ci
i=1 100
, kcal/Nm3 sau kJ/Nm3
unde: ci FRQFHQWUDLDFHORULFRPSRQHQWHFRmbustibile, % vol.;

pi SXWHUHD FDORULF LQIHULRDU D ILHFUHL FRPSRQHQWH FRPEXVWLELOH NFDO1P3 sau
kJ/Nm3.
3XWHUHD FDORULF D JD]HORU FRPEXVWLELOH vQ VWDUH SXU VH JVHWH GLUHFW vQ WDEHOH GH
specialitate sau se poate calcula din entalpiile lor de combustie. Deoarece analiza unui gaz
FRPEXVWLELOQHFHVLWRDSDUDWXUVSHFLDOFURPDWRJUDIHGHJD]HGHH[LQHFHVLWXQWLPSPDL
vQGHOXQJDW vQ SUDFWLF VH UHFXUJH OD GHWHUPLQDUHD SXWHULL FDORULFH SH FDOH H[SHULPHQWDO
folosindu-se mai multe tipuri de calorimetre. Dintre acestea cel mai cunoscut/utilizat este
calorimetrul Junckers.
)XQFLRQDUHDFDORULPHWUXOXL-XQFNHUVVHED]HD]SHDEVRUELDFRQWLQXGHFWUHXQFXUHQW
GHDSDvQWUHJLLFDQWLWLGHFOGXUFDUHVHGHJDMODDUGHUHDFRPSOHWDXQXLFXUHQWFRQWLQXX
GLQ JD]XO FRPEXVWLELO D FUXL SXWHUH FDORULF XUPHD] D IL GHWHUPLQDW 3XWHUHD FDORULF VH
GHWHUPLQFXQRVFkQGYROXPXOGHJD]FDUHDIRVWDUVvQFDORULPHWUXFDQWLWDWHDGHDSFDUHDWUHFXW
160
SULQFDORULPHWUXvQWLPSXODUGHULLDFHVWXLYROXPGHJD]UHVSHFWLYGLIHUHQDGHWHPSHUDWXUDDSHL
ODLQWUDUHDLODLHLUHDGLQFDORULPHWUX'DFvQWU-un interval oarecare de timp a ars un volum V,
GHFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVDFUXLSXWHUHFDORULFVXSHULRDUHVWH3sFDQWLWDWHDGHFOGXUUH]XOWDW4r,
SRDWHILFDOFXODWFXUHODLD
Qr = V Ps , kcal
unde Ps UHSUH]LQWSXWHUHDFDORULFVXSHULRDUDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLDUVNFDO1P3.
&OGXUDDEVRUELW4aGHPDVD0GHDSFDUHDWUHFXWSULQFDORULPHWUXLV-DvQFO]LWGHOD
WHPSHUDWXUDLQLLDOWiODWHPSHUDWXUDILQDOWf (tf > ti) YDILGDWGHUHODLD
Qa = M c (t f
t i ),
kcal
unde c FOGXUD VSHFLILFDDSHLF NFDONJ. grad)

ti, tf WHPSHUDWXUD LQLLDO L ILQDO D DSHL FDUH WUHFH SULQ FDORULPHWUX vQ WLPSXO DUGHULL
combustibilului, C.
/DHFKLOLEUXQHJOLMkQGSLHUGHULOHGHFOGXUvQPHGLXOH[WHULRU
Qa = Qr
respectiv:
V Ps = M c (t f
ti )
de unde:
Ps =
M c (t f
V
ti )
kcal/Nm3
'HRDUHFHYROXPXOJD]HORUHVWHSXWHUQLFLQIOXHQDWGHWHPSHUDWXULSUHVLXQHH[SULPDUHD
YROXPXOXL VH IDFH vQ FRQGLLL VWDQGDUG & L PP+J 70, P0). Volumul V de combustibil
JD]RV DUV vQ FRQGLLLOH GH WHPSHUDWXU 7 WHPSHUDWXUD FDPHUHL L SUHVLXQH 3 SUHVLXQHD
EDURPHWULFVHFDOFXOHD]FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
P V P0 V0
=
T
T0
161
de unde:
V0 =
P V T0
P0 T
nlocuind valoarea lui V cu V0 vQH[SUHVLDSXWHULLFDORULFHVXSHULRDUHVHRELQH

Ps =
M c (t f
V0
ti )
kcal/Nm3
'HVFULHUHD LQVWDODLHL. ,QVWDODLD GH ODERUDWRU FXSULQGH vQ SULQFLSDO FDORULPHWUXO -XQFNHUV
SUH]HQWDWvQILJXUDLFRQWRUXOGHJD]ILJXUD
)LJ 6FKHPD FDORULPHWUXOXL -XQFNHUV FDPHUD GH DUGHUH EHF %XQVHQ VSDLXO GH
FLUFXODLHDDSHLWXSHQWUXHYDFXDUHDDSHLGHFRQGHQVDUHFRQGXFWSHQWUXLQWUDUHDDSHL
UHFLFRQGXFWSHQWUXLQWUDUHDDSHLUHFLFRQGXFWSHQWUXLHLUHDDSHLFLOLQGUXJUDGDW
JXU SHQWUX HYDFXDUHD JD]HORU GH DUGHUH WHUPRPHWUX SHQWUX DSD de la intrare; (10)
WHUPRPHWUXSHQWUXDSDGHODLHLUHWHUPRPHWUXSHQWUXJD]HOHDUVHGLVSR]LWLYGHUHJODUH
DGHELWXOXLDSHLODLQWUDUHSUHDSOLQURELQHWFXWUHLFL
162
Fig. 2. Schema contorului de gaze; (1) tambur rotativ; (2) manta FLOLQGULFH[WHULRDU SHUHL
GHVSULWRULFRPSDUWLPHQWHFRQGXFWSHQWUXLQWUDUHDJD]XOXLRULILFLLSHQWUXHYDFXDUHD
JD]XOXL FRQGXFW SHQWUX HYDFXDUHD JD]XOXL GLQ FRQWRU SkOQLH GH XPSOHUH FX DS
plnie de control a nivelului DSHL GLQ FRQWRU WX SHQWUX VFXUJHUHD H[FHVXOXL GH DS
RULILFLXSHQWUXWHUPRPHWUXD[SUHY]XWFXDFLQGLFDWRUWHUPRPHWUXPDQRPHWUX
FXDSXUXEXULGHUHJODUH
&DORULPHWUXO-XQFNHUVFXSULQGHRFDPHUGHDUGHUHvQFDUHVHDIOEHFXO%XQVHQFX
DMXWRUXO FUXLD VH DUGH JD]XO GH DQDOL]DW *D]HOH GH DUGHUH FLUFXO GH VXV vQ MRV FRQIRUP
VJHLORU SULQ VSDLXO GLQ LQWHULRUXO HYLORU vQ FRQWUDFXUHQW FX DSD L LHV DIDU SULQ JXUD GH
HYDFXDUH$SDUHFHLQWUvQFDORULPHWUXSULQFRQGXFWDLGXSFHvQSUHDODELODIRVWDMXVWDW
GHELWXO QHFHVDU FX DMXWRUXO GLVSR]LWLYXOXL GH UHJODUH FLUFXO GH MRV vQ VXV SULQ VSDLXO
GLQWUH HYLOH GH FLUFXODLH D JD]HORU DUVH L VH HYDFXHD] SULQ FRQGXFWD L SUHDSOLQXO (13).
5RELQHWXOFXWUHLFLSHUPLWHWUHFHUHDDSHLODFDQDOVDXODGLVSR]LWLYXOGHPVXUDWvQWLPSXO
GHWHUPLQULORU7HPSHUDWXUDDSHLODLQWUDUHDvQFDORULPHWUXVHPVRDUFXDMXWRUXOWHUPRPHWUXOXL
LDU OD LHLUH FX WHUPRPHWUXO $SD UH]XOWDW GH OD DUGHUHD KLGURJHQXOXL SULQ UFLUH
FRQGHQVHD]LVHHYDFXHD]SULQWXXOLVHFROHFWHD]vQFLOLQGUXOJUDGDW
Contorul de gaz este format dintr-RPDQWDFLOLQGULFDH]DWvQSR]LLHRUL]RQWDOvQ
FDUH SH D[XO VH JVHWH PRQWDW WDPEXUXO URWDWLY SUHY]XW vQ LQWHULRU FX SHUHLL
GHVSULWRUL FDUH vPSDUW WDPEXUXO vQ PDL PXOWH FRPSDUWLPHQWH GH YROXP HJDO Q
LQWHULRUXOWDPEXUXOXLLDOPDQWDOHLVHDIOLQWURGXVDSSULQSkOQLDLDFUHLQLYHOHVWHUHJODW
cu plniDGHFRQWUROLWXXOGHVFXUJHUH3HDFHODLWDPEXUVHJVHVFRULILFLLOHFDUH
SHUPLW LHLUHD JD]XOXL GLQ FRPSDUWLPHQW vQ VSDLXO GH GHDVXSUD DSHL *D]XO GH DQDOL]DW LQWU
FHQWUDO SULQ SWUXQGH vQ FRPSDUWLPHQWHOH WDPEXUXOXL XQGH GDWRULW presiunii proprii,
163
GHWHUPLQURWLUHDWDPEXUXOXLvQVHQVXODFHORUGHFHDVRUQLF*D]XOHVWHHYDFXDWSULQFRQGXFWD

LSULQFRQGXFWDGXSFHLV-DPVXUDWvQSUHDODELOSUHVLXQHDFXDMXWRUXOPDQRPHWUXOXLFXDS
9ROXPXOILHFUXLFRPSDUWLPHQWILLQGFXQRVFXWODRURWDLHFRPSOHWDWDPEXUXOXLYDWUHFH
SULQFRQWRUXQYROXPGHJD]HJDOFXYROXPXOWXWXURUFRPSDUWLPHQWHORU 'HUHJXODFHVWYROXP
HVWH HJDO FX VDX OLWUL 5RWDLD WDPEXUXOXL VH WUDQVPLWH D[XOXL SUHY]XW FX XQ DF
indicator.
Modul de lucru
'XSYHULILFDUHDILHFUXLDSDUDWvQSDUWHVHWUHFHODPRQWDUHDORU6HPRQWHD]SULPDGDW
FRQWRUXO OD VXUVD GH JD] DSRL EHFXO GH JD] DO FDORULPHWUXOXL OD FRQWRU L VH FRQHFWHD]
FDORULPHWUXO -XQFNHUVOD VXUVDGHDS'XSPRQWDUHD LQVWDODLHL VH YHULILF HWDQHLWDWHD WXWXURU
OHJWXULORU L SR]LLD SHUIHFW YHUWLFDO D FDORULPHWUXOXL L FRQWRUXOXL GH JD] L DSRL VH WUHFH OD
HIHFWXDUHD GHWHUPLQULORU SURSULX-]LVH $YkQG JULM FD WXXO GH JROLUH D FDORULPHWUXOXL VD ILH
vQFKLVVHODV DSDVFLUFXOHDSDSULQDFHVWDDYkQGJULMFDDFHDVWDSULQSUHDSOLQVDVHVFXUJOD
FDQDO 6H VFRDWH EHFXO GLQ FDORULPHWUX VH GHVFKLGH JD]XO L VH DSULQGH EHFXO %HFXO DSULQV VH
LQWURGXFHvQFDPHUDGHDUGHUHFkWPDLFHQWUDWLDUIODFUDVHYDXUPULFX ajutorul unei oglinzi,
DH]DWVXEEHFXOGHJD]6HUHJOHD]GHELWXODSHLFDUHFLUFXOSULQFDORULPHWUXLGHELWXOJD]XOXL
DVWIHO FD V RELQHP R GLIHUHQ WHPSHUDWXUD GH OD LQWUDUH L WHPSHUDWXUD GH OD LHLUHD DSHL GLQ
calorimetru de 8 - 12C. n momentXOvQFDUHLQGLFDLLOHWHUPRPHWUHORULFDUHPVRDU
WHPSHUDWXUD DSHL OD LQWUDUH L OD LHLUH UPkQ FRQVWDQWH OL FRQGHQVXO VH VFXUJH vQ PRG FRQVWDQW
SULQWXXOVHSRWvQFHSHGHWHUPLQULOH
n momentul n care acul contorului de gaz trec prin dreptul diviziunii 0 al contorului de
JD]VHLQWURGXFHFLOLQGUXOJUDGDWVXEWXXOGHFXUJHUHDFRQGHQVXOXLLVHURWHWHURELQHWXOFX
WUHLFLDVWIHOvQFkWDSDFDUHWUHFHSULQFDORULPHWUXV FXUJvQYDVXOFROHFWRUXQEDORQ FX
fund plat de 15 sau 20 l). De obicei se ard 5, 10, 15, sau 20 l de gaz timp n care se citesc din
MXPWDWH vQ MXPWDWH GH OLWUX GH JD] WHPSHUDWXULOH GH OD LQWUDUH L GH OD LHLUH &kQG DFXO
FRQWRUXOXLGHJD]LQGLFYROXPXOGHJD]VWDELOLWSHQWUXDUGHUHVHVFRDWHFLOLQGUXOGHVXEWXXO
GH FXUJHUH D FRQGHQVXOXL L VH URWHWH vQ VHQV LQYHUV URELQHWXO FX WUHL FL DVWIHO vQFkW DSD VD VH
VFXUJGLQQRXODFDQDO6HPVRDUFXXQFLOLQGUXJUDGDWDSDFDUHDWUHFXWSULQFDORULPHWUX0
kg) n timpul arderii volumului de gaz staELOLWLYROXPXOPDVDGHFRQGHQVPNJ
164
Pentru fiecare determinare se va ntocmi un tabel preliminar de forma:

ti, C
Nr. citirilor
tf, C
'DWHOH GLQ WDEHO YRU IL XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX D FDOFXOD WHPSHUDWXUD PHGLH D DSHL OD LQWUDUH L
UHVSHFWLYODLHLUHSHQWUXILHFDUHGHWHUPLQDUHFXDMXWRUXOUHODLLORU
tm
i =
ti
tm
f =
tf
n
XQGHQUHSUH]LQWQXPUXOWHPSHUDWXULORUFLWLWH
Presiunea toWDODJD]XOXLGHDQDOL]DW3HVWHGHUHODLD
P = Pb +
x
Hg
unde: Pb SUHVLXQHDEDURPHWULFPP+J
x SUHVLXQHD JD]XOXL LQGLFDW GH PDQRPHWUXO FX DS DO FRQWRUXOXL GH JD] FDUH HVWH
WUDQVIRUPDWvQPP+JSULQvPSULUHODGHQVLWDWHDPHUFXUXOXLHg = 13,5 g/cm3;
h tensiunea de vapori a apei la temperatura gazului din contor (tc), n mm Hg (vezi
anexa).
V0 FDUHUHSUH]LQWYROXPXOGHJD]DUVvQWLPSXOXQHLGHWHUPLQULvQFRQGLLLQRUPDOHGH
WHPSHUDWXULSUHVLXQHVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
V0 =
x
V(Pb +
Hg
h) T0
P0 T
XQGH9UHSUH]LQWYROXPXOGHJD]PVXUDWFXDMXWRUXOFRQWRUXOXLGHJD].
3XWHUHD FDORULF VXSHULRDU D FRPEXVWLELOXOXL JD]RV DQDOL]DW VH FDOFXOHD] FX DMXWRUXO
UHODLHL
Ps =
c M(t m
f
V0
tm
i )
, kcal/Nm3
165
unde: c FOGXUDVSHFLILFDDSHLF NFDONJ. grad)

tim, tfm WHPSHUDWXUD LQLLDO L ILQDO PHGLH D DSHL FDUH WUHFH SULQ FDORULPHWUX vQ WLPSXO
arderii combustibilului, C;
M masa apei care a trecut prin calorimetru la arderea volumului de combustibil stabilit,
kg.
,DUSXWHUHDFDORULFLQIHULRDUFXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
m 600
, kcal/Nm3
V0
Pi = Ps
unde: m PDVDGHFRQGHQVPVXUDWvQWLPSXOXQHLGHWHUPLQULNJ
600 FOGXUDODWHQWGHYDSRUL]DUHDDSHLNFDONJ
WLLQGFDNFDO N-VHYRUFDOFXOD3s L3i LvQN-1P3'DWHOHRELQXWHVHvor trece
ntr-un tabel de forma:
Nr.
V,
det. m
Pb,
tc,
x,
h,
mm C
mm
mm
Hg
H2O
Hg
m
m
V0, t m
i , t f , ti
tm
f ,
M,
kg
9RU IL FDOFXODWH SH ED]D YDORULORU RELQXWH YDORULOH PHGLL SHQWUX
kJ/Nm3.
m, Ps,
Pi,
kg kcal/Nm
L
kcal/Nm3
Q NFDO1P3 L vQ
166
Probleme propuse
1) 6VHFDOFXOH]H3s L3i DPHWDQXOXLWLLQGFvQFRQGLLLQRUPDOHFOGXUDGHFRPEXVWLH
este de 212,79 kcal/mol iar efectul termic este 191,8 kcal/mol.
R. Ps = 9500 kcal/Nm3; Pi = 8562,5 kcal/Nm3
6VHFDOFXOH]H3s DXQXLJD]GHFRFVHULHFHFRQLQH+2; 24% CH4,
6,5%
CO, 8,5% N2, 2,5% CO2 L 22 WLLQG F YDORULOH FOGXULORU GH FRPEXVWLH VXQW GH
kcal/mol H2NFDOPRO&2LNFDOPRO&+4.
R. Ps = 4246 kcal/Nm3
8Q JD] GH VRQG FDUH FRQLQH &+4, 3,1% C2H6, 1,2% C3H8, 0,8% C4H10 se
IRORVHWHGUHSWFRPEXVWLELO6VHFDOFXOH]H3s L3i WLLQGFODDUGHUHDXQXLNPRO&+4 VHGHJDM
212798 kcal, a unui kmol C2H6 372820 kcal, a unui kmol C3H8 NFDO L D XQXL D XQXL
kmol C4H10 NFDO6HYDFRQVLGHUDFOGXUDODWHQWGHYDSRUL]DUHDDSHLGHNFDONJ
R. Ps = 9600 kcal/Nm3; Pi = 8660 kcal/Nm3
&HFDQWLWDWHGHFRPEXVWLELOFRQYHQLRQDOHVWHHFKLYDOHQWFX1P3 CH4 DFUXL3i
= 8500 kcal/Nm3?
5WFRPEXVWLELOFRQYHQLRQDOFF
5) Cu ajutorul calorimetrului Junckers s-DGHWHUPLQDWFXQFRPEXVWLELOJD]RVDUHSXWHUHD
FDORULF VXSHULRDU 3s = 3500 kcal/m3 vQ FRQGLLLOH FDPHUHL WLLQG F SUHVLXQHD DWPRVIHULF D
IRVWGHPP+JWHPSHUDWXUD&LFPDQRPHWUXOFXDSGHSHFRQWRUXOGHJD]DLQGLFDWR
presiune de 50 mm H22 V VH FDOFXOH]H SXWHUHD FDORULF D DFHOXLDL FRPEXVWLELO vQ FRQGLLL
normale.
167
ANALIZA PRODUSELOR PETROLIERE

'HWHUPLQDUHDGHQVLWLLUHODWLYH
'DWRULWFRPSR]LLHLYDULDWHLFRPSOH[HDLHLXOXLVHLPSXQHIUDFLRQDUHDDFHVWXLDvQ
SURGXVHFDUHSRWILYDORULILFDWHFXHILFLHQHFRQRPLFVXSHULRDUvQGLIHULWHVFRSXUL
1XPUXO SURGXVHORU SHWUROLHUH FRPHUFLDOL]DWH YDULD] vQ IXQFLH GH WHKQRORJLD GH
SUHOXFUDUH L GH FRQGLLLOH GH FDOLWDWH LPSXVH GH FRQVXPDWRUL Q GHFXUVXO WLPSXOXL
WHKQRORJLLOHGHSUHOXFUDUHDLHLXOXLDXHYROXDWGDUvQPRGFRQVWDQWV-DXIDEULFDWvQFDQWLWL
dLQ FH vQ FH PDL PDUL FDUEXUDQL FRPEXVWLELOL L OXEULILDQL 6WDELOLUHD FDOLWLL DFHVWRU
SURGXVHVHIDFHSHED]DXUPWRDUHORUSURSULHWL
-
densitate;
YLVFR]LWDWH L LQGLFH GH YLVFR]LWDWH vQ VSHFLDO vQ FD]XO XOHLXULORU

OXEULILDQLORU
FLIUDRFWDQLF(CO) (n cazul benzinelor);
FLIUDFHWDQLF&&LLQGLFHOH'LHVHO,'vQFD]XOPRWRULQHORU
punct de inflamabilitate;
punct de aprindere;
punct de congelare (tulburare);
punct de picurare (n cazul unsorilor consistente);
FRQVWDQWDGLHOHFWULFvQFD]XO uleiurilor electroizolante);
WHQVLXQHVXSHUILFLDOvQFD]XOXOHLXULORU
3ULQ GHQVLWDWHD XQXL SURGXV VH vQHOHJH UDSRUWXO GLQWUH PDVD SURGXVXOXL P L D
YROXPXOXLVX9
=
m
V
g
kg
; 3)
3
cm m
'HQVLWDWHD HVWH R FDUDFWHULVWLF D WXWXURU VXEVWDQHORU VROLGH OLFKLGH VDX JD]RDVH L

HVWHLQIOXHQDWGHWHPSHUDWXULSUHVLXQH'HRDUHFHLQIOXHQDSUHVLXQLLHVWHPLFvQSUDFWLF
VHLDvFRQVLGHUDUHGRDULQIOXHQDWHPSHUDWXULLPRWLYSHQWUXFDUHvQWRWGHDXQDVHSUHFL]HD]
temperatura la care s-a efectuat dHWHUPLQDUHDGHQVLWLLVXEVWDQHLUHVSHFWLYH
'HQVLWDWHD VDX PDVD VSHFLILF QX WUHEXLH FRQIXQGDW FX JUHXWDWHD VSHFLILF FDUH
UHSUH]LQWUDSRUWXOGLQWUHJUHXWDWHJLYROXP
168
G
V
N kgf
,
m3 cm3
GDFVHLQHVHDPDF
G = m.g
unde g este DFFHOHUDLDJUDYLWDLRQDOSHQWUXJUHXWDWHDVSHFLILFVHRELQHUHODLD
=
m g
=
V
'DF GHQVLWDWHD HVWH R PULPH FRQVWDQW JUHXWDWHD VSHFLILF YDULD] vQ IXQFLH GH
ORFXOGHSHVXSUDIDDSPkQWXOXLXQGHHVWHGHWHUPLQDW
Pentru a putea compara densitatea diferitelor produse ntre ele, este necesar ca aceasta
VILHGHWHUPLQDWODDFHHDLWHPSHUDWXULvQUDSRUWFXGHQVLWDWHD XQXLSURGXVGHUHIHULQ
$FHDVWGHQVLWDWHVHQXPHWHGHQVLWDWHUHODWLY
QSUDFWLFGHQVLWDWHDSURGXVHORUOLFKLGHGHFLLDSURGXVHORUSHWUROLHUHVHH[SULPOD
WHPSHUDWXUDGH&LvQUDSRUWFXGHQVLWDWHDXQHLVXEVWDQHGHUHIHULQ'UHSWVXEVWDQGH
UHIHULQ VH LD DSD OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH & FkQG GHQVLWDWHD HL HVWH JFP3 sau
NJP36HRELQHvQDFHVWIHOGHQVLWDWHDUHODWLYDSURGXVXOXLOLFKLGQRWDWd20
4 .
&X DOWH FXYLQWH SULQ GHQVLWDWH UHODWLY VH vQHOHJH UDSRUWXO GLQWUH PDVD P D
volumului, v, din produsul de analizat, la temperatura de 20 &LPDVDP0DDFHOXLDLYROXP
GHDS9GHDSODWHPSHUDWXUDGH C.
'DFGHWHUPLQDUHDH[SHULPHQWDODGHQVLWLLSURGXVXOXLGHDQDOL]DWVHHIHFWXHD]ODR
DOWWHPSHUDWXUW&YDORDUHDd20
4 VHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD
t
d20
4 = d4 + c(t
20),
cm3
unde: dt4 - densitatea la temperatura, t C;

c FRUHFLDPHGLHGHWHPSHUDWXUSHQWUXILHFDUHJUDG&HOVLXVWDEHOXO
t temperatura de lucru, C.
Q SUDFWLF SHQWUX H[SULPDUHD GHQVLWLL SURGXVHORU SHWUROLHUH VH IRORVHWH GHQVLWDWHD
$3,$PHULFDQ3HWUROHXP,QVWLWXWHFDUHVHUHDOL]HD]DVWIHO
169
15,56
VHWUDQVIRUPd20
4 n d15,56 FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
20
d15,56
15,56 = d4 + c(15,56
20)
XQGHFHVWHRFRQVWDQW7DEHOXO
API =
141,5
,56
d 15
15 ,56
- 131,5
7DEHOXO&RUHFLDPHGLHFSHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDGHQVLWLLUHODWLYH, d20
4 .
dt4
0,810 0,820
0,820 0,830
0,830 0,840
0,840 0,850
0,850 0,860
0,860 0,870
0,870 0,880
FRUHFLDSHQWUXXQ
grad
0,000752
0,000738
0,000725
0,000712
0,000699
0,000686
0,000673
dt4
0,880 0,890
0,890 0,900
0,900 0,910
0,910 0,920
0,920 0,930
0,930 0,940
0,940 0,950
FRUHFLDSHQWUXXQ
grad
0,000660
0,000647
0,000633
0,000620
0,000607
0,000594
0,000581
20
7DEHOXO&RUHFLLGHWHPSHUDWXUSHQWUXtransformaread15,56
15,56 n d4 LLQYHUV
densitate
0,820 0,840
0,840 0,850
0,850 0,870
0,870 0,890
&RUHFLDSHQWUXXQ
grad
0,0041
0,0043
0,0042
0,0041
Densitate
0,890 0,910
0,910 0,920
0,920 0,940
0,940 0,950
&RUHFLDSHQWUXXQ
grad
0,0040
0,0039
0,0038
0,0037
'HWHUPLQDUHDGHQVLWLLUHODWLYHVHSRDWHHIHFWXDSULQXQDGLQXUPWRDUHOHPHWRGH
-
cu ajutorul picnometrelor;
FXDMXWRUXOEDODQHL0RKU Westphal;
FXDMXWRUXOGHQVLPHWUHORUSHQWUXOLFKLGHVDXDDUHRPHWUHORUSHQWUXVROXLL
'HWHUPLQDUHD GHQVLWLL FX DMXWRUXO GHQVLPHWUHORU VDX DUHRPHWUHORU Cel mai rapid,
GHQVLWDWHD OLFKLGHORU VH GHWHUPLQ FX DMXWRUXO GHQVLPHWUHORU L D DUHRPHWUHORU 'HQVLPHWUHOH
LQGLF GHQVLWDWHD OLFKLGXOXL JFP3 LDU DUHRPHWUHOH LQGLF FRQFHQWUDLD XQHL VROXLL vQ
JUDYLPHWULFH VDX YROXPHWULFH GHWHUPLQDW SH ED]D GHQVLWLL DFHVWHLD &D H[HPSOH GH
DUHRPHWUH PHQLRQP DOFRROPHWUX ]DKDURPHWUX HWF DPEHOH LQVWUXPHQWH GH PVXU D
GHQVLWLLVHED]HD]SHOHJLOHGHSOXWLUHDFRUSXULORU
170
Fig. 1. Densimetre
8QGHQVLPHWUXILJXUDDLEVHFRPSXQHGLQWU-XQFRUSSOXWLWRUGHIRUPFLOLQGULF
FRQIHFLRQDW GLQ VWLFO VXELUH WHUPLQDW OD SDUWHD LQIHULRDU VXE IRUP VIHULF VDX FRQLF L
FDUHFRQLQHRFDQWLWDWHGHWHUPLQDWGLQDOLFHPHWDOLFHGLQSOXPEIL[DWHvQSDUDILQ/DSDUWHD
VXSHULRDU FRUSXO SOXWLWRU FRQWLQX FX R WLM FLOLQGULF FX GLDPHWUXO PDL PLF vQ LQWHULRUXO
FUHLDVHJVHWHRVFDUJUDGDWLPSULPDWSHKkUWLHDOEQXQHOHFD]XULGHQVLPHWUXODUHvQ
LQWHULRULXQWHUPRPHWUXFD]vQFDUHDFHVWDVHPDLQXPHWHLWHUPRGHQVLPHWUXSULQWU-o linie
URLHVHLQGLFWHPSHUDWXUDGHHWDORQDUHDGHQVLPHWUXOXLQSUDFWLFSHQWUXDPULSUHFL]LD
GHGHWHUPLQDUHDGHQVLWLLVHFRQVWUXLHVFVHWXULGHGHQVLPHWUHFDUHGLIHUSULQPDVDGHPHWDO
FRQLQXWGHFLSULQLQWHUYDOXOGHPVXUDUH3HQWUXPVXUDUHDGHQVLWLLSURGXVHORUSHWUROLHUHVH
IRORVHWHVHWXO 0,700; 0,680 0,770; 0,750 0,840, 0,820 0,910; 0,980 1,00.
/LFKLGXO SURGXVXO SHWUROLHU GH DQDOL]DW VH WRDUQ FX DWHQLH vQWU-un cilindru gradat
XVFDWVXILFLHQWGHODUJLDGkQFDVWIHOvQFkWGHQVLPHWUXOVQXDWLQJSHUHLLODWHUDOLLVQXVH
VSULMLQH SH IXQGXO FLOLQGUXOXL /LFKLGXO GH DQDOL]DW QX WUHEXLH V FRQLQ EXOH GH DHU 6H
DWHDSW FD OLFKLGXO V DMXQJ OD WHPSHUDWXUD FDPHUHL VDX VH WHUPRVWDWHD] OD R DQXPLW
WHPSHUDWXU
6HLQWURGXFHvQFHWGHQVLPHWUXOvQOLFKLGvQSR]LLHYHUWLFDOLQkQGX-se de vrful tijei
FLOLQGULFHIUDODIXQGDPDLPXOWGHFkWHVWHQHFHVDUSULQXGDUHDWLMHLGHQVLPHWUXOvLPUHWH
greutatea iar valoaUHDFLWLWYDILPDLPDUHGHFkWFHDUHDO6HFLWHWHYDORDUHDGHQVLWLLSH
VFDUDGHHWDORQDUHvQGUHSWXOPHQLVFXOXLOLFKLGXOXL3UHFL]LDGHWHUPLQULLGHQVLWLLFXDMXWRUXO
171
GHQVLPHWUXOXLHVWHGHPD[LPXPGLIHUHQDGLQWUHGRXFLWLULFRQVHFXWLYHQXWUHEXLHV
fie mai mare de 0,0010.
QFD]XOSURGXVHORUSHWUROLHUHFXYLVFR]LWDWHPDLPLFGH(OD&GHQVLWDWHDVH
GHWHUPLQGLUHFWFXGHQVLPHWUXO
QFD]XOSURGXVHORUSHWUROLHUHFXYLVFR]LWDWHPDLPDUHGH(OD&VHSURFHGHD]
la diluarea SURGXVXOXLFXXQYROXPHJDOGHSHWUROODPSDQWDFUXLGHQVLWDWHHVWHFXQRVFXWLDU
DSRLVHPVRDUGHQVLWDWHDDPHVWHFXOXL
3UDFWLF VH YD GHWHUPLQD GHQVLWDWHD OD EHQ]LQ PRWRULQ L XOHL DXWR OD WHPSHUDWXUD
camerei, respectiv dt4 GXS FDUH SULQ FDOFXO VH YD GHWHUPLQD YDORDUHD FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH OD
20C, d20
4 .
'HWHUPLQDUHDGHQVLWLLFXDMXWRUXOSLFQRPHWUXOXLPicnometrul este un balon cotat, cu volum
IRDUWHELQHGHWHUPLQDWFDUHVHXWLOL]HD]SHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDGHQVLWLLUHODWLYHDXQXLOLFKLd,
SULQPVXUDUHDFXRSUHFL]LHGHJDYROXPXOXLOLFKLGXOXLGHFHUFHWDWUDSRUWDWODPDVD
DFHOXLDLYROXPGHDSGLVWLODW'LIHULWHWLSXULGHSLFQRPHWUHVXQWSUH]HQWDWHvQILJXUD
Fig. 2. Picnometre.
3LFQRPHWUXO SHUIHFW XVFDW L FXUDW VH FkQWUHWH OD EDODQD DQDOLWLF LDU PDVD VD VH
QRWHD]FXP06HXPSOHSLFQRPHWUXOFXDSGLVWLODWSkQODVHPQLVHFkQWUHWHGLQQRX
0DVD RELQXW VH YD QRWD P1 6H JROHWH SLFQRPHWUXO VH XVXF L VH XPSOH FX PRWRULQ
avndu-VH JULM VQXVHGHSHDVFVHPQXOGLQFDSLODU6HFkQWUHWHGLQQRXLVHRELQH
masa m2&XYDORULOHRELQXWHVHFDOFXOHD]dt4 FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
172
dt4 =
m2
m1
m0
m0
15,56
$SRLVHFDOFXOHD]FXDMXWRUXOUHODLLORUSUH]HQWDWHPDLVXVd20
4 , d15,56 LGHQVLWDWHDvQ$3,
n PRGVLPLODUVHSURFHGHD]SHQWUXEHQ]LQVDXXOHLXUL
'HWHUPLQDUHDGHQVLWLLUHODWLYHFXDMXWRUXOEDODQHL0RKU-Westphal
%DODQD0RKU-:HVWSKDOHVWHSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUD
)LJ%DODQD0RKU-:HVWSKDOVXSRUWXUXEGHUHJODUHSkUJKLHEUDGLYL]DW

IXUFUHSHUHDUWLFXODLHFkUOLJSOXWLWRU-FOUHLFLOLQGUX
%DODQD0RKU-Westphal se compune dintr-XQVXSRUWSUHY]XWODSDUWHDLQIHULRDU
FXXUXEXOFDUH VHUYHWH OD UHJODUHDSR]LLHL/DSDUWHDVXSHULRDU D VXSRUWXOXLVH DIOR
SODFFHSUH]LQWvQGUHDSWDIXUFDLDUvQVWkQJDDFXOLQGLFDWRUQIXUFDVHJVHWH
SkUJKLD RVFLODQW $FHDVWD DUH SH EUDXO GLQ GUHDSWD ]HFH GLYL]LXQL L XQ FkUOLJ
SHQWUX DFLRQDUHD SOXWLWRUXOXL LDU vQ SDUWHD VWkQJ R FRQWUDJUHXWDWH WHUPLQDW FX DFXO
LQGLFDWRU Q GUHSWXO LQGLFDWRUXOXL SH VWDWLYXO EDODQHL VH DIO DFXO LQGLFDWRU
%DODQDHVWHSUHY]XWFXFOUHLL-DFURUPDVHVWHVSHFLILFDW
6H DGXFH EDODQD vQ SR]LLH GH HFKLOLEUX SULQ URWLUHD XUXEXOXL 6H LQWURGXFH vQ
FLOLQGUXO DS GLVWLODW vQ DD IHO FD GHDVXSUD SOXWLWRUXOXL V H[LVWH R vQOLPH GH
OLFKLG GH PP 7UHEXLH DYXW JULM FD SOXWLWRUXO V QX DWLQJ SHUHLL FLOLQGUXOXL /D
cufundarHD SOXWLWRUXOXL vQ DS EDODQD VH YD GH]HFKLOLEUD $GXFHUHD EDODQHL OD HFKLOLEUX VH
IDFH FX DMXWRUXO FOUHLORU - FDUH VH DHD] DOHDWRULX vQ SR]LLLOH GH SH
SkUJKLH 'XS VWDELOLUHD HFKLOLEUXOXL VH FDOFXOHD] PDVD YROXPXOXL GH DS GH]Oocuit de
173
SOXWLWRUSULQvQVXPDUHDWXWXURUJUHXWLORUIRORVLWHLQkQGX-VHFRQWLGHGLYL]LXQHDXQGHDX
IRVWDH]DWH0DVDDIODWVHQRWHD]P1.
6HXVXFSOXWLWRUXOVHXPSOHFLOLQGUXOXVFDWvQSUHDODELOFXPRWRULQLGXSPRGXO
descris mai sus se GHWHUPLQPDVDYROXPXOXLGHPRWRULQGH]ORFXLWGHSOXWLWRUQRWDWP2.
)FkQGUDSRUWXOFHORUGRXYDORULRELQXWHVHFDOFXOHD]GHQVLWDWHDDSDUHQWG:
d, =
m2
m1
Densitatea dt4 VHFDOFXOHD]FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL

dt4 = (0,99823
0,0012) d, + 0,0012
unde: 0,99823 densitatea apei la 20C;

0,0012 GHQVLWDWHDDHUXOXLOD&LSUHVLXQHDGHPPFRO+J
15,56
Cunoscndu-se dt4 se vor calcula d20
4 , d15,56 L$3,9DORULOHRELQXWHVHWUHFvQWU-un tabel de
forma:
Produsul
analizat
Aparatul
utilizat
T, C
Densitate
d,
dt4
d20
4
d15,56
15,56
API
0RWRULQ Picnometrul
Densimetrul
%DODQD 0RKUWestphal
'HWHUPLQDUHDSXQFWXOXLGHDQLOLQ
3XQFWXO GH DQLOLQ,P.A, UHSUH]LQW WHPSHUDWXUD FULWLF GH GL]ROYDUH FRPSOHW D XQXL
SURGXVSHWUROLHUvQDQLOLQDGLFWHPSHUDWXUDODFDUHYROXPHHJDOHGHSURGXVSHWUROLHULGH
DQLOLQ VH GL]ROY FRPSOHW VDX WHPSHUDWXUD OD FDUH DPHVWHFXO RPRJHQ SURGXV SHWUROLHU
DQLOLQ DIODW vQ SURSRULLHJDOHSULQUFLUHVHVWUDWLILFGHYLQH QHPLVFLELO $QLOLQD HVWH XQ
VROYHQW SDULDO PLVFLELO FX KLGURFDUEXULOH /D DQXPLWH FRQFHQWUDLL DOH DPHVWHFXOXL VH
IRUPHD] GRX VWUDWXUL D FURU FRPSR]LLH YDULD] FX WHPSHUDWXUD VLVWHPXOXL GHYHQLnd
PLVFLELO OD WHPSHUDWXUD FULWLF GH GL]ROYDUH &RPSRUWDUHD FODVHORU GH KLGURFDUEXUL ID GH
DQLOLQHVWHGLIHULW$VWIHODIODWHvQDPHVWHFKLGURFDUEXULOHDURPDWLFHDX3$FHOHPDLMRDVH
174
sub 0C, iar alcanii au P.A. cele mai ridicate, ntre 70-125 C. 3XQFWXO GH DQLOLQ 3$
YDULD]vQVHULD
Alcani > Cicloalcani > Alchene > Hidrocarburi aromatice
3XQFWXO GH DQLOLQ DO DOFDQLORU FX XQ QXPU PLF GH DWRPL GH F VH FRQVLGHU D DYHD
valoarea de 70 & SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD SXQFWXOXL GH DQLOLQ VH XWLOL]HD] GLVSR]LWLYXO GLQ
figura 3.
)LJ 'LVSR]LWLY SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD SXQFWXOXL GH DQLOLQ HSUXEHWH FRQFHQWULFH

EDLHGHJOLFHULQWHUPRPHWUXDJLWDWRUWUHSLHGEHFGHJD]
Q HSUXEHWD LQWHULRDU VH LQWURGXF YROXPH HJDOH FkWH PO GH PRWRULQ
GHVKLGUDWDWLDQLOLQSURDVSWGLVWLODWLXVFDWSH.2CO3DSRLHSUXEHWDvPSUHXQFX
WHUPRPHWUXOLDJLWDWRUXOVHLQWURGXFvQHSUXEHWDPDLPDUHLDUWRWDFHVWDQVDPEOX
vQEDLDGHJOLFHULQFDUHVHvQFO]HWHWUHSWDW&XDMXWRUXODJLWDWRUXOXLVHDPHVWHFFHOH
GRXVWUDWXULQRWkQGX-VHWHPSHUDWXUDODFDUHFHOHGRXVWUDWXULGLVSDUQFO]LUHDELLVHIDFH
FX R YLWH] GH DSUR[LPDWLY & PLQXW 6H vQGHSUWHD] IODFUD L VH QRWHD] GLQ QRX
temperatura la care fazD RPRJHQVHVHSDUvQGRXVWUDWXUL6HH[HFXW PDLPXOWHFLWLULGH
WHPSHUDWXUL FULWLFH GH GL]ROYDUH LDU YDORULOH RELQXWH QX WUHEXLH V GLIHUH FX PDL PXOW GH
& 9DORDUHD PHGLH D WHPSHUDWXULL FULWLFH GH GL]ROYDUH UHSUH]LQW SXQFWXO GH DQLOLQ Q
labRUDWRU SXQFWXO GH DQLOLQ VH GHWHUPLQ vQ JUDGH &HOVLXV& vQV vQ SUDFWLF SXQFWXO GH
DQLOLQ SHQWUX PRWRULQH VH H[SULP vQ JUDGH )DKUHQKHLW ) WUHFHUHD GH OD VFDUD &HOVLXV OD
VFDUD)DKUHQKHLWVHIDFHFXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
175
9
= t( ) + 32
5
Rezultatele H[SHULPHQWDOHRELQXWHVHWUHFvQWU-un tabel de forma:
Nr.
det.
3XQFWGHDQLOLQ3$
Produsul analizat
Determinarea indicelui Diesel

'HWHUPLQDUHDGHQVLWLLUHODWLYHLDSXQFWXOXLGHDQLOLQDOHXQHLPRWRULQHSUH]LQWR
GHRVHELW LPSRUWDQ SUDFWLF vQWUXFkW SH ED]D ORU VH SRW FDOFXOD LQGLFHOH 'LHVHO L FLIUD
FHWDQLF&&FDUDFWHULVWLFLGHED]vQDSUHFLHUHDFDOLWLLXQHLPRWRULQH
Indicele Diesel, I.DHVWHRPULPHFRQYHQLRQDOGHILQLWGHUHODLD
I. D. =
d P. A.
100
unde: d GHQVLWDWHDUHODWLYH[SULPDWvQ$3,
P.A. SXQFWXOGHDQLOLQDOPRWRULQHL)
,QGLFHOH'LHVHO,'VHSRDWHGHWHUPLQDLFXDMXWRUXOXQHLQRPRJUDPH1RPRJUDPD
YH]L)LJXUDHVWHIRUPDWGLQWUHLVFDOHJUDGDWHFDUHFRUHVSXQGGHQVLWLLUHlative, punctului
GHDQLOLQLUHVSHFWLYLQGLFHOXL'LHVHO6HGHWHUPLQH[SHULPHQWDOd20
4 LSXQFWXOGHDQLOLQ
3$ vQ JUDGH &HOVLXV VHVWDELOHVFSHVFDOHOH JUDGDWHFHOH GRX YDORUL FDUH VH XQHVF SULQWU-o
OLQLHLPDJLQDUSXQFWXOXQGHDFHDVWOLQLHLQWHUVHFWHD]VFDUDLQGLFHOXL'LHVHOLQGLFYDORDUHD
FXWDW
176
Determinarea cifrei cetanice (C.C.)

Q FD]XO DGXJULL GH DGLWLYL vQ FRPSR]LLD PRWRULQHL LQGLFHOH 'LHVHO vL SLHUGH
VHPQLILFDLDLHVWHQHFHVDUGHWHUPLQDUHDFLIUHLFHWDQLFH&&
Cifra FHWDQLF & & UHSUH]LQW SURFHQWXO vQ YROXPH GH Q-cetan, C16H34 din
FRPEXVWLELOXO HWDORQ FDUH vQ FRQGLLL LGHQWLFH DUH DFHHDL FRPSRUWDUH OD DXWRDSULQGHUH FD L
PRWRULQDDQDOL]DW&RPEXVWLELOXOHWDORQHVWHXQDPHVWHFIRUPDWGLQGRXKLGURFDUEXULSXUH
n-cetanul C16H34 FX VWDELOLWDWH PLQLP OD DXWRDSULQGHUH FUXLD L V-D DWULEXLW && L
-PHWLOQDIWDOLQ -C11H10 FX VWDELOLWDWH PD[LP OD DXWRDSULQGHUH FUHLD L V-a atribuit
C.C. = 0. Determinarea C.C. se face conform STAS 6918-64 pe un motor monocilindric cu
aprindere prin compresie.
&XQRVFkQG LQGLFHOH 'LHVHO ,' VH SRDWH FDOFXOD FLIUD FHWDQLF && FX DMXWRUXO
UHODLHL
C.C. = 0,666 . I.D. +0,124 . Tm 19,824
unde: Tm temperatura medie de fierbere a motorinei; motorinele din Romnia n general au
limitele de distilare ntre 200 400 C. Pentru calcul se va lua n considerare Tm = 360C.
Determinarea cifrei cetanice, C.C., se poate face grafic, folosindu-VH R GLDJUDP vQ
FDUHHVWHUHGDWYDULDLDLQGLFHOXL'LHVHO,'IXQFLHGHFLIUDFHWDQLF&&)LJXUD4).
Cunoscndu-VHLQGLFHOH'LHVHOVHGXFHRSDUDOHOODDEsFLVSkQODLQWHUVHFLDFXUEHL
L DSRL VH FRERDU SULQWU-R SHUSHQGLFXODU OD D[D absciselor. Punctul unde perpendiculara
vQWkOQHWHD[DUHSUH]LQWFLIUDFHWDQLFDPRWRULQHLDQDOL]DWH9DORULOHH[SHULPHQWDOHRELQXWH
se trec ntr-un tabel de forma:
Nr.det.
Indice Diesel determinat,

I.D.
Produs analizat
calculat
grafic
&LIUDFHWDQLF&&
FDOFXODW
grafic
177
72
INDICE DIESEL, I.D.
64
56
48
40
32
30
40
50
60
&,)5$&(7$1,&&&
Figura. 4. Diagrama pentru determinarea cifrei cetanice, C.C.
70
178
'HWHUPLQDUHDYLVFR]LWLLSURGXVHORUSHWUROLHUH
9LVFR]LWDWHDHVWHRSURSULHWDWHIL]LFDIOXLGHORUFDUHH[SULPUH]LVWHQDRSXVGHIOXLG
ODFXUJHUHGDWRULWIUHFULLLQWHUQHFkQGVWUDWXULOHVDOHDGLDFHQWHVHGHSODVHD]XQHOHIDGH
altele.
8QIOXLGRDUHFDUHSRDWHILFDUDFWHUL]DWFXDMXWRUXOXUPWRDUHORUWLSXULGHYLVFR]LWL
-
YLVFR]LWDWHGLQDPLFVDXDEVROXW
YLVFR]LWDWHUHODWLY
YLVFR]LWDWHFLQHPDWLF
YLVFR]LWDWHFRQYHQLRQDOEngler, Saybolt, Redwood.
9LVFR]LWDWHDGLQDPLFVDXDEVROXW VHGHILQHWHFXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
Fd
vS
(dyn .s/cm2)
unde: F IRUDFDUHGHSODVHD]OLFKLGXOG\QV
S VXSUDIDDVWUDWXOXLFP2;
D GLVWDQDGLQWUHGRXVWUDWXULDGLDFHQWHFP
Y JUDGLHQWXOGHYLWH]FPV
'DFY 6 FP2LG FPDWXQFL
)
DGLFYLVFR]LWDWHDGLQDPLF UHSUH]LQWIRUDGHUH]LVWHQSHFDUHWUHEXLHVRvQYLQJGRX
stUDWXUL GH OLFKLG FX VXSUDIDD GH FP2 DIODWH OD GLVWDQD GH FP XQXO ID GH DOWXO FkQG VH
GHSODVHD]UHFLSURFFXYLWH]DGHFPV'DFIRUDFDUHGHSODVHD]VWUDWXULOHGHOLFKLGHVWH
) G\QDWXQFLYLVFR]LWDWHDDFHOXLOLFKLGHVWHHJDO FXXQLWDWHDLVHQXPHWHpoise, P. n
SUDFWLFVHXWLOL]HD]VXEPXOWLSOXOQXPLWFentipoise, cP.
1P = 100 cP
179
9LVFR]LWDWHD UHODWLY, UHSUH]LQW UDSRUWXO GLQWUH YLVFR]LWDWHD GLQDPLF D OLFKLGXOXL

GH FHUFHWDW L YLVFR]LWDWHD GLQDPLF D XQXL OLFKLG GH UHIHULQ GH UHJXO DSD D FUHL
viscozitate la 0C este 1,792.
lichid DS lichid/1,792
9LVFR]LWDWHDUHODWLYHVWHRPULPHDGLPHQVLRQDO
9LVFR]LWDWHD FLQHPDWLF UHSUH]LQW UDSRUWXO GLQWUH YLVFR]LWDWHD GLQDPLF L
densitatea lichidului GHWHUPLQDWODDFHHDLWHPSHUDWXU

lichid
lichid
(cm2 /s)
8QLWDWHD GH PVXU D YLVFR]LWLL FLQHPDWLFH HVWH VWRNHVXO 6W FDUH UHSUH]LQW YLVFR]LWDWHD
XQXLOLFKLGDFUXLGHQVLWDWHHVWHJFP3 QSUDFWLF VH IRORVHWH VXEPXOWLSOXOcentistokes,
cSt:
1 St = 100 cSt sau 1cSt = 10-2St
9LVFR]LWDWHD FRQYHQLRQDO VH H[SULP FHO PDL DGHVHD VXE IRUPD YLVFR]LWLL
FRQYHQLRQDOH (QJOHU DYkQG FD XQLWDWH GH PVXU JUDGXO (QJOHU ( 9LVFR]LWDWHD (QJOHU
UHSUH]LQWUDSRUWXOGLQWUHWLPSXOGH curgere a unui volum de 200 ml lichid de analizat, la o
DQXPLW WHPSHUDWXU L WLPSXO GH VFXUJHUH D DFHOXLDL YROXP GH DS GLVWLODW OD & SULQ
RULILFLXO FDOLEUDW DO YLVFR]LPHWUXOXL (QJOHU 9LVFR]LWDWHD OLFKLGHORU GHSLQGH GH WHPSHUDWXU
VF]kQG FX FUHterea temperaturii. Acest lucru este deosebit de important n cazul uleiurilor
GHXQVFDUHSULQFUHWHUHDIOXLGLWLLvLSLHUGSURSULHWLOHGHXQJHUH
QFDGUXOOXFUULLGHODERUDWRUVHYDGHWHUPLQDYLVFR]LWDWHDFRQYHQLRQDODXQXLXOHL
lubrifiant la diferite valori ale temperaturii cu ajutorul viscozimetrului Engler.
Viscozimetrul Engler (Figura ) se compune dintr-XQYDVPHWDOLFSUHY]XWFXXQ
FDSDFFXSHUHLGXEOLLFXXQRULILFLXGHVFXUJHUHFDOLEUDW&DSDFXODUHGRXRULILFLL
unul SHQWUXWHUPRPHWUXOLDOWXOSHQWUXWLMDGHOHPQFDUHvQFKLGHRULILFLXOGHVFXUJHUH
9DVXOHVWHSUHY]XWvQLQWHULRUFXWUHLUHSHUHDVFXLWHGLVSXVHODXQXQJKLGH
vQWUHHOHFDUHVHUYHVFSHQWUXLQGLFDUHDQLYHOXOXLSkQODFDUHVHWRDUQOLFKLGXOGHFHUFHWDWL
SHQWUXYHULILFDUHDSR]LLHLSHUIHFWYHUWLFDOHDDSDUDWXOXLSR]LLHFDUHVHSRDWHUHJODFXDMXWRUXO
XUXEXULORU GLQ YkUIXO SLFLRDUHORU WUHSLHGXOXL Q MXUXO YDVXOXL VH JVHWH EDLD
PHWDOLFvQFDUHVHLQWURGXFHOLFKLGXOFDUHVHUYHWHODPHQLQHUHDWHPSHUDWXULLFRQVWDQWH
180
SH WLPSXO GHWHUPLQULL Q IXQFLH GH WHPSHUDWXUD OD FDUH VH GHWHUPLQ YLVFR]LWDWHD GUHSW
OLFKLGGHWHUPRVWDWDUHVHIRORVHWHDSDJOLFHULQDVDXXOHLXRU3HQWUXLQGLFDUHDWHPSHUDWXULL
se IRORVHWH WHUPRPHWUXO LDU SHQWUX RPRJHQL]DUHD WHPSHUDWXULL OLFKLGXOXL GLQ EDLH L
SHQWUX vPEXQWLUHD WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU vQWUH SURE L OLFKLGXO GLQ EDLH DSDUDWXO HVWH
SUHY]XWFXXQDDJLWDWRUHOHFWULF
)LJ9LVFR]LPHWUXO(QJOHUUH]HUYRUYDVSHQWUXSUREEDLHGHvQFO]LUHFDSDF

RULILFLXGHVFXUJHUHWLMGLQOHPQDJLWDWRUWHUPRPHWUHUHSHUHDVFXLWH
GLVSR]LWLYGHvQFO]LUHEDORQGHFROHFWDUH(QJOHUFXGRXUHSHUHODPOLOD
POWUHSLHGXUXEXULGHUHJODUH
Modul de lucru. QDLQWH GH vQFHSHUHD GHWHUPLQULORU SURSULX-]LVH HVWH ELQH V VH GHWHUPLQH
FRQVWDQWDDSDUDWXOXL3HQWUXDFHDVWDVHPVRDUWLPSXOGHVFXUJHUHOD&DPOGHDS
GLVWLODW'DFWLPSXOGHVFXUJHUHHVWHFXSULQVvQWUHLGHVHFXQGHvQVHDPQFDSDUDWXO
SRDWHILXWLOL]DWSHQWUXHIHFWXDUHDGHWHUPLQULORUGHYLVFR]LWDWH
3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD YLVFR]LWLL vQDLQWH GH D VH LQWURGXFH SURED GH XOei n vasul (1)
HVWH ELQH GH D VH YHULILFD GDF YDVXO HVWH FXUDW L SHUIHFW XVFDW Q DFHVW VHQV VH VSDO FX
EHQ]LQVHXVXFvQFXUHQWGHDHUVHVSDOGLQQRXFXDOFRROHWLOLFVDXHWHUHWLOLFLVHXVXF
bine.
QWLPSXOGHWHUPLQULORUWHPSHUDWXUDELLVHPHQLQHOD&vQFD]XOGHWHUPLQULORU
OD & L FX - & PDL PDUH GHFkW WHPSHUDWXUD SUREHL SHQWUX vQFHUFULOH FX WHPSHUDWXUL
181
PDL PDUL & 6H LQWURGXFH FX DWHQLH SURGXVXO GH FHUFHWDW SkQ FH
GHSHWHQLYHOXOUHSHUHORUDVFXLWH 7XEXO GHVFXUJHUH WUHEXLH V ILH SOLQ FHHD FH VH
UHDOL]HD] ULGLFkQG SXLQ WLMD GH OHPQ L DSRL FRERUkQG-R 6H SRUQHWH LQVWDODLD GH
vQFO]LUHLVLVWHPXOGHDJLWDUH&kQGVHFRQVWDW FWHPSHUDWXUDELLLDXOHLXOXLDDMXQVOD
valoarea GRULWLVHPHQLQHFRQVWDQWPLQXWHVHULGLFWLMDGHOHPQLVHPVRDUFX
ajutorul unui termometru timpul de scurgere a 200 ml ulei n vasul de colectare Engler (11).
9LVFR]LWDWHDXOHLXOXLODRDQXPLWWHPSHUDWXUVHFDOFXOHD]FXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
t prob
,
t ap
unde: tSURE timpul de scurgere a 200 ml de produs de cercetat la temperatura T, sec.;

tDS - FRQVWDQWDYLVFR]LPHWUXOXLWLPSXOGHVFXUJHUHDPOGHDSGLVWLODWOD&
sec.
Se va determina viscozitatea unui sort de ulei mineral la mai multe temperaturi,
repetndu-VHILHFDUHGHWHUPLQDUHGHWUHLRULIFkQGX-VHPHGLDGHWHUPLQULORU6HWUDVDJUDILF
YDULDLD I7&
'HWHUPLQULOHH[SHULPHQWDOHYRUILHIHFWXDWHOD&vQFD]XOEHQ]LQHLODPSDQWXOXLL
motorinei.
9DULDLD YLVFR]LWLL XQXL XOHL FX WHPSHUDWXUD VH DSUHFLD] FX DMXWRUXO LQGLFHOXL GH
YLVFR]LWDWH ,9 9DORUL PDUL DOH LQGLFHOXL ,9 LQGLF YDULDLL PLFL DOH YLVFR]LWLL FX
WHPSHUDWXUDLLQYHUV8QXOHLOXEULILDQWHVWHFXDWkWPDLEXQFXct indicele de viscozitate este
mai ridicat. Dintre hidrocarburile care compun uleiurile lubrifiante, cele saturate aciclice
alcanii DX R LQIOXHQ IDYRUDELO DVXSUD ,9 Q SUDFWLF SHQWUX YDORULL , 9 VH IRORVHVF
aditivi speciali, de tipul polimerLORU OLQLDUL FDUH VH RSXQ IOXLGLILFULL XOHLXOXL OD FUHWHUHD
temperaturii.
QSUDFWLFVHIRORVHWHLQGLFHOHGHYLVFR]LWDWH'HDQ-'DYLVFDOFXODWSHED]DUHODLHL
I. V. =
unde:
0
etalon
0
etalon
0
etalon
ulei
100
etalon
100
YLVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLFODC (100 ) n cSt. a unui ulei etalon cu I.V. = 0
(ulei aromatic).
182
100
etalon
- YLVFR]LWDWHD FLQHPDWLF OD & ) n cSt. a unui ulei etalon cu
I.V. = 100 (ulei parafinic).

ulei
- YLVFR]LWDWHDFLQHPDWLFDXOHLXOXLGHFHUFHWDWOD& ) n cSt.
&HOH GRX XOHLXUL HWDORQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH & DX DFHHDL YLVFR]LWDWH
FLQHPDWLFHJDOFXFHDXOHLXOXLGHFHUFHWDW5HODLDVHDSOLFODXOHLXULOHFDUHDX,9FXSULQV
QWUHL
'DWHOHRELQXWHVHvQVFULXvQWU-un tabel de forma:
Nr.
det.
Temperatura, C
tSURE, s
tDS, s
(
Probleme propuse
1) 6VHFDOFXOH]HGHQVLWDWHDUHODWLYDXQXLSURGXVSHWUROLHUODWHPSHUDWXUDGH
&GDFGHQVLWDWHDOXLPVXUDWOD&HVWHJFP3.
R. 0,904
2) Densitatea unei motorine este de 0,880 g/cm3, la temperatura de 23C &DOFXODL
,QGLFHOH 'LHVHO L FLIUD FHWDQLF SHQWUX DFHDVW PRWRULQ WLLQG F Wm = 290C, punctul de
DQLOLQCLDUFRUHFiile de transformare sunt c1 LF2 = 0,0041.
R. I.D. 35,96; C.C. 59,446
6 VH GHWHUPLQHWHPSHUDWXUDW C la care s-DGHWHUPLQDWGHQVLWDWHDUHODWLYDXQXL
SURGXVSHWUROLHUWLLQGFGHQVLWDWHDUHODWLYODWHPSHUDWXUDW C este 0,91, iar la 20 C este
0,93.
R. 25 C
6 VH FDOFXOH]H ,QGLFHOH 'LHVHO L WHPSHUDWXUD PHGLH GH ILHUEHUH D unei motorine
care are densitatea d20
4
SXQFWXO GH DQLOLQ L FLIUD FHWDQLF FRUHFLD GH
WUDQVIRUPDUHDGHQVLWLLHVWH
R. I. D. 42,42
183
5) Densitatea unei motorine este 0,90 g/cm3, tm = 300CLDUSXQFWXOGHDQLOLQGH 58

C6VHGHWHUPLQH,QGLFHOH'LHVHOLFLIUDFHWDQLFSHQWUXDFHDVWPRWRULQ
R. I.D. 36; C.C. 40,8
6 VH FDOFXOH]H ,QGLFHOH 'LHVHO L FLIUD FHWDQLF SHQWUX R PRWRULQ FDUH OD
temperatura de 18C are densitatea 0,870 g/cm3, tm = 280C SXQFWXO GH DQLOLQ C.
FRUHFLLOHGHWUDQVIRUPDUHVXQWF1 LF2 = 0,0041).
R. I.D. 40,28; C.C. 61,1
6HFRPSDUGRLFRPEXVWLELOLSHQWUXPRWRDUH'LHVHOSULPXODUHGHQVLWDWHDUHODWLY
L SXQFWXOGHDQLOLQCLDUDOGRLOHDDUHGHQVLWDWHDUHODWLYLSXQFWXOGHDQLOLQ
55C&DUHGLQFHLGRLSURGXLDUHVHQVLELOLWDWHDPDLPDUHODDXWRDSULQGHUH"
6VHFDOFXOH]HYLVFR]LWDWHD(QJOHUDXQXLXOHLOXEULILDQWODC WLLQGFWLPSXOde
FXUJHUH D PO SULQ YLVFR]LPHWUXO (QJOHU D IRVW GH PLQXW L VHFXQGH LDU FRQVWDQWD
aparatului este de 60 secunde.
R. 1,33
6H FRPSDU GRX XOHLXUL OXEULILDQWH Q SULPXO FD] R SURE GH PO XOHL FXUJH
prin viscozimetruO (QJOHU vQ PLQXWH L VHFXQGH OD C (constanta aparatului
C = 52 sec.). n cel de al doilea caz, proba de 200 ml ulei curge printru-un viscozimetru cu
FRQVWDQWD& VHFXQGHvQVHFXQGHODDFHHDLWHPSHUDWXU&DUHGLQFHOHGRXXOHLXUL
DUHYLVFR]LWDWHDPDLPDUHODWHPSHUDWXUDGDW"
6HGHWHUPLQYDULDLDYLVFR]LWLL(QJOHUFXWHPSHUDWXUDODGRXXOHLXULOXEULILDQWH
IRORVLQG XQ YLVFR]LPHWUX D FUHL FRQVWDQW HVWH GH VHFXQGH 3URED GH PO FXUJH SULQ
viscozimetru, n primul caz, n 3 minute 20 secunde (la 20C), 2 minute 30 secunde (la 40C)
L PLQXW L VHFXQGH OD & 3HQWUX FHO GH DO GRLOHD XOHL V-DX RELQXW XUPWRDUHOH
UH]XOWDWHVHFXQGHOD&VHFXQGHOD&LVHFXQGHOD&6VHDrate
FDUH GLQ FHOH GRX XOHLXUL DUH R YDULDLH PDL PLF D YLVFR]LWLL FX WHPSHUDWXUD 6H YD
demonstra grafic.
6 VH FDOFXOH]H LQLFHOH 'LHVHO L FLIUD FHWDQLF D XQHL PRWRULQH FDUH OD & DUH
densitatea 0,838 g/cm3. Temperatura medie de fierbere a motorinei este de 275C iar punctul
VXGHDQLOLQ&
184
R. I. D. = 54,6; C.C. = 50,2

6VHFDOFXOH]HLQGLFHOH'LHVHODOXQHLPRWRULQHFDUHDUHd15
4 LSXQFWXOGH
DQLOLQ & &DUH HVWH WHPSHUDWXUD PHGLH GH ILHUEHUH D DFHVWHL PRWRULQH GDF FLIUD VD
FHWDQLFHVWH
R. I. D. = 52,92; tm = 32,3C
6VHFDOFXOH]HSXQFWXOGHDQLOLQLLQGLFHOH'LHVHODXQHLPRWRULQHFDUHDUHd20
4 =
FLIUDFHWDQLFLWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLHGHILHUEHUH&
R. I. D. = 45,2; P. A. = 145F = 63,29C
6 VH FDOFXOH]H LQLFHOH 'LHVHO L GHQVLWDWHD XQHL PRWRULQH FDUH DUH SXQFWXO GH
DQLOLQ&FLIUDFHWDQLFLWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLHGHILHUEHUH&
R. I. D. 51,5; P. A. = 55C; d20
4 = 0,8326
6VHFDOFXOH]HLQGLFHOH'LHVHOLWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLHGHILHUEHUHDXQHLPRWRULQH
care are d20
4 SXQFWXOGHDQLOLQ&LFLIUDFHWDQLF
R. I. D. 51,5; tm = 372C
6VHFDOFXOH]HGHQVLWDWHDXQHLPRWRULQHFDUHDUHLQLFHOH'LHVHOLSXQFWXOGH
DQLOLQ&
R. d20
4 = 0,90019
&DUH YD IL GHQVLWDWHD UHODWLY D XQXL SURGXV SHWUROLHU OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH &
UHVSHFWLY&GDFGHQVLWDWHDOXLPVXUDWOD&HVWHJFP3?
R. 0,8942 g/cm3; 0,8812 g/cm3
'HQVLWDWHD UHODWLY D XQHL PRWRULQH OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH & HVWH GH
0,895 g/cm3LDUWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLHGHGLVWLODUHHVWHGH&6VHFDOFXOH]HLQGLFHOH'LHVHO
LFLIUDFHWDQLFDDFHVWHLPRWRULQHGDFSXQFWXOVXGHDQLOLQHVWHGH&
R. 36,47; 42,4
185
6H FRPSDU YLVFR]LWDWHD D GRX VRUWLPHQWH GH XOHLXUL GH WUDQVIRUPDWRU-aparate

&8'QSULPXOFD]RSUREGHPOXOHLFXUJHSULQYLVFR]LPHWUXO(QJOHUvQPLQXWHL
secXQGH QFHOGHDOGRLOHDFD]VHvQUHJLVWUHD]PLQXWHLVHFXQGH&DUHGLQFHOHGRX
XOHLXUL DUH YLVFR]LWDWHD PDL PDUH GDF GHWHUPLQULOH V-au efectuat la 25C, iar constanta
viscozimetrului este 50 secunde?
186
SEPARAREA AMESTECURILOR /,&+,'(35,1',67,/$5(,5(&7,),&$5(

DETERMINAREA RANDAMENTULUI UNEI COLOANE DE RECTIFICARE
Q SUDFWLFD LQGXVWULDO VXQW QXPHURDVH VLWXDLLOH vQ FDUH HVWH QHFHVDU VHSDUDUHD
componentelor dintr-un amestec de lichide, purificarea, concentrarea unor componente,
VDXIUDFLRQDUHDXQXLDPHVWHFGHOLFKLGH
$VWIHO R LPSRUWDQ PDMRU R DUH IUDFLRQDUHD LHLXOXL GDWRULW PXOWLSOHORU
XWLOL]ULDOHSURGXVHORUDVWIHORELQXWHQVWDUHQDWXUDOLHLXOHVWHXQOLFKLGXOHLRV brun
negricios, cu reflexe albastru YHU]XL XRU LQIODPDELO Q FRPSR]LLD LHLXOXL LQWU
HOHPHQWHOHRUJDQRJHQH&+26L1GLQWUHFDUH&+UHSUH]LQWDSUR[LPDWLY
$QDOL]DFKLPLFSHFRPSRQHQWHDUDWFLHLXOHVWHXQDPHVWHFFRPSOH[ compus
n principal din hidrocarburi saturate aciclice (n- LL-alcani), hidrocarburi saturate ciclice
FLFORDOFDQL L KLGURFDUEXUL DURPDWLFH DOWXUL GH FDUH VXQW SUH]HQWH vQ FDQWLWL PLFL
FRPSXL RUJDQLFL DYkQG vQ PROHFXO DWRPL GH R[LJHQ VXOI VDX D]RW SUHFXP L FRPSXL
organo-PHWDOLFL'DWRULWFRPSR]LLHLVDOHIRDUWHFRPSOH[HLGLIHULWHGHODXQ]FPkQWOD
DOWXO VHSDUDUHD DFHVWXLD vQ FRPSRQHQWH LQGLYLGXDOH QX HVWH SUDFWLF SRVLELO UHDOL]DELO
'LQDFHVWPRWLYVHUHDOL]HD]SUDFWLFVHSDUDUHDDFHVWXLDvQIUDFLXQLFDUHGLIHUvQWUHHOH
SULQ LQWHUYDOXO GH ILHUEHUH JD]H GH UDILQULH EHQ]LQ SHWURO PRWRULQ SFXU XOHL
ELWXP 2SHUDLXQHD SULQ FDUH VH UHDOL]HD] IUDFLRQDUHD LHLXOXL VH QXPHWH GLVWLODUH
IUDFLRQDWVDXUHFWLILFDUHGLVWLODUHDWPRVIHULFLODYLG'$9
Baze teoretice
Distilarea HVWH RSHUDLD GH VHSDUDUH D XQXL DPHVWHF GH OLFKLGH SH ED]D GLIHUHQHL
GLQWUH WHPSHUDWXULOH GH ILHUEHUH DOH FRPSRQHQWHORU FDUH IRUPHD] DPHVWHFXO 'LIHUHQD
dintre temperaturile de fierbere corespundH OD R GLIHUHQ vQWUH SUHVLXQLOH GH YDSRUL D
FRPSRQHQWHORUSXUHUHVSHFWLYODRGLIHUHQDYRODWLOLWLLORU(VWHFXQRVFXWFXQOLFKLG
pur (monocomponent) fierbe atunci cnd presiunea vaporilor de deasupra lichidului
GHYLQHHJDOFXSUHVLXQHDH[WHULRDU
QPRGDVHPQWRUXQDPHVWHFGHOLFKLGHYDILHUEHDWXQFLFkQGSUHVLXQHDWRWDOD
YDSRULORU HJDO FX VXPD SUHVLXQLORU SDULDOH DOH WXWXURU FRPSRQHQWHORU YD HJDOD
SUHVLXQHD H[WHULRDU /LFKLGHOH FDUH WHPSHUDWXUL GH ILHUEHUH MRDVH DX SUHVLXQL GH YDSRUL
PDULLGHFLYRODWLOLWLPDULLLQYHUV'LQFDX]DYRODWLOLWLLGLIHULWHDFRPSRQHQWHORUXQXL
DPHVWHFYDSRULLFDUHUH]XOWvQHFKLOLEUXFXOLFKLGXOYRUILPDLERJDLvQFRPSRQHQWDFX
187
WHPSHUDWXUD GH ILHUEHUH PDL MRDV XRU YRODWLO LDU OLFKLGXO UPDV va fi mai bogat n
FRPSRQHQWD FX WHPSHUDWXU GH ILHUEHUH PDL PDUH JUHX YRODWLO 3ULQ FRQGHQVDUHD
YDSRULORUUH]XOWDLVHRELQHXQOLFKLGFRQGHQVDFUXLFRPSR]LLHHVWHGLIHULWGHFHDD
DPHVWHFXOXLLQLLDOGDWRULWGLVWLOULL
Q SUDFWLF VH SRW vQWkOQL DPHVWHFXUL GH OLFKLGH IRUPDWH GLQ GRX FRPSRQHQWH
DPHVWHFXUL ELQDUH DPHVWHFXUL IRUPDWH GLQ WUHL FRPSRQHQWH DPHVWHFXUL WHUQDUH L
DPHVWHFXUL PXOWLSOH VDX FRPSOH[H IRUPDWH GLQ PDL PXOWH FRPSRQHQWH 'XS JUDGXO GH
VROXELOLWDWH DO FRPSRQHQLORU DYHP DPHVWHFXUL PLVFLELOH vQ RULFH SURSRULH DPHVWHFXUL
SDULDOPLVFLELOHLDPHVWHFXULQHPLVFLELOH
'LVWLODUHDFDPHWRGGHVHSDUDUHVHXWLOL]HD]vQFD]XODPHVWHFXULORUPLVFLELOHvQ
RULFHSURSRULHLDFHORUSDULDOPLVFLELOH
Separarea amestecurilor de lLFKLGH SRDWH IL GHVFULV XRU L H[DFW SHQWUX
DPHVWHFXULOH ELQDUH 3HQWUX DPHVWHFXULOH WHUQDUH L FRPSOH[H VH UHFXUJH OD VLPSOLILFUL
FRQYHQLRQDOHLDQDORJLHFXVLVWHPHOHELQDUHQFRQWLQXDUHYDILGHVFULVVHSDUDUHDXQXL
amestec binar. Pentru aceasta tUHEXLHFXQRVFXWHFRUHODLLOHGLQWUHFRPSR]LLDDPHVWHFXOXL
WHPSHUDWXUDGHILHUEHUHLSUHVLXQHDGHYDSRUL
6HIRORVHVFXUPWRDUHOHQRWDLL
X IUDFLDPRODUDXQXLFRPSRQHQWDIODWvQID]OLFKLGSHQWUXDPHVWHFXO
lichid (A + B) vom avea:
XA + XB = 1
(1)
Y IUDFLD PRODU D XQXL FRPSRQHQW DIODW vQ ID] GH YDSRUL SHQWUX
amestecul binar considerat vom avea:
YA + YB = 1
(2)
p SUHVLXQHDSDULDODXQXLFRPSRQHQWDIODWGHDVXSUDOLFKLGXOXLvQFD]XO
amestecului binar vom avea: pA LUHVSHFWLYSB.
PT presiuQHD WRWDO D YDSRULORU FHORU GRX FRPSRQHQWH GHDVXSUD
lichidului.
188
P SUHVLXQHD SDULDO D XQXL FRPSRQHQW vQ VWDUH SXU SHQWUX DPHVWHFXO

binar vom avea PA L3B.
QFD]XODPHVWHFXULORUELQDUHLGHDOHFRQVWLWXLWHGLQFRPSRQHQWHDVHPQWRDUHGLQ
punct de vHGHUHFKLPLFHFKLOLEUXOGLQWUHOLFKLGLYDSRULUHVSHFWOHJHDOXL5DRXOWLOHJHD
lui Dalton.
&RQIRUP OHJLL OXL 5DRXOW SUHVLXQHD SDULDO D XQHL FRPSRQHQWH GHDVXSUD
OLFKLGXOXL GHSLQGH GH FRQFHQWUDLD FRPSRQHQWHL vQ OLFKLG L GH WHPSHUDWXUD GH ILHUEHUe.
3HQWUXDPHVWHFXOELQDUFRQVLGHUDW$%VHSRWVFULHUHODLLOH
pA = PAXA
pB = PB XB = pB (1 XA )
(3)
(4)
(FXDLLOHLVXQWHFXDLLOHXQRUGUHSWHFDUHWUHFSULQRULJLQHLQkQGFRQWGH

HFXDLLOHLSXWHPVFULH
pA + pB = PAXA + PB PBXA
(5)
dar:
pA + pB = PT
(6)
atunci putem scrie:
PT = XA(PA PB) + PB
(7)
(FXDLDHVWHWRWHFXDLDXQHLGUHSWHGDUFDUHWDLHRUGRQDWDODYDORDUHD 3B. din

HFXDLD VH FDOFXOHD] FRPSR]LLD FRPSRQHQWHL $ UHVSHFWLY % GLQ ID]D OLFKLG FDUH
fierbe sub presiunea PT:
XA =
XB =
P T P B
P A P B
P T P A
P B P A
(8)
(9)
&RPSR]LLD ID]HL GH YDSRUL VH GHWHUPLQ SH ED]D OHJLL OXL 'DOWRQ SUHVLXQHD
SDULDO D XQHL FRPSRQHQWH DIODW vQ VWDUH GH YDSRUL GHDVXSUD XQXL OLFKLG GHSLQGH GH
FRQFHQWUDLDFRPSRQHQWHLvQID]GHYDSRULLGHSUHVLXQHDWRWDO
pA = PT YA
LQkQGFRQWGHUHODLDpA = PAXA
(10)
189
6HRELQH
YA =
PA
PT
P A X A
(11)
PT
LQkQGFRQWGHUHODLLOH VHRELQH
YA =
YB =
PA
PT
PB
PT
P T P B
(12)
P A P B
P T P A
(13)
P B P A
&X GDWHOH DVWIHO RELQXWH VH SRW FRQVWUXL JUDILF GLDJUDPHOH FDUDFWHULVWLFH SHQWUX
DPHVWHFXULOHELQDUHPLVFLELOHvQRULFHSURSRULHDYkQGFRPSRUWDUHLGHDO
-
diagrama: presiune de vapori FRPSR]LLD ID]HL OLFKLGH (p X)

(Figura 1);
GLDJUDPD WHPSHUDWXU GH ILHUEHUH FRPSR]LLD ID]HL OLFKLGH VDX GH

vapori (T X, Y) (Figura 2);
GLDJUDPD FRPSR]LLD YDSRULORU FRPSR]LLD OLFKLGXOXL < X)

(Figura 3).
Presiune
T = const.
M
PB
PT = PA + PB
PA
PB
PA
XA=1, XB = 0
XM
XA=0; XB=1
Fig.1. diagrama p X la T- FRQVW3HQWUXXQDPHVWHFELQDUWRWDOPLVFLELOLLGHDO
190
Diagrama p [ VH FRQVWUXLHWH OD WHPSHUDWXU FRQVWDQW 7 const.), trecnd n

RUGRQDWSUHVLXQHDGHYDSRULLDUvQDEVFLVFRPSR]LLDDPHVWHFXOXLELQDU$%vQIUDFLL
molare pentru care s-DSUHVXSXVF$HVWHPDLYRODWLO GHFkW % DGLF 7A < TB respectiv
PA > PB &HOH GRX GUHSWH FDUH SOHDF GH OD FRPSR]LLLOH ;A L ;B = 1) respectiv
(XA L;B UHSUH]LQWGHIDSWYDULDLLOHSUHVLXQLORUSDULDOHSA LSB. Dreapta care
XQHWH DFHVWH GRX SXQFWH UHSUH]LQW SUHVLXQHD WRWDO D DPHVWHFXOXL GH YDSRUL GHDVXSUD
lichidului la tempeUDWXUD 7 FRQVW 3H ED]D DFHVWHL GLDJUDPH VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQ
FRPSR]LLDDPHVWHFXOXLDWXQFLFkQGVHFXQRDWHSUHVLXQHDWRWDOSXQFWXO0ILJ
doC
P = const.
Curba de condensare
N
L+V
M
TB
Tf
Ti
P
Curba de fierbere
TA
L
Xi
B
Yi
X, Y
Fig.2. Diagrama T ;<SHQWUXXQDPHVWHFELQDUWRWDOPLVFLELOLLGHDO

Diagrama, T - ;< VH FRQVWUXLHWH OD SUHVLXQH FRQVWDQW WUHFkQG vQ RUGRQDW
temperatura de ILHUEHUH&LDUvQDEVFLVFRPSR]LLDDPHVWHFXOXLELQDU$%vQIUDFLL
PRODUH &XUED LQIHULRDU UHSUH]LQW FXUED WHPSHUDWXULORU GH ILHUEHUH DOH DPHVWHFXULORU
OLFKLGH LDU FXUED VXSHULRDU UHSUH]LQW FXUED WHPSHUDWXULORU GH FRQGHQVDUH DOH
amestecului de YDSRUL 'HDVXSUD FXUEHL GH FRQGHQVDUH H[LVW QXPDL ID]D JD]RDV LDU
GHGHVXEWXOFXUEHLGHILHUEHUHQXPDLID]DOLFKLGQWUHFHOHGRXFXUEHFRH[LVWFHOHGRX
ID]H'LQDFHDVWGLDJUDPVHYHGHFDSULQvQFO]LUHDDPHVWHFXOXLELQDUFXFRPSR]LLD;i,
acesWD YD vQFHSH V ILDUE OD WHPSHUDWXUD Wi SXQFWXO 0 LDU YDSRULL FRUHVSXQ]WRUL
temperaturii ti SXQFWXO3YRUDYHDFRPSR]LLD<i (mai mare dect Xi). n timpul fierberii,
OLFKLGXOVUFHWHvQFRPSRQHQWDXRUYRODWLOWHPSHUDWXUDOXLGHILHUEHUHFUHVFkQGSkQ
la valoarea Tf6HFRQVWDWFYDSRULLFRUHVSXQ]WRULDFHVWHLWHPSHUDWXUL SXQFWXO1DUH
DFHHDLFRPSR]LLHFXFHDDOLFKLGXOXL<f = Xi LGLVWLODUHDQXPDLDUHORF
191
Diagrama, T - X,Y, permite determinarea, pentru un amestec binar cu o

FRPSR]LLHGDWQXPUXOGHGLVWLOULQHFHVDUHSHQWUXVHSDUDUHDFHORUGRXFRPSRQHQWH
z
Curba de
echilibru
y
Fig. 3. Diagrama Y ;SHQWUXXQDPHVWHFELQDUWRWDOPLVFLELOLideal.

Diagrama Y ; QXPLW L GLDJUDPD GH HFKLOLEUX )LJXUD VH FRQVWUXLHWH
WUHFkQG vQ RUGRQDW FRPSR]LLD YDSRULORU < LDU vQ DEVFLV FRPSR]LLD OLFKLGXOXL ;
H[SULPDWHvQIUDFLLPRODUH'LDJRQDODUHSUH]LQWFD]XOOLPLWFkQG< ;DWXQFLcnd
QX DUH ORF VHSDUDUHD FRPSRQHQWHORU 2 FXUE GH HFKLOLEUX VLWXDW GHDVXSUD GLDJRQDOHL
DUDW IDSWXO F YDSRULL VH vPERJHVF vQ FRPSRQHQWD XRU YRODWLO LDU DWXQFL FkQG HVWH
GHSUWDWGHGLDJRQDOVHSDUDUHDDPHVWHFXOXLSULQGLVWLODUHHVWHIDFLOQSUDFWLFH[LVW
DPHVWHFXULELQDUHPLVFLELOHvQRULFHSURSRULHDFURUWHPSHUDWXUGHILHUEHUHQXYDULD]
FRQWLQXXFXPRGLILFDUHDFRPSR]LLHL
$PHVWHFXO ELQDU WRWDO PLVFLELO DYkQG WHPSHUDWXUD FRQVWDQW OD FDUH FRPSR]LLD
YDSRULORUHVWHHJDOFXFRPSR]LLDOLFKLGXOXLVHQXPHWHamestec azeotrop.
Temperatura de fierbere a azeotropului poate fi mai mare dect temperaturile de
ILHUEHUH DOH FRPSRQHQLORU SXUL FkQG DYHP XQ DPHVWHF D]HRWURS FX SXQFW PD[LP GH
ILHUEHUH )LJXUD D VDX SRDWH IL PDL PLF GHFkW temperaturile de fierbere ale
FRPSRQHQLORUFkQGDYHPXQDPHVWHFD]HRWURSFXSXQFWPLQLPGHILHUEHUH)LJXUDE
192
$PHVWHFXULOHD]HRWURSHFXSXQFWPD[LPGHILHUEHUHVHPDLQXPHVFLDPHVWHFXUL
azeotrope negative, iar cele cu punct de fierbere minim, amestecuri azeotrope pozitive.
&RPSR]LLDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDPHVWHFXOXLD]HRWURSVHPRGLILFODFUHWHUHDSUHVLXQLL
V
TM
V+L
TB
V+L
Curba de
fierbere
TA
XA=0
XA=YA
XA=1
(a)
Curba de
condensare
TB
L
V
TA
V+L
V+L
Tm
XA=0
XA=YA
XA=1
(b)
)LJ'LDJUDPDGHHFKLOLEUXvQVLVWHPHELQDUHFDUHIRUPHD]DPHVWHFXULD]HRWURSHD7
maxim de fierbere; (b) T minim de fierbere.
Separarea DPHVWHFXULORUOLFKLGHVHSRDWHUHDOL]DSULQXQDGLQXUPWRDUHOHPHWRGH
-
GLVWLODUHVLPSOVDXGLIHUHQLDO
GLVWLODUHIUDFLRQDW
193
distilare prin antrenare cu vapori de apa;
GLVWLODUHIUDFLRQDWFXUHFWLILFDUH
GLVWLODUHD]HRWURS
distilare extractiva.
DiVWLODUHD VLPSO HVWH R RSHUDLH GLVFRQWLQX vQ FDUH DPHVWHFXO OLFKLG LQWURGXV
ntr-XQ UHFLSLHQW GH ILHUEHUH QXPLW EOD] GH GLVWLODUH HVWH vQFO]LW OD ILHUEHUH 9DSRULL
UH]XOWDLVXQWHYDFXDLLFRQGHQVDLVHSDUDWIRUPkQGGLVWLODWXOPDLERJDWvQFRPSRnenta
XRU YRODWLO UH]LGXXO UPDV FRQLQkQG vQ SULQFLSDO FRPSRQHQWD PDL JUHX YRODWLO
'LVWLODUHD VLPSO VH DSOLF FX UH]XOWDWH EXQH QXPDL DWXQFL FkQG FRPSRQHQWHOH
DPHVWHFXOXL DX WHPSHUDWXUL GH ILHUEHUH GLIHULWH DX GLIHUHQ PDUH vQWUH SXQFWHOH GH
fierbere).
'LVWLODUHDIUDFLRQDW HVWHRYDULDQWDGLVWLOULLVLPSOHLVHDSOLFDPHVWHFXULORU
FDUHDXFRPSR]LLL FRPSOH[H Q DFHVWFD]vQ FRQGHQVDWRU VH FXOHJ PDL PXOWH IUDFLL GH
GLVWLODWSHED]DXQRULQWHUYDOHGHILHUEHUH6HDSOLFODLHLvQLQVWDODLile cu cazane.
'LVWLODUHD SULQ DQWUHQDUH FX YDSRUL GH DS VH XWLOL]HD] SHQWUX VHSDUDUHD
DPHVWHFXULORU GH OLFKLGH JUHX YRODWLOH VDX FDUH OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH ILHUEHUH L SUHVLXQH
RELQXLWVHGHJUDGHD]7RDWHOLFKLGHOHQHPLVFLELOHFXDSDFDUHvQPRGRELQXit fierb la
WHPSHUDWXULULGLFDWHvQDPHVWHFFXDSDYRUILHUEHODSUHVLXQHDWPRVIHULFODWHPSHUDWXUL
sub 100C.
'LVWLODUHD IUDFLRQDW FX UHFWLILFDUH VDX UHFWLILFDUHD UHSUH]LQW R VXFFHVLXQH GH
HYDSRUUL L FRQGHQVUL UHSHWDWH FDUH DX ORF vQ DFHODL DSDUDW QXPLW FRORDQ GH
UHFWLILFDUH6HDSOLFSHQWUXVHSDUDUHDDPHVWHFXULORUELQDUHFXWHPSHUDWXULGHILHUEHUHVDX
DDPHVWHFXULORUFRPSOH[HFXPDUILGHH[HPSOXLHLXO&HOHPDLUVSkQGLWHFRORDQHGH
UHFWLILFDUHVXQWFHOHFXWDOHUHLFORSRWH)LJXUD
7DOHUHOHVXQWVXSUDIHHOHSHFDUHVHSURGXFHSURFHVXOGHYDSRUL]DUH condensare
FDXUPDUHDFRQWDFWXOXLGLQWUHID]DGHYDSRULLID]DOLFKLG3HILHFDUHWDOHUVHUHDOL]HD]
XQWUDQVIHUGHFOGXULXQWUDQVIHUGHPDVvQWUHID]DGHYDSRULFDUHFLUFXO de jos n sus
L ID]D OLFKLG FDUH FLUFXO vQ FRQWUDFXUHQW 9DSRULL FLUFXO SULQ WXEXULOH FHQWUDOH LDU
lichidul prin tuburile laterale (deversoare sau preaplinuri).
3H vQWUHDJD vQOLPH D FRORDQHL GH UHFWLILFDUH H[LVW XQ UHJLP YDULDELO GH
WHPSHUDWXUPD[LPODED]LPLQLPODYkUILXQUHJLPYDULDELODOFRPSR]LLHLFHORU
194
GRXID]HFRQFHQWUDLDFRPSRQHQWXOXLYRODWLOHVWHPD[LPODYkUIXOFRORDQHLvQGLVWLODW
LPLQLPODED]vQEOD]vQUH]LGXX
)LJ6FKHPDGHIXQFLRQDUHDXQHLFRORDQHGHUHFWLILFDUHFXWDOHUHLFORSRWH
corpul coloanei; (2) taler; (3) clopot; (4) tub de preaplin.
3HODSDUWHDVXSHULRDUVHLQWURGXFHRDQXPLWFDQWLWDWHGHGLVWLODWUHFHVXEIRUP
GH UHIOX[ FDUH FLUFXO GH VXV vQ MRV L SURGXFH UHFWLILFDUHD 3H ILHcare taler au loc
XUPWRDUHOHIHQRPHQH
-
vQXUPDFRQWDFWXOXLYDSRULORUILHUELQLFXOLFKLGXOPDLUHFHGHSHWDOHU
are loc condensarea FRPSRQHQWHLJUHXYRODWLOHGLQYDSRULLWUHFHUHDHL
vQID]DOLFKLGGHSHWDOHU
GDWRULW WUDQVIHUXOXL GH FOGXU DUH ORF HYDSRUDUHD FRPSRQHQWHL XRU

volatile din lichidul de pe taler cu trecerea acesteia n faza de vapori.
Q DFHVW IHO YDSRULL FDUH SUVHVF WDOHUXO VXQW PDL ERJDL vQ FRPSRQHQWD XRU
YRODWLO dect la intrarea lor pe taler iar lichidul de pe taler este mai bogat n componenta
JUHX YRODWLO GHFkW LQLLDO Q IHOXO DFHVWD GXS XQ DQXPLW QXPU GH WDOHUH DUH ORF
separarea componentelor amestecului.
,QVWDODLLGHUHFWLILFDUH
,QVWDODLLOHGHUHFWLILFDUHSRWIL
195
LQVWDODLL FX IXQFLRQDUH GLVFRQWLQX FX UHJLP QHVWDLRQDU FkQG

FRORDQD HVWH SUHY]XW R EOD] GH GLVWLODUH vQ FDUH VH LQWURGXFH
amestecul de separat;
LQVWDODLL FX IXQFLRQDUH FRQWLQX FX UHJLP VWDLRQDU FkQG DPHVWHFXO

FDUHXUPHD]DILVHSDUDWHVWHSUHvQFO]LWSkQODWHPSHUDWXUDWDOHUXOXL
pe care VH IDFH DOLPHQWDUHD 3DUWHD VXSHULRDU D FRORDQHL GHDVXSUD
WDOHUXOXL GH DOLPHQWDUH VH QXPHWH FRORDQ GH FRQFHQWUDUH LDU SDUWH
LQIHULRDUVXEWDOHUXOGHDOLPHQWDUHFRORDQGHHSXL]DUH
6FKHPD XQHL LQVWDODLL GH UHFWLILFDUH FX IXQFLRQDUH FRQWLQX HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW vQ
figura 6.
)LJ ,QVWDODLHGH UHFWLILFDUH FXIXQFLRQDUH FRQWLQX FRORDQGH UHFWLILFDUH SDUWHD

GH HSXL]DUH FRORDQ GH UHFWLILFDUH SDUWHD GH FRQFHQWUDUH UH]HUYRU SHQWUX
DPHVWHFXO LQLLDO SUHvQFO]LWRU FRQGHQVDWRU UFLWRU UH]HUYRU SHQWUX
GLVWLODWVHUSHQWLQGHVXSUDvQFO]LUHUH]HUYRUSHQWUXUH]LGXX
Q IXQFLH GH WHPSHUDWXUD GH ILHUEHUH D DPHVWHFXOXL FH XUPHD] D IL VXSXV
UHFWLILFULLLQVWDODLLOHGHUHFWLILFDUHSRWIL
-
LQVWDODLLGHUHFWLILFDUHODSUHVLXQHDWPRVIHULF
196
LQVWDODLL GH UHFWLILFDUH OD SUHVLXQH VF]XW OD YLG SHQWUX OLFKLGH
termolabile;
LQVWDODLLGHUHFWLILFDUHDODSUHVLXQHPDLPDUHGHFkWFHDWPRVIHULFvQ
FD]XOGLVWLOULLJD]HORUOLFKHILDWH
,QVWDODLD GH UHFWLILFDUH FX IXQFLRQDUH FRQWLQX VH FRPSXQH GLQWU-R FRORDQ GH
UHFWLILFDUH OD FDUH VH GLVWLQJ GRX SUL FRORDQ GH HSXL]DUH L FRORDQ GH
FRQFHQWUDUH &RORDQD GH HSXL]DUH HVWH vQFO]LW OD SDUWHD LQIHULRDU FX DEXU LQGLUHFW
folosindu-se pentru aceasWDVHUSHQWLQD3HOkQJFRORDQDGHUHFWLILFDUHLQVWDODLDPDL
FRQLQH UH]HUYRDUHOH L SUHvQFO]LWRUXO FRQGHQVDWRUXO L UFLWRUXO FX
DS$PHVWHFXOGHUHFWLILFDWGLQUH]HUYRUXOWUHFHSULQSUHvQFO]LWRUXOLLQWU
pe talerul de alimentare a coloanei. De pe acest taler, n sus, are loc concentrarea
YDSRULORU vQ FRPSRQHQWD XRU YRODWLO LDU VSUH SDUWHD LQIHULRDU VUFLUHD OLFKLGXOXL vQ
DFHDVW FRPSRQHQW 9DSRULL FDUH VH HOLPLQ SH OD SDUWHD VXSHULRDU D FRORDQHL
conGHQVHD]vQFRQGHQVDWRUXO2SDUWHGLQFRQGHQVDWLVHUHvQWRDUFHvQFRORDQVXE
IRUPGHUHIOX[LDURDOWSDUWHD) WUHFHSULQUFLWRUXOLVHFROHFWHD]vQUH]HUYRUXO
FD SURGXV ILQLW GHQXPLW L GLVWLODW /LFKLGXO VH VFXUJH SH OD SDUWHD LQIHULRDU D
FRORDQHLGHHSXL]DUHLVHFROHFWHD]vQUH]HUYRUXO$FHVWDVHQXPHWHUH]LGXX3HQWUX
GHWHUPLQDUHD QXPUXOXL WHRUHWLF GH WDOHUH SULQ PHWRGD JUDILF VH YRU IRORVL QRWDLLOH GLQ
figura 6.
'HWHUPLQDUHDQXPUXOXLWHRUHWLFGHWDOHUH
1XPUXO WHRUHWLF GH WDOHUH QHFHVDU SHQWUX VHSDUDUHD XQL DPHVWHF GDW VH SRDWH
GHWHUPLQDSULQGRXPHWRGH
-
mHWRGDDQDOLWLF
PHWRGDJUDILF
Q SUH]HQWD OXFUDUH YD IL GHVFULV PHWRGD JUDILF DFHDVWD ILLQG PDL UDSLG L
VXILFLHQW GH H[DFW SHQWUX FDOFXOHOH SUDFWLFH GH SURLHFWDUH $FHDVW PHWRG DUH OD ED]
diagrama de echilibru lichid-YDSRULDVLVWHPXOXLVHSDUDWFXXUPWRDUHOHVSHFLILFDLL
-
DPHVWHFXO FX FDUH VH DOLPHQWHD] FRORDQD GH UHFWLILFDUH VH

SUHvQFO]HWHSkQODWHPSHUDWXUDGHILHUEHUHDOLFKLGXOXi de pe talerul
de alimentare;
197
FRQGHQVDWXO GLQ FRQGHQVDWRU DUH R FRPSR]LLH LGHQWLF FX FHD D

YDSRULORUFDUHVHHYDFXHD]GHSHWDOHUXOVXSHULRUDOFRORDQHL
FOGXUDUH]XOWDWODDPHVWHFDUHDFRPSRQHQWHORUHVWHQHJOLMDELO
SHILHFDUHWDOHUVHVWDELOHWHHFhilibrul teoretic lichid-vapori.
3HQWUXDGHWHUPLQDHFXDLLOHGUHSWHORUGHRSHUDUHFDUHVXQWUHSUH]HQWULJUDILFHDOH
XQRU UHODLL GLQWUH FRPSR]LLD OLFKLGXOXL L YDSRULORU SH ILHFDUH WDOHU IRORVLP
QRWDLLOH
-
n QXPUXOGHWDOHUHGLQFRORDQDGHFRQFHQWUare;
m QXPUXOGHWDOHUHGLQFRORDQDGHHSXL]DUH
xn,m FRPSR]LLDFRPSRQHQWHL YRODWLOH vQ OLFKLGXO GH SH WDOHUXO Q VDX

m, n procente de greutate;
yn,m FRPSR]LLDFRPSRQHQWHLYRODWLOHvQYDSRULLGHSHWDOHUXOQVDXP
n procente de greutate;
F debitul de alimentare, kg/h;
xf FRPSR]LLD FRPSRQHQWHL YRODWLOH vQ DPHVWHFXO GH DOLPHQWDUH vQ

SURFHQWHGHPDV
W debitul reziduului, hg/h;
xW FRPSR]LLD FRPSRQHQWHL YRODWLOH vQ UH]LGXX vQ SURFHQWH GH

greutate;
D debitul distilatului, kg/h;
xd FRPSR]LLD FRPSRQHQWHL YRODWLOH vQ GLVWLODW vQ SURFHQWH GH

greutate;
L debitul refluxului, kg/h;
V GHELWXOYDSRULORUSHFRORDQNJK
R = L/D raportul de reflux (sau simplu reflux) n coloana de

concentrare, kg reflux /kg distilat;
R = (F+L)/D= R+F raportul de reflux n coloana de epuizare kg

reflux /kg distilat.
198
(FXDLDGUHSWHLGHFRQFHQWUDUH
Dintr-XQ ELODQ WRWDO GH PDWHULDOH SHQWUX YDSRULL FDUH VWUEDW FRORDQD vQ SDUWHD
VXSHULRDUDDFHVWHLDUH]XOW
(1)
V=L+D
PSULQGHFXDLDSULQDVHRELQH
V=R+1
(2)
unde: V consumul specific de vapori exprimat n kg vapori/kg de distilat.

$SOLFkQGHFXDLDSHQWUXFRPSRQHQWDYRODWLOODRELQHUHDDNJGHGLVWLODW
UH]XOWSHQWUXWDOHUXOQHFXDLD
V yn+1 = R xn + xd
(3)
'DFVHvPSDUWHHFXDLDSULQ9VHRELQH
R
yn+1 = V xn +
xd
(4)
'DFLQHPFRQWGHHFXDLDDWXQFLHFXDLDVHRELQH

R
yn+1 = R+1 xn + R+1 xd
(5)
(FXDLDHVWHHFXDLDGUHSWHLGHFRQFHQWUDUHFDUHHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWGHVHJPHQWXOGLQWUH
SXQFWHOHL
(FXDLDGUHSWHLGHHSXL]DUH
ntr-XQ UHJLP FRQVWDQW GH IXQFLRQDUH SHQWUX FRORDQD GH HSXL]DUH HVWH YDODELO
UHODLD
R = V+W
(6)
%LODQXOFRPSRQHQWHLYRODWLOHGHSHWDOHUXOPHVWHGDWGHUHODLD
R, xm = V ym+1 + W xW
(7)
Dar cum pentru RHVWHYDODELOLUHODLD

R = R+F
(8)
199
(JDOkQGUHODLLOHLLLQkQGFRQWGHUHODLDVHRELQH

W=F-1
(9)
QORFXLQGvQUHODLDYDORULOHOXL9L:VHRELQH
ym +1 =
F+R
R+1
xm
F1
R+1
xw
(10)
(FXDLD HVWH HFXDLD GUHSWHL GH HSXL]DUH L HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW GH VHJHPHQWXO
GLQWUHSXQFWHOHLGLQILJXUD
100
y0 =
1
x
R+1 d
x0 =
F+1
x
F+R W
Y0
2
4
0 X0
xW
xF
xd
100

Fig. 7UDVDUHD GUHSWHL GH FRQFHQWUDUH D GUHSWHL GH HSXL]DUH L GHWHUPLQDUHD QXPUXOXL
teoretic de talere.
n figura 7 se REVHUYDH]DUHDGUHSWHORUGHRSHUDLHIDGHFXUEDGHHFKLOLEUXD
VLVWHPXOXL ELQDU 'XFkQG OLQLLOH RUL]RQWDOH L YHUWLFDOH vQWUH GUHDSWD GH FRQFHQWUDUH L
FXUEDGHHFKLOLEUXGLQSXQFWXOSkQvQSXQFWXOFRUHVSXQ]WRUGUHSWHL[ [fRELQHP
QXPUXO WHRUHWLF GH WDOHUH SHQWUX FRORDQD GH FRQFHQWUDUH 'DF VH FRQWLQX WUDVDUHD
RUL]RQWDOHORULYHUWLFDOHORUvQWUHGUHDSWDGH HSXL]DUH L FXUEDGH HFKLOLEUXGLQSXQFWXO
SkQvQSXQFWXORELQHPQXPUXOWHRUHWLFGHWDOHUHSHQWUXFRORDQDGHHSXL]DUH
200
n cadruOOXFUULLSUDFWLFHGHODERUDWRUYRPGHWHUPLQDJUDILFQXPUXOWHRUHWLFGH
talere necesar pentru separarea unui amestec binar acid acetic-DSSUHFXPLUDQGDPHQWXO
FRORDQHLIRORVLWH3HQWUXVLPSOLILFDUHDFDOFXOHORUYRPOXFUDODUHIOX[WRWDO5
DescriHUHDLQVWDODLHL
,QVWDODLDGHODERUDWRUHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUD
)LJ6FKHPDLQVWDODLHLGHUHFWLILFDUHIRORVLWvQODERUDWRUFRORDQGHUHFWLILFDUH
PDQWDL]RODWRDUHEDORQFXIXQGURWXQGvQFO]LWRUHOHFWULFDXWRWUDQVIormator;
(6) termometru de contact; (7) refrigerent; (8) termometru: (9) robinet pentru probe de
distilat; (10) (11) capace din material izolant.
,QVWDODLDVHFRPSXQHGLQFRORDQDGHUHFWLILFDUHSUHY]XWODSDUWHDLQIHULRDU
cu balonul cu fund rotunGLODSDUWHDVXSHULRDUFX UHIULJHUHQWXO%DORQXOVH
vQFO]HWH FX DMXWRUXO vQFO]LWRUXOXL HOHFWULF SUHY]XW WHUPRPHWUXO GH FRQWDFW L
DXWRWUDQVIRUPDWRUXO SHQWUX UHJODUHD WHPSHUDWXULL GH vQFO]LUH 3HQWUX OXDUHD SUREHORU
de distilDW L GH UH]LGXX LQVWDODLD HVWH SUHY]XW FX URELQHWXO L FX VLIRQXO
201
7HPSHUDWXUD YDSRULORU OD SDUWHD VXSHULRDU D FRORDQHL GH UHFWLILFDUH FDUH XUPHD] D
FRQGHQVD vQ UHIULJHUHQWXO VH PVRDU FX WHUPRPHWUXO FDUH DUH EXOEXO FX PHUFXU
DH]DWvQFDOHDORU3HQWUXDVHGLPLQXDSLHUGHULOH GH FOGXUFRORDQDGH UHFWLILFDUH HVWH
SUHY]XWFXRPDQWDGHVWLFOVSULMLQLWGHFDSDFHOHL]RODWRDUH
Modul de lucru
n balonul 83) se introduce o cantitate de amestec acid acetic-DSLVHvQFO]HWH
WUHSWDW SkQ FkQG WHUPRPHWUXO DUDW WHPSHUDWXUD FRQVWDQW GH DSUR[LPDWLY &
'XSXQWLPSRDUHFDUHGHIXQFLRQDUHSULQURELQHWXOVHLDXSUREHGHGLVWLODWLDUSULQ
VLIRQXO SUREH GH UH]LGXX $FHVWH SUREH VH FkQWUHVF L VH WLWUHD] FX VROXLL GH
KLGUR[LGGHVRGLXGHFRQFHQWUDLHFXQRVFXWvQSUH]HQGHIHQROIWDOHLQGUHSWLQGLFDWRU
Q YHGHUHD RELQHULL XQRU UH]XOWDWH FkW PDL H[DFWH SUREHOH GH GLVWLODW VH YRU WLWUD FX R
VROXLH GH 1D2+ Q LDU FHOH GH UH]LGXX FX VROXLH GH 1D2+ Q 'XS WLWUDUH VH
FDOFXOHD] FRQLQXWXO GH DFLG DFHWLF GLQ GLVWLODW QRWDW FX $ L GLQ UH]LGXX QRWDW FX %
exprimat n procente de greutate. Valorile lui xd LDOHOXL[w VHRELQSULQVFGHUHDOXL$
respectiv a lui B dintr-RVXWFRPSRQHQWDYRODWLOILLQGDSD&DOFXOHOHVHHIHFWXHD]FX
DMXWRUXOUHODLLORU
A=
B=
Respectiv:
n NaOH
1000
n NaOH
1000
NNaOH ECH 3 COOH

NNaOH ECH 3 COOH
100
a
100
b
%
%
xd = 100 A
xW = 100 - B
undeDLEUHSUH]LQWSUREHOHGHGLVWLODWLGHUH]LGXXvQJ
DYkQG GHWHUPLQDWH DFHVWH PULPL VH SRDWH WUHFH OD GHWHUPLQDUHD JUDILF D
QXPUXOXLWHRUHWLFGHWDOHUH3HQWUXDFHDVWDDDFXPVHYHGHvQILJXUDVHWUDVHD]PDL
nti curba de echilibru a sistemului binar acid acetic-DS 'DWHOH SHQWUX FRQVWUXLUHD
FXUEHLVHJVHVFvQ$QH[D'XSWUDVDUHDFXUEHLGHHFKLOLEUXSHDFHHDLGLDJUDP\X,
VH WUDVHD] GUHSWHOH [ = xd L [ [W FDUH LQWHUVHFWHD] GLDJRQDOD vQ SXQFWHOH L
1XPUXOWHRUHWLFGHWDOHUHVHGHWHUPLQGXFkQGGLQSXQFWXORUL]RQWDOHLYHUWLFDOHvQWUH
FXUED GH HFKLOLEUX L GLDJRQDO SkQ FH VH GHSHWH SXQFWXO 1XPUkQG RUL]RQWDOHOH
sau verticaOHOH WUDVDWH vQWUH SXQFWHOH L RELQHP QXPUXO WHRUHWLF GH WDOHUH Qt'XS
202
FXPVHYHGHGLQILJXUDSHDFHDVWUHSUH]HQWDUHQXPDLDSDUGUHSWHOHGHRSHUDLH&kQG
UHIOX[XOHVWHWRWDODFHVWHGUHSWHVHFRQIXQGFXGLDJRQDOD
5 \0 = 0; x0 = 0.
100
60
x=xd

20
2
x=xW
0
20
60
100

Fig.9. Reprezentarea JUDILF SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD QXPUXOXL WHRUHWLF GH WDOHUH FkQG
FRORDQDOXFUHD]vQFXUHIOX[WRWDO
Anexa 1. Datele de echilibru lichid-YDSRUL SHQWUX VLVWHPXO ELQDU DS-acid acetic, la
P = 760 mmHg.
Nr.crt
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10,
X
%,mol.
0
15
25
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Y
%, grav.
0
5
9,1
16,7
23,1
31
41,2
54,5
73
100
%, mol.
0
26,2
40
57
66
74
81,5
87,8
93,7
100
%, grav.
0
9,6
16,7
28,5
36,8
46,1
55,6
68,3
81,7
100
T, C
118,1
111,85
108,95
105,78
104,33
103,15
102,05
101,18
100,5
100
203
5DQGDPHQWXOFRORDQHLGHUHFWLILFDUHrect.VHGHWHUPLQFXDMXWRUXOUHODLHL
n
rect . = n t 100, %
p
unde: nt QXPUXOWHRUHWLFGHWDOHUHGHWHUPLQDWJUDILF
np QXPUXOSUDFWLFGHWDOHUHDOFRORDQHLVHGHWHUPLQSULQQXPUDUH
Probleme propuse
1) 2 FRORDQ GH GLVWLODUH HVWH DOLPHQWDW FX XQ GHELW GH NJK DPHVWHF
DOFRROHWLOLFLDSLVHRELQNJKGLVWLODWFXDOFRROHWLOLFLDS
6VHGHWHUPLQHPDVDLFRPSR]LLDUH]LGXXOXL
R. W = 900 kg; XW = 4,44 %
2 FRORDQ GH UHFWLILFDUH HVWH DOLPHQWDW FX XQ GHELW GH NJK DPHVWHF
benzen - toluen EHQ]HQLWROXHQSURFHQWHPDVLFHRELQkQGX-se distilat
cu 97 % EHQ]HQ L UH]LGXX FX WROXHQ &RQVLGHUkQG FLIUD GH UHIOX[ ID GH
GLVWLODWVVHFDOFXOH]HGHELWXOGHGLVWLODWLGHUH]LGXX
R. D = 11808,5 kg; W = 18191,5
kg
6HVXSXQHUHFWLILFULLFRQWLQXHODSUHVLXQHGHPP+JXQDPHVWHFEHQ]en
WROXHQRELQkQGX-VHGLVWLODWFXXQGHELWGHNJKWLLQGFRPSR]LLDvQEHQ]HQD
DPHVWHFXOXLLQLLDO;F = 49 %, a distilatului XD LDUH]LGXXOXL;W = 4,8 %, se
cere:
DGHELWXOGHDOLPHQWDUH)LGHELWXOGHUH]LGXX:vQNJK
bFRPSR]LLDFHORUWUHLIUDFLXQLH[SULPDWvQIUDFLLPRODUH
R. F = 3428,96 kg/h; W 1628,96 kg/h; XD = 0,905; XF = 0,531; XW = 0,0656
$PHVWHFXOEHQ]HQLWROXHQILHUEHODWHPSHUDWXUDGH&VXESUHVLXQHDGH
PP+J/DDFHDVWWHPSHUDWXUSUHVLXQHDYDSRULORUVDWXUDLDLEHQ]HQXOXL3B = 1167
PP+JLSUHVLXQHDYDSRULORUVDWXUDLDLWROXHQXOXL3T PP+J6VHFDOFXOH]H
FRPSR]LLDDPHVWHFXOXLFDUHILHUEHFRQVLGHUkQGFDFHVWDXUPHD]OHJHDOXL5DRXOW
R. XB = 0,4075; XT = 0,5925
V VH FDOFXOH]H FRPSR]LLD ID]HL GH YDSRUL vQ HFKLOLEUX OD & SHQWUX XQ
DPHVWHFIRUPDWGLQPROEHQ]HQLPROWROXHQFRQVLGHUkQGFDPHVWHFXO
XUPHD]OHJHDOXL5DRXOW6VHFDOFXOH]HLFRPSR]LLDDPHVWHFXOXLOLFKLGEHQ]HQ
toluen care fierbHOD&ODSUHVLXQHDGHPP+J3UHVLXQLOHYDSRULORUVDWXUDL
204
sunt: la 60C, 385 mm hg, respectiv 140 mm Hg, iar la 90C sunt 1013 mm Hg
respectiv 408 mm Hg.
R. XB = 0,583; XT = 0,417
205
$QH[D8QLWLGHPVXUSHQWUXOXQJLPH
Lungime
1m
1 inch (in)
1 foot (ft)
1 yard
(yd)
1 furlong
PLO
PLO
PDULQ
mm
1000
25,4
304,8
cm
100
2,54
30,48
m
1
0,0254
0,3048
in
39,3701
1
12
yd
1,0936
0,02778
0,3333
km
0,001
-
914,4
91,44
0,9144
36
201,168
1609,344
220
1720
0,20116
1,60934
1853,18
2025,4
1,85318
$QH[D8QLWLGHDULH
m2
1
102
104
106
0,929
0,8361
4046,86
Aria
1 m2
1a
1 ha
1 km2
1 inch2
1 foot2
1 yard2
PLO2
1 acru
a
0,01
1
102
104
40,47
ha
10-4
10-2
1
100
259
0,4047
km2
10-6
10-4
0,01
1
2,59
-
in2
1550
1
144
1296
-
ft2
10,76
1076
9
43760
yd2
1,196
119,6
11959,9
0,111
1
4840
$QH[D8QLWLGHYROXPLFDSDFLWDWH
Volume
cm3
dm3
m3
in3
ft3
yd3
1 m3
1 in3
1 ft3
1 yd3
1l
1 pint
1 gallon
(SUA)
1 gallon
(Anglia)
1 barrel
(SUA)
1 uncie
de
lichid
106
16,39
3785
103
0,0164
28,316
764,555
1,000028
0,56826
3,785
1
-
35,31
1
27
61023
1
1728
231
0,1337
1,308
0,037
1
-
4546
4,546
277,42
0,1605
158,987
0,159
9703
28,413
1,7339
0,028
0,765
28,316
1
0,568
3,785
gallon
(SUA)
264,2
7,481
201,974
1
gallon
(Anglia)
220,0
6,232
168,177
0,2199
0,125
0,8327
barrel
(SUA)
6,2898
0,1781
4,8089
0,0238
4,546
1,201
0,0286
5,615
0,2079
158,98
42
34,9726
0,0353
0,02007
206
$QH[D8QLWLGHPDV
Masa
1 kg
1
kgf m2
m
2,2046226
9,80665 10-3
21,62
1
.
4,535923 10-4
.
46,35 10-3
0,907
1,016
101,972
.
4,62536 10-1
-
2204,6226
1
14
2000
2240
kg
1000
10-3
9806,65
9,80665
-6
1t
1 SRXQGOLEU
1 uncie (oz)
1 Stoun
1 Short ton *
1 long ton **
kgf m2
m
0,101972
10
453,5923
28,35
6350
-
10
.
4,535923 10-1
0,02853
6,350
907
1016
lb
*- WRQVFXUW** - WRQOXQJ
$QH[D8QLWLGHIRU
n
kg f
dyn
pdl
)RUD
1N
1
0,102
105
7,233
1 kg f
9,81
1
9,81.105
70,932
-5
. -6
1 dyn
10
1,02 10
1
1 poundal *
0,138
1,41.10-2
1
*- poundal IRUDFDUHLPSULPPDVHLGHOERDFFHOHUDLHGHIWV2
$QH[D8QLWLGHSXWHUH
Putere
kg f m
S
CP
B. T. U
h
kcalIT
h
.
1
0,102
0,860
3,412
1,36 10-3
1 watt = 1J/s
kg f m
.
9,81
1
8,342
33,462
1,333 10-2
1
S
735,5
75
1
632,420
2509,66
1 cal putere CP
kcalIT
.
1,163
0,118
1
3,9683
1,581 10-3
1
h
B. T. U
.
0,293
0,030
0,252
1
1,985 10-4
1
h
B. T. U Brtish Thermal Unit FDQWLWDWHDGHFOGXUQHFHVDUULGLFULLWHPSHUDWXULLFX
XQJUDG)DKUHQKHLWODSUHVLXQHQRUPDODXQXLSRXQGGHDS
$QH[D8QLWLGHHQHUJLH
Energie
1 J = 1 Ws
1 kWh
1 kg f m
1 kcal
1 eV
1 B.T.U.
1 erg
kWh
3,6 10
9,81
.
277,8 10
1
4,186 10
.
1,602 10-9
1055
10-7
-9
2,724 10-6
.
1,163 10-3
. -26
4,45 10
.
293 10-6
-
Kg f.m
kcal
0,102
238,8 10-6
859,8
367 10
1
426,9
.
1,633 10-20
107,6
-
.
.
2,342 10-3
1
.
3,82 10-23
0,252
-
MeV
6,2422 1012
.
2,2472 1010
.
6,1215 1013
.
2,6135 1016
10-6
-
B.T.U.
.
948 10-6
3412
.
9,294 10-2
3,968
.
1,517 10-23
1
-
erg
107
1
207
Anexa 8. 3UHIL[HSHQWUXIRUPDUHDPXOWLSOLORULVXEPXOWLSOLORU]HFLPDOLDLXQLWLORU6,
Multipli
Factor numeric zecimal
1018
1015
1012
109
106
103
102
101
Denumire
exa
peta
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deca
Simbol
E
P
T
G
M
k
h
da
Denumire
deci
centi
mili
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
Simbol
d
c
m
n
p
f
a
Submultipli
Factor numeric zecimal
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-13
10-16
10-18
208
$QH[D7HQVLXQHDGHYDSRULDDSHLIXQFLHGHWHPSHUDWXUPP+J
Temp. C
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
4,579
4,647
4,715
4,785
4,855
15
12,788
12,953
13,121
13,290
13,461
16
13,634
13,809
13,987
14,166
14,347
17
14,530
14,715
14,903
15,092
15,284
18
15,477
15,673
15,871
16,071
17,272
19
16,477
16,685
16,894
17,105
17,319
20
17,535
17,753
17,974
18,197
18,422
21
18,650
18,880
19,113
19,349
19,587
22
19,827
20,070
20,316
20,565
20,815
23
21,068
21,324
21,583
21,845
22,110
24
22,377
22,648
22,922
23,198
23,476
25
23,576
24,039
23,326
24,617
24,912
26
25,209
25,509
25,812
26,117
26,426
27
26,739
27,055
27,374
27,695
28,021
28
28,349
28,680
29,015
29,354
29,697
29
30,043
30,392
30,745
31,102
31,461
30
31,824
32,191
32,561
32,934
33,312
31
33,695
34,082
34,471
34,864
35,261
32
35,663
36,068
36,477
36,891
37,308
33
37,729
38,155
38,584
39,018
39,457
34
39,898
40,344
40,796
41,251
41,710
35
42,175
42,644
43,117
43,595
44,078
36
44,563
45,054
45,549
46,050
46,556
37
47,067
47,582
48,102
48,627
49,157
38
49,692
50,231
50,774
51,323
51,879
39
52,442
53,009
53,580
54,156
54,737
40
55,324
55,91
56,51
57,11
57,72
100
760,00
765,45
770,93
776,44
782,00
209
$QH[D&RUHFLLPHGLLGHWHPSHUDWXUSHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHD420
Densitatea d4t
&RUHFLDPHGLHGH
WHPSHUDWXUSHQWUX&
Densitatea d4t
&RUHFLDPHGLHGH
WHPSHUDWXUSHQWUX&
0,700 0,710
0,000910
0,850 0,860
0,000699
0,710 0,720
0,000884
0,860 0,870
0,000689
0,720 0,730
0,000870
0,870 0,880
0,000673
0,730 0,740
0,000857
0,880 0,890
0,000660
0,740 0,750
0,000844
0,890 0,900
0,000647
0,750 0,760
0,000831
0,900 0,910
0,000633
0,760 0,770
0,000818
0,910 0,920
0,000620
0,770 0,780
0,000805
0,920 0,930
0,000607
0,780 0,790
0,000792
0,930 0,940
0,000594
0,790 0,800
0,000778
0,940 0,950
0,000581
0,800 0,810
0,000765
0,950 0,960
0,000567
0,810 0,820
0,000752
0,960 0,970
0,000554
0,820 0,830
0,000738
0,970 0,980
0,000541
0,830 0,840
0,000725
0,980 0,990
0,000528
0,840 0,850
0,000712
0,990 1,000
0,000515
210
15,56
$QH[D7UDQVIRUPDUHDGHQVLWLLd20
4 n d15,56
Densitatea d20
4
Nr. care trebuie VF]XW

din densitate
Densitatead20
4
1UFDUHWUHEXLHVF]XW
din densitate
0,700 0,710
0,0051
0,830 0,840
0,0044
0,710 0,720
0,0050
0,840 0,850
0,0042
0,720 0,730
0,0050
0,850 0,860
0,0042
0,730 0,740
0,0049
0,860 0,870
0,0042
0,740 0,750
0,0049
0,870 0,880
0,0041
0,750 0,760
0,0048
0,880 0,890
0,0041
0,760 0,770
0,0048
0,890 0,900
0,0040
0,770 0,780
0,0047
0,900 0,910
0,0040
0,780 0,790
0,0046
0,910 0,920
0,0039
0,790 0,800
0,0046
0,920 0,930
0,0038
0,800 0,810
0,0045
0,930 0,940
0,0038
0,810 0,820
0,0045
0,940 0,950
0,0037
0,820 0,830
0,0044
211
Anexa 12 . Amestecuri binare azeotrope la p = 760 mm Hg

Componenta
A
Temperatura
de
fierbere,C
Componenta
B
Temperatura
de
fierbere,C
Azeotropul
&RQFHQWUDLD
% mol A
Temperatura
de
fierbere,C
1. $PHVWHFXULELQDUHD]HRWURSHFXWHPSHUDWXUDPLQLPGHILHUEHUH
1-pentan
n-pentan
28,0
36,2
acetona
56,2
cloroform
61,2
CH3OH
C2H5OH
64,7
78,3
CH3OH
64,7
91
24,5
CS2
46,2
90
35,7
CH3OH
64,7
82
30,8
C2H5OH
78,3
93
34,3
CH3OH
64,7
80
55,7
n-hexan
69,0
68
49,8
CH3OH
64,7
65
53,5
C2H5OH
78,3
84
59,3
acetat de etil
77,2
68,3
62,3
benzen
82
61,4
53,84
toluen
110,6
87
63,8
benzen
80,2
44,8
68,2
n-heptan
98,5
67,7
70,9
DS
100
89,43
78,15
2. Amestecuri binare D]HRWURSHFXWHPSHUDWXUPD[LPGHILHUEHUH

HCl
84,9
DS
100
11,2
100
DFHWRQ
56,2
cloroform
61,2
34,5
64,5
HNO3
86
DS
100
37,8
120,5
DS
100
Acid formic
100,7
43,0
107,1
212
Anexa13 . Seria tensiunilor electrochimice a elementelor

5HDFLD de electrod
Elementul
Potasiu
Calciu
Sodiu
Magneziu
Aluminiu
Mangan
Zinc
Crom
Fier
Cadmiu
Cobalt
Nichel
Staniu
Plumb
Hidrogen
Cupru
Iod
Mercur
Argint
Brom
3ODWLQ
Oxigen
Clor
Aur
Fluor
)RUPDUHGXV
)RUPDR[LGDW
K+ + e -
Ca
3RWHQLDO
standard de
UHGXFHUHYROL
2,925
Ca2+ + 2e-
2,87
Na
Na+ + e-
2,71
Mg
Mg2+ + 2e-
2,37
Al
Al3+ + 3e-
1,66
Mn
Mn2+ + 2e-
1,18
Zn
Zn2+ + 2e-
0,76
Cr
Cr3+ + 3e-
0,74
Fe
Fe3+ + 3e
0,44
Cd
Cd2+ + 2e-
0,40
Co
Co2+ + 2e-
0,28
Ni
Ni2+ + 2e-
0,25
Sn
Sn2+ + 2e-
0,14
Pb
Pb2+ + 2e-
0,13
H2
2H+ + 2e-
0,00
Cu
Cu2+ + 2e-
+ 0,34
2I
I2+ + 2e-
+ 0,54
Hg
Hg2+ + 2e-
+ 0,79
Ag
Ag+ + e-
+ 0,80
2Br
Br2 + 2e-
+ 1,06
Pt
Pt2+ + 2e-
+ 1,2
2H2O
O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
+ 1,23
2Cl
Cl2 + 2e-
+ 1,36
Au
Au2+ +2 e-
+ 1,68
2F
Cl2 + 2e-
2,87
213
$QH[D&RHILFLHQLGHFRQGXFWLYLWDWHDLFkWRUYDVXEVWDQHVROXLLLPDWHULDOH
Nr.
crt.
Denumire
Interval
WHPSHUDWXU&
1.
Aluminiu
0 100
203,5
2.
Azbest
0 100
0,151
3.
Beton
0 100
1,28
4.
Bronz
0 100
64,0
5.
&UXVWSLDWUGHFD]DQ
0 100
1,163 3,49
6.
Cupru
0 100
384,0
7.
Email
0 100
0,872 1,163
8.
)RQW
0 100
46,5 93,0
9.
*KHD
0 100
2,33
10.
Lemn (pin)
0 100
0,14 0,384
11.
Nisip uscat
0 100
0,349 0,814
12.
2HOFDUERQ
0 100
46,5
13.
2HOLQR[
0 100
17,5
14.
3kVOGHOkQ
0 100
0,698
15.
Plumb
0 100
34,9
16.
3UDIGHSOXW
0 100
0,047
17.
5XPHJXGHOHPQ
0 100
0,07 0,093
18.
6WLFO
0 100
0,698 0,814
19.
Textolit
0 100
0,244
20.
9DWGHVWLFO
0 100
0,035 0,07
21.
9RSVHDSHED]GHulei
0 100
0,223
22.
=LGULHGHFUPLG
0 100
0,116 0,814
23.
Amoniac (gaz)
0 50
0,021 0,026
24.
Aer
0 50
0,024 0,028
25.
Azot
0 50
0,023 0,027
26.
Bioxid de carbon
0 50
0,014 0,019
de Coeficient de conductivitate
WHUPLF:PK
214
27.
Hidrogen
0 50
0,0163 0,0186
28.
Metan
0 50
0,03 0,0360,026 0,029
29.
Oxigen
0 50
0,016 0,02
30.
$SYDSRUL
0 50
SkQOD
31.
$SYDSRUL
3kQOD&
0,45
32.
$PRQLDFVROXLH
20C
0,6 0,55
33.
KOH sol. 20 - 040%
30C
0,6
34.
Na2CO3 sol. 10%
30C
0,6
35.
NaCl sol. 10-25%
30C
0,6 0,5
36.
H2SO4 sol. 30-90%
30C
0,5 0,35
37.
HCl sol. 10-35%
30C
0,5 0,45
1,01972.10-2
1
1
9,80665.10
9,80665.105
1013250
1333,22
98,0665
10-1
9,80665
9,80665.104
101325
133,322
9,80665
Joule (J)
1,0 .10-7
1
4,18674 .
1,602 .10-19
9,80665
3,6 .106
1,05472 .103
erg
1
1,0 .107
4,18674 .107
1,602 .107
9,80665 .107
3,6 .1013
1,05504 .1010
1 erg
1J
1 calIT
1 eV
1 kg f.m
1 kwh
1 B. T. U.
kg f
cm2
1
3,826 .10-20
2,3423
859,185 .102
251,9958
2,6135 .1019
1
6,1215 .1019
-
0,0735559
735,559
760
1
0,0735559
7,50062.10-1
7,50062.10-3
torr (mm Hg)
4,26988 .10-1
1,6336 .10-20
1
3,67098 .105
107,576
kg f .m
1,09716 .10-8
1,09716 .10-1
9,6784.10-5
10-4
ev
6,2422 .1011
6,2422 .1018
0,967841
1
1,31579.10-6
9,6784.10-5
9,86923.10-7
9,86923.10-6
atm.
1
1,03303
1,35951.10-3
10-4
1,01972.10-6
1,01972.10-5
calIT
2,3885 .10-8
2,3885 .10-1
104
1,03323.104
13,5951
0,101972
10
kg f
m2
dyn
cm2
Pa
m2
Anexa 167UDQVIRUPULvQWUHGLIHULWHXQLWLGHHQHUJLH
1 2 (at)
cm
1 atm
1 torr
1 mm H2O la
4C
kg f
Pa
m2
dyn
1 2
cm
kg f
1 2
m
Presiune
Anexa 15.
1,16279 .10-6
1,5810 .10-21
2,7241 .10-6
1
2,93019 .10-4
kwh
2,77778 .10-14
2,77778 .10-7
104
1,03323.104
13,5951
1,01972.10-2
0,101972
mm H2O la
4C
1mm H2O la 4C
Unitate
de
presiune
1 N/m2
1 bar
1 kg f/cm2 (at.)
DWPIL]LF
1 torr (mm Hg)
1
105
9,81.104
1,01325.105
1,33322.102
1/760
9,80665
N
m2
9,81.10-5
10-5
1
9,81.10-1
1,01325
= 1,333.10-3
bar
10-4
1,01972.10-5
1,01972
1
1,03323
1,35951.10-3
kg f/cm2 (at.)
Anexa 177UDQVIRUPULSHQWUXGLIHULWHOHXQLWLDOHSUHVLXQLL
0,968.10-4
9,86923.10-6
0,987
0,967841
1
1,31579.10-3
atm
735,599.10-4
7,50062.10-3
0,750.103
735,559
760
1
torr (mm Hg)
0,101972
0,102.105
104
1,033.104
13,595
mm H2O la 4C
217
Anexa. 18. 1RPRJUDPSHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHD,QGLFHOXL'LHVHO
218
Bibliografie
1. $XUHOLD 9DVLOH 1 %kOE 7(+12/2*,( (GLWXUD 8QLYHUVLWLL $O .I. &X]D ,DL
1995.
2. *K 0LKLO, N. BOE 7(+12/2*,( &+,0,& *(1(5$/ 92/ ,, Editura
8QLYHUVLWLL$O&X]D,DL
3. *K0LKLO1&/XQJX /8&55,35$&7,&('(7(+12/2*,(&+,0,&
*(1(5$/23(5$,,81,7$5( Ed. Univ. Al. I. &X]D,DL
4. *K0LKLO M. Alexandroaei, D. Gnju, D. Dranga, 1'580$5'(/8&55,
35$&7,&( '( 7(+12/2*,( &+,0,& &HQWUXO GH PXOWLSOLFDUH DO ,QVWLWXWXOXL
3ROLWHKQLF,DL
5. $ 6WDQFX , 0POLJ ,1'8675,$ &+,0,& 23(5$,, , 87,/$-( '(
%$=(GLWXUD*K$VDFKL,DL
6. , 0POLJ 6 3HWUHVFX 23(5$,, '( 75$16)(5 '( 0$6 , 87,/$-(
63(&,),&((GLWXUD&HUPL,DL
7. E. Bratu, 23(5$,, 81,7$5( 1 ,1*,1(5,$ &+,0,&, vol. I III, Editura
7HKQLF%XFXUHWL
8. 5=7XGRVH,,EQHVFX09DVLOLX$6WDQFX*&ULVWLDQ0/XQJXPROCESE,
23(5$,,87,/$-(1,1'8675,$&+,0,&(GLWXUD'LGDFWLFL3HGDJRJLF
%XFXUHWL
9. 9 3UXDQX TEHNOLOGII CHIMICE, EGLWXUD WLLQLILF L (QFLFORSHGLF
%XFXUHWL
10. Ev. Popovici, M. Cruceanu, Aurelia Vasile, M. Alexandroaei, CALCULE
TEHNICO-ECONOMICE, Centrul de PXOWLSOLFDUHDO,3,DL
11. C. Ciugureanu, Aurelia Vasile, M. Alexandroaei /8&55, 35$&7,&( ,
PRO%/(0( '( 7(+12/2*,( SHQWUX VWXGHQLL DQXOXL , )DFXOWDWHD GH WLLQH
HFRQRPLFH6HFLD(FRQRPLD,QGXVWULHL&HQWUXOGHPXOWLSOLFDUHDO,3,DL
219
12. 1 %kOE $XUHOLD 9DVLOH 0 $OH[DQGURDHL /8&55, 35$&7,&( , &$/&8/(
TEHNICO-ECONOMICE LA CURSUL DE T(+12/2*,$ ,1'8675,$/ ,
CALITATEA PRODUSELOR, EGLWXUD8QLYHUVLWLL$O,&X]D,DL.
13. Aurelia Vasile,BAZELE PROCESELOR BIOTEHNOLOGICE. Vol. I, Editura
8QLYHUVLWLL$O,&X]D,DL&HQWUXl de multiplicare, 1998.
14. 1 %kOE 1 1DXP $ 3RSD APLI&$,, PRACTICE LA CURSUL DE
7(+12/2*,(,1'8675,$/3(1758678'(1,,$18/8,,)$&8/7$7($
'( 7,,1( (&2120,&( &HQWUXO GH PXOWLSOLFDUH DO ,QVWLWXWXOXL SROLWHKQLF ,DL
1982.
15. Valeria Suciu, M.V. Suciu, STUDIUL MATERIALELOR ,Editura Fair Partners,
%XFXUHWL 2008.
16. L.G. Bujoreanu, MATERIALE INTELIGENTE(G-XQLPHD,DL
17. Aurelia Vasile, MATERIALE NANOSTRUCTURATE AVANSATE . PREZENT
, 9,,725 92/ ,, 0$7(5,$/( 1$123252$6(,&DVD (GLWRULDO 'HPLXUJ
,DL
18. D. Bunea, A. Nocivin, MATERIALE BIOCOMPATIBILE(GLWXUD%UHQ%XFXUHWL
1998
19. Anca Stery, 7(+12/2*,(&+,0,&*(1(5$/, (G8QLYHUVLWLLGLQ3ORLHWL
2004
20. I. Blaga, M. Popescu, M. Stroescu, 7(+12/2*,( &+,0,& *(1(5$/ ,
PROCESE TIP, ('3%XFXUHWL
21. 9 3UXDQX, PROCESE 7(+12/2*,&( ',1 ,1'8675,$ &+,0,& (GLWXUD
'LGDFWLFLSHGDJRJLF%XFXUHWL
22. 1 %kOE 9 $EDEL &856 '( 7(+12/2*,( ,1'8675,$/ &HQWUXO GH
PXOWLSOLFDUHDO,3,DL
23. V. PUXDQX 0 &RUREHD * 0XVF ECONOMIA HIDROCARBURILOR,
HGLWXUDWLLQLILFL(QFLFORSHGLF%XFXUHWL
CUPRINS
3URWHFLDPXQFLL.5
0ULPLLXQLWLIL]LFHLFKLPLFH...12
Identificarea componentelor unui aliaj metalic prin metode electrochimice..33
(OR[DUHDLFRORUDUHDDOXPLQLXOXL6
Coroziunea materialelor metalice42
3URWHFLDDQWLFRUR]LYDPHWDOHORU50
%LODQGHPDWHULDOHELODQHQHUJHWLF61
Stabilirea regimului de curgere a fluidelor prin conducte drepte 89
0VXUDUHa curgerii fluidelor93
6WDELOLUHDFRHILFLHQWXOXLWRWDOGHWUDQVPLWHUHDFOGXULL5
Testarea unei pompe centrifuge.115
Apa n industrie.121
'HGXUL]DUHDDSHLFXVFKLPEWRULGHLoni...129
DHWHUPLQDUHDFRQLQXWXOXLGHFRPSRQHQWXWLODXQHLPDWHULLSULPHQDWXUDOe139
&DUDFWHUL]DUHDFRPEXVWLELOLORUVROL]LDQDOL]DWHKQLFDFUEXQLORU...145
'HWHUPLQDUHDFRQFRPLWHQWDVXOIXOXLLD]RWXOXLGLQFUEuni.153
Determinarea puterii calorice a comEXVWLELOLORUJD]RL
Analiza produselor petroliere172
6HSDUDUHDDPHVWHFXULORUOLFKLGHSULQGLVWLODUHLUHFWLILFDUHGHWHUPLQDUHD
randamentului unei coloane de rectificare186
Anexe205
Bibliografie 218

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8QLYHUVLWDWHD$O,&X]DGLQ,DL

Dr. IULIEAN VASILE ASAFTEI

Dr. AURELIA VASILE

CHIMIA MATERIALELOR ,CHIMIE TEHNOLOGIC

^Z/Z /W />/Kd// Ef/KE>

LQIODPDELOHLYRODWLOH VXOIXUGHFDUERQHWHUEHQ]HQHWF VHYRULQHSHPDVDGLQODERUDWRU

se sting imediat toate becurile;

lichidul YUVDWVHYDWHUJHFX R FkUS FDUH VH YD VWRDUFH vQWU-un balon cu

VH YD vQWUHUXSH DHULVLUHD QXPDL GXS FRQVWDWDUHD GLVSDULLHL FRPSOHWH D

Volumul unui cub cu latura de 1m.

(*) Debitul volumetric, DvSHQWUXRFRQGXFWFXVHFLXQHDFLUFXODUVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD

unde: d diametrul conductei;

Cantitatea de electricitate care, trecnd

Capacitatea unui condensator electric care

&RQGXFWLYLWDWHDWHUPLFDunui corp omogen

Cmp electric (intensitatea cmpului electric)

Unitatea S.I. de unghi plan radianul este unghiul plan cuprins

Unitatea S.I. de unghi solid steradianul - este unghiul solid care,

mFe = 55,847 g = 55,85 g

mCl = 35,453 g = 35,45 g

1 mol = MH 2 O = (2 1,008) + 16 = 18,06 g 18,0 g

Echivalentul unui element dintr-RVXEVWDQVLPSOVDXFRPELQDLH

Echivalentul unui oxid:

Echivalentul unui acid ntr-RUHDFLHGHQHXWUDOL]DUH

Echivalentul unei baze:

b) Care va fi masa uQXLOLWUXGHD]RWvQFRQGLLLVWDQGDUG?

P0 V0 T 760 4 103 293

T1 = 273 +20 = 290 K;

PVT0 150 1000 273

suspensii SDUWLFXOHFXGLPHQVLXQLGHRUGLQXODc !P

VROXLLFRORLGDOH particule ntre 10-1000 (1-P 

VROXLLPROHFXODUH particule cu dimensiuni moleculare sub 10

&RPSR]LLDDPHVWHFXULORU VROLGH VHH[SULPVXE IRUPDFRQFHQWUDLLORU SURFHQWXDOH GH PDV

&RPSR]LLLOH VXVSHQVLLORUVHH[SULPvQ JO sau g/m3 VXVSHQVLHLDU FRPSR]LLDSUDIXULORUvQ

unde t este temperatura n C.

(FXDLDGHVWDUHDJD]HORULGHDOH. Legile Boyle-Mariotte:

3HQWUXQPROLGHJD]HFXDLDGH stare a gazelor devine:

'DF FRQVLGHUP GRX gaze, cu masele moleculare M1 L 02 OD DFHHDL SUHVLXQH L

'DFVHFXQRDWHGHQVLWDWHDVROXLHLG JPO LFRQFHQWUDLDSURFHQWXDOGHPDVVH

0DVDVROXLHL0  J

%H2 O = 100 %C2 H5 OH = 28,13;

&RQFHQWUDLDLQGXVWULDO & JUDPHGHVXEVWDQOLWUXVROXLH

33,46 1000 1,17

&RQFHQWUDLD PRODU P molaritate QXPU GH PROHFXOH JUDP PROL VXEVWDQ

n (moli HCl) = 441 /36,45

441/36,45 moli HCl.1500 ml sol.

&RQFHQWUDLDQRUPDO Q normalitate QXPUXOGHHFKLYDOHQLJUDPGHVXEVWDQ

unde E echivalentul gram.

nr. de echiv. gram = 20 /53 = 0,3773

0,629 n Na2 CO3

Gvar tehnic = NJ&D2NJLPSXULWL NJ

VCO 2 (273 K 760 mm Hg) = 22,4 l

p0 V0 T 760 215,04 298

IDENTIFICAREA COMPONENTELOR UNUI ALIAJ METALIC PRIN METODE

ELOXAREA I COL ORAREA ALU MINI ULUI

Apa este un electrolit slab:

COMPACTIZAREA ,&2/25$5($16&23 DECORATIV A STRATULUI DE Al2O3

V(5,),&$5($&$/,7,, STRATULUI DE Al2O3

Substane i mat erial e

COROZIUNEA MATERIALELOR METALICE

metale tipice care fac parte din blocurile s Lp;

PHWDOHWUDQ]LLRQDOHcare fac parte din blocul d ;

2Me (III) + 3O2

8QLYHUVLWDWHD$O,&X]DGLQ,DL

^Z/Z /W />/Kd// Ef/KE>

LQIODPDELOHLYRODWLOHVXOIXUGHFDUERQHWHUEHQ]HQHWFVHYRULQHSHPDVDGLQODERUDWRU

(*) Debitul volumetric, DvSHQWUXRFRQGXFWFXVHFLXQHDFLUFXODUVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHODLD

Echivalentul unui acid ntr-RUHDFLHGHQHXWUDOL]DUH

suspensii SDUWLFXOHFXGLPHQVLXQLGHRUGLQXODc!P

VROXLLFRORLGDOH particule ntre 10-1000 (1-P

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0DVDVROXLHL0 J

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&RQFHQWUDLDQRUPDOQ normalitate QXPUXOGHHFKLYDOHQLJUDPGHVXEVWDQ

Gvar tehnic = NJ&D2NJLPSXULWL NJ

PHWDOHWUDQ]LLRQDOHcare fac parte din blocul d ;

unde: Moxid, Mmetal PDVDPROHFXODUDR[LGXOXLLDPHWDOXOXLJ

1< K< 1,5 VHIRUPHD]SHOLFXOHFRPSDFWHSURWHFWRDUH

K > 1,5 se foUPHD] SHOLFXOH FRPSDFWH OD JURVLPL PLFL GXS

Ln reducerea O2 UHDFLHGHGHSRODUL]DUH:

XQGHJ pierderea n greutate datorate coroziunii, g;

cnd ntr-XQSDKDU%HU]HOLXVVHYDVFXUJHVROXLDGLQYDVXOSkQFkQGGDWRULWYLGXOXL

J m, (g) (pentru Fe)

QPRGDVHPQWRUSHQWUX=QJ m, (g)

UHVSHFWLY$OJ m, (g)

&XQRVFkQG GHQVLWLOH PHWDOHORU VXSXVH FRUR]LXQLL Fe = 7,86 g/cm3;

Prevenirea coroziunii VHUHDOL]HD]SULQ

3URFHGHXO XWLOL]ULL LQKLELWRULORU GH FRUR]LXQH FRQVW vQ

VSHFLDOvQFD]XO)HLDOLDMHORUVDOHIRlosind anod auxiliar de sacrificiu (Zn, Mg, Al) sau

3URFHGHXO DFRSHULULL GH VXSUDID FRQVW vQ GHSXQHUHD GH

VWUDWXUL SURWHFWRDUH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH EDULHUH L]RODWRDUH QHUHDFWLYH L FDUH SUH]LQW R

DFRSHULUH FKLPLF R[LGDUH FURPDUH QLWUXUDUH IRVIDWDUH

acoperire prin grunduire LYRSVLUH

Fig.2. Formarea PLFURSLOHORUGHFRUR]LXQH OD VXSUDIDDILHUXOXLDLSURWHFLDFDWRGLF

VH RELQH R SHOLFXO GH =Q SHUIHFW DGHUHQW FRPSDFW

SDUDPHWULL GH OXFUX GHQVLWDWHD GH FXUHQW FDWRGLF $GP2),

/XVWUXLUHD FDUH DUH GUHSW VFRS VXSUDILQLVDUHD VXSUDIHHL

3UHJWLUHD FKLPLF XUPUHWH GHJUHVDUHD GHFDSDUHD L OXVWUXLUHD VXSUDIHHORU

)LJ ,QVWDODLD GH ]LQFDUH JDOYDQLF FHOXO GH ]LQFDUH DXWRWUDQVIRUPDWRU

6H GHWHUPLQ FX SUHFL]LH VXSUDIDD DQR]LORU 6A FHOH GRX IHH

RSXVHLVXSUDIDDFDWRGXOXLSLHVHLVXSXVH]LQFULL6K, dm2.

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unde: SK VXSUDIDDFDWRGXOXLSLHVHLGH]LQFDWGP2;

10-3 g/h; 4,0 g/m2.RU 12,96

6VHFDOFXOH]HFRHILFLHQWXOGHYROXPDOR[LGXOXLNvQFD]XOPHWDOHORU: Na, Ca,

n faza de exploatare, DXQXLSURFHVWHKQRORJLFUHIOHFWFRQGLLLOHUHDOH

XQGH12 FRHILFLHQLLSDULDOLGHWUDQVIHUkcal/m2 h grd.

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