PURIFICATION OF WATER

Chemicals required:
Bleaching Powder, Glass wool, 0.1 N Na2S2O3 solution, 10% KI solution, different samples of water, starch
solution.
Requirements:
Burette, titration flask, 100ml graduated cylinder, 250ml measuring flask, weight box, glazed tile, glass wool.
Theory:
Preparation of Bleaching Powder:
It is prepared by either calcium process or sodium process.
Calcium Process: Calcium hypochlorite, also known as chloride of lime, is made by reacting chlorine with calcium
hydroxide:
2Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2 Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O
Sodium Process: Calcium hypochlorite is made by reacting chlorine with sodium hydroxide:
2Ca(OH)2 + 3 Cl2 + 2 NaOH Ca(OCl)2 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O + 2 NaCl
Bleaching powder is actually a mixture of calcium hypochlorite Ca(ClO) 2 and the basic chloride CaCl2 , Ca(OH)2 ,
H2O with some slaked lime, Ca(OH)2 .
Reactions:
1. Ca(OCl)2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
2. Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2
3. I2 + 2Na2S2O3 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
Procedure:
1. Preparation of N/10 Na2SO4 solution :
Take 0.79gm of sodium thio-sulphate hydrated and dilute it in about 100ml of water. Equivalent mass of sodium thiosulphate solution
=Molecular mass/nfactor
= (158 g /mol)/2
= 79 g/mol
Normality = (number of gram equivalents of Na2SO4)/Vol. Of solutions (lts)
1N

79g

1000ml water
1N/10
7.9g
1000ml water
1N/10
0.79g
100ml water
2. Preparation of 10%KI solution :
Take 10gm. of KI powder and then dilute the mixture with water to make the volume 100 ml and take it in the
measuring flask.
3. Preparation of 1% Bleaching Powder solution :
Weight 2.5gm of bleaching powder and mix it in about 200 ml of distilled water in a conical flask. Stopper the
flask and shake it vigorously. The suspension thus obtained is filtered through glass wool in measuring flask of 500ml.
and dilute the filtrate with water to make the volume 250 ml. The solution of obtained is 1% bleaching powder of
solution.

4. Preparation of starch solution :

Take about 1gm of soluble starch and 10 ml of distilled water in a test table. Mix vigorously to obtain a paste.
Pour the paste in about 100ml. of hot water contained in a beaker with constant stirring. Boil the contents for 4-5
minutes and then allow it to cool.
TITRATION:
5. TITRATION-1(WATER SAMPLE: Distilled Water) :
Take 100ml. of distilled of water and then 20ml of bleaching powder of solution in a stopper conical flask and
add to it 20ml of 10% KI solution. Shake the mixture, titrate this solution against N/10 Na 2S2O3. Sodium thio-sulphate
solution taken in burette. When solution in the conical flask becomes light yellow in colour add about 2ml of starch
solution as indicator. The solution now becomes blue in colour. The end point is disappearance of blue colour, so
continue titrating till the blue colour just disappears. Repeat the titration to get a set of two concordant readings.
6. TITRATION-(WATER SAMPLE-Bisleri Water, Rain Water, Bore well water) :
Take 100ml of water sample in a conical flask, add 20ml of bleaching powder of solution in a stopper conical
flask and add 20ml of KI solution and stopper the flask. Shake it and titrates against N/10 Na 2S2O3 until the solution
become yellow. Then add 2ml of starch solution and then again titrate till the blue colour disappears. Repeat titration
to get a set of two concordant readings.
7. Repeat the step 6 with other samples of water and record the observation.
Observations:
Burette solution: Sodium Thiosulphate
Titrated against: 20ml (Bleaching powder solution) + 20ml KI + 100ml (Water Sample)
Indicator: Starch
End point: Blue color to colorless solution
Titration I:
Volume of Distilled water taken 100ml
Volume of bleaching powder sol. taken 20ml
Volume of KI solution added 20ml
Burette Reading
Sr. No. Initial ( in ml)
1.
0.0
2.
0.0
3.
0.0

Final ( in ml)
7.5
7.3
7.2

Titration II:
Volume of water sample I taken 100ml
Volume of bleaching powder sol. added 20ml
Volume of KI solution added 20ml

Final Vol. of 0.2N Na2S2O3 sol. used ( in ml)

7.5
7.3
7.2
Concordant Reading: 7.3

Burette Reading
Sr. No. Initial ( in ml)
1.
0.0
2.
0.0
3.
0.0

Final ( in ml)
8.0
9.6
8.0

Final Vol. of 0.2N Na2S2O3 sol. used ( in ml)

8.0
9.6
8.0
Concordant Reading: 8.0

Sample I (Tap Water):

Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of water.
= (8.0 - 7.3) = 0.7ml of 0.1 N of Na2S2O3 solutions.
1 ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching powder.
2.5
= 250 = 0.01gm
10 ml of bleaching powder solution = 7.3 ml of 0.1 Na2S2O3
10
1ml of 0.1 N Na2S2O3 solution = 7.3 ml of bleaching powder solution
Volume of bleaching powder solution required to disinfect 100ml of water sample
10
0.7
=
7.3 ml.
0.7

10
7.3

ml of bleaching powder solution

=

0.7

10
0.01
7.3

gm of bleaching powder

Amount of bleaching powder required to disinfect 1 ltr. of water sample I

10 0. 0 1 1000
0.7
0.7

=
g
=
7.3
100
7.3 = 0.096gm
Result:
Amount of the given samples of bleaching powder required to disinfect one litre of water:
Sample I = 0.096gm
Thus we get the amount required for disinfection and if bleaching powder is taken less than this amount water will
remain impure and if it taken in excess than this will also be harmful as it will contain chlorine
Titration II has minimum reading because of impurities and titration I has maximum reading because the sample was
distilled water.
Bibliography:
1. www.icbse.com
2. http:/www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bleaching
3. http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/watertreatment
4. www.edstorm.com/doclib/mi4174.pdf