Periodic Table & Atomic

Structure
Do not write what is in
blue
What is in red is important
Physical Science
January 2015

Periodic Table History

Dimitri Mendeleev: Russian,
developed the 1st periodic table,
which was arranged by atomic mass.
Henry Mosley: English, developed
the modern periodic table, which is
arranged by increasing atomic
number & properties.

Basic Arrangement of the

Periodic
Table
vertical columns: called groups or
families. Every member of has the same
number of valence electrons.
Valence electrons: electrons in the
outermost energy level of an atom
(determines properties and how
compounds are formed). As you move
from left to right across the periodic table
you increase valence electrons by 1
(excluding the transition metals) until you
reach 8 in the noble gases. Elements with
the same number of valence electrons have
similar properties (due to reactivity)
Horizontal rows: called periods. Each
row has the same number of energy
levels.
Metals are located to the left of the
staircase
Non-metals are located to the right of the
staircase.
Metalloids follow (create) the staircase.

Basic Arrangement- Fill this

Information out on your Table

Periodic Properties

Properties of (most) Metals

solid at room temperature
shiny (metallic luster)good reflectors
good conductors of heat & electricity
Flexible( Malleable: able to be hammered into thin sheets
Ductile: able to be drawn into wire)

Properties of (most) Non-metals

Gases or brittle solids at room temperature
Dull (earthy luster)
Do NOT conduct heat or electricity well
Brittle

Properties of Metalloids or Semiconductors: Have properties of both

metals and nonmetals.
They are actually non-metals with some properties of metals such as being able
to conduct heat and electricity under certain conditions. They are often used in
computers and calculators.

Elements may be:

Reactive: will react with other elements to form compounds
Inert: will NOT react with other elements

Exceptions to the Rules

Mercury, Hg is the only
metal that is a liquid at
room temperature.
Bromine, Br is the only
non-metal that is a liquid
at room temperature.
Hydrogen, H is the
only non-metal that is on
the left side of the chart.

Element Groups
Hydrogen
Falls in line with group 1 because
it only has one valence electron
---although it is not a metal.
When it gains an electron, it
behaves as a non-metal
When it loses an electron, it
behaves as a metal

http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/001.htm
(0-3:30)

Element Groups
Group 1: Alkali Metals
One electron in outer energy level
Only found in nature as a
compound
Most reactive group

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uixxJtJPVXk Alkali Metals

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m55kgyApYrY (start at 1min)

Element Groups
Group 2: Alkali Earth Metals
Two electrons in outer energy level
Only found in nature as
compounds
Very reactive

Colored fireworks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbkLp3-o78E

Element Groups
Groups 3-12: Transition Metals:
They are less reactive than metals
from groups 1 & 2.

Element Groups
Groups 13-16: Mixed Groups
The groups are mixed because
they contain metals, non-metals, and
metalloids. Each group is referred to
by the top elements name.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=mzah-TEBaF8 (diamonds arent
forever)

Element Groups
Group 17: Halogens
All are non-metals
The word halogen means salt
former.
Each element has 7 electrons in its
outer energy level.

Element Groups
Group 18: Noble Gases
All are non-metals and gases
They have 8 electrons in their outer energy
levels so they are already stable and do not
need to combine.
They do NOT form compounds
naturally.they are inert.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=QLrofyj6a2s
Noble Gases

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ozkyh515pJc (Nova)

What is an Atom?
Atom: basic unit of matter.
All atoms have two
regions
Electron cloud (Nucleus (+ charge)
charge)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bw5TE5o7JtE (In Search of Giants)

Three Sub-Atomic Particles

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqNSQ3OQMGI (nova animation of atomic

models)

Atomic Arrangement

Finding Atomic Mass

Atomic Mass Unit (amu): a quantity equal to
one-twelfth the mass of a Carbon -12 atom.

The # of P+ determines the type of

atom.
The number of p+ = number of e To determine mass number from the
chart, round the average atomic mass to
the nearest whole number.
To determine # of Neutrons, subtract the
atomic number from the mass number.

Atomic Number ( # of P+ or # of e-)

4
Beryllium

Be
9.0122

Element Name
Chemical Symbol
Average Atomic Mass
(# of P+ + # of N0)

Complete the chart for Beryllium

Element Name
Number of Protons
Number of Electrons
Atomic Number
Chemical Symbol
Average Atomic Mass
Mass Number
Number of Neutrons

Mass # - Atomic #

Atomic Number ( # of P+ or # of e-)

4
Beryllium

Be
9.0122

Element Name
Chemical Symbol
Average Atomic Mass
(# of P+ + # of N0)

Complete the chart for Beryllium

Element Name
Number of Protons
Number of Electrons
Atomic Number
Chemical Symbol
Average Atomic Mass
Mass Number
Number of Neutrons

Beryllium
4
4
4
Be
9.0122 amu
9
5

Complete Carbon
Element Name
Number of Protons
Number of Electrons
Atomic Number
Chemical Symbol
Average Atomic Mass
Mass Number
Number of Neutrons

6
Carbon

C
12.011

Complete Carbon
Element Name
Number of Protons
Number of Electrons
Atomic Number
Chemical Symbol
Average Atomic Mass
Mass Number
Number of Neutrons

Carbon

6
6
6
C
12.011
12
6

6
Carbon

C
12.011

Fill out for the Missing Element

Depending on your Birthday.
Compete the Chart

January- Lithium
February- Na
March- 39 amu
April- Atomic # 7
May- Chlorine
June- Atomic # 10
July- 14 amu
August- Atomic # 13
September- S
October- Phosphorus
November- 40 amu
December- F

Element Name
Number of Protons
Number of
Electrons
Atomic Number
Chemical Symbol
Average Atomic
Mass
Mass Number
Number of
Neutrons

How are Electrons

Arranged?
The electron cloud is located around
the nucleus of the atom.
The electron cloud is arranged into
energy levels (shells), each of these
levels is filled with orbitals, and
electrons are most likely found in
these areas within the electron cloud.
The lowest energy level is closest to
the nucleus.

How are Electrons

Arranged?
As you move away from the nucleus,
the energy levels are capable of
holding more and more electrons.
Energ Maximum #
y
of electrons
level
1
2
2

18

32

Bohr Models
A Bohr model of an atom depicts the
number of electrons within each
energy level.
The energy levels are represented by
circular orbits and the electrons are
dots on the orbits.
You must be able to recognize
Bohr models of elements 1-20.

Now you Try!

On your blank
periodic table
draw models for
elements #1-20.

Neutral or Charged Ion?

Ionization: When atoms gain or lose electrons

In a neutral atom, # of protons = # of electrons.
So the overall charge is zero.
Ion: a charged atom (# of P+ is different from # of e-)
Losing e- = + charge(cation) (cation- think of the t
as a + or ca+ion, or cats have paws- form a
pawwssitive charge)
Gaining e- = - charge (anion) (anion= a negative
ion- forms a negative charge)
Metals usually lose e- and form cations (+)
Non-metals usually gain e- and form anions (-)
http://video.pbs.org/video/2217713569/ (Nova:
hunting for the elements)

Isotopes
The number of neutrons in the
nucleus can vary!
These variations are called ISOTOPES.
Isotope: atoms of the same element
with a different number of neutrons.
(Different mass)

How to Calculate Isotopes

Isotopes are symbolized as follows:
Mass Number
Atomic Number

14
6

Carbon -12

To calculate the # of neutrons in the

isotope,
subtract the atomic number from mass
number.
The above isotope has 6 neutrons (12 6
= 6).