Citric Acid Cycle:

Chapter 14

Fermentation is a low-energy process - no net oxidation:

Complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 = 2870 kJ/mol
Complete ox of lactate to CO2 = 1379 kJ/mol lactate x 2
= 2757 kJ/mol original glucose
2757/2870 = 96% of original free energy present per mol glucose
is still present in fermentation product (lactate)
Respiration = process by which aerobes obtain energy from
oxidation of fuel molecules by molecular oxygen.

14.2

p. 594

14.3

Entry into Citric Acid Cycle: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH)

p. 597

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH)

14.4

Eukaryotic complex:
60 E2 monomers (52000) in a
core structure (3 million)
30 E1 tetramers (154000)
attached to core
12 E3 dimers (110000)
1-3 copies of a kinase (62000)
+ 1-3 copies of a phosphatase
(100000)
12 copies of E3BP
Total complex = 9 X 106
14.9

14.4e

disulfide

14.5

(dithiol)

p. 599

Coenzyme A

p. 601

Thioesters are energy-rich

14.8

Flavin Coenzymes

Tightly (often covalently)

bound to enzyme

14.6

Flavin Coenzymes

Can handle 1- or 2-electron transfers

14.7

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)

Dissociate from enzymes

2-electron transfers only

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH)

14.9

E1: pyruvate dehydrogenase

compare to pyruvate
decarboxylase (13.8)

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH)

G' = -33.5 kJ/mol

14.9

Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

14.17

14.3

Citrate synthase

p. 605

Keq = 3.3 X 105

14.3

-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

p. 608

14.13

14.3

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

Succinyl-CoA + Pi + ADP (GDP) ! succinate + ATP (GTP) + CoA-SH

G' = -2.9 kJ/mol

p. 608

(mixed
anhydride)

14.15
High P transfer
potential
GDP
GTP

ATP
ADP

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase

Substrate-level phosphorylation
14.14

14.3

Succinate dehydrogenase

p. 609

Go = +29.7 kJ/mol

14.3

14.16

Anaplerotic Reactions = filling up

pyruvate + CO2 + ATP + H2O ! OAA + ADP + Pi

14.18

14.18

pp. 619-620