Patrisha Carter

Cell Standards
1.B.1:a3,b
Essentialknowledge1.B.1:Organismssharemanyconservedcoreprocessesand
featuresthatevolvedandarewidelydistributedamongorganismstoday.
a.Structuralandfunctionalevidencesupportstherelatednessofalldomains.
3.Metabolicpathwaysareconservedacrossallcurrentlyrecognizeddomains.[Seealso
3.D.1]
b.Structuralevidencesupportstherelatednessofalleukaryotes.[Seealso2.B.3,4.A.2]
Tofosterstudentunderstandingofthisconcept,instructorscanchooseanillustrativeexample
suchas:

Cytoskeleton(anetworkofstructuralproteinsthatfacilitatecellmovement,
morphologicalintegrityandorganelletransport)
Membraneboundorganelles(mitochondriaand/orchloroplasts)
Linearchromosomes
Endomembranesystems,includingthenuclearenvelope
2.A.3:b12
Essentialknowledge2.A.3:Organismsmustexchangematterwiththeenvironmentto
grow,reproduceandmaintainorganization.
b.Surfaceareatovolumeratiosaffectabiologicalsystemsabilitytoobtainnecessary
resourcesoreliminatewasteproducts.
Evidenceofstudentlearningisademonstratedunderstandingofeachofthefollowing:
1.Ascellsincreaseinvolume,therelativesurfaceareadecreasesanddemandformaterial
resourcesincreasesmorecellularstructuresarenecessarytoadequatelyexchangematerials
andenergywiththeenvironment.Theselimitationsrestrictcellsize.
Tofosterstudentunderstandingofthisconcept,instructorscanchooseanillustrativeexample
suchas:

Roothairs
Cellsofthealveoli
Cellsofthevilli
Microvilli

2.Thesurfaceareaoftheplasmamembranemustbelargeenoughtoadequatelyexchange
materialssmallercellshaveamorefavorablesurfaceareatovolumeratioforexchangeof
materialswiththeenvironment.
2.B.1:ac
Essentialknowledge2.B.1:Cellmembranesareselectivelypermeableduetotheir
structure.
a.Cellmembranesseparatetheinternalenvironmentofthecellfromtheexternalenvironment.
b.Selectivepermeabilityisadirectconsequenceofmembranestructure,asdescribedbythe
fluidmosaicmodel.[Seealso4.A.1]
Evidenceofstudentlearningisademonstratedunderstandingofeachofthefollowing:

1.Cellmembranesconsistofastructuralframeworkofphospholipidmolecules,
embeddedproteins,cholesterol,glycoproteinsandglycolipids.
2.Phospholipidsgivethemembranebothhydrophilicandhydrophobicproperties.The
hydrophilicphosphateportionsofthephospholipidsareorientedtowardtheaqueous
externalorinternalenvironments,whilethehydrophobicfattyacidportionsfaceeach
otherwithintheinteriorofthemembraneitself.
3.Embeddedproteinscanbehydrophilic,withchargedandpolarsidegroups,or
hydrophobic,withnonpolarsidegroups.
4.Small,unchargedpolarmoleculesandsmallnonpolarmolecules,suchas,freely
passacrossthemembrane.Hydrophilicsubstancessuchaslargepolarmoleculesand
ionsmoveacrossthemembranethroughembeddedchannelandtransportproteins.
Watermovesacrossmembranesandthroughchannelproteinscalledaquaporins.

c.Cellwallsprovideastructuralboundary,aswellasapermeabilitybarrierforsome
substancestotheinternalenvironments.
Evidenceofstudentlearningisademonstratedunderstandingofeachofthefollowing:

1.Plantcellwallsaremadeofcelluloseandareexternaltothecellmembrane.
2.Otherexamplesarecellswallsofprokaryotesandfungi.
2.B.2:ac
Essentialknowledge2.B.2:Growthanddynamichomeostasisaremaintainedbythe
constantmovementofmoleculesacrossmembranes.
a.Passivetransportdoesnotrequiretheinputofmetabolicenergythenetmovementof
moleculesisfromhighconcentrationtolowconcentration.
Evidenceofstudentlearningisademonstratedunderstandingofeachofthefollowing:
1.Passivetransportplaysaprimaryroleintheimportofresourcesandtheexportofwastes.
2.Membraneproteinsplayaroleinfacilitateddiffusionofchargedandpolarmoleculesthrough
amembrane.
Tofosterstudentunderstandingofthisconcept,instructorscanchooseanillustrativeexample
suchas:

Glucosetransport
transport

Thereisnoparticularmembraneproteinthatisrequiredforteachingthisconcept.
3.Externalenvironmentscanbehypotonic,hypertonicorisotonictointernalenvironmentsof
cells.
Activetransportrequiresfreeenergytomovemoleculesfromregionsoflowconcentrationto
regionsofhighconcentration.
Evidenceofstudentlearningisademonstratedunderstandingofeachofthefollowing:
1.Activetransportisaprocesswherefreeenergy(oftenprovidedbyATP)isusedbyproteins
embeddedinthemembranetomovemoleculesand/orionsacrossthemembraneandto

establishandmaintainconcentrationgradients.
2.Membraneproteinsarenecessaryforactivetransport.
c.Theprocessesofendocytosisandexocytosismovelargemoleculesfromtheexternal
environmenttotheinternalenvironmentandviceversa,respectively.
Evidenceofstudentlearningisademonstratedunderstandingofeachofthefollowing:
1.Inexocytosis,internalvesiclesfusewiththeplasmamembranetosecretelarge
macromoleculesoutofthecell.
2.Inendocytosis,thecelltakesinmacromoleculesandparticulatematterbyformingnew
vesiclesderivedfromtheplasmamembrane.

2.B.3:ac
Essentialknowledge2.B.3:Eukaryoticcellsmaintaininternalmembranesthatpartition
thecellintospecializedregions.
a.Internalmembranesfacilitatecellularprocessesbyminimizingcompetinginteractionsandby
increasingsurfaceareawherereactionscanoccur.
b.Membranesandmembraneboundorganellesineukaryoticcellslocalize(compartmentalize)
intracellularmetabolicprocessesandspecificenzymaticreactions.[Seealso4.A.2]
Tofosterstudentunderstandingofthisconcept,instructorscanchooseanillustrativeexample,
suchas:

Endoplasmicreticulum
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Golgi
Nuclearenvelope

c.ArchaeaandBacteriagenerallylackinternalmembranesandorganellesandhaveacellwall.
2.D.1:a
Essentialknowledge2.D.1:Allbiologicalsystemsfromcellsandorganismsto
populations,communitiesandecosystemsareaffectedbycomplexbioticandabiotic
interactionsinvolvingexchangeofmatterandfreeenergy.
a.Cellactivitiesareaffectedbyinteractionswithbioticandabioticfactors.
Tofosterstudentunderstandingofthisconcept,instructorscanchooseanillustrativeexample
suchas:

Celldensity
Biofilms
Temperature
Wateravailability
Sunlight
2.D.2:b

Essentialknowledge2.D.2:Homeostaticmechanismsreflectbothcommonancestryand
divergenceduetoadaptationindifferentenvironments.
b.Organismshavevariousmechanismsforobtainingnutrientsandeliminatingwastes.
Tofosterstudentunderstandingofthisconcept,instructorscanchooseanillustrativeexample
suchas:

Gasexchangeinaquaticandterrestrialplants
Digestivemechanismsinanimalssuchasfoodvacuoles,gastrovascularcavities,
onewaydigestivesystems
Respiratorysystemsofaquaticandterrestrialanimals
Nitrogenouswasteproductionandeliminationinaquaticandterrestrialanimals
2.D.3:a
Essentialknowledge2.D.3:Biologicalsystemsareaffectedbydisruptionstotheir
dynamichomeostasis.
a.Disruptionsatthemolecularandcellularlevelsaffectthehealthoftheorganism.
Tofosterstudentunderstandingofthisconcept,instructorscanchooseanillustrativeexample
suchas:

Physiologicalresponsestotoxicsubstances
Dehydration
Immunologicalresponsestopathogens,toxinsandallergens
4.A.2:ag
Essentialknowledge4.A.2:Thestructureandfunctionofsubcellularcomponents,and
theirinteractions,provideessentialcellularprocesses.
a.Ribosomesaresmall,universalstructurescomprisedoftwointeractingparts:ribosomalRNA
andprotein.Inasequentialmanner,thesecellularcomponentsinteracttobecomethesiteof
proteinsynthesiswherethetranslationofthegeneticinstructionsyieldsspecificpolypeptides.
[Seealso2.B.3]
b.Endoplasmicreticulumoccursintwoforms:smoothandrough.[Seealso2.B.3]
Evidenceofstudentlearningisademonstratedunderstandingofeachofthefollowing:
1.Roughendoplasmicreticulumfunctionstocompartmentalizethecell,servesas
mechanicalsupport,providessitespecificproteinsynthesiswithmembranebound
ribosomesandplaysaroleinintracellulartransport.
2.Inmostcases,smoothERsynthesizeslipids.
SpecificfunctionsofsmoothERinspecializedcellsarebeyondthescopeofthe
courseandtheAPExam.
c.TheGolgicomplexisamembraneboundstructurethatconsistsofaseriesofflattened
membranesacs(cisternae).[Seealso2.B.3]
Evidenceofstudentlearningisademonstratedunderstandingofthefollowing:
1.FunctionsoftheGolgiincludesynthesisandpackagingofmaterials(smallmolecules)for
transport(invesicles),andproductionoflysosomes.
d.Mitochondriaspecializeinenergycaptureandtransformation.[Seealso2.A.2,2.B.3]
Evidenceofstudentlearningisademonstratedunderstandingofeachofthefollowing:

1.Mitochondriahaveadoublemembranethatallowscompartmentalizationwithinthe
mitochondriaandisimportanttoitsfunction.
2.Theoutermembraneissmooth,buttheinnermembraneishighlyconvoluted,formingfolds
calledcristae.
3.CristaecontainenzymesimportanttoATPproductioncristaealsoincreasethesurfacearea
forATPproduction.
e.Lysosomesaremembraneenclosedsacsthatcontainhydrolyticenzymes,whichare
importantinintracellulardigestion,therecyclingofacellsorganicmaterialsandprogrammed
celldeath(apoptosis).Lysosomescarryoutintracellulardigestioninavarietyofways.[Seealso
2.B.3]
Specificexamplesofhowlysosomescarryoutintracellulardigestionarebeyondthescope
ofthecourseandtheAPExam.
f.Avacuoleisamembraneboundsacthatplaysrolesinintracellulardigestionandtherelease
ofcellularwasteproducts.Inplants,alargevacuoleservesmanyfunctions,fromstorageof
pigmentsorpoisonoussubstancestoaroleincellgrowth.Inaddition,alargecentralvacuole
allowsforalargesurfaceareatovolumeratio.[Seealso2.A.3,2.B.3]
4.A.4:a,b
Essentialknowledge4.A.4:Organismsexhibitcomplexpropertiesduetointeractions
betweentheirconstituentparts.
a.Interactionsandcoordinationbetweenorgansprovideessentialbiologicalactivities.
Tofosterstudentunderstandingofthisconcept,instructorscanchooseanillustrativeexample
suchas:

Stomachandsmallintestines
Kidneyandbladder
Root,stemandleaf

b.Interactionsandcoordinationbetweensystemsprovideessentialbiologicalactivities.
Tofosterstudentunderstandingofthisconcept,instructorscanchooseanillustrativeexample
suchas:

Respiratoryandcirculatory
Nervousandmuscular
Plantvascularandleaf
4.B.2:a13
Essentialknowledge4.B.2:Cooperativeinteractionswithinorganismspromoteefficiency
intheuseofenergyandmatter.
a.Organismshaveareasorcompartmentsthatperformasubsetoffunctionsrelatedtoenergy
andmatter,andthesepartscontributetothewhole.[Seealso2.A.2,4.A.2]
Evidenceofstudentlearningisademonstratedunderstandingofeachofthefollowing:
1.Atthecellularlevel,theplasmamembrane,cytoplasmand,foreukaryotes,theorganelles
contributetotheoverallspecializationandfunctioningofthecell.
2.Withinmulticellularorganisms,specializationoforganscontributestotheoverallfunctioning

oftheorganism.
Tofosterstudentunderstandingofthisconcept,instructorscanchooseanillustrativeexample
suchas:

Exchangeofgases
Circulationoffluids
Digestionoffood
Excretionofwastes

3.Interactionsamongcellsofapopulationofunicellularorganismscanbesimilartothoseof
multicellularorganisms,andtheseinteractionsleadtoincreasedefficiencyandutilizationof
energyandmatter.
Tofosterstudentunderstandingofthisconcept,instructorscanchooseanillustrativeexample
suchas:
Bacterialcommunityintherumenofanimals
Bacterialcommunityinandarounddeepseavents
4.C.1:a
Essentialknowledge4.C.1:Variationinmolecularunitsprovidescellswithawiderrange
offunctions.
a.Variationswithinmolecularclassesprovidecellsandorganismswithawiderrangeof
functions.[Seealso2.B.1,3.A.1,4.A.1,4.A.2]
Tofosterstudentunderstandingofthisconcept,instructorscanchooseanillustrativeexample
suchas:

Differenttypesofphospholipidsincellmembranes
Differenttypesofhemoglobin
MHCproteins
Chlorophylls
Moleculardiversityofantibodiesinresponsetoanantigen