WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY (TAS 3010) LECTURE NOTES 9a - Water Intake, Screening, Aeration, Coagulation

TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 9a :
Water Treatment
Process :
Water Intake,
Screening,
CHAPTER 3:
Environmental Microbiology
Aeration, Coagulation
© SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT University College of Science and Technology Malaysia
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1) Introduction
2) Water Intake
3) Water Treatment Process
4) Screening
5) Pre-Sedimentation
6) Aeration
7) Coagulation
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Introduction
Characteristic from surface sources - unsuitable for human
consumption, industrial use, commercial use etc.
Characteristics :
1) Turbid
2) Colour
3) Acids, salts and gases – corrosive action – impart hardness of

water
4) Bacteria – Water borne diseases.

Objectives
Objectives :
“ To remove harmful microorganisms or chemicals, thereby preventing the

spread of disease in order to supply clean and safe water for public demand”
Good water source :
Raw water with a coliform count of up to 5000/100mL and turbidity up to 10

units
Poor water source :
Raw water with coliform counts that frequently exceed 20,000/100 mL and
turbidities that exceed 250 units.
Water Treatment - Pollutant
Content must be removed from the water

source
 Waste
 Solid material / Colloidal particles
 Pathogen
 Heavy Metal
 Exceed dissolved salt

Water Treatment – Selection
FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO THE SELECTION

OF TREATMENT METHOD :
 Sources of water intake
 Characteristic of water
 Cost

1 – Water Intake
SELECTION CRITERIA FOR WATER INTAKE LOCATION :
 Must have the best available water quality
 Far from strong current – adverse affect water intake

potential
 Quantity of water demand can be achieved even at a

very low water flow rate
 Near to water treatment plant
 Easily accessible & possess adequate space and facilities

for maintenance works

1 – Water Intake Sources
SOURCES OF WATER INTAKE :
 SURFACE WATER : Particle Removal
 GROUNDWATER : Removal of dissolved inorganic

contaminants
 WATER STORAGE
- High content of Fe & Mn
- Algal Bloom

Surface Water Treatment
Typical treatment plant for surface water :
1) Screening and grit removal
2) Primary sedimentation (settling/clarification)
3) Coagulation (Rapid mixing)
4) Flocculation
5) Secondary sedimentation
6) Filtration
7) Sludge processing
8) Disinfection
Surface Water Treatment

Groundwater Treatment
Typical treatment plant for groundwater :
1) Aeration
2) Flocculation/precipitation
3) Sedimentation
4) Recarbonation
5) Filtration
6) Disinfection
7) Solids processing

Groundwater Treatment

Water Treatment – Process
Water Intake Pump House Screening
Coagulation Aeration Pre-Sedimentation
Flocculation Sedimentation
Distribution pHDisinfection
Adjustment Filtration

Intake Structure
 Pipes design must take into account the
quantity of water to be sucked out
 Pipes position must consider the water level

during dry season
 Must be fenced for security purposes
 Must have screens on pipe or intake

structure – prevent entry of objects that might
damage pumps and treatment facilities

Pump House - Storage
-Water from rivers may be stored in bankside

reservoir for periods between a few days – months to
allow natural biological purification.
-Provide buffer against short periods of drought or to

allow water supply to be maintained during transitory
pollution incidents in the source river.
-Blending water source.

Tower Water Intake
Gate controls
Water Surface
Open Port
Entry Port
Closed port
Outlet

Tower Water Intake

Screening
-With grit removal, remove suspended debris, sand, grit, large
and hard floating huge and hard materials
- Settles very rapidly
- Prevent from damaging pumps & other mechanical devices
- Most deep groundwater does not need screening before

purification steps

Traveling Water Screen

Screening

Pre-Sedimentation
- Required if the raw water is too dirty.
- Store the raw water temporarily before proceed to the main

process.
- Removes the particles that will settle out by gravity alone

within few hours.
- Sedimentation basin/clarifier – circular/rectangular tank

holds water for suspended solids settlement.
- Equipped with bottom scraper and hopper that removes

collected sludge.

Aeration
Purpose :
1) Eliminate unneeded dissolved gases
- Remove unpleasant taste and odour-causing substances
- Increase water pH.
- Remove substances that interfere with or add to the cost

of subsequent water treatment processess.

Aeration – Con’d
Purpose :
2) Increase DO level in water
- Oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and Mn2+ to Mn4+ respectively
- Increase the water freshness
3) Remove VOC
- Hazardous to public health e.g. gassoline elements

(benzine, xylene etc)

Aeration – Mechanism
Oxidation of Soluble Fe (II) and Mn (II) to insoluble Fe (III) and Mn (IV)
4Fe2+ + O2 + 10H2O 4Fe (OH)3 + 8H+
2Mn2+ + O2 + 2H2O 2MnO2 + 4H+
- Appromixately : 0.14 mg/L O2 will oxidise 1 mg/L Fe (II)
0.29 mg/L O2 will oxidise 1 mg/L Mn (II)
- Produce floc / settled Fe & Mn

- The production of 1 meq/L H+ will destroy 1 meq/L alkalinity.
- If sufficient alkalinity is present, H+ ion concentration will increase

during the oxidation process – result in decrease water pH
- Effectiveness :
Depends on pH and the reaction time
- Chloride and Potassium Permanganate are also commonly used

oxidizing agent
- Physically, to force O2 to attached to one another. Therefore, Do

level is increased
- Water will settle as Fe (OH)3, indirectly Fe & Mn will be removed

Aeration – Types
1)Cascade Aerator
2)Multiple Platform Aerator
3)Venturi Aerator
4)Draft-Tube Aerator
Objectives of all types of Aeration :
“ To maximize the area of contact between the water

and the air”

Cascade Aerator
Raw Water
Aerated Wat

Multiple Platform Aerator
Platforms
Water Basin

Venturi Aerator
Perforated Pipe
Air Supply
Throat
Venturi
Raw Water Aerated Water

Draft Tube Aerator
Air
Aerated
Water
Raw
Water
Sludge


Coagulation
1) Many of suspended water particles have a negative
electrical charge.
2) Coagulation eliminates natural electrical charge so they

attrack and stick to each other.
3) Form particles large enough to be removed by the

subsequent settling or filtration process
How ?
- Coagulant chemicals are added to water, rapid mixing ;

causing a reduction of the forces tend to keep particles
apart.

Coagulation – Colloidal Particles
- Particles in water sources that contribute to colour and

turbidity
- Mainly clays, silts, viruses, bacteria, fulvic and humic acids

and organic particulates
- At pH levels above 4.0, particles or molecules are generally

negatively charged
- Have a very large ratio of surface area to volume

4 - Coagulation
Factors Affecting Coagulation Process :
- Chemical Coagulant Dosage
- pH Adjustment
- Turbidity

Coagulation - Chemicals
Most commonly used coagulants :
Chemicals Description
Alum (Aluminium Sulphate) Often used in conjuction with
cationic polymers
Ferric Chloride May be more effective than
alum in some application
Ferric Sulphate Effective in some waters and
more economical in some
location
Cationic Polymers Can be used alone as the
primary coagulant or in
conjunction with aluminium or
iron coagulant
Others :
Sodium aluminate

Rapid Mix- Basin
• Physical operation affecting coagulant dose
efficiency.
• Chemical addition and quick/uniform mixing
• Design criteria
– Detention time between 10 and 30 seconds
– G, velocity gradient of 600 - 1000 s-1
– V < 8 m3

Rapid Mix- Basin – Con’d
• Design liquid depth
– 0.5 - 1.1 times basin diameter or width
– 1.1 - 1.6 times basin diameter or width (dual
impeller)
• Impeller diameter → 0.3 - 0.5 times the tank
diameter or width
• Baffles extend 10% of tank diameter or width

Rapid Mix- Basin Design
to = V / Q
to = detention time, s
V = volume of the basin, m3
Q = flow into basin, m3/s

Velocity Gradient, G
G = (P / µ V) ½
G = velocity gradient, s-1

P = power input, Watt or Nm/s or J/s
V = volume of water, m3
µ = dynamic viscosity, N.s/m2

G values for rapid mixing
to G
0.5 (in-line blending) 3,500

10 – 20 1,000
20 – 30 900
30 – 40 800
> 40 700

Coagulant - Calculation
QUESTION :
A Water treatment plant designed for a flow 20, 000

m3/day is expected to use alum at a rate of 20 mg/l.
Determine the quantity of alum required for a month’s

supply?

Coagulation – Jar Test
JAR TEST :
- Must be performed on each water is to be coagulated
- Must be repeated with each significant change in the

quality of a given water
- Used to calculate the quantity of coagulant to be used

in the water treatment plant.
- Jar Test equivalent to Chemical mixing, coagulation,

flocculation and sedimentation of unit processes in
WTP.
Clean Water
 Colourless
 Odourless
 Tasteless
 No Suspended Solids
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT [BACK]

Safe Water
 No pathogen microorganism
 No dangerous organic/inorganic
 Less mineral substances

Coagulation - Mixing
Purpose :
“ To provide a uniform
dispersion of coagulant
chemical throughout the
water influent “

THANKS FOR
YOUR ATTENTION…..

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TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

3) Acids, salts and gases – corrosive action – impart hardness of

4) Bacteria – Water borne diseases.

“ To remove harmful microorganisms or chemicals, thereby preventing the

Good water source :

Raw water with a coliform count of up to 5000/100mL and turbidity up to 10

Poor water source :

Content must be removed from the water

 Solid material / Colloidal particles

 Exceed dissolved salt

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO THE SELECTION

 Sources of water intake

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Must have the best available water quality

 Far from strong current – adverse affect water intake

 Quantity of water demand can be achieved even at a

 Near to water treatment plant

 Easily accessible & possess adequate space and facilities

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

SOURCES OF WATER INTAKE :

 SURFACE WATER : Particle Removal

 GROUNDWATER : Removal of dissolved inorganic

- High content of Fe & Mn

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

1) Screening and grit removal

2) Primary sedimentation (settling/clarification)

3) Coagulation (Rapid mixing)

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Coagulation Aeration Pre-Sedimentation

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Pipes position must consider the water level

 Must be fenced for security purposes

 Must have screens on pipe or intake

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

-Water from rivers may be stored in bankside

-Provide buffer against short periods of drought or to

-Blending water source.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

- Settles very rapidly

- Prevent from damaging pumps & other mechanical devices

- Most deep groundwater does not need screening before

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

- Store the raw water temporarily before proceed to the main

- Removes the particles that will settle out by gravity alone

- Sedimentation basin/clarifier – circular/rectangular tank

- Equipped with bottom scraper and hopper that removes

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

1) Eliminate unneeded dissolved gases

- Remove unpleasant taste and odour-causing substances

- Increase water pH.

- Remove substances that interfere with or add to the cost

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

2) Increase DO level in water

- Oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and Mn2+ to Mn4+ respectively

- Increase the water freshness