Advance

Transport Phenomena Assignment 2

Problem1:

Fluid is falling on an outer surface of cylindrical tube with a radius of R

And the radius of the cylinder plus the film(thickness) is bR.

The assumptions for this problem are
1. Flow is laminar flow
2. Pressure has no effect on falling film
3. " is dependent only on r
4. There is no velocity in r direction

" = " ; & = 0, ) = 0; = ()

a) Shell thickness of over which z-momentum balance is made of width =W and length =L

The momentum shell balance can be written as

:;&<== > + BC&D:;E :;&<== F

Can be expanded as

= 0
=



+

+


+



2"" "ST 2"" "SU + 2&" & 2&" &V& + 2 = 0

Divide by 2 whole equation and rearranging

&" &V& &" &
"" "ST "" "SU

+
+ = 0

Falling Film



applying lim

FT

on the left side of the equation, we get

&"
"" "SU "" "ST
+ =

Now, we have to find the total momentum flux term

F" = F" + F " "" = + "" + " "

`a
Where &" = 2 b ; "" = 0 = )" ( " )
`&

and we know from our conditions that & = 0 " ( ).

Since F ) , ) " " " = 0; =

The momentum balance comes to

F"

+ = 0

"

2
+ = 0

"

Integrating on both sides:

"
"
f
2
+ d = f 2
+ =

Integrating again, we get

d
2" +
= f + d
2

d f d
" =
+
+
4
2
2

Applying the boundary conditions = , " = 0 = ,

`ab
`&

= 0, we get f d



0=

f
+
f = d
2
2

0=

4
2

d

2

d d + 2 d
d
=
d =
1 + 2 d
2
4
2

Substituting f d , we get

" =

" =
1
4

d d d

+
(1 + 2 d )
4
2
4
d

+ 2 d ln

b) For Mass Flow rate can be expressed as the following

=
T

"

W=width and L=Length can be written as = =

dp no

"

=
T

= =

= 2

" = , = 1 = , =
n

= 2

" d




= 2

= 2

n
f

d s
=
2

n
f

Substituting " in the above equation

d

d
4
n

"

1 d + 2 d

t + (2 d )

d s d s
d d
=
+ 2 d

2
2
4
2
4

d s
=
2

d 1
s 1
d d
11 1
d

+ 2

2 2
4 4
2
4
2
2

d s d s 2 s s 2 d
+


2
2
4
2
2
4

d s
=
(1 + 4 d 3 s + 4 s )
8




2) Rate of heat of conduction through a nuclear fuel rod assembly.

Heat Generation is given by the equation x = xT 1 +

&
oy

Shell Heat Balance for FUEL ROD

Rate of heat in across cylindrical
Surface at




2 & & = 2& &
Rate of heat in across cylindrical
Surface at +




2 & &V& = 2& &V&

Rate of thermal production is given by

(2)x

Substitute in the heat balance equation to get

2& & 2& &V& 2 x = 0
Divide by 2

& &V& & &
= x 0

We get,

&
= x

`}

y
Inserting Fouriers law of heat conduction & = |

`&

= xT 1 +

|

Shell Balance for the cladding

We dont have the heat generation term in the cladding, so we get


= 0




and from Fouriers Law of heat conduction the above equation can be written as

= 0

Integrating both equations, we get


|
xT
d
f
d
=
1+ d
+
=

2|

| 2

Integrating again, we get

xT d
s
xT d
d
| =
+
+ f + t
1+ d
+ f + t
2| 2 |d 4 2
4|
| 4

= d ln + s

Boundary conditions (For Fuel Rod)

The integration constant f must be zero because at = 0, & | is becoming infinite

The second boundary condition is = | , | =

xT |d

t = +
1 +
4|
4
Boundary Conditions (For Aluminum Cladding)

At = | , the rate of heat transfer through conduction from fuel rod is same as the rate of heat
conduction flowing into the cladding

& &Soy = & &Soy

|

|
=



From this we get

d |
xT |

=
=
=
1 +
|

2|
2

d =

xT |d

1 +
2|
2

and the final boundary condition = where, the outer surface of the cladding is cooled by a liquid
at temperature TL

The heat transferred to the liquid can be written as U ( U )

= U U =

U U = d = U

U d

s = d

s = U
d ln
U d

xT |d

s = U
d s = U +

1 +
U
U
2|
2

Substituting in the equation corresponding to t , we get

xT |d

xT |d

xT |d

t =
1 + | + U +
1+ +
1+
ln
+

4|
4
4|
4
2
2
|
U

Substituting in the temperature profile equation we get


xT d
d
xT |d

xT |d

| =
1+ d
+ U +
1+ +
1+
ln
+

4|
4|
4
2
2
|
U
| 4




The above equation gives the temperature profile through the fuel rod.

The maximum temperature occurs at central axis of the fuel rod i.e., r=0

Substituting the same we get

xT 0d
0d
xT |d

xT |d

| () =
1+ d
+ U +
1+ +
1+
ln
+

4|
4|
4
2
2
|
U
| 4

xT |d

xT |d

| () = U +
1+ +
1+
ln
+

4|
4
2
2
|
U



3)

a) The mass balance over a shell of sphere over a thickness of

4 d & 4 d &V& + d = 0

Divide by 4, limit over 0, we get

d & &V& d & &
= d

By the definition of derivative, we get

d &

= d

Substitute Ficks law of diffusion and the rate equation = T

d
= d T

T d
d
=

We define the dimensionless quantities

T d
= ; =
=

T
T

So we get,

T
= ; T = T =

d


Substituting in the above equation, we get

d
d T
= T d

1 d

=
d

b)
Boundary conditions:

1. When = T = 0

2. When = 0, =

`
`&

= 0

3. When = 1 = T , = 1

These are the three boundary conditions that would be required for solving the above equation

The physical significance of the first boundary condition is that there is no diffusion at the surface
between the oxygen and bacteria core (anoxic zone).

The reason might be that bacteria is metabolizing all the oxygen entering the system at the surface
and thus not having any oxygen at the surface to diffuse through.

c)

Integrating the quasi steady state equation

1
d
= t + f
3

Integrating again, we get

1
f
= d + d
6

Using Boundary Condition 3, we get

d = 1 f
6


Substituting back in the equation, we get

1
f
1
1
= d f + 1 = d 1 f 1 + 1
6

6
6

Now applying Boundary condition 1 to determine f

1
1
= 0 = T 0 = tT + f f = tT

3
3

1
1
= 0 = T 0 = dT 1 f
1 + 1
6
T

Substituting f in above equation, we get an expression for T

1
1
1
dT 1 + tT
1 + 1 = 0
6
3
T

1
1
1
1
dT + + dT tT + 1 = 0
6
6
3
3

1
1 1

tT + dT + 1
= 0
3
3 6
6

3
3 1

tT + dT +

= 0
2
2
3

3
1 3
tT dT +
= 0
2
2

If N is very large, the term can be considered 0 and the cubic roots of the equation will be

1
T = 1,1, T = 1
2

= 6 T = 0

The final expression for is given as

1
1
1
= 1 1 d + t 1
6
3