Activity

3: Video Analysis
Bryan Harris, Emily Hellman, Bryce Milner, Kasie Younglas
Biomechanics: Section 003
November 6, 2014




General Description:
The sport skill we are analyzing is a simple, three-phase baseball throw. The throw consists of a single
step, throw, and follow through.

Phases of the throw:
Phase 1: Position 1!2
Phase 2: Position 2!3
Phase 3: Position 3!4

Phase 1: Starting with feet together and holding the ball in the glove in the anterior portion of the
body near the chest/stomach area (Position 1), begin by taking a step forward with the lead foot
while abducting and elevating the throwing arm as far as possible right before it starts horizontally
adducting forward (Position 2). The gloved arm begins to abduct and extend away from the body.

Phase 2: From Position 2, the throwing arm begins to move forward while the gloved arm moves
back towards the body right before the ball gets released from the throwing arm (Position 3). During
this phase, the trunk begins to rotate to the left, bringing the body to a near-square position.

Phase 3: From Position 3, the throwing arm is followed down and across the body until the hand
reaches the opposite hip. The gloved arm is horizontally abducted behind the back, and the trunk
completes its left rotation (Position 4).

Scapula

Right

Mechanical
Angle of
displacement
Anatomical

Expert
Position 1-->2
Left

Right

Rookie
Position 1-->2
Left

Retraction,
Retraction, Upward
Upward rotation rotation

Upward rotation Retraction

N/A

N/A

N/A

Retractors, Upward
rotators
Agonists
Concentric

Upward rotators Retractors

Agonists
Agonists
Concentric
Concentric

Retractors,
Group Upward rotators
Role Agonists
Action Concentric

Trapezius,
Trapezius,
Rhomboid,
Rhomboid, Serratus

Muscles Serratus anterior anterior
Type of Joint: Physiological
Position 1-->2

Right
Left
Abduction,
Internal
Abduction, Internal
rotation, Slight
rotation, Slight
Shoulder Mechanical
Extension
Extension
Angle of
displacement
65
44
Anatomical
Abductors,
Internal
rotators,
Abductors, Internal
Group Extensors
rotators, Extensors
Role Agonists
Agonists
Action Concentric
Concentric
Deltoid,
Supraspinatus,
Deltoid,
Pectoralis Major, Supraspinatus,
Latissimus dorsi, Pectoralis Major,
Subscapularis,
Latissimus dorsi,
Teres
Subscapularis, Teres
major/minor,
major/minor,

Muscles Infraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Type of Joint: Ball and Socket

N/A

Trapezius,
Serratus anterior Trapezius, Rhomboid

Right

Position 1-->2
Left

Abduction

Slight abduction,
Slight internal
rotation

98

24

Abductors
Agonists
Concentric

Abductors, Internal
rotators
Agonists
Concentric

Deltoid,
Supraspinatus

Deltoid,
Supraspinatus,
Pectoralis major,
Latissimus dorsi,
Subscapularis, Teres
major


Elbow

Mechanical
Angle of
displacement
Anatomical
Group
Role
Action

Type of Joint: Hinge

Muscles

53
Extensors,
Pronators
Agonists
Concentric
Anconeus,
Triceps brachii,
Pronator
teres/quadralis,
Brachioradialis

Mechanical
Angle of
displacement
Anatomical

Right
Slight
palmarflexion,
Slight
ulnarflexion
N/A

Palmarflexors,
Group Ulnarflexors
Role Agonists
Action Concentric

Type of Joint: Pivot

Trunk

Extension

76

81

Mechanical
Angle of
displacement

Right

24

Extensors, Pronators Extensors

Agonists
Agonists
Concentric
Concentric

Extensors
Agonists
Concentric

Anconeus, Triceps
brachii, Pronator
teres/quadralis,
Brachioradialis

Triceps brachii,
Anconeus assists

Triceps brachii,
Anconeus
Assists

Right

Position 1-->2
Left

Slight palmarflexion

N/A (cannot see

Position 1)

N/A (Cannot see

Position 1)

19

N/A

N/A

Palmarflexors
Agonists
Concentric

N/A
N/A
N/A

N/A
N/A
N/A

N/A

N/A

Palmaris longus,
Flexor carpi
radialis/ulnaris, Palmaris longus,
Flexor/Extensor Flexor carpi
Muscles carpi ulnaris
radialis/ulnaris

Right

Position 1-->2
Left

Extension, Pronation Slight extension

Position 1-->2
Left

Wrist

Right
Extension,
Pronation

Position 1-->2
Left

Position 1-->2
Left

Right

Position 1-->2
Left

Cervical: None
Lumbar: Right
Lateral Flexion

Cervical: Left
rotation Lumbar:
None

Cervical: None Cervical: Left

Lumbar: Right
rotation Lumbar:
Lateral flexion
None

-8

-12

12

Anatomical

Right Lateral
Group Flexors
Role Agonists
Action Concentric

Left rotators
Agonists
Concentric

Lumbar: Right
portions of
erector spinae,
rectus
abdominis, and Cervical: Right
internal/external sternocleidomastoid,
Muscles obliques
Left Splenius
Type of Joint: Amphiarthrodial


Phase 1 Comparison:

Right lateral
flexors
Agonists
Concentric

Left rotators
Agonists
Concentric

Lumbar: Right
portions of
Erector spinae,
rectus
abdominis, and Cervical: Right
internal/external sternocleidomastoid,
obliques
Left splenius

During this phase, the rookie does not retract and upwardly rotate her scapula to the extent of the
expert. However, the biggest difference between the rookie and the expert is seen in the analysis of
the right shoulder and elbow. The expert almost fully abducts the shoulder and extends the elbow,
whereas the rookie abducts her shoulder, but tightly, and extends her elbow to a much lesser degree.
It is too difficult to denote the difference between the rookie and expert wrists because the rookies
wrists were not visible at Position 1. The movement of the trunk (both cervical and lumbar) is very
similar for both the rookie and expert.


Expert
Position 2-->3
Right
Left
Downward
Upward rotation, rotation,
Protraction,
Retraction,
Elevation
Depression

Scapula

Mechanical
Angle of
displacement
Anatomical

N/A

Group
Role
Action

Muscles
Type of Joint: Physiological

Protraction

Retraction,
Downward
rotation

N/A

N/A

Downward
rotators,
Retractors,
Depressors
Agonists
Concentric

Protractors
Agonists
Concentric

Retractors,
Downward
rotators
Agonists
Concentric

Rhomboid,
Pectoralis minor,
Trapezius,
Subclavius

Trapezius,
Serratus anterior, Rhomboid,
Pectoralis minor Pectoralis minor

N/A

Upward rotators,
Protractors,
Elevators
Agonists
Concentric
Trapezius,
Serratus anterior,
Pectoralis minor,
Levator scapulae,
Rhomboid

Position 2-->3
Left

Shoulder Mechanical
Angle of
displacement
Anatomical

Group
Role
Action

Muscles
Type of Joint: Ball and Socket

Right

Rookie
Position 2-->3
Left

Right
Horizontal
adduction,
External rotation

Extension,
External rotation

Horizontal
adduction

External rotation

51

-36

22

Extensors,
External rotators
Agonists
Concentric

Horizontal
adductors
Agonists
Concentric

External rotators
Agonists
Concentric

Latissimus dorsi,
Deltoid,
Infraspinatus,
Subscapularis,
Teres
major/minor

Coracobrachialis,
Deltoid,
Pectoralis major,
Latissimus dorsi,
Subscapularis,
Infraspinatus,
Teres major
Teres minor

Horizontal
adductors,
External rotators
Agonists
Concentric
Coracobrachialis,
Deltoid,
Pectoralis major,
Latissimus dorsi,
Subscapularis,
Teres
major/minor,
Infraspinatus

Right

Position 2-->3
Left


Position 2-->3
Right
Left
Slight extension, Flexion,
Supination
Supination

Elbow

Mechanical
Angle of
displacement
Anatomical
Group
Role
Action

Type of Joint: Hinge

Muscles

Wrist

19

N/A

Extensors,
Supinators
Agonists
Concentric
Triceps brachii,
Anconeus, Biceps
brachii,
Brachioradialis,
Supinator muscle

Flexors,
Supinators
Agonists
Concentric
Biceps brachii,
Brachioradialis,
Brachialis,
Pronator teres,
Supinator muscle

Right

Mechanical
Angle of
displacement
Anatomical

Position 2-->3
Left

Trunk

Mechanical
Angle of
displacement

Slight extension

59

27

Extensors
Agonists
Concentric

Extensors
Agonists
Concentric

Triceps brachii,
Anconeus assists

Triceps brachii,
Anconeus assists

Right

Position 2-->3
Left

Dorsiflexion,
Radial flexion

Dorsiflexion

Palmarflexion

51

-25

N/A

23

Dorsiflexors
Agonists
Concentric

Palmarflexors
Agonists
Concentric

Extensor carpi
radialis
longus/brevis,
Extensor carpi
ulnaris

Flexor carpi
radialis/ulnaris,
Palmaris longus

Extensor carpi
radialis
longus/brevis,
Extensor carpi
Muscles ulnaris

Extension

Dorsiflexion

Group Dorsiflexors
Role Agonsits
Action Concentric

Type of Joint: Pivot

Right

Position 2-->3
Left

Dorsiflexors,
Radial flexors
Agonists
Concentric
Extensor carpi
radialis
longus/brevis,
Extensor carpi
ulnaris, Flexor
carpi radialis

Position 2-->3
Right
Left
Cervical: None
Cervical: None
Lumbar: Left
Lumbar: Left
(external)
(internal)
rotation, Left
rotation
lateral flexion

Position 2-->3
Right
Left
Cervical: None
Cervical: None
Lumbar: Left
Lumbar: Left
(external)
(internal)
rotation, Slight
rotation
left lateral flexion

13

17

-13

-17

Anatomical

Group Left rotators

Role Agonists
Action Concentric

Left portions of
erector spinae
and internal
oblique, Right
portions of
Muscles external oblique
Type of Joint: Amphiarthrodial


Phase 2 Comparison:

Left rotators, Left

lateral flexors
Left rotators
Agonists
Agonists
Concentric
Concentric

Left rotators, Left

lateral flexors
Agonists
Concentric

Left portions of
erector spinae,
internal/external
oblique, rectus
abdominis,
quadratus
lumborum, and
Right portions of
external oblique

Left portions of
erector spinae
internal/external
oblique, rectus
abdominis,
quadratus
lumborum, and
Right portions of
external oblique

Lumbar: Left
portions of
erector spinae
and internal
oblique, Right
portions of
external oblique

Although there are many differences, in general, and compared to the other two phases, Phase 2
exhibits the least drastic differences between the techniques of the expert and the rookie. The expert
masters the movements of both the scapula and shoulder, whereas the rookie tends to remain stiff
and fails to perform all of the movements associated with the transition from Position 2 to Position 3.
For example, the rookie does not upwardly rotate the right scapula, as well as externally rotate the
right shoulder. In the elbow joint, the rookie lacks supination, and her extensions occur at a slightly
higher degree. In the right wrist joint, the rookie and expert are somewhat similar, but in the left joint,
the rookies wrist undergoes palmarflexion instead of dorsiflexion. Again, the movements of the
cervical and lumbar trunks of both the prospects are similar.

Scapula

Right

Mechanical
Angle of
displacement
Anatomical

Group
Role
Action

Muscles
Type of Joint: Physiological

Shoulder Mechanical
Angle of
displacement
Anatomical

Expert
Position 3-->4
Left

Right

Rookie
Position 3-->4
Left

Protraction,
Depression,
Downward rotation

Retraction

Protraction

Retraction,
Downward
rotation

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Protractors
Agonists
Concentric

Retractors,
Downward
rotators
Agonists
Concentric

Serratus anterior,
Pectoralis minor

Trapezius,
Rhomboid,
Pectoralis
minor

Protractors,
Depressors,
Downward rotators
Agonists
Concentric
Serratus anterior,
Pectoralis minor,
Trapezius,
Subclavius,
Rhomboid

Right

Retractors
Agonists
Concentric

Trapezius,
Rhomboid

Position 3-->4
Left

Right

Position 3-->4
Left

Adduction, Flexion,
Internal rotation

Extension

Horizontal
Horizontal adduction abduction

N/A

N/A

-90

Extensors
Agonists
Concentric

Horizontal
Horizontal abductors abductors
Antagonists
Agonists
Eccentric
Concentric

Abductors,
Extensors, External
Group rotators
Role Antagonists
Action Eccentric

Deltoid,
Supraspinatus,
Latissimus dorsi,
Infraspinatus,
Subscapularis, Teres

Muscles minor/major
Type of Joint: Ball and Socket

Latissimus
dorsi, Deltoid,
Infraspinatus,
Subscapularis,
Teres
major/minor

Latissimus dorsi,
Deltoid,
Infraspinatus,
Subscapularis, Teres
major/minor,
Supraspinatus

N/A

Latissimus
dorsi, Deltoid,
Infraspinatus,
Subscapularis,
Teres
major/minor,
Supraspinatus



Elbow

Mechanical
Angle of
displacement
Anatomical

Type of Joint: Hinge

-4

58

N/A

Group Flexors, Supinators

Role Antagonists
Action Eccentric
Biceps brachii,
Brachioradialis,
Brachialis, Pronator
teres, Supinator
Muscles muscle

Wrist

Extension, Pronation Flexion

Position 3-->4
Right
Left
Slight
Extension, Pronation Extension

Right

Position 3-->4
Left

Right

Mechanical
Angle of
displacement
Anatomical

Flexors
Agonists
Concentric

Flexors, Supinators
Antagonists
Eccentric
Biceps brachii,
Biceps brachii, Brachioradialis,
Brachioradialis, Brachialis, Pronator
Brachialis,
teres, Supinator
Pronator teres muscle

Position 3-->4
Left

Trunk

Mechanical
Angle of
displacement

Triceps brachii,
Anconeus

Position 3-->4
Left

Palmarflexion, Ulnar
flexion
Palmarflexion

-74

N/A

Flexor carpi
radialis/ulnaris,
Palmaris longus,
Extensor carpi
Muscles ulnaris

Right

Extensors
Agonists
Concentric

Palmarflexion, Ulnar
flexion
Palmarflexion
N/A

Palmarflexors, Ulnar
Group flexors
Palmarflexors
Role Agonists
Agonists
Action Concentric
Concentric

Type of Joint: Pivot

26

-22

Palmarflexors, Ulnar
flexors
Palmarflexors
Agonists
Agonists
Concentric
Concentric

Flexor carpi
radialis/ulnaris,
Flexor carpi
Palmaris longus,
radialis/ulnaris, Extensor carpi
Palmaris longus ulnaris

Flexor carpi
radialis/ulnaris,
Palmaris longus

Position 3-->4
Right
Left
Cervical: Right
Cervical: None
rotation/Lumbar:
Lumbar: Left
Left (internal)
(external)
rotation, Slight
rotation, Slight
flexion
flexion

Position 3-->4
Right
Left
Cervical: Right
Cervical: None
rotation/Lumbar:
Lumbar: Left
Left (internal)
(external)
rotation, Slight
rotation, Slight
flexion
flexion

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Anatomical
Right cervical
rotators, Left lumbar
Group rotators, Flexors
Role Agonists
Action Concentric
Cervical: Left
sternocleidomastoid,
Right splenius/
Lumbar: Left
portions of erector
spinae, internal
oblique, and right
portions of external
Muscles oblique
Type of Joint: Amphiarthrodial


Phase 3 Comparison:

Left lumbar
rotators,
Flexors
Agonists
Concentric

Right cervical
rotators, Left lumbar
rotators, Flexors
Agonists
Concentric

Left lumbar
rotators,
Flexors
Agonists
Concentric

Lumbar: Left
portions of
erector spinae,
internal
oblique, and
right portions
of external
oblique, Rectus
abdominis

Cervical: Left
sternocleidomastoid,
Right splenius/
Lumbar: Left
portions of erector
spinae, internal
oblique, and right
portions of external
oblique

Lumbar: Left
portions of
erector spinae,
internal
oblique, and
right portions
of external
oblique, Rectus
abdominis

During this phase, the rookie performs some incorrect movements compared to the movements of the
expert. For example, the left shoulder of the expert extends, whereas the left shoulder of the rookie
horizontally abducts (which is a combination of extension and abduction). Although we were unable
to measure most of the angles of the shoulder, the rookie again exhibits a stiff-like follow through. Her
throwing shoulder stops when her arm is nearly parallel to the ground, and the expert continues the
follow through of his throwing arm all the way across the body to the left side. In addition, the left
elbow of the expert undergoes flexion, while the left elbow of the rookie appears to extend. Based on
the degrees of displacement I the elbow from Phase 2 to Phase 3, we can see that the rookie began
with her right elbow more flexed than the experts, because there is an insignificant difference in the
angle for the expert, whereas the rookie has a larger angular displacement. The movements of both
the right and left wrists for both people were very similar during the phase. The trunk movements
were also similar. However, the experts left rotation of the lumbar spine is more drastic that the
rookies.

Feedback:
In order for the rookie to improve her baseball throw, she needs to work on the movements
performed at all of the joints during each phase. In Phase 1, the rookie needs to focus on her throwing
arm. She should abduct her shoulder more and extend her elbow out as much as possible. During
Phase 2, the rookie needs to nearly maintain the extended elbow while bringing her right arm
towards the front of her body. In addition, she should improve the movements at her left wrist.
Instead of palmarflexion, the wrist should dorsiflex. During Phase 3, the rookie needs to emphasize
the follow through of her trunk and her arm. The rookie should continue with her throwing arm all
the way across her body, and the trunk should rotate to the left more. Overall, the rookie needs to
focus on loosening up her body during each phase in order to master the skill of throwing a baseball.


Additional Information:
***In the analysis charts, if N/A appears, we were unable to see the joint in order to measure the
angles of perform an analysis of the movements.

Expert Video #1 (Bryan 5:18pm)
Position 1! 0:00
Position 2! 1:49
Position 3! 1:78
Position 4! 2:73

Expert Video #2 (Bryan 5:22pm)
Position 1! 0:00
Position 2! 1:61
Position 3! 1:94
Position 4! 2:88

Rookie Video #1 (Emily 5:19pm)
Position 1! 0:00
Position 2! 1:29
Position 3! 1:66
Position 4! 2:12

Rookie Video #2 (Emily 5:23pm)
Position 1! 0:00
Position 2! 0:98
Position 3! 1:51
Position 4! 1:85

Expert



RIGHT


Position 1 Position 2
Shoulder 15
80
Elbow
90
143
Wrist
----
157
Trunk
180
172

Rookie



RIGHT


Position 1 Position 2
Shoulder 10
108
Elbow
39
63
Wrist
----
----
Trunk
180
168
---- Unable to calculate angles

Position 3
131
162
208
185

Position 4
----
158
134
----

LEFT
Position 1
18
98
123
180

Position 2
62
174
142
188

Position 3
26
----
117
175

Position 4
----
----
----
----

Position 3
130
122
221
185

Position 4
42
180
----
----

LEFT
Position 1
11
42
----
180

Position 2
35
123
121
192

Position 3
37
150
144
175

Position 4
----
176
121
----