Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy

Logic

© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
 Sub-topics:
 Fuzzy sets
 Operations with fuzzy sets
 Geometrical representation of fuzzy sets
 Fuzziness versus probability
 Conceptualising in fuzzy terms
 The extension principle
 Fuzzy relations and fuzzy implications
 Fuzzy propositions and fuzzy logic

© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
Fuzzy Sets

 Figure 3.1
Membership functions representing three fuzzy
sets for the variable "height".
 Fuzzy Sets...

 Figure 3.2
Representing
crisp and
fuzzy sets as
subsets of a
domain
(universe) U".
Fuzzy Sets...

 Figure 3.3
Support of a
fuzzy set A
Fuzzy Sets...

 Figure 3.4
I-cut of a
fuzzy set
Operations with fuzzy sets

 Figure 3.5
Five operations with two fuzzy sets A and B
approximately represented in a graphical form
 Operations with fuzzy sets...

 Figure 3.6
Showing graphically one way to measuring similarity and distance
between fuzzy sets A and B. The black area represents
quantitatively the measure.
 Operations with fuzzy sets...
 Figure 3.7
A graphical
representation
of similarity S
(the black area)
between two
fuzzy sets B
and A based on
possibility P
and necessity N
measures (see
the formulas in
the text).
© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
 Geometrical representation of
fuzzy sets
 Figure 3.8
A geometrical
representation of the
concept of "heavy
smoker" from The
Smoker and the Risk
of Cancer case
example as a point in
a (three dimensional)
cube and as a (two
dimensional)
membership
function.
© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
 Fuzziness versus probability
 Figure 3.9
Probability
density
function for
throwing a
dice and the
membership
functions of
the concepts
"Small"
number,
"Medium",
"Big".
© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
 Conceptualising in
fuzzy terms
 Standard membership functions:
• single-valued, or singleton
• triangular
• trapezoidal
• S-function (sigmoid function):
– S(u) = 0, u<=a
– S(u) = 2((u-a)/(c-a))2 , a <u <= b
– S(u) = 1 - 2((u-a)/(c -a))2 , b <u <= c
– S(u) = 1, u > c.

© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
 Conceptualising in
fuzzy terms...
 more standard membership functions...
• Z function:
– Z(u)= 1 - S(u)
• Pi - function:
• P(u)=S(u), u<=b; P(u)=Z(u), u>b.

 Two parameters must be defined for the quantization

procedure:
• the number of the fuzzy labels;
• the form of the membership functions for each of
the fuzzy labels.
© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
 Conceptualising in fuzzy
terms...
 Figure 3.10
Standard
types of
membership
functions: Z
function; n
function; S
function;
trapezoidal
function;
triangular
function;
singleton.
© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
 Conceptualising in fuzzy
terms...

 Figure 3.12
One
representation
for the fuzzy
number "about
600".

© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
 Conceptualising in fuzzy
terms...

 Figure 3.13
Representing
truthfulness
(certainty) of
events as
fuzzy sets over
the [0,1]
domain.

© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
 The extension principle
 Figure 3.14
An illustration of
the extension
principle in fuzzy
theory: an
example of
transforming a
fuzzy set "x is
about 2" into a
fuzzy set "f is
about f(2)" for
f(x)= (x 1)2.

© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
 Fuzzy relations and fuzzy
implications

 Figure 3.15
Several useful fuzzy implications. The following short denotations
are used: u instead of n(u); v instead of n(v); "n" is minimum; "n"
is maximum; "+" is algebraic summation; " " is algebraic
substraction.
© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
 Fuzzy relations and fuzzy
implications...
 Figure 3.16
(a) Membership
functions for fuzzy
sets for the Smoker
and the Risk of
Cancer case
example.
(b) The Rc
implication relation:
"heavy smoker >
high risk of cancer"
in a matrix form.

© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
 Fuzzy relations and fuzzy
implications...
 Figure 3.17
Max min composition
applied over the fuzzy
set "moderate
smoker" and the Rc
implication "heavy
smoker >high risk of
cancer" from figure
3.16 for the Smoker
and the Risk of Cancer
case example.

© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
 Fuzzy relations and fuzzy
implications...
 see figure 3.18 (not shown)
for examples of fuzzy compositions

 see figure 3.19 (not shown)

for examples of the fuzzy logic connectives AND, OR,
NOT illustrated over two fuzzy propositions A and B.
.

© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
 Fuzzy propositions
and fuzzy logic
 Fuzzy propositions are propositions which contain fuzzy
variables with their fuzzy values. The truth value of a fuzzy
proposition " X is A " is given by the membership function
mA.
 Fuzzy propositions may include modifiers, or also called -
hedges. The general form of a fuzzy proposition with a
modifier is X is mA. The negation "not" can be viewed as a
modifier. Other modifiers are: very A, denoted as A2
(concentration); more or less A, denoted as A1/2 (dilation)

© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
Fuzzy propositions and
fuzzy logic...

 Figure 3.5
Five operations with two fuzzy sets A and B
approximately represented in a graphical form

© N. Kasabov Foundations of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Knowledge Engineering, MIT Press, 1996
 Fuzzy propositions
and fuzzy logic...
 Fuzzy logic
• fuzzy propositions
• fuzzy connectives
• fuzzy rules (laws) of inference
 Fuzzy laws of inference:
• generalised modus ponens
• generalised modus tolens
• de Morgan
 see Figure 3.20
for an illustration of properties of fuzzy implications when used
for inference.