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LearningObjectives:

Identifyandexplainthestructureandfunctionoforgansinvolvedinmajoranimalphysiologicalsystems.
IdentifyandexplainthestructureandfunctionoforgansinvolvedintheRespiratorySystem.

Evolutionarysolutionrespiratoryorgan,extensivelyfolded/branched

e.g.,[diffusion]respiratorysurfacegills,trachea,lungs(differenttypesoflungs)

Explainhowtheenvironmenthasshapedadaptationsinthephysiologicalsystemsofanimals.
Explainhowtheenvironmenthasshapedadaptationsinhowanimalsrespire.

Environment::aquaticterrestrial

adaptationofrespiratorysystem,shiftfromexternaltoamoreinternalizedsystem

Explaintheevolutionofhumanphysiologicalsystemsbyexploringsystemsacrossdiversegroupsofanimals.
Explaintheevolutionofthehumanrespiratorysystembyexploringsystemsacrossdiversegroupsofanimals.

Respiratorysystemsamongdiverseanimalgroupsdiscussed.

Worms
Fish
Insects
Amphibians
Birds
Mammals(human)

LearningActivityOutline:
BreathingexerciseAskstudentstotakeacoupledeepbreathsandthinkaboutwhichbody
parts/organsareinvolved(
1
minute)
I.
IntroWhatisRespiration?Therespiratorysystemisresponsibleforbringingoxygen
intothebodyandgettingcarbondioxideout.Whyisitimportant?Oxygenisnecessary
forATPproductioncarbondioxideisaharmfulwasteproductthatmustberemoved
quickly.(
10
minutes)
ExplainimportanceofSurfaceArea(seecubeexampleattached)
Animalsbodiesrequiremassiveamountsofoxygentofulfilltheirmassive
energyneeds.Largesurfaceareaisneededforgasexchange.

WhyMoistsurfaces?
Alveoliarekeptmoisttoallowoxygentodissolvebeforediffusing
ExplainPartialPressureGradientofgases
Drawtwoattachedballoons,oneisfullofoxygentheotherisempty,and
youhavepunchedthemsoaircannowflowfreely.Whatwillhappen
whenyoureleasethem.Explainhowpressuregoesfromhightolow.

II.

SpecificsofRespiratorySystem,byanalyzingdifferentorganismsandhowtheybreathe
(Firstpart:10minutes,Secondpart:15minutes)
WormsPlatyhelminthes,Nematodes,Annelids
Usediffusionnotquitearespiratorysystem
simplisticorganismsinthegrandschemeoftheanimalkingdom
mostdonothavewelldevelopedorgans
Breathethroughskin
skinconsideredorganinmammalianbodyplan
(e.g.,integumentarysystem)
notskin,butrather,arespiratorysurface
movementoccursviadiffusion
SurfaceAreatoVolumeratio
2
RateofDiffusionSurfaceArea/Distance

Formostanimals:problem,SAtovolumeratio
evolutionarysolution:respiratoryorgan,
extensivelyfolded/branched
specializationforgasexchangeapparentinstructure
Fish
Usediffusion,butthereisanactualsysteminvolved
Gillsoutfoldingsofbodysurface
CountercurrentExchange

exchangebetweentwofluidsflowinginoppositedirections

DiscussionActivity.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVFqMENW9s
(
10
minutes)
Drawfishdiagramonboard.
Gillarchessupporthighlyfoldedthinmembrane
Waterentersmouth,passesgills,exitsslitscalledoperculum
Aswaterenters,O
isextractedfromthewater.
2
Usearbitrarynumberstoshowthis.
Waterentersmouth:100ppmO
.Exits:80ppmO
.
2
2
Itisnowyourturntobioengineerthefish.
Whichdirectionwouldyoudrivethebloodflow?
A)Sendbloodintothegillsthroughthefront.
B)Orfromthebackoutthefront.
Discussingroupsfor~5minutes.

Then,haveastudent(preferably,notfromthekidneygroup)explaintheconcept.
Contingencyplan
:Usetheboardtoshowconcept.[ExplanationisinVideo.]
B)favorablegradient
Formrelatestofunction.
e.g.,temperatureregulation&functioningofmammaliankidney

Continued...SpecificsofRespiratorySystem(
15
minutes)

Insects
Nolungs
TrachealSystembranchingsystemfromtheexoskeletontoindividual
cells
Diffusion
Airsacsvaryinsizedependingonamountofoxygensurrounding
cellsneed
Largerandflyinginsectsdependonactiveventilationto
meetamountofgasdemanded
Amphibians
Breathethroughskinandlungs
PositivePressureBreathing
airforcedintolungs(inhalation)
airforcedoutoflungs(exhalation)
Skinhastoberemainmoist
Lackdiaphragmandribshaveusemusclesinstead
Thinskincoveredwithcapillaries
gasexchangedirectlywithblood
Birds
Mostefficientrespiratorysysteminanimalkingdom
Drawbirddiagramandwalkthroughtheflow,emphasizeefficiencyof
unidirectionalmultisac,parabronchialsystem
MultiSacsystemkeepsconstantflowoffreshairinlungs
Oldairdoesnotmixwithnewair
Twocyclesofinhalationandexhalationneededforairtopass
GasexchangeoccursinParabronchiinsteadofalveoli

Mammals[Human]
ContinuetoHandout1.

StudentParticipation
(
5
minutes)
*RefertoHandout1
Handouthandout1andhavestudentstesttheirpriorknowledgebyattemptingtoname
thepartsoftheHumanrespiratorysystem.After5minutestellstudentstofillinthe

correctanswersasyouexplaintheparts.

Contingencyplan
:UsediagramofHumanrespiratorysystemtoexplainthe
pathwayofairinmoredetail.

III.

MoreontheHumanRespiratorySystem(
15
minutes.)
MostComplexSystem
Negativepressure
(inflating lungs with forced airflow by pulling air)

A. Parts

NasalCavity
Airentersthroughthenostrilsandisthenfilteredbyhairs,warmed,humidified,
andsampledforodorsasitflowsthroughamazeofspacesinthenasalcavity.

Pharynx
Thenasalcavityleadstothepharynx,anintersectionwherethepathsforairand
foodcross

ThreeParts:
1Nasopharynx

2Oropharynx
3Laryngopharynx

Larynx
Whenfoodisswallowed,thelarynx(theupperpartoftherespiratorytract)moves
upward,whichallowsfoodtogodowntheesophagustothestomach

Trachea
The Trachea, or the windpipe is closed off when swallowing (by the epiglottis)
so food doesnt get stuck. The Trachea is a tube that connects the Pharynx to
the lungs by splitting into two bronchi.

Bronchi
Thetracheabranchesintotwobronchi(singular,bronchus),oneleadingtoeach
lung.

Bronchioles
Withinthelung,thebronchibranchrepeatedlyintofinerandfinertubescalled
bronchioles.Theentiresystemofairductshastheappearanceofaninverted
tree,thetrunkbeingthetrachea.

Alveoli
Airsacsclusteredatthetipsofthetiniestbronchiolesandare
0.1-0.2 mm. There
are ~ 300 million alveoli.
Surface Area is 70m^2-100m^2 , as big as a tennis court

GasExchange
Oxygenintheairenteringthealveolidissolvesinthemoistfilmliningtheir
innersurfacesandrapidlydiffusesacrosstheepitheliumintoawebof
capillariesthatsurroundseachalveolus.
Netdiffusionofcarbondioxideoccursintheoppositedirection,fromthe
capillariesacrosstheepitheliumofthealveolusandintotheairspace
Diseases
Whitebloodcellspatrolthealveoli,engulfingforeignparticles.However,if
toomuchparticulatematterreachesthealveoli,thedefensescanbe
overwhelmed,leadingtoinflammationandirreversibledamage

B.

ApplicationQuestion
(5minutes)
ApplicationQuestion:

Whydohighelevationsaffecthumans?Whydonttheyaffectbirds?
Discusswithinyourgroups.
Haveastudentexplaintheconcept.

Contingencyplan
:Eitherreiteratewhatstudentsaid,ifcorrect.Orexplain.
ANSWER(fromtextbook):Becausethelungsinmammalsdonotcompletelyemptywith
eachbreath,andbecauseinhalationoccursthroughthesameairwaysasexhalation,each
inhalationmixesfreshairwithoxygendepletedresidualair.Asaresult,themaximumPO2
inalveoliisalwaysconsiderablylessthanintheatmosphere.ThemaximumPO2inlungsis
alsolessformammalsthanforbirds,whichhaveaunidirectionalflowofairthroughthe
lungs.Thisisonereasonmammalsfunctionlesswellthanbirdsathighaltitude.For
example,humanshavegreatdifficultyobtainingenoughO2whenclimbingathigh
elevations,suchasthoseintheHimalayas.However,barheadedgeeseandseveralother
birdspecieseasilyflythroughhighHimalayanpassesduringtheirmigrations.

Continued...MoreonHumanRespiratorySystem(
??
minutes)

RelationtoCirculatorySystem
Gas(oxygenandcarbondioxide)istransportedthroughbloodattachedto
respiratorypigments
HemogoblinandHemocyanin(protein+metal)
binduptofourmoleculesofoxygen


IV.

FormativeAssessment(
15
minutes)

LearningActivity
(Preparefor6groups.)
Flashcardswithconcepts/termswillbeprovidedforeachstudentgroup.
Havestudentsidentifythe6respiratorymethodsandplacethosecardsinthefirst
row/column.Thenhavestudentsidentifytheanimals,respiratoryorgans,and
environmentsthatcorrespondtoeachrespiratorymethod.

RespiratoryMethodAnimalRespiratoryOrganEnvironment
DiffusionPlanariarespiratorysurface[skin]aquatic(moistenvironments)
CountercurrentexchangeSalmongillsaquatic,mostlymarine
TrachealsystemPrayingMantisnetworkofairtubesterrestrial
PositivepressureWesternToadlungsterrestrialoraquatic
MultisacsystemBaldEagleparabronchi(lungs)terrestrial(sky)
Negativepressure
Homosapien
alveoli(lungs)terrestrial

Handout1

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