TNPSC GK

nghJ mwpT
Gtpapay; - ,e;jpah MWfs;

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s MWfspd; ngaH> ePsk;> gug;G> Mw;wpd; gpwg;gplk;>
fyf;Fkplk;> gadilAk; gFjp
1. rpe;J - 3100 fp.kP - 3>21>290 r.fp.kP - ifyh\; kiyj;njhlH - mugpf;fly; ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd;
2. fq;if - 2480 fp.kP - 3>37>000 r.fp.kP - fq;Nfhj;up - tq;fhstpupFlh cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhH> Nkw;Ftq;fk;
3. aKid - 1370 fp.kP - 3>59>000 r.fp.kP - aKNdhj;up - tq;fhstpupFlh nly;yp> ùpahdh> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
4. gpuk;kGj;uh - 725 fp.kP - 2>40>000 r.fp.kP - Mq;rp gdpahW khdrNuhtH Vup tq;fhstpupFlh - tlfpof;F khepyq;fs;
5. fhtpup - 800 fp.kP - 87>900 r.fp.kP - FlFkiy - tq;fhstpupFlh - fHehlfk;>
jkpo;ehL
6. Nfhjhtup - 1465 fp.kP - 3>12>812 r.fp.kP - ehrpf;Fd;Wfs; - tq;fhstpupFlh Me;jpugpuNjrj;jpd; njd;fpof;Fg; gFjp> xup]h
7. fpU\;zh - 1400 fp.kP - 2>59>000 r.fp.kP - kfhgNy];tuH kiy tq;fhstpupFlh - kfhuh\;buh> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
8. eHkij - 1312 fp.kP - 98>796 r.fp.kP - mkHfz;lhf; kiy - mugpf;fly; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> kfhuh\;buh
9. jgjp - 724 fp.kP - 65>145 r.fp.kP - ngl;^y; - mugpf;fly; - kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;>
kfhuh\;buh
10. kfhejp - 858 fp.kP - 1>41>600 r.fp.kP - mkHfz;lh gPlg+kp - tq;fhstpupFlh
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- rl;B];fH> [hHfz;l;> xuprh

11. itif - 240 fp.kP - 7>000 r.fp.kP - Nkw;FnjhlHr;rp kiy - tq;fhstpupFlh
- jkpo;ehL
12. ngupahW - 244 fp.kP - 5>398 r.fp.kP - fhHlkd; kiy - tq;fhstpupFlh jkpo;ehL> Nfush
13. jhkpuguzp - 123 fp.kP - 4>400 r.fp.kP - mfj;jpaH kiy - tq;fhstpupFlh jkpo;ehL
nghJ mwpT - Gtpapay; - kz;> jhJ kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;
1. kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; vspjhf cw;gj;jp nra;af;$ba tsq;fis ------------tsq;fs; vd;fpNwhk;. - GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f tsq;fs;
2. gad;ghl;bw;Fg; gpwF kPz;Lk; fpilf;f ,ayhj tsq;fs; --------------- tsq;fs;
vd;fpNwhk;. - GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj tsq;fs;
3. kz; xU ,d;wpaikahj ------------- MFk;. - GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f ,aw;if tsk;
4. kz;zpy; mlq;fpAs;s nghUl;fs; - 1.kl;fpa jhtuq;fs;> 2.tpyq;fpd
nghUl;fs;> 3.rpypfh> fspkz;> Rz;zhk;G Nghd;w fdpkq;fs; kw;Wk;>
4.,iykl;F vdg;gLk; capHr;rj;Jg;nghUl;fs;
5. jhtuq;fspd; tsHr;rpf;F Mjhukhd kz;z pYs;s rj;Jg;nghUl;fspd;
mstpid Fwpg;gJ -------------- vdg;gLk;. - kz; tsik (Soil Fertility)
6. kz;zpd; Njhw;wj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; kz; tiffs; - kz;ly kz;> may;
kz;ly kz;> cs; kz;ly kz;
7. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s kz; tiffs; - tz;ly; kz;> fupry; kz;> nrk;kz;>
ruis kz;> kiy kz;> twz;l ghiytd kz;
8. ,aw;if kw;Wk; kdpjdpd; nray;ghLfshy; kz; ePf;fg;gLtJ ---------vdg;gLk; - kz; mupg;G
9. ,e;jpahtpy; fhLfspd; nkhj;j gug;gsT - RkhH 63.72 kpy;ypad; rJu
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fpNyhkPl;lH
10. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ,aw;if jhtuq;fspd; tiffs; - 1.ntg;gkz;ly gRik
khwhf; fhLfs;> ntg;gkz;ly gUtfhw;W fhLfs;> 3.FWq;fhL kw;Wk; Kl;GjH
fhL> 4.ghiytdj; jhtuk;> 5.khq;Nuht; fhLfs; (rJg;G epy fhLfs;)>
6.kiyf;fhLfs;
11. kz;zpYs;s kpf Ez;zpa rj;Jf;fs; - fe;jfk;> FNshupd;> nrk;G>
khq;fdp];> khypg;jPdk;> Nghuhd;> ,Uk;G> Nfhghy;L> Jj;jehfk;
12. kz;zpYs;s ngupa rj;Jg; nghUl;fs; - iel;u[d;> nghl;lhrpak; kw;Wk;
gh];Ngl;
13. twz;l epyg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; kz; ------------- MFk; - ghiytd kz;
14. gUtf; fhw;Wf; fhLfs; -------------- vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. - ,iyAjpHf;
fhLfs;
15. NkhNdhirl; kzypy; fhzg;gLk; jhJ ----------- - ANudpak;
nghJ mwpT - Gtpapay; - kz;> jhJ kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;
1. md;whl tho;tpd; Njitfis epiwT nra;a ,aw;ifapypUe;J ngwg;gLk;
midj;J nghUl;fisAk; ------------- vd;fpNwhk; - ,aw;if tsq;fs;
2. ,aw;if tsq;fSf;F rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; - epyk;> fhw;W> ePH> #upa xsp>
kz;> fdpkq;fs;> epyf;fup> fr;rh vz;nza;> jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs;
3. ghf;irl; vjd; jhJ? - mYkpdpak;
4. --------- fUg;Gj; jq;fk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - epyf;fup
5. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ePHkpd; epiyak; 1897k; Mz;by; ---------- epWtg;gl;lJ. lhH[pypq;fpy; (Sidrapong Hydel power station)
6. ,e;jpahtpy; tdg;ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L - 1980
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7. ,e;jpah Njrpa tdf;nfhs;ifia -------------- Mk; Mz;by; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. 1894

8. fdpk tsq;fspd; ,U tiffs; - cNyhff; fdpkq;fs;> cNyhfky;yhj
fdpkq;fs;
9. ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa vuprf;jp tsk; - epyf;fup
10. ehl;bd; vuprf;jp Njitia ---------- fhLfs; g+Hj;jpnra;fpd;wd - 40 rjtPjk;
11. ehfuPfj;jpd; KJnfYk;G vd tHzpf;fg;gLk; jhJ - ,Uk;G
12. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ,Uk;Gj;jhJtpd; ,Ug;G rjtPjk; - 20 rjtPjk;
13. ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiyfspy; ---------- Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ. - khq;fdPR
14. kpd;rf;jp ------------- topfspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. - %d;W
(1.mdy;kpd;rf;jp> 2.ePHkpd;rf;jp> 3.mZkpd;rf;jp)
15. ANudpak; kw;Wk; Njhupak; fdpkj;jpypUe;J ----------- cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
- mZkpd;rf;jp
nghJ mwpT - Gtpapay; - tptrha Kiwfs;
1. Ntshz; njhopiy epHzapf;Fk; fhuzpfs; - epyj;Njhw;wk;> fhyepiy>
kz;tif> ePH
2. ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpakhd czTg; gapH ----------- MFk; - ney;
3. cyfpd; ney; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah ----------- ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ - ,uz;lhk;
4. ,e;jpa tptrha Muha;r;rpf; fofk; (ICAR) ------------- Mk; Mz;L
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. - 1929
5. jkpo;ehl;bd; ney; fsQ;rpak; - jQ;rht+H
6. ney; mjpfkhf tpisAk; kz; -------------- - tz;ly; kz;
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7. Njapiy kw;Wk; fhg;gp gapH mjpfkhf tpisAk; ,lk; ---------------- - kiyr;

rupTfs;
8. twl;rpapYk; tsUk; gapH ------------- - jpidtif
9. gUj;jp xU ---------------- - gzg;gapH
10. epiyahd czTg; gapHfs; -------------- - muprp kw;Wk; NfhJik
thdtpy; Gul;rpfs; - Gul;rp kw;Wk; mJ ve;j cw;gj;jpia rhHe;jJ
11. gRikg; Gul;rp - Ntshz; cw;gj;jp
12. ntz;ikg; Gul;rp - ghy; nghUl;fs;
13. rhk;gy; Gul;rp - Kl;il kw;Wk; Nfhopg; gz;iz
14. nghd; Gul;rp - goq;fs; cw;gj;jp
15. kQ;rs; Gul;rp - vz;nza; tpj;Jfs;
16. ePyg;Gul;rp - fly; nghUl;fs;
nghJ mwpT - elg;G epfo;Tfs; - ahH..... ahH? - ,e;jpah

2015
murpd; cr;r gpupTfspd; jiytHfs;
1. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> jiyik NjHjy; MizaH ahH? - iraJ
erPk; mfkj; i[jp
2. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd;
jiytH ahH? - ePjpgjp rpupahf; N[hrg;
3. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kj;jpa jfty; Mizaj;jpd; jiyik
MizaH ahH? - tp[a; rHkh
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4. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa rpWghd;ikapdH ey Mizaj;jpd;

jiytH ahH? - = erPk; mfkJ
5. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa jho;j;jg;gl;NlhH ey Mizaj;jpd;
jiytH ahH? - gp.vy;. Gdpah
6. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa goq;FbapdH ey Mizaj;jpd;
jiytH ahH? - uNk\;tH XNuhd;
7. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa kfspH Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ahH?
- yypjh Fkhukq;fyk;
8. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> mZ rf;jp fkp\dpd; jiytH ahH? uj;jd; FkhH rpd;`h
9. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikaj;jpd; (,];Nuh)
jiytH ahH? - V.v];. fpuz; FkhH
10. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> xd;wpa muRg;gzpahsH NjHthizaj;jpd;
(UPSC) jiytH ahH? - jPgf; Fg;jh
11. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa mwpTrhH Mizaj;jpd; jiytH
ahH? - rhk; gpl;Nuhlh
12. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf; FOj; (University
Grants Commission) jiytH ahH? - Ntj; gpufh\; (Ved Prakash)
13. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kj;jpa ePH Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ahH? m\;tpd; gp. ghz;bah
14. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> tpz;ntsp gad;ghLfs; ikaj;jpd; (Space
Application Center) epHthfp (iluf;lH) ahH? - jgd; kp];uh (Tapan Misra)
nghJ mwpT - tptrha Kiwfs;
1. Ntshz;ik xU ----------- njhopyhFk; - Kjd;ik
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2. Ntshz; gapHfis czT gapHfs; kw;Wk; ------------- gapHfs; vd ,U

ngUk;gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. - gzg; gapHfs;
3. --------------- ghrd Kiwapy; ePH nrbfspd; NtUf;F mUfpy; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
- nrhl;L ePHg;ghrd Kiw
4. -------------- kw;Wk; kioapd; msT Ntshz; njhopiyg; ghjpf;Fk; fhy epiyf;
fhuzpfshFk;. - ntg;gepiy
5. tpisepyj;jpy; xNu xU gapH kl;Lk; xU Kiw tpistpf;fg;gl;lhy; mJ ------------ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - xU gapH tpistpf;Fk; Kiw
6. ----------- Ntshz;njhopYf;F Vw;w ,lkhFk;. - rkntspfs;
7. ------------- Ntshz;njhopy; tifapy; mjpf msT gapHfs;
tpistpf;fg;gLfpwJ. - tzpf
8. gpNurpy; ehl;by; ,lg;ngaHT my;yJ khw;wpl Ntshz;ik ------------- vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - Nuhf;Nfh
9. ney; xU ------------ gapuhFk;. - mad kz;ly
10. kio Fiwthff; fpilf;fg; ngWk; gFjpfspy; --------- mtrpak;. ePHg;ghrdk;
11. cyfpd; ney; cw;gj;jpapy; -------------- rjtPjk; Mrpahtpy;
tpistpf;fg;gLfpwJ. - 98 rjtPjk;
12. ,e;jpahtpy; cj;jpug; gpuNjrk; > gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; mupahdh Mfpa khepyq;fs;
mjpf msT ---------------- cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; khepyq;fshFk; - NfhJik
13. Njapiy xU ------------- nrbahFk; - maz kz;ly
14. ,e;jpah kw;Wk; tq;fhsNjrk; -------------- cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wd
- rzy;
15. -------------- kdpjdJ mbg;gil czthFk; - jhdpaq;fs;
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nghJ mwpT - kz;> jhJ kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;

1. ------------- jhtuq;fspd; tsHr;rpf;F XH ClfkhfTk;> GtpapYs;s gy;NtW
tifahd capupdq;fSf;F MjhukhfTk; mikfpwJ - kz;
2. ------------- kz; Nkw;Fj;njhlHr;rp> fpof;Fj;njhlHr;rp kiyg;gFjpapYk;
,kakiyapd; mbthuj;jpYk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ - ruis kz;
3. kz;zpd; capup nghUl;fspd; msT mjpfupf;f ---------------- mjpfupf;fpwJ. kz;zpd; nrOikAk;
4. ---------- kz; ,e;jpa Ntshz; nghUs; cw;gj;jpf;F ngUk; gq;fspf;fpwJ. tz;ly; kz;
5. tz;ly; kz;zpd; ,uz;L tifahd gpupTfs; - fhjH kw;Wk; ghq;fH
6. tz;ly; kz; ---------------- gapupLtjw;F Vw;w kz;zhFk;. - ney;> NfhJik>
fUk;G> gUj;jp kw;Wk; vz;nza; tpj;Jfs;
7. fq;if - gpuk;kGj;jpuh jho;e;j Mw;Wr; rkntsp ----------- gapupl gad;gLfpwJ.
- rzy;
8. fupry; kz; -------------- rpijTWtjhy; cUthfpwJ. - jPg;ghiwfs;
9. fupry; kz; -------------- Kjypa gapH tpisa kpfTk; Vw;wJ. - gUj;jp> ney;>
NfhJik> Nrhsk;> jpiztiffs; kw;Wk; fUk;G
10. ,Uk;Gr; rj;J mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLtjhy; ------------- rptg;G epwkhf
cs;sJ. - nrk;kz;
11. jkpo;ehl;by; ngUk;gFjpfs; fHehlfhtpd; njd;gFjp Nfhth> tlfpof;F
Me;jpuh> kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; xuprh Mfpa gFjpfspy; ----------- gutp
fhzg;gLfpwJ - nrk;kz;
12. kz;tsj;ijj; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;Stjw;fhf kdpjHfs; vLf;Fk;
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Kaw;rpNa ----------- MFk; - kz;tsg;ghJfhg;G

13. ---------- kz;zpy; Njapiy> fhgp kw;Wk; ,ug;gH gapuplg;gLfpwJ. - kiykz;
14. Njapiy gapupLtjpy; ------------------> -------------------- Kjd;ik tfpf;fpd;wd m];]hKk;> Nkw;Ftq;fKk;
15. --------- jPgfw;g gPlg+kpapy; ngUksT fhzg;gLfpwJ. - ruis kz;
nghJ mwpT - tpUJfSk; kupahijfSk;

ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUJ vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpd; gl;bayplg;gl;l 22 nkhopfspy;
cs;s rpwe;j ciueil my;yJ ftpij ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpw;F toq;fg;gLk;
tpUjhFk;. 1991 Mk; Mz;L Nf.Nf. gpHyh epWtdj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;j
tpUJ ,e;jpahtpd; caupa ,yf;fpa tpUJfspy; xd;whf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;
kjpg;G Ie;J yl;rk; ,e;jpa &gha; MFk;.
Kjd; Kjypy; ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - ùptd;];uha; gr;rd;
(gilg;G: Autobiography> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1991)
Kjd; Kjypy; ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; - gykzp mk;kh
(gilg;G: epNtjpak;> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1995)
jkpopy; Kjd; Kjypy; ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - lhf;lH. ,e;jpuh
ghHj;jrhujp (gilg;G: uhkhD[H> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1999)
2014k; Mz;L ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - tPug;g nkha;yp (gilg;G:
uhkhaz kfhNtrdk;)
M];fhH tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
M];fhH tpUJ vdg; gutyhf mwpag;gLk; mfhjkp tpUJfs; mnkupf;fhtpy;
jpiuj;Jiwf;F toq;fg;gLk; kpfTk; Kf;fpa tpUjhFk;. NkYk; cyfpNyNa
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mjpfstpy; njhiyf;fhl;rp %yk; ghHitaplg;gLk; tpUJ toq;Fk; tpohf;fspy;

Kjd;ikahd tpohthFk;. ,t;tpUJ Kjd; Kjypy; 1929y; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; Kjypy; M];fhH tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Bhanu Athaiya
(tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1987)
jd;Dila jpiug;glg; gzpf;fhf M];fhH tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpaH rj;a[pj; uha; (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1992)
,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; ,uz;L M];fhH tpUJfisg; ngw;wtH - V.MH.
uFkhd; (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 2009)
= rf;jp Gu];fhH tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
= rf;jp Gu];fhH tpUjhdJ ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa mstpy; ngz;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLk; kupahijf;Fupa xU tpUjhFk;. ,t;tpUJ jdpg;gl;l ngz;fspd;
mg+Htkhd rhjidfSf;fhf 6 tiffspy; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs;
Nkk;ghl;L Jiw mikr;rfk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa murhy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. = rf;jp
Gu];fhH tpUJ 1991k; Mz;L ,e;jpa FbauR jiytuhy; rHtNjr ngz;fs;
jpdj;jd;W epWtg;gl;lJ. ,t;tpUjhdJ xt;nthU Mz;Lk; khHr; 8 (rHtNjr
ngz;fs; jpdk;) md;W GJjpy;ypapy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. guprhf 3 yl;rk; &ghAk;
rhd;wpjOk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
nghJ mwpT - Gtpapay; - NguplH Nkyhz;ik
1. Gtp mjpHT Njhd;Wk; ,lj;ijg; -------------------- vd miof;fpd;Nwhk;. - Gtp
mjpHT ikak; (Focus)
2. epy eLf;f ikaj;jpw;F NeH vjpuhfg; Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;
,lj;ij -------------- vd miof;fpNwhk;. - ntspikak;
3. NguplH Nkyhz;ikapd; gbfs; - 1.jahH epiy> 2.nghWGzHT> 3.kPl;rp>
4.jzpj;jy;
4. Njrpa NguplH Nkyhz;ikapd; jiytH ---------- MthH. - gpujkH
5. Gtp ,aw;gpay; ,lH -------------- tpirapdhy; cUthfpwJ. - Gtpapd; cl;Gw
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tpir
6. epfo;tpd; jhf;fj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk; nray;ghL - jzpj;jy;
7. khepy NguplH Nkyhz;ikapd; jiytH ---------- MthH. - khepy Kjyikr;rH
8. khtl;l NguplH Nkyhz;ikapd; jiytH ---------- MthH. - khtl;l Ml;rpahsH
my;yJ khtl;l ePjpgjp
9. FWfpa fhy mstpy; mjpf msT ePH ngUf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ - nts;sg;
ngUf;Ffs;
10. flypd; mbapy; Vw;gLk; Gtp mjpHTfspdhy; mLj;jLj;J Vw;gLk; mjpf
msT ePH nfhz;l ngupa msT miyfs; ---------- vdg;gLk; - Rdhkp
11. kiog;nghopT gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; ePz;l fhykhf epyTk; twz;l
thdpiyia --------- vd;fpNwhk; - twl;rp
12. twl;rpapd; tifg;ghLfs; - thdpiyapay; twl;rp> ePHNrkpg;gpd;ikahy;
Vw;gLk; twl;rp> Ntshz; twl;rp> r%f nghUshjhu uPjpahf Vw;gLk; twl;rp
13. Rdhkp miy RkhH xU kzp Neuj;j py; -------- gazpf;ff; $bait - 5000
iky;fs;
14. --------------- vd;gJ xU ehl;bd; capHehb MFk;. - Nghf;Ftuj;J
15. Gaypd; tifg;ghLfs; - Fiwthd mOj;j gFjp> jho; mOj;jk;> kpfTk;
Mokhd jho; mOj;jk;> Gay; fhw;W> mjpNtfg; Gay;> kpf mjpNtfg; Gay;>
khngUk; Gay;
nghJ mwpT - Gtpapay; - tptrha Kiwfs; (jkpo;ehL)
1. Njapiy> fhg;gp> ,ug;gH> kpsF kw;Wk; Ke;jpup Nghd;wit jkpo;ehl;by;
tsUk; ---------- gapuhFk;. - Njhl;lg; gapH
2. jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjd;ikahdJk;> kpfg; goikahdJkhd njhopy; -------------njhopyhFk;. - Ntshz;ik
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3. ---------------- I khdhthupg; gapH vd;W jkpo;ehl;by; $WtH. - Gd;nra;

4. --------------- NrHg;gjhy; kz;zpd; ePH nfhs;Sk; jd;ik mjpfupf;Fk;. kzpr;rj;J / jior;rj;J
5. jkpo;ehl;bd; ney; Muha;r;rp ikak; ------------- y; cs;sJ - MLJiw
6. jkpo;ehl;bd; rhFgb gUtq;fs; - 1.nrhHz thup (rpj;jpiug; gl;lk;)> 2.rk;ghg;
gUtk; (Mbg; gl;lk;)> 3.etiu gUtk; (fhHj;jpifg; gl;lk;)
7. ------------- jkpo;ehl;by; Kjd;ikahd czTg; gapuhFk;. - ney;
8. jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjd;ik gzg;gapuhd --------- kpfg;ngupa gug;gstpy;
gapuplg;gLfpwJ. - fUk;G
9. jkpo;ehl;bd; ,uz;lhtJ Kf;fpa gzg;gapH --------------- MFk;. - Gifapiy
10. Njrpa mstpy; jkpo;ehL kPd; tsHg;gpy; ---------------- khepykhfj; jpfo;fpwJ. ehd;fhk;
11. --------------- jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjd;ik kPd;gpbj; JiwKfkhFk;. - J}j;Jf;Fb
12. jkpo;ehl;by; 2007 - 2008k; Mz;bw;fhd kPd; nfhs;Kjy; ----------- MFk;. 3>93>266 ld;
13. Mtpd; mikg;G xU ehspy; RkhH -------------- ghiyg; gjdk; nra;fpd;wJ. 26.10 ,yl;rk; ypl;lH
14. jkpo;ehl;bd; 2007 - 2008f;fhd ghy; cw;gj;jp ----------- MFk; - 55.86
kpy;ypad; ld;
15. jkpo; ehl;by; ----------- gUtq;fspy; ney; gapuplg;gLfpwJ. - %d;W
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
1. ----------------- ehs; lhf;lH. rr;rpjhee;j rpd;fh jiyikapy; murpay;
epHzarigapd; Kjy; $l;lk; eilngw;wJ. - 1946 brk;gH 9k; ehs;
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2. lhf;lH.rpd;fhtpw;Fg; gpwF ---------------- murpay; epHzarigapd; jiytuhfj;

NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH. - lhf;lH. ,uhN[e;jpugpurhj;
3. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; FbauR jiytH ---------------- MthH. - lhf;lH.
,uhN[e;jpugpurhj;
4. murpay; epHzarigahdJ> murpayikg;G rl;lkpaw;Wk; gzpia ------------mspj;jJ. - tiuTFOtpw;F
5. 1947 Mf];L 29k; ehs; tiuTf;FOtpd; jiytuhf ---------------- epakdk;
nra;ag;gl;lhH. - lhf;lH.gp.MH.mk;Ngj;fhH
6. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; rpw;gp -------------- MthH. - lhf;lH.mk;Ngj;fhH
7. murpayikg;G epHza rig -------------------- k; ehs; filrpahf $baJ. - 1950
[dtup 24k; ehs;
8. ----------------- k; ehspy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
- 1950 [dtup 26
9. murpayikg;G vd;gJ --------------------- - murpay; Kiwfspd; mbg;gilf;
Nfhl;ghLfSila njhFg;ghFk;
10. murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; gzp ---------------------------------- eilngw;wJ. - 2
Mz;Lfs; 11 khjq;fs; 18 ehl;fs;
11. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G --------- ghfq;fis nfhz;lJ. - 22
12. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpy; cs;s ml;ltizfs; - 12
13. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G ----------- ruj;Jfis cilaJ. - 449
14. murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; - 1.Kfg;Giu> 2.,iwahz;ik>
3.kjr;rhHgpd;ik> 4.ehlhSkd;w kf;fshl;rp muR> 5.mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk;
flikfs;> 6.muR newpKiwf;Nfhl;ghLfs;> 7.taJte;NjhH thf;Fupik
15. 11 jpl;lkpl;lf; $l;lq;fspy; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ijg; gw;wp fye;Jiuahl
------------------ ehl;fs; Mapw;W. - 114
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nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - murpay; mikg;gpd; Kfg;Giu kw;Wk;

rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
1. ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F KO cupikiaAk; ,e;j pa ------------- toq;FfpAs;sJ. murpayikg;G
2. rl;l mwpKfNk ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; ----------- MFk;. Kfg;Giu
3. ------------------ vd;W ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;Giu $WfpwJ. kf;fNs mjpfhuj;jpd; Njhw;Wtha;
4. ,e;jpa murpd; Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fSs; xd;W -------------- MFk;. kjr;rhHgpd;ik
5. ghuhSkd;w muR Kiwia --------------- vd;Wk; miog;gH. - nghWg;G muR
my;yJ fhgpNdl; muR
6. mbg;gil cupikfspd; MW tiffs; - 1.rkj;Jt cupik> 2.Rje;jpu
cupik> 3.Ruz;lypypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk; cupik> 4.kjr;Rje;jpu cupik>
5.gz;ghl;L kw;Wk; fy;tp cupik> 6.murpayikg;gpd;gb jPHTfhZk; cupik
7. rl;lq;fs; ,aw;Wk; NghJk;> mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJk; gpd;gw;w
Ntz;ba topfhl;Ljy;fs; ----------------- vdg;gLk;. - muR newpKiwf;Nfhl;ghLfs;
8. ve;jnthU rl;lj;ij ,aw;Wk;NghJk; muR fz;bg;ghf -------------------- I
filgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. - muR newpKiwf;Nfhl;ghLfs;
9. murpay; mikg;G rl;lj;jpy; taJte;NjhH thf;Fupikj; jpl;lj;jpd;gb> rhjp>
epwk;> kjk;> ghypdk;> gbj;NjhH> nrhj;J cilik Mfpa NtWghLfspd;wp ------------- epuk;gpa midtUk; NjHjypy; thf;fspf;f cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. - 18
taJ
10. muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfis ------------- tiffshf gpupf;fyhk;. - ehd;F
(1.r%f eyid mila topfhl;Lk; Nfhl;ghLfs;> 2.fhe;jpaf; Nfhl;ghLfisr;
nray;gLj;j topfhl;Lk; Nfhl;ghLfs;> 3.gd;dhl;Lf; Nfhl;ghLfs;> 4.gy;tifahd
newpf; Nfhl;ghLfs;)
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11. 1929Mk; Mz;L yh$upy; eilngw;w ,e;jpaNjrpaf; fhq;fpu]; khehl;L

jPHkhdj;jpd;gb> g+uz Rauh[;ak; ----------------- k; ehs; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. - 1930k;
Mz;L [dtup 26
12. ,e;jpa muR ve;jnthU ------------------ rhHe;jjy;y. - kjj;ijAk;
13. rkj;Jt cupikapd; gb ----------------- - rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk;
14. jdpkdpjdpd; KO ghJfhg;G> Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F ---------------- mtrpakhfpwJ. mbg;gil cupikfs;
15. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpaf; Fbkf;fs; Mw;wNtz;ba
gy;NtW flikfs; mlq;fpAs;sd> ,f;flikfs; -------------- vdg;gLk;. mbg;gilf; flikfs;
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - mbg;gil cupikfs;
1. mbg;gil cupikfs; ----------- jiyg;Gfspy; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. - 6
2. rpWghd;ikapdH fy;tp epWtdq;fis mDkjpf;Fk; murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lg;gpupT - 30
3. murpayikg;Gr; rl;lg;gpupT 19 Fbkf;fSf;F ------------- cupikfis
toq;FfpwJ. - 6
4. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G %d;whtJ gFjpapy;> murpayikg;G rl;l gpupT 12
Kjy; 35 tiu cs;s gpupTfs; rpy cupikfis mbg;gil cupikfshf
mq;fPfupf;fpwJ. mit ------------------ - 1.rkj;Jt cupik (ruj;J 14-18)> 2.Rje;jpu
cupik (ruj;J 19-22)> 3.Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd cupik (ruj;J 23-24)> 4.rka
Rje;jpu cupik (ruj;J 25-28)> 5.gz;ghL kw;Wk; fy;tp cupik (ruj;J 29-30)>
6.murpayikg;gpw;F jPHT fhZk; cupik (ruj;J 32)
5. ,e;jpa xU --------------- ehL. - rkarhHgw;w
6. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk;> ---------------------- jdp kdpj tho;T kw;Wk; jdp
kdpj Rje;jpuj;ij cWjp nra;fpwJ. - gpupT - 21
7. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ----------- Fbkf;fspd; mbg;gil cupikfs;
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kPwg;gLk;NghJ> Neupilahf kf;fs; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Ffs; njhlHe;J

ghJfhg;gpidg; ngw cjTfpwJ. - gpupT 32
8. -------------- ,y; kjj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp> gug;Gtjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; cz;L vd;W
cj;juthjk; mspf;fpwJ. - gpupT 25
9. ---------> 2009-y; ,ytr fl;lhaf; fy;tp 6 tajpypUe;J 14
tajpw;Fl;gl;ltHfSf;F mspf;f rl;lk; ntspapl;Ls;sJ. - gpupT 21-A
10. murpayikg;G --------------- d; gb rpWghd;ikapdH nkhop> vOj;J
gz;ghl;ilg; ghJfhf;fpwJ. - gpupT 29
11. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ----------------- Rje;jpu cupikf;F cj;jputhjk;> mjd;
Fbkf;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W mwptpf;fpwJ. - gpupT 19
12. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lg; gpupT --------d; gb xUtiuj; jFe;j
fhuzkpd;wp ifJ nra;tjw;F jil tpjpf;fpwJ. - 20
13. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lg;gpupT -------------- -d; gb vtiuAk;
tprhuizapd;wp ifJ nra;af;$lhJ. - 22
14. xUtiu fl;lhakhfNth my;yJ Cjpakpd;wpNah Ntiy nra;a itj;jy;
$lhJ vd;W ,e;jpa murpayikg;G -------- $WfpwJ. - 23tJ gpupT
15. --------------- kjr;rhHghd epWtdq;fis epWtTk;> elj;jTk;> jHkg;gzpfis
Nkw;nfhs;sTk; cWjpaspf;fpwJ. - gpupT - 26
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - kdpj cupik rhrdk;
1. rKjhaj;jpy; kdpjd; R%fkhf thoj; Njitahd epiyia ------------- vd
miof;fpNwhk;. - cupik
2. xt;nthU Mz;Lk;> -------------------- Mk; ehs; I.eh. jpdkhff;
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. - mf;NlhgH 24
3. --------------- Mk; ehs; If;fpa ehLfspd; rig Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. - 1945k;
Mz;L mf;NlhgH 24
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4. I.eh rigapd; Kf;fpakhd Nfhl;ghLfspy; xd;W ---------------- MFk;. - kdpj

cupikfis ghJfhg;gJk;> mjid kjpg;Gwr;nra;tJk;
5. I.eh. rigapd; kdpj cupikfs; FO kdpj cupikfs; kNrhjhitj;
jahupj;J toq;fpaJ. ,k;kNrhjh If;fpa ehLfs; nghJr; rigapy; ----------------Mk; ehs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. - 1948 Mk; Mz;L brk;gH 10
6. kdpj cupikfs; kNrhjhNt ------------------ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. midj;Jyf kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk;
7. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; ------------------- Mk; ehs; kdpj cupikfs; jpdkhff;
filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpwJ. - brk;gH 10
8. midj;Jyf kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk;> kf;fspilNa ------------- cWjp
nra;fpwJ. - rkj;Jtj;ij
9. midj;Jyf kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk; ------------- ruj;Jfisf; nfhz;lJ. 30
10. midj;Jyf kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk; ------------------ gFjpfshfg; ghFghL
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. - ,uz;L
11. midj;Jyf kdpj cupikfs; gpufldj;jpd; ,uz;L gFjpfs; - 1.
tho;tpay; kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfs;> 2. nghUshjhuk;> r%f kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L
cupikfs;
12. midj;Jyf kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk;> -------------- ehLfSf;Fk;
Vw;GilajhFk;. - midj;J
13. 1966k; Mz;L I.eh.rig kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhf;f ------- xg;ge;jq;fis
cUthf;fpaJ. - ,uz;L
14. 1966k; Mz;L I.eh.rig kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhf;f cUthf;fpa ,U
xg;ge;jq;fs; - 1. midj;Jyfg; nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L cupikfs;
xg;ge;jk;> 2. midj;Jyf tho;tpay; kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfs; xg;ge;jk;
15. -------------------------- cyf mstpy; kdpj cupikg; ghJfhg;gpy; Kf;fpa
gq;fpid Mw;wp tUfpwJ. - I.eh.rig
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1. 1993-Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l kdpj cupikfs; rl;lj;jpd;gb Njrpa kdpj
cupikfs; Mizak; ,e;jpahtpy; --------------- Mk; Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mf;NlhgH 12> 1993
2. ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizak; jiytH ------------- > --------------- cWg;gpdHfisAk; nfhz;lJ. - xUtiuAk;> ehd;F
3. Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiytH nghJthf -------------------- Mf
,Ug;ghH. - Xa;Tngw;w cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjp
4. Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; XH cWg;gpdH ---------------------- MfTk;
> kw;nwhU cWg;gpdH -------------------- MfTk; kPjKs;s ,U cWg;gpdHfs; --------------- ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. - cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Xa;T ngw;w ePjpgjp> khepy
caHePjpkd;wj;jpd; Xa;T ngw;w ePjpgjp> kdpj cupikfs; rhHe;j nray;
mDgtkpf;ftuhf
5. Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiyikaplk; ---------------- MFk;. GJby;yp
6. Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfis ahH epakdk;
nra;fpwhH? - FbauRj;jiytH
7. FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakdk; nra;ag;gLk; Njrpa kdpj cupik
Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs; ----------------------- Mizapd; Ngupy; gzp ePf;fk;
nra;ayhk;. - FbauR jiytupd;
8. Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ----------------------- ,g;gjtpapy;
gzpahw;wyhk;. - 5 Mz;LfNsh my;yJ 70 taJ tiuapNyh
9. Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs; ------------- gjtp
tfpf;fyhk;. - 5 Mz;Lfs;
10. FbauRj; jiytH tpUk;gpdhy; Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd;
cWg;gpdHfis kPz;Lk; ----------------- kWepakdk; nra;ayhk;. - 5 Mz;LfSf;F
11. Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; -------------------- MFk;
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- kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gJk;> Nkk;gLj;JtJk;

12. jkpo;ehl;by; --------------------- Mk; ehs; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizak;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. - 1997 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 17
13. khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizak; xU ----------> ---------------cWg;gpdHfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. - jiytiuAk;> ehd;F
14. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ---------- MthH.
- khepy caHePjpkd;wj;jpd; Xa;T ngw;w jiyik ePjpgjp
15. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; XH cWg;gpdH -------------MfTk;> kw;nwhU cWg;gpdH -------------- MfTk;> vQ;rpa ,uz;L cWg;gpdHfs; -------------------- ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. - Xa;T ngw;w khepy caH ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjp>
Xa;T ngw;w khtl;l ePjpgjp> kdpj cupikfs; rhHe;j nrayDgtk;
kpf;ftHfshfTk;
1. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiytH kw;Wk;
cWg;gpdHfis khepy Kjyikr;rH> khepy cs;Jiw mikr;rH> rl;lkd;wj;
jiytH> rl;lkd;w vjpHfl;rpj;jiytH MfpNahiuf; nfhz;l FOtpd;
gupe;Jiuapd; Ngupy; -------------- epakdk; nra;fpwhH. - khepy MSeH
2. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiyik epHthf
mjpfhupahfr; ---------------> nray;gLfpwhH. - nrayH
3. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizak; ---------------- apy; nray;gl;L
tUfpwJ. - nrd;id
4. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; gFjp 2> gFjp 3,y; cj;jputhjk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s
kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gLk; NghJ ------------- tprhuiznra;J
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;F cupa epthuzk; mspf;Fk;. - jkpo;ehL khepy kdpj
cupikfs; Mizak;
5. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs; ---------------gzpahw;wyhk;. - 70 taJ tiu my;yJ 5 Mz;Lfs;
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6. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs; Kiw

jtwp nray;gl;lhy;> ----------- mtHfisg; gzpePf;fk; nra;ayhk;. - khepy MSeH
7. khtl;l mstpy; eilngWk; kdpj cupikfs; kPwy;fis ----------------tprhuiz nra;Ak;. - khtl;l kdpj cupikfs; ePjpkd;wq;fs;
8. jkpo;ehl;by; khtl;l kdpj cupikfs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpgjpahf -------------------epakpf;fg;gLfpwhH. - VO Mz;Lfs; tof;fwpQuhfg; gzpahw;wpatH my;yJ
muR tof;fwpQH
9. jkpo;ehl;by; khtl;l kdpj cupikfs; ePjpkd;wq;fs; tpiuthf ------------fpilf;f tif nra;fpwJ. - kdpj cupik kPwy;fis tprhuiz nra;J>
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;F epthuzk;
10. ---------------------- Mk; Mz;L ,e;J tpjit kWkzr; rl;lk;
rl;lg+Htkhf;fg;gl;lJ. - 1856
11. ----------------- Mk; Mz;L ,e;J jpUkzr; rl;lj;jpd;gb ngz;fspd; jpUkz
taij 21 Mf epHzak; nra;Js;sJ. - 1955
12. ------------------ Mk; Mz;L ,e;J thupRr; rl;lj;jpd;gb jha; je;ijaupd;
nrhj;jpy; ngz;fSf;Fr; rkcupik toq;fg;gl;lJ. - 1956
13. --------------- Mk; Mz;L tujl;riz jilr; rl;lj;jpd;gb tujl;riz Ntz;bg;
ngz;fisf; nfhLikg;gLj;JtJ fLikahd jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wkhff; fUj
top nra;jJ. - 1961
14. jkpof muR ,e;Jj; jpUkz rl;lj;jpy; ---------- Mk; Mz;by; xU jpUj;jk;
nfhz;L te;J Rakupahij jpUkzq;fisr; rl;lg+Ht jpUkzq;fshf
mq;fpfupj;Js;sJ. - 1967
15. ----------------- Mk; Mz;L jkpof muR ngz;fisf; Nfypnra;tijj; jLf;fr;
rl;lk; ,aw;wpAs;sJ. - 1997
nghJ mwpT - fdpk kw;Wk; vhprf;jp tsq;fs;
1. fdpk tsq;fis vj;jid ngUk;gphpTfshf tifg;gLj;jyhk;. - ,uz;L.
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1.cNyhff; fdpkq;fs;> 2. cNyhfkpy;yhj fdpkq;fs;

2. ,Uk;G> khq;fdPR> epf;fy;> Nfhghy;l; kw;Wk; lq;];ld; Nghd;wit -----------fdpkq;fs; MFk;. - ,Uk;G rhHe;j fdpkq;fs;
3. cNyhfkpy;yhj fdpkq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf. - ikf;fh>
Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; [pg;rk;> nghl;lhrpak;> epyf;fhp kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhypak;
4. cyfpd; nkhj;j ,Uk;Gj;jhJ ,Ug;gpy; ------------- rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy;
mike;Js;sJ. - 20 rjtPjk;
5. fbdkhd JUg;gpbf;fhj ,Uk;G v/fpid jahhpf;f ---------- gad;gLfpwJ. khq;fdPR
6. cyH kpd;fyq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLtJ vJ? - khq;fdPR-il-Mf;irL
7. mYkpdpak; rpypNfl; epiwe;j ghiwfs; rpijTWtjhy; cUthFk; ,Nyrhd
cNyhfk; vJ? - mYkpdpak;
8. ----------------- kpd;rhuj;ij flj;jhj nghUshf ,Ug;gjhy; kpd; nghUl;fs;
cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLfpwJ. - ikf;fh
9. cyfpy; ikf;fh cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah ------------ rjtPjk; gq;fspf;fpwJ. - 60
rjtPjk;
10. epyf;fhp> ngl;Nuhypak;> ,aw;if vhpthA> #hpa rf;jp> fhw;W rf;jp
Nghd;wit ------------ tsq;fshFk;.- vhprf;jp tsq;fs;
11. epyf;fhpapd; juk; kw;Wk; fhHgd; mstpd; mbg;gilapy; vt;thW
gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. - Me;juirl;> gpl;Lkpd];> ypf;idl; kw;Wk; kuf;fhp
12. fdpk vz;nza; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ vJ - ngl;Nuhypak;
13. ANudpak; kw;Wk; Njhhpak; fdpkj;jpypUe;J -------------- cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. - mZkpd;rf;jp
14. Nfus flw;fiuapd; kz;zpy; cs;s Nkhdirl;bypUe;J ------------ngwg;gLfpwJ. - ANudpak;
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15. ,e;jpah Mz;bw;F -------------- nkfhthl; mZkpd;rf;jpia cw;gj;jp

nra;fpwJ. - 272
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;

1. cyfpNyNa kpfg;goikahd ehfuPfj;ij nfhz;ltHfs; ---------------- - `Pg;&];
2. nghUspaypd; je;ij--------------MthH - Mlk; Rkpj;;
3. 18k; E}w;whz;by; gpuhd;R ehl;by; cUthf;fg;gl;l nghUshjhuf;
Nfhl;ghl;bw;F ------------------ vd;W ngaH - ,aw;if thjk;
4. mHj;jrh];jpuj;ij vOjpatH --------------- - nfsby;aH
5. tzpfthjpfs; mjpf ------------- > Fiwe;j ,wf;FkjpapYk; ek;gpf;if
nfhz;bUe;jdH - Vw;WkjpapYk;
6. tzpfthjpfs; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jJ -------- - tzpfk;
7. Kjy; nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;w mwpQH ------------------ MthH - Mlk; Rkpj;
8. Gjpa nghUshjhuj;jpd; je;ij vd;wiof;fg;gLgtH - J. M. fPd;R
9. kf;fSf;F NghJkhd czT> cil> ciwtplk; ,y;yhj epiyia ----------------- vd;fpNwhk; - KOtWik epiy
10. Kjy; epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy tWikfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s
Ntw;Wikfis tpsf;fpatH -------------- - uTz;bup
11. [tfH fpuhk; Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpl;lk; --------------------- Mz;L
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ - 1999
12. ehl;L r%f cjtpj; jpl;lk; --------------------- Mz;L Jtq;fg;gl;lJ - 1995
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13. Ntiytha;g;G cWjpj; jpl;lk; -------------------- Kjy; eilKiwf;F nfhz;L

tug;gl;lJ - 1993> mf;NlhgH 2
14. nghUshjhu jpl;lkply; -------------------------- y; > mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ - 1950 51
15. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ikahd czTg; nghUl;fs; -------------- - muprp> NfhJik>
Nrhsk;> jhdpaq;fs; kw;Wk; gUg;G tiffs;
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk; - Ie;jhz;L

jpl;lq;fSk; mjd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fKk;
1. Kjyhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1951 - 1956
Kjy; Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;ij tFj;jtH - `Nuhy;L NjhkH
Nehf;fk; : Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;l Jiw tptrhaj;Jiw.
2. ,uz;lhk; Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1956 - 1961
,uz;lhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;ij tFj;jtH P.G.k`y ehgp];.
Nehf;fk; : Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;l Jiw njhopy; Jiw.
3. %d;whk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1961 - 1966
%d;whk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;ij tFj;jtH - P.G.k`y ehgp];.
Nehf;fk; : jw;rhHG jpl;lk;
4. ehd;fhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1969 - 1974
Nehf;fk; : epiyahd tsHr;rp kw;Wk; jd;dpwit
5. Ie;jhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1974 - 1979
Nehf;fk; : tWikia xopj;jy;
6. Mwhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1980 - 1985
Nehf;fk; : tUkhd Vw;wj; jho;Tfisf; Fiwg;gjd; %yk; tWikia
mfw;Wjy;
7. Vohk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1985 - 1989
Nehf;fk; : czT> Ntiytha;g;G> cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;> jw;rhHG Mfpait
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ngUFjy;
8. vl;lhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1992 - 1997
Nehf;fk; : KO Ntiytha;g;G> njhlf;ff;fy;tp> kdpjtsNkk;ghL> kf;fs;
njhif fl;Lg;ghL> Ntfkhd nghUshjhu tsHr;rp
9. xd;gjhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1997 - 2002
Nehf;fk; : Ntshz;ik> fpuhk tsHr;rp> tWik xopg;G kw;Wk; 2004f;Fs; KO
fy;tp
10. gj;jhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 2002 - 2007
Nehf;fk; : Neub me;epa KjyPL> njhopyhsH Kd;Ndw;wk;> nghUshjhu
rPHjpUj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhk tsHr;rp
11. gjpNdhwhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 2007 - 2012
12. gd;dpnuz;lhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 2012 - 2017
fHehlfg;NghH
1. Kjy; fHehlfg; NghH INuhg;ghtpy; eilngw;w -------------- Nghupd;
gpujpgypg;ghFk;. - M];jpupa thupRupikg; NghH
2. Kjy; fHehlfg; NghH -------------------- cld;gbf;ifapd; gb Kbtile;jJ? ma;yh \Ngy; cld;gbf;if
3. gpnuQ;R jsgjp G];]p> i`juhghj;jpd; ep[hkhf epakdk; nra;jtH ahH? ryngj; [q;fpd;
4. fHehlfj;jpy; Mw;fhl;il Kw;Wifapl;Lf; ifg;gw;wpatH ahH? - ,uhgHl;
fpist;
5. gpnuQ;R jsgjpahf ,e;jpahtpy; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;ltH ahH? - Nfhj;a+
6. Mq;fpNyaHfSf;F ----------------- NghH ngUk;ntw;wpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ? ,uz;lhk; fHehlfg; NghH
7. fp.gp.1756-k; Mz;L INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l Vohz;Lg; Nghupd; vjpnuhypahf
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,e;jpahtpy; ------------------ NghH eilngw;wJ? - %d;whk; fHehlfg; NghH

8. Mq;fpNyaupd; Gdpj Nltpl; Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wpatH ahH? - fTz;l;-byhyp
9. gpnuQ;Rg; gilia fp.gp.1760-Mk; Mz;L te;jthrp NghHfsj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;j
Mq;fpy jsgjp ahH? - rH maH$l;
10. %d;whk; fHehlfg; NghH ---------------- Mk; Mz;L ghup]; rkhjhd
cld;gbf;ifapd;gb KbTf;F te;jJ? - fp.gp.1763
11. ,e;jpa tpahghupfSf;F cjtpLk; Nehf;fpy; Rq;ftupia uj;J nra;j
tq;fhs ethg; ahH? - kPHfhrpk;
12. gf;rhH NghUf;Fg; gpwF 1765-y; tq;fhs ftHduhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltH ahH? ,uhgHl; fpist;
13. fp.gp.1767-Mk; Mz;L i`jH myp kw;Wk; ep[hik Mq;fpNyaHfs; -----------vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jdH? - nrq;fk;
14. fHehlfg; NghHfs; ------------------ Mz;LfSf;F ,ilNa eilngw;wJ? - 1746
- 1763
15. Mw;fhl;L tPuH vdg; ngUikNahL miof;fg;gl;ltH ahH? - ,uhgHl;
fpist;
1. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiytH kw;Wk;
cWg;gpdHfis khepy Kjyikr;rH> khepy cs;Jiw mikr;rH> rl;lkd;wj;
jiytH> rl;lkd;w vjpHfl;rpj;jiytH MfpNahiuf; nfhz;l FOtpd;
gupe;Jiuapd; Ngupy; -------------- epakdk; nra;fpwhH. - khepy MSeH
2. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiyik epHthf
mjpfhupahfr; ---------------> nray;gLfpwhH. - nrayH
3. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizak; ---------------- apy; nray;gl;L
tUfpwJ. - nrd;id
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4. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; gFjp 2> gFjp 3,y; cj;jputhjk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s

kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gLk; NghJ ------------- tprhuiznra;J
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;F cupa epthuzk; mspf;Fk;. - jkpo;ehL khepy kdpj
cupikfs; Mizak;
5. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs; ---------------gzpahw;wyhk;. - 70 taJ tiu my;yJ 5 Mz;Lfs;
6. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs; Kiw
jtwp nray;gl;lhy;> ----------- mtHfisg; gzpePf;fk; nra;ayhk;. - khepy MSeH
7. khtl;l mstpy; eilngWk; kdpj cupikfs; kPwy;fis ----------------tprhuiz nra;Ak;. - khtl;l kdpj cupikfs; ePjpkd;wq;fs;
8. jkpo;ehl;by; khtl;l kdpj cupikfs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpgjpahf -------------------epakpf;fg;gLfpwhH. - VO Mz;Lfs; tof;fwpQuhfg; gzpahw;wpatH my;yJ
muR tof;fwpQH
9. jkpo;ehl;by; khtl;l kdpj cupikfs; ePjpkd;wq;fs; tpiuthf ------------fpilf;f tif nra;fpwJ. - kdpj cupik kPwy;fis tprhuiz nra;J>
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;F epthuzk;
10. ---------------------- Mk; Mz;L ,e;J tpjit kWkzr; rl;lk;
rl;lg+Htkhf;fg;gl;lJ. - 1856
11. ----------------- Mk; Mz;L ,e;J jpUkzr; rl;lj;jpd;gb ngz;fspd; jpUkz
taij 21 Mf epHzak; nra;Js;sJ. - 1955
12. ------------------ Mk; Mz;L ,e;J thupRr; rl;lj;jpd;gb jha; je;ijaupd;
nrhj;jpy; ngz;fSf;Fr; rkcupik toq;fg;gl;lJ. - 1956
13. --------------- Mk; Mz;L tujl;riz jilr; rl;lj;jpd;gb tujl;riz Ntz;bg;
ngz;fisf; nfhLikg;gLj;JtJ fLikahd jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wkhff; fUj
top nra;jJ. - 1961
14. jkpof muR ,e;Jj; jpUkz rl;lj;jpy; ---------- Mk; Mz;by; xU jpUj;jk;
nfhz;L te;J Rakupahij jpUkzq;fisr; rl;lg+Ht jpUkzq;fshf
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mq;fpfupj;Js;sJ. - 1967
15. ----------------- Mk; Mz;L jkpof muR ngz;fisf; Nfypnra;tijj; jLf;fr;
rl;lk; ,aw;wpAs;sJ. - 1997
1. -------------- Mk; ehs; rHtNjrg; ngz;fs; jpdkhff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. khHr; 8
2. I.eh. rig ----------- Mk; Mz;ilr; rHtNjrg; ngz;fs; Mz;lhf mwptpj;jJ.
- 1978
3. ----------------------- 1986 Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;L ,sk; rpwhHfs; Kiwahf
ghJfhf;fg;glTk; mtHfs; jpUe;jp thoTk; top nra;Js;sJ. - rpWtHfSf;F
vjpuhd mePjpr; rl;lk;
4. I.eh. rig ----------- Mk; Mz;ilr; rHtNjrf; Foe;ijfs; Mz;lhf
mwptpj;Js;sJ. - 1979
5. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ----------- ,d; gb murhq;fk; vy;yhf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk;
14 taJ tiu fl;lha ,ytrf; fy;tp toq;fpl toptif nra;Js;sJ. - gphpT
45
6. fp.gp.1995-Mk; Mz;L cyfg; ngz;fs; --------- vd;w ,lj;jpy; $bdH. nga;[pq;
7. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ---------- ,d; gb Foe;ijj; njhopyhsH Kiw jil
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. - gpupT 24
8. -----------,d; gb ,e;jpa murpayikg;G> Foe;ijfs; Rje;jpukhfTk; cly;
MNuhf;fpaj;JlDk; tho tif nra;fpwJ. - gpupT 39(F)
9. 1961 Mk; Mz;L ngz;fspd; cly; eyk; fhf;f ------------------- ,aw;wg;gl;L>
kfg;NgW fhyj;jpy; gzpGupAk; ngz;fSf;F Cjpaj;Jld; $ba tpLg;G toq;f
top tif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. - NgWfhyg;gad; rl;lk;
10. Njhl;lj; njhopyhsH rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L - 1951
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11. njhopw;$l rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L - 1948

12. Ruq;fr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L - 1952
13. ----------------- Mfpaitfs; Mz;> ngz; NtWghbd;wp rkCjpak; toq;f
toptif nra;jJ. - njhopw;$l rl;lk;> Njhl;lj; njhopyhsH rl;lk;> Ruq;fr;
rl;lk;
14. ngz;fspd; eyd;fhf;f -------------------- Mfpaitfs; Nghuhb tUfpd;wd. ,e;jpag; ngz;fs; rq;fk;> [dehaf khjH rq;fk; kw;Wk; ngz;Zupik ,af;fk;
15. ------------- Mk; Mz;L jkpof muR ngz;fis ,opTgLj;Jk; Rtnuhl;bfs;
ntspapLtijj; jilnra;Js;sJ. - 1999
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - cs;shl;rp muR
1. Mq;fpy Ml;rpahsH ---------------- vd;gtH cs;shl;rp mikg;GKiwia
,e;jpahtpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhH. - upg;gd; gpuG
2. ehl;bd; njhiyJ}uj;jpy; cs;s kf;fSf;Fr; Nrit nra;tjw;Nf ----------------epHthf mikg;Gfs; ,e;jpahtpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. - cs;shl;rp
3. Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;> Ng&uhl;rp> khtl;l Cuhl;rp> efuhl;rp> khefuhl;rp Mfpa
mikg;Gfs; kf;fs; gpuepjpfSld; nray;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j mikg;gpw;F ------------vd;W ngaH. - cs;shl;rp epHthfk;
4. cs;shl;rpapd; ,U tiffs; - fpuhkg;Gw cs;shl;rp> efHg;Gw cs;shl;rp
5. fpuhkg;Gw cs;shl;rpapy; ---------------------- Mfpait mlq;Fk;. - Cuhl;rp>
Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;> khtl;l Cuhl;rp
6. efHg;Gw cs;shl;rpapy; --------------- Mfpait mlq;Fk;. - Ng&uhl;rp> efuhl;rp>
khefuhl;rp
7. ------------- kf;fs; njhiff;Fk; NkYs;s Cuhl;rpfs;> Ng&uhl;rpfshfj; juk;
caHj;jg;gLfpd;wd. - gj;jhapuk;
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8. Ng&uhl;rpapd; epHthfj;ij -------------------- ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;whH. - nray;

mYtyH
9. XH ,yl;rj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhd kf;fs; njhifAs;s Ng&Hfs; ---------------- Mfr;
nray;gLfpd;wd. - efuhl;rpfs;
10. efuhl;rpapd; jiytH kw;Wk; cWg;gpdHfspd; gjtpf;fhyk; - Ie;jhz;Lfs;
11. efuhl;rpapd; epHthf mYtyH --------------- MthH. - efuhl;rp MizaH
12. gy ,yl;rk; kf;fs; njhifAk;> gy;NtW mYtyfq;fSk; mike;Js;s
gFjpfis ----------- vdr; nrhy;fpNwhk;. - khefuhl;rp
13. khefuhl;rpj; jiytH ----------------- vdg;gLfpwhH. - NkaH
14. khefuhl;rpapd; epHthf mYtyH -------------- vdg;gLfpwhH. - MizaH
15. khefuhl;rpj; jiytH> cWg;gpdH MfpatHfspd; gjtpf;fhyk; -------------MFk;. - Ie;J Mz;Lfs;
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - gQ;rhaj;J uh[;
1. fpuhkq;fspy; nray;gLk; cs;shl;rp mikg;G -------------- MFk;. - fpuhk
Cuhl;rp
2. Cuhl;rp vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l kf;fs; midtUk; -------------- -,d; cWg;gpdHfs;. fpuhk rig
3. NjHjy; %yk; Ie;jhapuk; kf;fs; njhiff;F xU gpujpepjp tPjk; Cuhl;rp
xd;wpa -------------- NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. - cWg;gpdHfs;
4. Cuhl;rp xd;wpaj;jpd; gzpfis Nkw;ghHit nra;aTk;> fz;fhzpf;fTk;
khtl;l epHthfj;jpd; fPo; --------------------- cs;sJ. - khtl;l Cuf tsHr;rp
Kfik
5. Cuhl;rp xd;wpaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfspy; xUtH Cuhl;rp xd;wpa ------------ Mf
cWg;gpdHfshy; NjHT nra;ag;gLfpwhH. - FOj;jiytH
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6. xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpw;Fk; xU -------------- mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. - khtl;l

Cuhl;rp FO
7. khtl;l KOikf;Fkhd tsHr;rpj; jpl;lk; jahupj;J> khepyj; jpl;lf;
FOtpw;F mDg;gp itg;gJ ------------- flik MFk;. - khtl;lj; jpl;lf; FO
8. CH kd;wf; $l;lq;fs; (fpuhk rig) Mz;Lf;F ------------- Kiw $Lfpd;wd. ehd;F ([dtup 26 (FbauR ehs;)> Nk 1 (njhopyhsH ehs;)> Mf];l; 15
(tpLjiy ehs;)> mf;NlhgH 2 (kfhj;kh fhe;jp gpwe;j ehs;))
9. xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpd; rl;lkd;w> ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfSk; ---------- ,y;
cWg;gpdHfs;. - khtl;lj; jpl;lf;FO
10. khtl;l jpl;lf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdHfis --------------- NjHjy; %yk;
NjHe;njLf;fpwhHfs; - cs;shl;rp gpujpepjpfs;
11. fpuhk Cuhl;rpfs; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;L mikf;fg;gLtJ -------------- MFk;. Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;
12. khtl;l Cuhl;rpf; FOj; jiytNu vjd; jiytuhfTk; nray;gLthH khtl;lj; jpl;lf;FO
13. khefuhl;rpj; jiytupd; gjtpf;fhyk; ------------- Mz;Lfs; - Ie;J Mz;Lfs;
14. ----------------- kf;fs; njhiff;F xUtH vd;w mbg;gilapy; khtl;l Cuhl;rpf;
FO cWg;gpdHfs; kf;fshy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpwhHfs;. - 50>000
15. Cuhl;rp kd;w jiytupd; gjtpf; fhyk; - Ie;J Mz;Lfs;
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - ehlhSkd;wk;
1. ehlhSkd;wk;> kj;jpa murpd; --------------- Fwpf;Fk;. - rl;lkd;wj;ij
2. ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk; ------------- rigfisf; nfhz;lJ - ,uz;L (Nky;rig>
fPo;rig)
3. Nky;rig ---------------- vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - khepyq;fs; mit my;yJ
uh[;a rig
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4. fPo;rig -------------------- vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - kf;fsit my;yJ Nyhf;

rig
5. gpujk ke;jpupapd; gupe;Jiuapd; mbg;gilapNyh my;yJ ve;j xU fl;rpf;Fk;
ngUk;ghd;ik ,y;yhj epiyapNyh FbauRj; jiytH ------------- I fiyf;fyhk;.
- kf;fsit
6. khepyq;fsit xU ------------- mitahFk; - epue;ju
7. kf;fshy; Neubahfj; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLtjhy;> khepyq;fspd; cWg;gpdHfis
tpl ----------- mjpf cupikfs; cz;L - kf;fsit cWg;gpdHfSf;F
8. khepyq;fsit ------------- cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;lJ. - 250
9. khepyq;fsitapy; ------------- cWg;gpdHfs; FbauRj; jiytuhy; Neubahf
epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH - 12
10. xt;nthU khepyj;jpd; kf;fs; njhifapd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ------------------- rig cWg;gpdHfs; vz;zpf;if
jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ - uh[;a
11. kf;fsitapd; jiytH ------------------- MthH - rghehafH
12. kf;fsitapd; rghehafH ----------------------- My; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpwhH. kf;fsit cWg;gpdHfs;
13. khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdHfspd; gjtpf; fhyk; - 6 Mz;Lfs;
14. khepyq;fsitapd; cWg;gpdHfspd; %d;wpy; xU gFjpapdH (1/3) xt;nthU ------------- Mz;Lf;F gpwF Xa;T ngWfpd;wdH. - ,uz;L
15. khepyq;fsitj; jiytH ---------------- MthH - FbauRj; Jizj; jiytH
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - ,e;jpahtpy; ePjpj;Jiwapd; mikg;G
1. ePjpj;Jiw xU ------------- mikg;ghFk;. - Rje;jpukhd
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2. ,e;jpahtpd; ----------- > midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Fk; jiyikahdJ cr;rePjpkd;wk;

3. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; ----------- ,d; MNyhridapd; Ngupy;> kw;w ePjpgjpfisAk;>
FbauRj; jiytNu epakdk; nra;fpwhH. - jiyik ePjpgjp
4. cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L Kf;fpa mjpfhuq;fs; - Kjy;epiy tprhuiz
kw;Wk; Nky;KiwaPl;L mjpfhuk;
5. mbg;gil cupikfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cr;rePjpkd;wj;jhy; -------------- gpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd - ePjpg; Nguhizfs;
6. cr;rePjp kd;wKk;> caHePjp kd;wKk; ------------------ Mizfis kf;fspd;
cupikfisg; ghJfhf;f murpayikg;gpy; ntspapl;Ls;sJ. - Ie;J
(1.Ml;nfhzH ePjpg;Nguhiz> 2.nraYWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz> 3.jilg;Nguhiz>
4.Mtzf;Nfl;Gg; Nguhiz> 5.jFjp Kiw tpdTk; ePjpg;Nguhiz)
7. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ehlhSkd;wk; cs;spl;l ve;j xU rl;lkd;wj;jhy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;ijAk;> mJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;
mbg;gil tpjpfSf;F KuzhdJ vd;W fz;lhy;> me;jr; rl;lk;
nry;YgbahfhJ vd;W mwptpf;Fk; cupikia ------------- ngw;Ws;sJ cr;rePjpkd;wk;
8. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Neupilahf Kjd;Kjyhff; nfhz;Ltug;gLk;
tof;Ffis tprhupf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fis ---------------- vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ Kjy; tprhuiz mjpfhuq;fs; (Original Jurisdiction)
9. caHePjpkd;wj; jPHg;GfSf;F vjpuhf cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; Nky; KiwaPL
nra;ag;gLk; tof;Ffis tprhupf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijj;jhd; ---------------- vd;fpNwhk; Nky; KiwaPl;L mjpfhuq;fs;
10. murpay; rl;lg; gpur;rid njhlHghff; FbauRj; jiytH tpsf;fk;ngw
tpUk;gpdhy;> mj;jifa MNyhridfis toq;Fk; nghWg;G --------------cupajhFk;. - cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
11. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpia ---------------------- epakdk; nra;fpwhH ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytH
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12. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpAk;> gpw ePjpgjpfSk; -------------- taJ

epiwtilAk; tiu gjtp tfpf;fyhk; - 65
13. ---------------- ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; ghJfhtydhf cs;sJ cr;rePjpkd;wk;
14. ,uhZtj; jPHg;ghaq;fspy; mwptpf;fg;gl;l jPHg;Gfspy; ---------- jiyapl
KbahJ - cr;rePjpkd;wk;
15. ,e;jpahtpd; cr;rePjpkd;wk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ - GJnly;yp
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - ,e;jpahtpy; ePjpj;Jiwapd; mikg;G
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; 214MtJ gpuptpd;gb> xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk;
------------------ mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ - caHePjp kd;wk;
2. nghJthf --------------------- caHePjpkd;wq;fs; xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; kw;Wk;
a+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk; - ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
3. khepyj;jpYs;s gpw ePjpkd;wq;fs; ----------------- Nkw;ghHitapd; fPo;
nray;gLfpwJ - caHePjpkd;wj;jpd;
4. ----------- rl;lq;fspd; mDkjpapd; Ngupy; caHePjp kd;wk; nray;gLfpd;wd ghuhSkd;w
5. ,e;jpaf; FbauRj;jiytH> cr;rePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjp> kw;Wk; khepy
MSeupd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; ----------------- I epakdk; nra;fpwhH caHePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp
6. khepyj;jpy; rl;lk; xOq;if cWjp nra;tjw;fhfg; gy epiyfspyhd
ePjpd;wq;fs; cs;sd mit ------------------- vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd - rhHG
ePjpkd;wq;fs;
7. rhHG epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs; -------------------- tpjpfisAk;> xOq;F KiwfisAk;
filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; - caHePjp kd;wj;jpd;
8. rl;lkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; kNrhjh> murpayikg;Gr; rl;ltpjpfSf;F
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KuzhdJ vd;W mwpag;gl;lhy;> mj;jifa rl;lk; nry;yhJ vd;W mwptpf;fpd;w

cupik cr;rePjpkd;wk; Nghy; -------------------- cz;L - caHePjp kd;wj;jpw;Fk;
9. caHePjp kd;w ---------------- apd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy;> caHePjpkd;wj;jpd; gpw
ePjpgjpfisAk; FbauRj; jiytNu epakdk; nra;fpwhH - jiyik ePjpgjp
10. caHePjp kd;wk; ----------------- ,d; gb fPo; ePjpkd;wj; jPHg;GfSf;F vjpuhf
Nky;KiwaPL nra;ag;gLk; rptpy; kw;Wk; Fw;wtof;Ffis tprhupj;J jPHg;G
toq;fyhk; - Nky;KiwaPL mjpfhu tuk;G
11. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s goikahd caHePjp kd;wk; - fy;fj;jh caHePjp kd;wk;
12. caHePjp kd;wj;jhy; nfhz;Ltug;gLk; Nky;KiwaPL tof;Ffis ----------------------- tprhupf;Fk; - ,e;jpa cr;rePjpkd;wk;
13. 1963Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;G 15MtJ gpupT jpUj;jg;gb caHePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpfspd; Xa;TngWk; taJ ---------- Mf caHj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ - 62
14. rhHG ePjpkd;wq;fis ----------------------- fz;fhzpf;fpwJ - caHePjpkd;wk;
15. xU rhHG ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J tof;if khw;Wk; mjpfhuk; ------------ cs;sJ caHePjp kd;wj;jpw;F
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk;
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;> -----------> ngz;fspd; tpLjiy gw;wpf;
$WfpwJ - gpupT 23
2. ----------- ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijj; jpUkzj; jilr; rl;lj;jpUj;jk;
ngz;fspd; jpUkztaJ 15ypUe;J 18 MfTk;> Mzpd; jpUkz taJ
18ypUe;J 21 MfTk; caHj;jpAs;sJ - 1978
3. ------------- ,y; eilKiwf;F te;j tujl;rizj; jilr;rl;lk;> tujl;rizf;
nfhLg;gijAk;> thq;FtijAk; jilnra;Js;sJ - 1961
4. --------------- y; nfhz;L tug;gl;l tujl;rizj; jilr;rl;lj;jpUj;jk;>
tujl;riz thq;FgtH> tujl;riz njhlHghfg; ngz;fisf;
nfhLikg;gLj;JgtH kPJ fLikahd jz;lid nfhLf;f top tFj;Js;sJ Facebook
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1986
5. jkpo;ehL muR ------------------ Mz;by; (<t;Brpq;) ngz;fis ,fo;jy;
jilr;rl;lk; ,aw;wpAs;sJ - 1997
6. 2002 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l ----------------------- ngz;fSf;Fj; njhy;iy
nfhLg;gijj;jil nra;Js;sJ - (<t;Brpq;) ngz;fis ,fo;jy; jilr;rl;l
jpUj;jk;
7. 73 MtJ> 74 MtJ murpay; rl;lj;jpUj;jk; Cuhl;rp mikg;GfspYk;>
cs;SH mikg;GfspYk;> ngz;fSf;F --------------- ,lxJf;fPl;ilj;
nfhLj;Js;sJ - 33 tpOf;fhL
8. ngz;fSf;fhd> Ntiyf;fhd gapw;rpj; jpl;lk; (STEP) gzp kw;Wk; gapw;rp
Mjhuj;jpl;lk; ------------- ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ - 1996
9. ---------- ngz;fSf;Fr; Ra cjtpf;FOf;fs; Nghd;w jpl;lq;fspd; topahfg;
ngz;fspd; mjpfhuf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; r%f> nghUshjhu tsHr;rpf;F
topfhl;LfpwJ - Rak;]pjh
10. r%f> nghUshjhu> kdmOj;jk; Nghd;w gpur;ridfspy; Jd;gg;gLfpd;w
ngz;fSf;F Mw;Wg;gLj;Jk; ,lkhf ----------------------- cs;sJ - FWfpa fhy
,y;yq;fs; (1996)
11. FLk;gq;fspy; xj;Jg;Nghf Kbahj #oypdhYk;> r%f Mf;fpukpg;GfshYk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lg; ngz;fSf;F mwpTiutoq;Fk; ikakhf ---------- nray;gLfpd;wd
- FLk;g MNyhrid ikaq;fs;
12. nrd;id kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upapy; 1912 Mk; Mz;by; kUj;Jtuhfg; gl;lk;
ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpag; ngz;kzp - lhf;lH Kj;Jnyl;Rkp
13. mf;fhy Mq;fpNya murpy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpaH ,lk;ngw;w>
nrd;idr; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; epakpf;fg;ngw;w Kjy; ngz;kzp - lhf;lH
Kj;Jnyl;Rkp
14. mfpy ,e;jpa kfspH kd;wj;jpd; Kjy; jiytuhfTk;> nrd;id efuhl;rpapd;
Kjy; mjpfhupahfTk; ----------- NjHT nra;ag;gl;Lg; gyUk; ghuhl;LkhW gzp
nra;jhH - lhf;lH Kj;Jnyl;Rkp
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15. kfspH Fyj;jpyfk; lhf;lH Kj;Jnyl;Rkp mtHfSf;F> eLtz; muR ------------ ,y; gj;kg+\d; tpUJ toq;fpg; ngUikg;gLj;jpaJ - 1956
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - rl;lg;Nguit
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lg;gb> xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; xU -------------------Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ - rl;lg;Nguit
2. ngUk;ghd;ikahd khepyq;fspy; ----------------- mitf; nfhz;l
rl;lg;NguitfSk;> rpy khepyq;fspy; ---------------- nfhz;l rl;lkd;wq;fSk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd - xH> <uit (rl;l Nkyit(fPo; mit)> rl;lg;Nguit (Nky;
mit))
3. ,U rigfs; nfhz;l khepyq;fspy; ------------------ nray;gLfpd;wd rl;lkd;wKk; rl;l NkyitAk;
4. rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdH ---------- My; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdH - nghJkf;fs;
5. rl;lkd;w Nkyit cWg;gpdH --------------------- mikg;Gfspd; cWg;gpdHfshy;
NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdH - MrpupaHfs;> gl;ljhupfs; kw;Wk; cs;shl;rp
6. khepyq;fspy; ------------- cz;ikahd mjpfhu ikakhf jpfo;fpwJ - rl;lg;
Nguit
7. rl;lg;Nguitapy;> jho;j;jg; gl;ltHfs; (MjpjpuhtplH)> goq;FbapdUf;F rpy
,lq;fs; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it ------------- vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd jdpj; njhFjp
8. rl;lg;Nguitapd; gjtpf;fhyk; ----------- Mz;Lfs; - 5
9. ----------- KbAk; Kd;Ng rl;lg;Nguitia fiyf;fyhk; - gjtpf;fhyk;
10. rl;lg; Nguitf;F jiyik tfpg;gtH ----------------- - mitj; jiytH my;yJ
rghehafH
11. ------------ k; Mz;L murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; 61-tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gb
thf;Fupik taJ 21-ypUe;J 18-Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ - 1988
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12. -------------- mbg;gilapy; rl;lg; Nguit cWg;gpdHfs; vz;zpf;if

mike;jpUf;Fk; - kf;fs; njhif
13. rl;lg;Nguitapy; mjpf gl;r cWg;gpdHfs; vz;zpf;if ------------ MFk; 500
14. rl;lg;Nguitapy; Fiwe;j gl;r cWg;gpdHfs; vz;zpf;if ------------- MFk; 60
15. rl;lg;Nguitapy; ------------- taJ epiwtile;jtHfs; NjHjypy; gq;Nfw;fyhk;
- 25

jpiug;glj;Jiw tpUJ - jhjhrhN`g; ghy;Nf tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
jhjhrhN`g; ghy;Nf tpUJ ,e;jpaj; jpiug;glj;Jiwapy; tho;ehs; rhjid
Gupe;NjhUf;fhf ,e;jpa murhy; Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gLk; tpUjhFk;.
,t;tpUJ> ,e;jpa jpiug;glj;Jiwapd; je;ij vdf;fUjg;gLk; jhjhrhN`g;
ghy;Nf mtHfspd; gpwe;j ehs; E}w;whz;lhd 1969Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l Mz;Lf;fhd tpUJ> mjw;F mLj;j Mz;L ,Wjpapy; Njrpaj;
jpiug;gl tpUJfSld; NrHj;J toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; jhjhrhN`g; ghy;Nf tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Njtpfh uhzp
(tpUJngw;w Mz;L: 1969) (,e;jp)
jkpopy; Kjd; Kjypy; jhjhrN`g; ghy;Nf tpUijg; ngw;wtH - vy;.tp. gpurhj;
(tpUJngw;w Mz;L: 1982)
,e;jpahtpd; jpiug;glj;Jiwapd; je;ij vd fUjg;gLgtH ahH? - jhjhrhN`g;
ghy;Nf
jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy; NgRk; glk; vJ? - fhspjh];
,e;jpahtpy; ntspaplg;gl;l KjyhtJ KOePsj; jpiug;glk; ------------ MFk; uh[h ùp];re;jpuh (ntspte;j Mz;L: 1913)
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jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy; xypapy;yh (Cik glk;) jpiug;glk; vJ? - fPrf

tjk; (ntspte;j Mz;L: 1918)
kUj;Jtj;Jiw tpUJfs; - lhf;lH gp.rp. uha; tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
gpjhd; re;jpuh uha; tpUJ ,e;jpa kUj;Jtf; fofj;jhy; 1976 ,y; gpjhd; re;jpu
uha; epidthf epWtg;gl;l tpUjhFk;. ,e;j tpUJ xt;nthU Mz;Lk; fPo;tUk;
tifg;ghLfspy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ: ,e;jpahtpy; kpfr; rpwg;Gkpf;f murpay;
eaj;jpwk;> kUj;JtH-kw;Wk;-murpay;thjp> rpwg;Gkpf;f kUj;Jt egH> rpwg;Gkpf;f
nka;apayhsH kw;Wk; rpwg;Gkpf;f fiyQH. ,e;j tpUjpid #iy 1> Njrpa
kUj;JtHfs; ehsd;W> ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytH GJ jpy;ypapy; toq;FfpwhH.
Kjd; Kjypy; lhf;lH gp.rp. uha; tpUjpidg; ngw;wtH - Kfkj; ryPk; (1976) yg;
gl;bay; kw;Wk; nghJg; gl;baypy; cs;s JiwfSf;F Njitahd rl;lq;fis
,aw;WfpwJ - khepy rl;l kd;wk;
10. ----------------- xU kNrhjh rl;lkhtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; KiwNa> khepy
rl;l kd;wq;fspYk; ifahsg;gLfpwJ - ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
11. rl;l Nkyitia tpl ------------------ mjpfhukpf;fJ - rl;lg; Nguit
12. rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdHfspd; gjtpf;fhyk; - 6 Mz;Lfs;
13. rl;l Nkyitapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdHfs; ----------- f;F Fiwahky; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; - 40
14. ----------------------- md;W rl;l Nkyit jkpo;ehl;by; xopf;fg;gl;lJ - 1986>
etk;gH 1Mk; Njjp
15. rl;l Nkyitia elj;JgtH -------------------- MthH - Nkyitj;jiytH
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpah - tpkhd epiyak;
,e;jpahtpYs;s kpfg;ngupa tpkhd epiyak; - ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rHtNjr tpkhd
epiyak;
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ngUikf;Fupa jq;fkapy; Njrpa tpUij 2015-y; ntd;w ,e;jpa tpkhd

epiyak; vJ? - jpy;yp rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak;
,e;jpahtpYs;s rHtNjr tpkhd epiyaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; miktplKk;
me;jkhd; epf;NfhghH jPTfs;
1. tPH rhtHf;fH rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - NghHl; gpNsH
Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;
2. tprhfg;gl;bdk; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - tprhfg;gl;bdk;
mrhk;
3. Nyhf;gpupah Nfhgpehj; gHNlhyp rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - fTfhj;jp
gPfhH
4. fah rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - fah
jpy;yp
5. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - GJ nly;yp
Nfhth
6. Nfhth rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Nfhth
F[uhj;
7. rHjhH ty;ygha; gNly; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - mfkjhghj;
[k;K & fh\;kPH
8. =efH tpkhd epiyak; - =efH
fHehlfh
09. Nfk;gpfTlh rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - ngq;fs+U
10. kq;fs+H rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - kq;fs+H
Nfush
11. nfhr;rpd; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - nfhr;rp
12. Nfhopf;NfhL rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Nfhopf;NfhL
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13. jpUtde;jGuk; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - jpUtde;jGuk;

kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
14. uh[h Ngh[; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Nghghy;
kfhuh\;buh
15. rj;ugjp rpth[p rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Kk;ig
16. lhf;lH ghghrhfpg; mk;Ngj;fH rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - ehf;g+H
kzpg;g+H
17. ^ypfy; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - ,k;ghy;
xbrh
18. gp[{ gl;ehaf; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - GtNd];tH
gQ;rhg;
19. = FU uhk; jh]; [P rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - mkpHjru];
uh[];jhd;
20. n[a;g;g+H tpkhd epiyak; - n[a;g;g+H
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - khepy epHthfk;
1. khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpy; xU mq;fkhf ------------------------ jpfo;fpwhH - MSeH
2. khepy rl;lkd;wk; epiwNtw;Wk; ve;jnthU kNrhjhTk; --------------------- ,d;
xg;Gjy; ngw;wg; gpd;dNu rl;lkhFk; - MSeH
3. mtrur; rl;lq;fs; ----------------------------- gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; rl;lq;fisg; Nghd;wit
- rl;lkd;wq;fshy;
4. ----------------- mDkjpapd;wp> epjp kNrhjhf;fis rl;lkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;j
KbahJ - MSeH
5. khepy murpd; Mz;L tuT-nryT jpl;lk; MSeupd; mDkjp ngw;w gpd;dNu
---------------- rkHg;gpf;fg;gLk; - rl;lkd;wj;jpy;
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6. rpy;yiu nryT epjpapypUe;J epjp toq;fpl murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; ----------mjpfhuk; toq;fpAs;sJ - MSeUf;F
7. ---------------- MNyhrid Ngupy;> Fw;wtpay; eilKiw rl;lj;jpd;gb> khepy
caHePjp kd;wj;jhy; jz;lid ngw;w Fw;wthspfis kd;dpf;fTk;>
jz;lidiaf; Fiwf;fTk; my;yJ ePf;fTk; MSeH mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shH Kjyikr;rH kw;Wk; mikr;ruit
8. MSeupd; ngauhy; khepy epHthfj;ij --------------- Nkw;nfhs;fpwhH Kjyikr;rH
9. ika murpy; gpujkupd; epiy Nghd;Nw khepy epHthfj;jpy; -------------- epiy
fhzg;gLfpwJ - Kjyikr;rH
10. ve;jnthU fl;rpAk; my;yJ mzpAk; rl;lg; Nguitapy; mWjpg;
ngUk;ghd;ikia ngwtpy;iynadpy;> rl;lrigapy; jdpg;ngUk; fl;rpapd;
jiytUf;F mikr;ruit mikf;FkhW ---------------- miog;G tpLf;fyhk; MSeH
11. rl;lg; Nguit eilngwhj rkaq;fspy;> mtrur; rl;lj;ijg; gpwg;gpf;Fk;
mjpfhuk; ------------------ cz;L - MSeUf;F
12. rl;lkd;wq;fs; eilngwhj rkaq;fspy;> MSeuhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;>
rl;lq;fs; ----------------------- vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd - mtrur; rl;lq;fs;
13. mtrur; rl;lq;fSf;F --------------- thuj;jpw;Fs; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspd; Vw;ig
ngwNtz;Lk; - 6
14. MSeH khepy rl;lNkyit (,uz;lhtJ mit) cWg;gpdHfspy; ----------gFjpapdiuAk;> rl;lg;Nguitapy; xU ------------------------ cWg;gpdiuAk; epakdk;
nra;fpwhH - 1/6> Mq;fpNyh - ,e;jpa
15. murpayikg;G rl;lg; gpupT> 356-I gad;gLj;jp khepy muir fiyj;J> --------------- Ml;rpia gpufldk; nra;ayhk; - FbauR jiytH
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - khepy epHthfk;
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1. JiwfSf;fhd khdpaf; Nfhupf;iffs; ---------------- ,d; gupe;Jiuapd;

Ngupy;jhd; rl;l kd;wj;jpy; nfhz;L tu KbAk; - MSeH
2. khepy muRg; gzp Mizaj;jplkpUe;J Mz;L mwpf;iffis ngw;W>
rl;lkd;wj;jpd; guprPyidf;Fk;> xg;GjYf;Fk; ----------- rkHg;gpf;fpd;whH - MSeH
3. khepyj;jpy; cz;ikahd epHthf mjpfhuq;fis nray;gLj;JtJ --------------MFk; - Kjyikr;rH kw;Wk; mikr;ruit
4. ------------ ,d; gjtpf;fhyk; epHzapf;fg;gl;l jdJ rl;lg; Nguitapy;
ngUk;ghd;ikapdH jdf;F MjuT nfhLf;Fk; tiuapy; gjtpapy; ,Uf;fyhk; Kjyikr;rH
5. ika mikr;ruitg; Nghd;Nw khepy ----------------------- cz;ikahd mjpfhuk;
ngw;Ws;sJ - mikr;ruitAk;
6. khepy mikr;ruit --------------- nghWg;GilajhFk; - khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F
7. midj;J mikr;rHfSk; ---------------- ,d; fPo; xNu mzpahfr;
nray;gLfpd;wdH - Kjyikr;rH
8. rl;lg; Nguit mikr;ruitapd; kPJ ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPHkhdk;
epiwNtw;wpdhy;> Kjyikr;rH jiyikapy; nray;gLk; khepy mikr;ruit
gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk;. ,J ------------------ vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ xl;Lnkhj;jnghWg;G
9. gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk; Kd;Ng rl;lg; Nguitf; fiyf;f MSeUf;F
gupe;Jiug;gJ ----------- ,d; gzpahFk; - Kjyikr;rH
10. mikr;ruitapd; jiytuha; ,Ue;J> mikr;ruitf; $l;lq;fSf;Fj;
jiyikj; jhq;FtJ ------------------ ,d; gzpahFk; - Kjyikr;rH
11. mikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gLk;NghJ rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduha; ,y;yhjtHfs;> ------------- khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; rl;l kd;w cWg;gpdH gjtpf;F NjHe;njLf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; - 6
12. nghJthf Kjyikr;rUf;Fk; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdHfSf;Fk; gjtpf;fhyk; ---- Facebook
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------------ Mz;Lfs; MFk; - 5

13. khepy Kjyikr;rH ------------------ My; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhH - MSeH
14. Kjyikr;rupd; gjtp tpyfy; xl;Lnkhj;j ------------- ,d; tpyfyhFk; mikr;ruit
15. midj;J mikr;rHfSk; --------------------- cWg;gpdHfsha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; khepy rl;l kd;wj;jpd;
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - NjHjy;
1. mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp Mgpufhk; ypq;fd; fUj;Jg;gb> [dehafk; vd;gJ --------------- MFk; - kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhf kf;fNs Ml;rpnra;tJ
2. MSq;fl;rp ----------- cupikiag; ngw;Ws;sJ - Ml;rp
3. vjpHf;fl;rp ------------- cupikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ - vjpHf;fl;rp murhq;fj;ij
vjpHf;Fk;
4. xUkpj;j fUj;Jila kf;fshy; murpay; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngWk; Nehf;fpy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;Ng murpay; ----------- MFk; - fl;rp
5. murpay; fl;rpfis [dehaf Kiwapy; ---------------- tiffshf gpupf;fyhk; %d;W
6. murpay; fl;rp Kiwapd; %d;W tiffs; - xU fl;rp Kiw> ,U fl;rp
Kiw> gy fl;rp Kiw
7. xU fl;rp Kiwapd; fPo; ----------------- fl;rp kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk; - xNu xU
8. ,Ufl;rp Kiwapy; xU fl;rp ------------------ MfTk; kw;nwhU fl;rp ----------------MfTk; ,Uf;Fk; - MSq;fl;rp> vjpHf;fl;rp
9. xU fl;rp Kiw ----------------- Nghd;wit Njhd;w toptFf;fpwJ vNjr;rjpfhuk; kw;Wk; rHthjpfhu Kiw
10. gyfl;rp Kiwapd; fPo; ------------ fl;rpfs; ,Uf;Fk; - ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l
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fl;rpfs;
11. RkhH 25000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH ---------------- vd;gtuhy; kf;fshl;rp vd;w
nrhy; Kjd;Kjyhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ - n`NuhNlhl;l];
12. Mq;fpyj;jpd; Democracy vd;w thHj;ij fpNuf;f nrhy;yhd ----------------kw;Wk; ------------- vd;w nrhw;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;ljhFk; - Demos, Cratia
13. Demos vd;why; ---------------- vd;Wk; Cratia vd;why; ------------- iaf; Fwpf;Fk;
- kf;fs;> mjpfhuk; my;yJ Ml;rp
14. kf;fshl;rp Kiwfs; -------------------- vd ,U tifg;gLk; - 1) Neub kw;Wk; 2)
kiwKf kf;fshl;rp
15. [dehaf Ml;rp Kiwf;F ---------------- Kjd;ikahd NjitahFk; - fl;rp
Kiw
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - NjHjy;fs;
1. gy fl;rp Ml;rp Kiwf;F ----------------- rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk; - ,e;jpah
kw;Wk; gpuhd;R
2. kf;fshl;rpapd; ntw;wp vd;gJ xU ehl;by; Fwpg;gpl;l ,ilNtisf;F gpwF
elj;jg;gLk; -------------- I nghWj;J mike;Js;sJ - NjHjy;
3. NjHjiy eilKiwg;gLj;j vy;yh [dehaf ehLfSk; ----------------- vd;gij
eilKiwg;gLj;jp gpd;gw;wp tUfpd;wd - taJ te;NjhH thf;Fupik
4. ,e;jpahtpy; --------------- taJ epuk;gpatHfs; NjHjy;fspy; thf;Ffisr;
nrYj;j cupikAs;stuhfpwhHfs; - 18
5. ,e;jpahtpy; ---------------- Fbkf;fs; jq;fs; gpujpepjpfisj; NjHe;njLf;fpd;wdH
- Neubj;NjHjy; %ykhfNth (m) kiwKfj; NjHjy; %ykhfNth
6. Fbkf;fs; jhq;fNs Neubahf thf;fspj;J jq;fs; gpujpepjpfisj;
NjHe;njLf;Fk; Kiw ---------------- vdg;gLk; - Neubj; NjHjy; Kiw
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7. ,e;jpahtpy; rl;lkd;w kw;Wk; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfisj; NjHe;njLf;Fk;

Kiw ------------------ KiwapNyNa mike;Js;sJ - Neub NjHjy;
8. Fbkf;fs; Neubahf jq;fsJ thf;Ffis nrYj;jhky;> jq;fspd;
gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;L cWg;gpdHfisj; NjHe;njLf;Fk; Kiw -------------KiwahFk; - kiwKfj; NjHjy;
9. -------- taJ epuk;gpa ,e;jpaf; Fbkf;fs; NjHjypy; Nghl;baplyhk; - 25
10. ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rpfis ------------- tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk; - ,uz;L
(Njrpaf; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; khepyf; fl;rpfs;)
11. ,e;jpa NjHjy; Mizaj;jhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L> ehlhSkd;wj; NjHjypy;
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;Ffspy; ehd;F my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspy; 6
rjtPj thf;Ffisg; ngWk; fl;rpfs; ------------ vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd - Njrpa
fl;rpfs;
12. khepy rl;lrigj; NjHjypy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;Ffspy; 6 rjtPj
thf;Ffisg; ngw;W> Fiwe;j gl;rk; ,uz;L ,lq;fisf; ifg;gw;Wk; fl;rpfs; --------------- vd;wiof;fg;gLk; - khepyf; fl;rpfs; (m) gpuhe;jpaf; fl;rpfs;
nghJ mwpT - tpisahl;Lfs; - ,e;jpa tPuHfSk;

njhlHGila tpisahl;LfSk;
1. rha;dh ne`;thy; - Ngl;kpl;ld;
2. tp];tehjd; Mde;j; - nr];
3. NkupNfhk;> rupjh Njtp - Fj;Jr;rz;il
4. kq;fy;rpq; rhk;gpah> jPgpfh Fkhup - tpy;tpj;ij
5. tpN[e;jH rpq; - Fj;Jr; rz;il
6. ffd; euq;> mgpet; gpe;j;uh> uQ;rd; N[hjp - Jg;ghf;fp RLjy;
7. MHj;jp Fg;jh - fly; ePr;ry;
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8. fHzk; ky;Ny];tup> FQ;ruhzp Njtp - gS J}f;Fjy;

9. Devendra Jhajharia - jlfsk; ghuypk;gpf;];
10. V. ruj; fky; - Nlgps; nld;dp];
11. jPg; m`;yhtj; - FjpiuVw;wk;
12. N[hjp ue;jth - Nfhy;/g;
13. mQ;R [hH[; - ePsk; jhz;Ljy;
14. fuPe;jH fTH> ,f;Nd\; jpHfp - `hf;fp
15. lhdpah rr;Njt; - nr];
16. uhNf\; FkhH> Nj[];tpdp - fgb
17. ,\hH rpq; jpNahy;> gpup[h =jud; - jlfsk;
18. utpFkhH - gSJ}f;Fjy;
19. utPe;jHrpq;> uh[Pt; NjhkH - ky;Aj;jk;
20. Nrhk;Njt; Njt;tHkd;> Nuh`d; Nghgz;zh - nld;dp];
21. Nj[];tpdp rte;j; - Jg;ghf;fp RLjy;
22. tpuhj; Nfh`;yp> RNu\; nua;dh> Njhdp> rr;rpd; nlz;Ly;fH - fpupf;nfl;
23. gpurz;lh fHkhfH - ePr;ry;
24. uh[;ghy;rpq;> [];[pj; nfsH - `hf;fp
25. [Pthyh fl;lh - ghl;kpl;ld;
26. Rdpy; Nrj;up - fhy;ge;J
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27. rjP\; N[h\p - JLg;G glF

28. fpU\;zh g+dpah - tl;L vupjy;
29. jPgpfh Fkhup - tpy;tpj;ij kaq;fspy; ehlhSkd;wNkh> my;yJ khepy rl;l
rigfNsh mJ nray;gLtjw;Fupa Mz;Lfs; KOikAk; gy;NtW
fhuzq;fshy; nray;gl KbahJ fiyf;fg;gl;lhy;> kPz;Lk; mtw;Wf;Fj;
NjHjy; elj;jg;gLk; ,jw;F --------------- vd;W ngaH - ,ilg; gUtj; NjHjy;fs;
11. ehlhSkd;w Nky;rig cWg;gpdHfs;> FbauRj; jiytH kw;Wk; FbauRj;
Jizj; jiytH ----------------------- Kiw %yk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdH kiwKfj; NjHjy;
12. Nyhf; rghtpy; MSq;fl;rpf;F mLj;jgbahf ,lq;fisg; ngWk; fl;rp
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l ------------------ MFk; - vjpHfl;rp
13. ------------------- murhq;fj;jpd; nrytpdq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s KO
cupikapUf;fpd;wJ - vjpHfl;rpfSf;F
14. ,e;jpa murpay; rhrdk;> --------------- nfhs;ifapid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ - kf;fshl;rp
15. ,e;jpah --------- [dehaf Kiwiaf; nfhz;lJ - ghuhSkd;w
nghJ mwpT - Rthrpj;jy;

1. Rthrpj;jy; vj;jid tifg;gLk; - 2
2. Rthrpj;jypd; tiffs; ahit - fhw;Wr; Rthrk;> fhw;wpy;yhr;
Rthrk;(nehjpj;jy;)
3. xspr;NrHf;if> Rthrpj;jy; kw;Wk; ePuhtpg; Nghf;F Mfpa %d;W
nray;fisAk; epfo;j;Jk; jhtu cWg;G - ,iy
4. Rthrpj;jypy; FSf;Nfh]; vd;gJ - 6 fhHgd; nfhz;l NrHkk;.
5. fhw;wpy;yh Rthrj;jpd; kw;nwhU ngaH - nehjpj;jy;
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6. <];l;bd; fhw;wpyh Rthrj;jpdhy; cz;lhtJ - vj;jdhy;

7. Mf;rp[idg; gad;gLj;jp ];lhHr;ir KOikahf rpijj;J Mw;wiyg; ngWk;
Kiw - fhw;Ws;s Rthrk;
8. fhw;wpy;yh #o;epiyapy; xU rpy vspa jhtuq;fSk; ghf;Bupaq;fSk;
czTg; nghUis KOikahf rpijf;fhky; xU gFjpia kl;Lk; rpijj;J
Mw;wiy ngWk; Kiw - fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; v.fh g+Q;ir> ghf;Bupah
9. fhw;wpyh Rthrj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - ghy; japuhFk; epfo;T
10. gfy; Neuj;jpy; ,iyfis NkYk; fPOk; ,af;Fk; jhtuk; - je;jpj; jhtuk;
11. fiuahj czTg; nghUs; fiuAk; vspa nghUshf khw;wg;gLk; epfo;r;rp nrupj;jy;
12. xspr;NrHf;iff;Fj; NjitahdJ - gRq;fzpfk;
13. xspr;NrHf;iff;F #upa xsp Njit vd;gjid ep&gpf;Fk; Nrhjid Nfdhq;fpd; xspj;jpiu Nrhjid
14. ckpo;ePupy; cs;s nehjpapd; ngaH - laypd;
15. xspr;NrHf;iff;F fhHgd; - il - Mf;i]L Njit vd;gjid ep&gpf;Fk;
Nrhjid - Nkhypd; miu ,iy Nrhjid
Fk; ehl;fisAk; thf;Ffs; vz;zg;gLk; ehl;fisAk; mwptpj;jy; kw;Wk;
NjHjy; ,Wjp KbTfis mwptpg;gJ ---------------- gzpahFk; - NjHjy;
Mizaj;jpd;
10. murpay; fl;rpfSf;F mq;fPfhuk; mspg;gJ ------------- MFk; - NjHjy;
Mizak;
11. ,e;jpa NjHjy; Mizak; -------------------- Ij; jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;L
nrayhw;wp tUfpwJ - GJby;yp
12. ,e;jpa NjHjy; Mizak; --------------------- vd;Wk; miog;gH - epHthr;rd; rjd;
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13. ,e;jpa NjHjy; MizaHfs; cr;r ePjpkd;w ------------------ ,izahd

mjpfhuk; ngw;wtuhtH - ePjpgjpfSf;F
14. xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; xU ---------------- cs;shH - jiyikj; NjHjy;
mjpfhup
15. khepy NjHjy; eltbf;iffis Nkw;ghHit nra;tJ ---------------- gzpahFk; jiyikj; NjHjy; mjpfhup
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - jfty; mwpAk; cupik
1. xU nghUis KOikahfg; gad;gLj;JgtNu -------------- MthH - EfHNthH
2. --------------------------- Mk; ehs; jfty; mwpAk; rl;lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ - 2005 Mk; Mz;L mf;NlhgH 12
3. ----------------- My; nghJ epWtdq;fs; rhHe;j midj;J eltbf;iffisAk;
mwpe;J nfhs;tJ nghJ kf;fspd; mbg;gil cupikahFk; - jfty; mwpAk;
rl;lk;
4. ---------k; Mz;L EfHNthiug; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L> murhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l
rl;lk; EfHNthH ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ - 1986
5. EfHNthH ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd mk;rk; %d;W mLf;Ffshf
Njrpa mstpy;> khepy mstpy; kw;Wk; khtl;l mstpy; tprhuizfs;
Nkw;nfhs;s ------------------- mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd - EfHNthH ePjpkd;wq;fs;
6. Njrpa EfHNthH Mizak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - GJnly;yp
7. khepy mstpy; EfHNthHf;fhd tprhuizfs; Nkw;nfhs;s --------------------mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ - khepy EfHNthH fkp\d;
8. ,e;jpahtpy;> nghUl;fspd; juj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; nghUl;L mjd; kPJ ------------------------- kw;Wk; ---------------- Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd - juf;FOkk; FwpaPL (BIS)> mf;khHf;
FwpaPL
9. njhopy; rhHe;j EfHNthH nghUl;fspd; kPJ -------------- vd;Wk; tptrhak;
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rhHe;j nghUl;fspd; kPJ ------------- Kj;jpiuAk; nghwpf;fg;gLfpwJ - BIS>

mf;khHf;
10. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ug;gijg; Nghd;W cyfpy;> nghUl;fspd; juj;ij cWjp
nra;tjw;F cyfj;ju mikg;G (ISO) -------------- Mk; Mz;L n[dpthtpy;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ - 1947
11. --------------- xU muR rhuh epWtdkhFk; - ISO
12. cyf mstpy; nghUl;fspd; juj;ij mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk; nghUl;L --------------nray;ghLfs; mike;Js;sd - ISO
13. czTg; nghUl;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l cyfj; juj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;Sk;
nghUl;L ----------------------- epWtg;gl;lJ - Nfhlhf;]; mypnkd;Nl\d; fkp\d;
14. Nfhlhf;]; mypnkd;Nl\d; fkp\d; epWtdk; ---------------- Mk; Mz;L
,j;jhypapy; Nuhk; efupy;> czT kw;Wk; Ntshz;ikj; Jiw epWtdk; kw;Wk;
cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; Mfpatw;why; epWtg;gl;lJ - 1963
15. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; -------------- k; Njjp> ,e;jpa Njrpa EfHNthH jpdkhf
mDrupf;fg;gLfpwJ - brk;gH 24
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - jfty; mwpAk; cupik
1. brk;gH 24k; Njjp 1986k; Mz;L ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wk; -------------------------rl;lj;jpid ,aw;wpaJ - EfHNthH ghJfg;G
2. ---------------- vd;w khj ,jopd; %yk; kf;fSf;F EfHNthH gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT
cz;lhf;fg;gLfpwJ - jkpo;ehL EfHNthH ftrk;
3. mnkupf;fhtpy;> EfHNthH eyd;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L kj;jpa> khepy
mstpy; gy tifahd rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sd mitfs; ---------------------Nghd;witfshFk; - $l;likg;G epaha fld; t#y; Kiwr; rl;lk;> epaha
fld; mwpf;ifr; rl;lk;> cz;ik fldspg;Gr; rl;lk;
4. ----------------------- czTg; nghUl;fspd; juj;ij caHj;JtjpYk;> nghUl;fs;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtjw;fhd topKiwfs;> MNyhridfs;> rHtNjr mstpy;
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czTg; nghUl;fs; tpahghuk; nra;ag;gLk; topKiwfs; gw;wpa

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwJ - Nfhlhf;]; mypnkd;Nl\d; fkp\d;
5. --------------- kf;fspilNa nghUl;fspd; tpiy> juk; kw;Wk; Nrit gw; wpa
tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;JfpwJ - EfHNthH rl;lk;
6. nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nrit gpwiug; ghjpf;fhky; ---------------------nray;gLfpwJ - EfHNthH rl;lk;
7. n[Hkdp ehl;by; EfHNthupd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; ghJfhf;Fk; nghWg;G xU
$l;lhl;rp mikr;ruit> -------------------- mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ - mikr;rUf;F
8. Njrpa mstpy; EfHNthH tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;s ---------------------mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ - Njrpa EfHNthH Mizak;
9. ------------------------------ gy tpjq;fspy; EfHNthiu Vkhw;wp tUfpd;wdH cw;gj;jpahsHfSk;> tpahghupfSk;
10. EfHNthHfspd; Njitfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L muR --------------------topKiwfis tFj;Js;sJ - %d;W (1.rl;lk; rhHe;j eltbf;iffs;> 2.epHthfk;
rhHe;j eltbf;iffs;> 2.njhopy; El;gk; rhHe;j eltbf;iffs;)
11. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; ------------------k; ehs; cyf EfHNthH jpdk;
mDrupf;fg;gLfpwJ - khHr; 15-k; ehs;
12. --------------- vd;gtH EfHNthH ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij vd;W fUjg;gLfpwhH uhy;/g;ehlhH
13. EfHNthupd; Fiwfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; cupikapd; fhuzkhf EfHNthH
ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; (Consumer Protection Act - COPRA) ----------- Mk; Mz;L
,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ - 1986
14. ---------------------------- rl;lk; EfHNthupd; kfhrhrdk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ EfHNthH ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; (Consumer Protection Act - COPRA)
15. ----------------- Mk; Mz;L EfHNthupd; cupikfs; mlq;fpa efy; mnkupf;f
fhq;fpu]; rigf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lJ - 1962
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nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - Nyhf; mjhyj;> mtru epiy

1. ----------------- ePz;lfhyk; Njq;fp ,Uf;Fk; tof;Ffis tpiuthf tprhupj;J
jPHg;G toq;Ffpd;wd - Nyhf; mjhyj;
2. Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffisj; jtpu> kw;w midj;J tof;FfSk; ------------ePjpkd;wq;fspd; %yk; jPHT fhzyhk; - Nyhf; mjhyj;
3. Nyhf; mjhyj; ePjp kd;wq;fis -------------------- vd;wiof;fpNwhk; - tpiuT
ePjpkd;wq;fs;
4. --------------- neUf;fb epiy mjpfhuq;fisf; FbauRj; jiytH ngw;Wj;
jpfo;fpwhH - %d;W (1.Njrpa neUf;fb epiy> 2.khepy neUf;fb> 3.epjp
neUf;fb)
5. ,e;jpahtpd; ghJfhg;gpw;F mr;RWj;jy;> NghH> may;ehl;Lg; gilnaLg;G
kw;Wk; uhZtf; fpsHr;rp Vw;gLk;NghJ mjidr; rkhspg;gjw;F ,e;jpa
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; ----------- MtJ gpupT topnra;fpwJ - 352
6. xU khepyj;jpy;> khepy muR> murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPwp nray;gLk;NghJ
me;j khepyj;jpy; neUf;fb epiyikiaf; nfhz;L tu ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lk; ----------- MtJ gpupT top nra;fpwJ - 356
7. ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F neUf;fb Njhd;wpdhy;> mjidr;
rkhspg;gjw;F ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; ----------- MtJ gpupT top
nra;fpwJ - 360
8. murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; 352MtJ gpupT %yk; ---------------------- neUf;fb
epiyia mwptpj;J ehl;ilg; ghJfhf;f KbAk; - FbauRj; jiytH
9. -----------------d;gb khepyj;jpy; neUf;fb epiy mwptpf;fg;gl;L> FbauRj;
jiytH khepy epHthfj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhH - murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; 356tJ
gpupT
10. ------------------ d;gb ehL KOtJk; my;yJ VjhtJ xU gFjpapy; neUf;fb
epiyik mwptpf;fg;gLfpwJ - epjp neUf;fb (murpayikg;G rl;lk; 360tJ
gpupT)
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11. mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; tpiuthfTk;> Fiwe;j nrytpYk; ePjp fpilg;gjw;fhff;

Fwpg;ghf Vio kf;fSf;F ePjp fpilg;gjw;F ----------------------- vdg;gLk; kf;fs;
ePjpkd;wq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd - Nyhf; mjhyj;
12. --------------- Mk; Mz;L rl;lg; gzpfs; Mizar; rl;lj;jpd;gb Nyhf; mjhyj;
vdg;gLk; kf;fs; ePjpkd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld - 1987
13. ,e;jpa epiyikfisr; rkhspf;f FbaRj; jiytUf;Ff; rpwg;G
mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ mit --------------------- vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ neUf;fb epiy mjpfhuq;fs;
14. Nyhf; mjhyj; ePjpkd;wq;fs; gw;wp NkYk; mwpe;Jf;nfhs;s --------------ngupJk; cjtpahf cs;sd - ehNsLfs;
15. ------------- ePjpkd;wq;fs; %yk; jkpofj;jpy; gy tof;FfSf;Fj; jPHT
fhzg;gl;Ls;sd - Nyhf; mjhyj;
Njrpa fPjk; ([dfd kz)
1. Njrpa fPjj;ij vOjpatH ahH - ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$H
2. Njrpa fPjk; vk;nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;lJ - tq;fhs nkhop

3. Njrpa fPjk; Kjd; Kjypy; 1911Mk; Mz;L brk;gH 27Mk; ehs; vq;F ele;j
khehl;by; ghlg;gl;lJ - nfhy;fj;jh
4. 1912y; jj;JtNghjpdp vd;w gj;jpupf;ifapy; ghuj tpjhjh vd;w jiyg;gpy;
ntspahdJ vJ - NjrpafPjk;
5. Njrpa fPjj;ij 1919-y; Mq;fpyj;jpy; (The morning song of India) nkhop
ngaHj;jtH - ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$H
6. Njrpa fPjj;ij vj;jid tpdhbfspy; ghb Kbf;f Ntz;Lk; - 52 tpdhb
7. NjrpafPjk; ,uhZtj;jpy; vj;jid tpdhbfSf;Fs; ghlg;g l Ntz;Lk; - 20
tpdhb (Kjy; gj;jpAk;> filrp gj;jpAk;)
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8. NjrpafPjk; vj;jid tupfisf; nfhz;lJ - 13 tupfs;

9. Njrpa fPjk; vj;jidg; gj;jpfis cilaJ - 5 gj;jpfs;
10. Njrpa fPjk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mz;L - 1950 [dtup 24
11. ,e;jpah ----------------------------- vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ - xU khngUk; mikjpia
cUthf;Fk; ehL
12. ,e;jpahtpd; gpujkuhf ,Ue;j [t`Hyhy;NeU 1955,y; ghz;Lq; khehl;by;>
mikjpf;fhf 5 mk;rf;nfhs;ifapid ntspapl;lhH. mit ------------------ vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ - gQ;r rPyk;
13. I.eh nghJr; rigapy; ------------- Mk; Mz;L MAjf; Fiwg;Gj; jPHkhdj;ijf;
nfhz;L te;j Kjy; ehL ,e;jpah MFk; - 1956
14. ----------------- Mk; Mz;L mZ MAjj; jil xg;ge;jk; cUthtjw;Fk;
,e;jpah Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;wpaJ - 1963
15. ,d xJf;fy; nfhs;if vd;gJ -------------------- gpd;gw;wg;gl;l ,d NtWghl;Lf;
nfhs;ifahFk; - Mg;gpupf;fhtpy;
,e;jpa kf;fs; njhiff; fzf;nfLg;G - 2011

1. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G ve;j Mz;by; tq;fhsj;jpy; kl;Lk;
eilngw;wJ - 1872
2. 1881Mk; Mz;L ahUila fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpah KOtJk; Kiwahd kf;fs; njhif
fzf;nfLg;G eilngw;wJ - upg;gd; gpuG
3. 2011Mk; Mz;L kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd; thrfk; - ekJ fzf;nfLg;G ekJ
vjpHfhyk; (Our Census Our Future)
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4. 2011Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLggpd; jiytH ahH - re;jpunksyp

5. ,e;jpa nrd;r]; jpdkhf filgpbf;fg;gLk; ehs; - gpg;utup 9
6. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; ve;j tpjp kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;ig gw;wp $WfpwJ tpjp 246
7. 10Mz;by; kf;fs;njhif tsHr;rp (2001 - 2011) - ,e;jpah 17.64%> jkpo;ehL 15.6%
8. ,e;jpahtpy; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;G vj;jid Kiw kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G
eilngw;Ws;sJ - 8 Kiw
9. 2011Mk; Mz;bd; gb ,e;jpahtpd; gug;G mlHj;jp r.fp.kPf;F ------- MFk; - 382
10. 2001Mk; Mz;bd; gb ,e;jpahtpd; gug;G mlHj;jp r.fp.kPf;F ------- MFk; - 325
11. ,e;jpah toq;fpa njhlH MjuT kw;Wk; ney;rd; kz;Nlyhtpd; njhlH Nghuhl;lk;
fhuzkhf -------------Mk; Mz;L ,d xJf;fy; nfhs;if KbTf;F te;jJ - 1990
12. ney;rd; kz;Nlyh ----------------- Mk; Mz;L njd;dhg;gpupf;f FbauRj; jiytuhfj;
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH - 1994
13. mikjpia epiyehl;l> gpuhe;jpaf; $l;likg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpapy; ,e;jpah
<Lgl;lJ. ,jd; tpisthf ----------------------------- Njhd;wpaJ - njw;F Mrpa ehLfspy;
gpuhe;jpaf; $l;likg;G (rhHf;)
14. rhHf; $l;likg;gpd; Kjy; $l;lk; ------------------------ Mk; Mz;L tq;fhsj;jpy; lhf;fh
efupy; eilngw;wJ - brk;gH 7> 1985
15. tq;fhsNjrj;ijr; NrHe;j ---------------------> rhHf; mikg;gpd; Kjy; nghJr; nrayhsuhfg;
nghWg;Ngw;whH - M\hd;
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rpfs;

1. gpnuQ;R mwpQuhd -------------------- vd;gtuhy; fUj;jpay; vd;gJ nrhy;yhf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ - bNurp
2. kf;fSila ,yl;rpaq;fs;> cWjpg;ghLfs;> ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; njhFg;gpid ------------------ Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ - fUj;jpay;
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3. murpay; rhHe;j fUj;jpay; gythFk; mitfSs; --------------------- Nghd;wit

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk; - Njrpak;> kf;fshl;rp> rkjHkk;> kjr;rhHgpd;ikj;Jtk;>
kpjthjk;> nghJTilik> Kjyhspj;Jtk;
4. ----------------------- kpfg; goikahd murpay; fl;rpahFk; - ,e;jpaj; Njrpaf;
fhq;fpu];
5. ,e;jpaj; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ---------------------------- vd;gtuhy; 1885 Mk; Mz;L>
brk;gH jpq;fs;. 28 Mk; ehspy; epWtg;gl;lJ - V.x. `pa+k;
6. fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; tuyhW --------------------------- tuyhwhf cs;sJ - Rje;jpug;
Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
7. ,e;jpahtpy; kpfg; goik tha;e;j ,uz;lhtJ fl;rpahf -------------------jpfo;fpd;wJ - nghJTilikf; fl;rp
8. ---------------- Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rp epWtg;gl;lJ - 1924
9. ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rp epWtg;gl;l gpwF> cldbahf> -------------murhq;fj;jhy; jil nra;ag;gl;lJ - gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa
10. 1942y; eilngw;w nts;isaNd ntspNaW vDk; ,af;fj;ij
vjpHj;jjhYk;> ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghiu Mjupj;j fhuzj;jhYk; nghJTilikf;
fl;rpapd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j jil -------------------- y; ePf;fg;gl;lJ - 1943
11. ,e;jpaj; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; NjHjy; rpd;dk; ------------- MFk; - if
12. ----------------------- ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rpapd; NjHjy; rpd;dkhFk; mupthSld; $ba new;fjpHfs;
13. ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rpapd; mikg;G 1958y; ---------------------- eilngw;w
khehl;by; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;lJ - mkpHjrurpy;
14. ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rp ---------------- Mk; Mz;by; gpsTz;lJ - 1964
15. --------------------- cwTfspd; cs;fl;rpg; gpsT ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rp
cile;jjw;Ff; fhuzkha; ,Ue;jJ - rPd-u\;a
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nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy

murpay; fl;rpfs;
1. ghujPa [djhf; fl;rpapd; Kd;Ndhbahfg; gioa ------------------ cs;sJ ghujPa [d rq;fk;
2. -------------- y; Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp Mupa rkh[j;ij epWtpdhH - 1875
3. 1925y; ----------------- vd;gtH uh\;bupa Rak; Nrtr; rq;fj;ij (MH.v];.v];) xU
fyhr;rhu mikg;ghf mikj;jhH - Nfrt; n`l;NfthH
4. ------------------------ vd;gtH 1951Mk; Mz;by; [drq;fj;ij mikj;Jf;
nfhLj;jhH - \pahk gpurhj KfH[p
5. [drq;fk; ----------------------- Mfpatw;wpd; Mjuitg; ngw;wJ - ,e;J kfhrig>
MH.v];.v];.
6. [djh fl;rp 1977Mk; Mz;L khHRj; jpq;fs; md;W kf;fsit NjHjypy; 170
,lq;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;W ----------------- I gpujk mikr;ruhff; nfhz;L
murhq;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jJ - nkuhH[p Njrha;
7. [djh fl;rp --------------y; gpsTgl;lJ - 1980
8. [drq;fj;jpd; jiytHfs; jkJ fl;rpiag; Gduikj;J -------------------------fl;rpahfg; ngaH khw;wk; nra;jdH - ghujPa [djh
9. ghujPa [djh fl;rp gpw murpay; fl;rpfSld; NrHe;J -----------------y; kj;jpapy;
murhq;fk; mikj;jJ - 1998
10. ---------------- ghujPa [djhf; fl;rpapd; NjHjy; rpd;dkhFk; - jhkiu kyH
11. [djh jsk; ---------Mk; Mz;L mf;NlhgH jpq;fspy; mikag; ngw;W
kf;fshl;rpj; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ - 1988
12. --------------- kw;Wk; rpyuhy; 1912y; jpuhtplr; rq;fk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ - eNlr
KjypahH
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13. gpd;dH jpuhtplr; rq;fk; -------------- vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ - ePjpf;fl;rp

14. ------------y; ngupahH jpU.<.nt.uhkrhkp jiyikapy; jpuhtplH fofk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ - 1944
15. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile;jgpwF> ngupahUf;Fk;> mz;zhTf;F ,ilNa
Njhd;wpa fUj;JNtWghl;bd; tpisthf ------------------- k; ehsd;W jpuhtpl
Kd;Ndw;wf; fofj;ij mz;zh Jtf;fp itj;jhH - 1949Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gH
jpq;fs; 17
nghJ mwpT - kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy fl;rpfs;

1. ------------------ jp.K.f.tpd; NjHjy; rpd;dkhFk; - cja#upad;
2. -----------y; Kjd; Kiwahfj; jp.K.f NjHjypy; Nghl;bapl;lJ - 1957
3. -------------Mk; Mz;bd; NjHjy; ntw;wpf;Fg; gpd;dH mz;zh Kjyikr;ruhdhH
- 1967
4. mz;zh ------------------------- tiu gjtpapy; ePbj;jpUe;jhH - 1969Mk; Mz;L
gpg;utupj; jpq;fs; 3Mk; ehs;
5. -------------------------- Mk; ehsd;W> mz;zh jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;w fof fl;rpia
vk;.[p.MH epWtpdhH - 1972Mk; Mz;L mf;NlhgH jpq;fs; 18
6. --------------------------- Mk; ehsd;W> vk;.[p.MH. jdJ fl;rpapd; ngaiu
midj;jpe;jpa mz;zh jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk; vd;W khw;wpdhH - 1976Mk;
Mz;L nrg;lk;gH jpq;fs; 12
7. vk;.[p.MH mtHfs; jdJ fl;rp ----------------------- nfhs;iffis gpd;gw;Wk; vd
mwptpj;jhH - jpU. rp.vd;. mz;zhJiu
8. vk;.[p.MH mtHfs; ------------------------ md;W kiwe;jhH - brk;gH jpq;fs;
1987Mk; Mz;L
9. m.jp.K.f tpd; mbg;gil fUj;jpay; ------------------ MFk; - mz;zhaprk;
10. mfhyp jsk; --------------- rhHe;j murpay; fl;rpahFk; - rkak;
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11. njhlf;fj;jpy; ---------------- vd;gtH mfhyp jsk; fl;rpw;F jiytuhf ,Ue;jhH

- kh];lH. jhuhrpq;
12. -------------- fl;rp gQ;rhgp nkhop NgRk; kf;fs; nfhz;l gQ;rhgp Rgh vd;w
Rje;jpu khepyk; Ntz;Lk; vd;W tw;GWj;jp te;jJ - mfhyp jsk;
13. ----------- y; gQ;rhgp nkhop NgRk; gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; `pe;jp nkhop NgRk;
mupahdh khepyq;fs; eilKiwf;F te;jd - 1996
14. Kjy; Kiwahf m.jp.K.f --------------------- md;W jpz;Lf;fy; ehlhSkd;w
njhFjpapy; NjHjiy re;jpj;jJ - 1973Mk; Mz;L Nk jpq;fs;
15. -------------- vd;gtH njYq;F Njrf; fl;rpia 1982 Mk; Mz;L khHr;Rj;
jpq;fs; 29k; ehs; Njhw;Wtpj;jhH - vd;.b.uhkuht;
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - murpay; fl;rpfs;

1. -------------- khepyj;jpd; Kjyikr;ruhf jpU.vd;.b.uhkuht; mtHfs; khepy
kf;fSf;F Vo;ikia mfw;WtjpYk;> tho;f;if juj;ij caHj;JtjpYk;
ghLgl;lhH - Me;jpu gpuNjr
2. mfhyp jsj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd Nfhupf;if ------------- efiu gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpd;
jiyefukhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk; - rz;bfH
3. [djh jsj;jpd; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if --------------- fUj;jpay;fisr;
rhHe;Js;sd - fhe;jpa
4. ----------------- jiyikapy; ghujPa [djh fl;rp Njrpa fl;rpahdJ jpU.V.gp.th[;gha; kw;Wk; jpU.vy;.Nf.mj;thdp
5. ------------------------ Nghd;w jiytHfSk; kw;wtHfSk; ,e;jpa (khHf;fprpa)
nghJTilikf; fl;rp vd;w GjpanjhU fl;rpia mikj;jdH - N[hjpghR>
<.vk;.v];. ek;g+upjpg; ghL
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6. ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rp --------------------- ,af;fj;jpd; xU cWg;G MFk;

- cyfg; nghJTilik
7. ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rpapd; Jtf;fepiy mikg;G ----------------- vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ - fpis
8. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]hy;> tFg;G my;yJ tHf;f Ngjkw;w> kf;fshl;rpr;
rKjhak; xd;wpid mikf;Fk; Fwpf;Nfhs; ----------- y; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ - 1955
9. fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; --------------- $l;lj; njhlupy; rkjHkg; ghq;fpyhd rKjhak;
vd;Dk; jPHkhdk; xd;W Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ - Mtb
10. fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; jw;Nghija mikg;G --------- Mk; Mz;L ehf;g+upy;
eilngw;w $l;lj;njhlupy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ - 1920
11. ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rp ---------------------- rpe;jidia KOikahff;
filg;gpbf;fpd;wJ - khHf;fprpa nydpDila
12. vd;.b.uhkuht;f;F gpd; Me;jpu gpuNjrj;jpd; Kjy; mikr;ruhf ------------- y;
jpU.vd;.re;jpughG ehAL njhlHe;jhH - 1995
13. 1967y; eilngw;w --------------- nghJj;NjHjy;fspy; jp.K.f Ml;rp
mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaJ - ehd;fhtJ
14. ,ju gpuNjr fl;rpfs; Nghy mfhypjsKk; ----------k; Mz;L Kjy; NjHjypy;
gq;Nfw;W rl;lkd;wk;> kw;Wk; ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F Nghl;bapl;L tUfpwJ - 1967
15. [djh jsk; fl;rpapd; mikg;G> gioa --------------- ,d; mikg;gpw;F
,izahdjhfNt cs;sJ - [djh fl;rp
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nghJ mwpT
capupay;
1. ,uj;jk; kw;Wk; ,uj;j Row;rp
2. ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gp mikg;Gfs;
3. ,dg;ngUf;f mikg;G
4. kugpay; - kuGg; gz;G Fwpj;j mwptpay;
5. Rw;Wr;#oy;
6. kdpj Neha;fs;> jLg;G kw;Wk; kUj;Jtk;
7. guTk; Neha;fs; kw;Wk; guTk; jd;ikaw;w Neha;fs;
8. Rthrpj;jy;
9. Cl;lr;rj;Jk; czT KiwfSk;
10. capupdq;fspd; tifg;ghL
11. nry;
Ntjpapay;
1. jdpkq;fs; kw;Wk; NrHkq;fs;
2. mkpyq;fs;> fhuq;fs; kw;Wk; cg;Gfs;
3. Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; Mf;]p[d; xLf;fk;
4. jhJf;fs; kw;Wk; cNyhfq;fs;
5. fhHgd;> iel;u[d; kw;Wk; mjd; NrHkq;fs;
6. cuq;fs;> G+r;rpf; nfhy;ypfs;
,aw;gpay;
1. ,ae;jputpay;> gUg;nghUspd; gz;Gfs;
2. ,aw;gpay; msTfs;> juq;fs; kw;Wk; myFfs;
3. tpir> ,af;fk; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;
4. kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; fhe;jtpay;
5. mZ kw;Wk; mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;
6. ntg;gk;> xsp kw;Wk; xyp
7. xsp kw;Wk; xyp
8. mwptpay; fUtpfs;
9. mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
10. Njrpa mwptpay; Ma;tfq;fs;
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capupay;
1. ,uj;jk; kw;Wk; ,uj;j Row;rp
1. kdpj ,uj;jj;jpd; pH kjpg;G - 7.4
2. kdpj clypy; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; ve;j cWg;gpypUe;J cUthfpd;wd vYk;G k[;i[
3. nts;isaZf;fspd; Kf;fpa nray; - Neha; njhw;wpypUUe;J vjpHf;Fk;
rf;jp
4. ve;j cWg;G $Ljy; ,uj;jj;ij Nrkpj;J itj;J ,uj;j gw;whf;Fiwapd;
NghJ ntspapLfpwJ - kz;zPuy;
5. kdpj clypy; Vw;gLk; ,uj;j gw;whf;Fiwia ------- vd;Wk; $WtH Ischemia
6. ,uj;jj;jpy; jhJg; nghUl;fspy; cs;s khRf;fs; ve;j cWg;ghy;
ePf;fg;gLfpwJ - rpWePufk;
7. kdpj clypy; ,uj;jk; ciwjYf;F vjpuhfg; nray;gLtJ - n`gupd;
8. xU ,ja Jbg;gpw;F Njitahd Njhuhakhd Neuk; - 0.8 tpdhb
9. ,uj;j gpsh];khtpy; cs;s jz;zPH rjtPjk; vd;d - 90 rjtPjk;
10. ,uj;j mOj;jj;ij mstpLk; fUtpapd; ngaH - ];igf;NkhkndhkPl;lH
(sphygmomanometer)
11. ,jaj; Jbg;G J}z;LjYf;F ,jaj;jpy; gad;gLk; cWg;G - v];.V NehL
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12. Flypy; czT nrupf;f ve;j cWg;G %yk; ,uj;jk; cwpQ;rg;gLfpwJ Jejunum
13. ,uj;j rptg;gZtpd; MAl;fhyk; - 100 - 120 ehl;fs;
14. kiyg;ghq;fhd gFjpfspy; cs;s kf;fspd; fd;dq;fspy; rptg;G epwk;
fhzg;gLtJ - R.B.C cw;gj;jp mjpfupg;gpdhy;
15. ,uj;jj;ij ,uj;j ehsq;fSs; ,Uf;f Jiz GuptJ - My;Gkpd;
2. ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gp mikg;Gfs;

1. kdpj clypy; cs;s ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfspNyNa kpfg;ngupaJ - ijuha;L
2. `hHNkhd;fis Rug;git - ehskpy;yh Rug;gp
3. ehskpy;yh Rug;gpia gw;wp gbf;Fk; gpuptpw;F -------- vd;W ngaH cl;Rug;gpay;(Endocrinology)
4. kdpj clypy; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; Ntjpg;nghUis Rue;J cly; tsHr;rpf;F
euk;G kz;lyj;Jld; Jiz epw;gJ - ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfs;
5. MSikapd; jd;ikia epHzapg;gJ - ehskpy;yh Rug;gp
6. ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfspd; jiyik Rug;gp(Master gland) vdg;gLtJ gpl;a+l;lup
7. vYk;G kw;Wk; ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s fhy;rpa msit ve;j Rug;gp
fl;LgLj;JfpwJ - ghuhijuha;L
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8. kw;w Rug;gpfisj; J}z;Lk; Trophic Hormone-fis Rug;gJ - gpl;a+l;lup

9. kdpj clypy; ehsKs;s> ehskpy;yh Rug;gpahf nray;gLk; cWg;G fizak;
10. MSik `hHNkhd; vd;gJ - ijuhf;]pd;
11. mtru fhyq;fspy; Ruf;Fk; `hHNkhd; - ml;uPdypd;
12. Fight or Flight Hormone vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - ml;uPdypd; `hHNkhd;
13. fizaj;jpYs;s -------- jpl;LfspypUe;J ,d;Rypd;> FSf;Nfhfhd; Mfpa
`hHNkhd;fs; Ruf;fpd;wd. - yhq;fH `hd;
14. rpWePH fopj;jiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; `hHNkhd; - thN]hgpu];]pd;
15. kdpj clypy; cs;s ,Utifr; Rug;gpfs; - ehsKs;s> ehskpy;yh
Rug;gpfs;
3. ,dg;ngUf;f mikg;G
1. Kjd; Kjypy; tpe;Jit fz;lwpe;J tiue;jtH - Mz;ld; thd;Y}td;`hf;
2. ngz;fspy; Ruf;fg;gLk; `hHNkhd; - <];l;Nuh[d;
3. Mz;fspy; Ruf;fg;gLk; `hHNkhd; - Mz;l;Nuh[d;
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4. khjtplha; epiyapd; Kbtpy; fUg;igapy; fhHg]; Y}l;bakhdJ xU

tLthf fhzg;gLfpwJ. me;j mikg;gpd; ngaH - fhHg;g]; My;gpf;fd;];
5. tpe;Jit Nrkpf;Fk; tq;fpapy; tpe;Jit Nrkpf;f jputkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ
- iel;u[d;
6. tpyq;Ffspy;> ve;j ghY}l;b tpyq;F Kl;ilapLk; jpwDilaJ - gpshl;bg];
7. kpf nkJthf efUk; jpwDila ghY}l;b - gpf; kp];U
8. FNshdpq; Kiwapy; Kjd; Kjypy; cUthf;fg;gl;l capH - lhyp
nrk;kwpahL
9. FNshdpq; Kiwapy; lhypia cUthf;fpatH - mad;tpy;kl;
10. Jupj gpwg;G `hHNkhd; vdg;gLtJ - Mf;]pNlhrpd;
11. clypd; ntg;g epiyia guhkupf;f cjTk; `hHNkhd; - ijuhf;]pd;
12. tpe;J nry;Yk;> mz;l nry;Yk; ,ize;J fUKl;ilia cUthf;Fk;
epfo;T - fUTWjy;
13. bg;shapL jd;ikapy; cs;s nry; ------- vdg;gLk; - fUKl;il
14. Mz;fSf;fhd epiyahd mWit rpfpr;ir fUj;jil Kiw - thrf;lkp
15. ngz;fSf;fhd epiyahd mWit rpfpr;ir fUj;jil Kiw - ba+ngf;lkp
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4. kugpay; - kuGg; gz;G Fwpj;j mwptpay;

1. DNA tpy; ,uz;L ,iofs; (rq;fpypfs;) cs;sd vdf; fz;lwpe;jtH thl;rd; kw;Wk; fpupf;
2. kdpjdpy; vj;jid kuGf; Fiwghl;L Neha;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd 300f;Fk; mjpfkhd Neha;fs;
3. kdpjdpy; kuGg; gz;Gfisg; gw;wp mwpa cjTtJ - re;jjp topj; njhlH
4. elkhLk; kuGg; nghUs; vdg;gLtJ - buhd;];Nghrhd;fs;
5. FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; 4 kw;Wk; 5 (NfupNahilg;gpq;) FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFg;gpy;
ve;jj; njhFjpapy; mike;Js;sd - B njhFjp
6. Kjd; Kjypy; [Pid FNshdpq; nra;J ngUf;fpatHfs; - n`HgHl; NgaH
kw;Wk; ];Nld;yp Nfh`d;
7. kuGg; nghwpapaypy; super bugs vd Fwpg;gplg;gLk; capupfs; - kuG
nghwpapay; ghf;Bupaq;fs;
8. rpf;fpy; nry; (fjpH mupths;) ,uj;jr; Nrhif vjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ clw;FNuhNkhNrhkpy; cs;s [Pd; jpBH khw;w tpisthy;
9. kdpjdpy; clw;FNuhNkhNrhkpy; fhzg;gLk; Xq;F [Pdpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha; mz;bq;l;ld; nfhupah
10. ,bNahfpuhk; vd;why; vd;d - FNuhNkhNrhk;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; glk;
11. my;gpdprj;jpw;fhd fhuzk; - nkyhdpd; ,y;yhik
12. ve;jg; GNuhNfupahl;by; mjpf msT kugpay; Nrhjidfs;
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Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ - v];nrHrpah Nfhiy

13. kdpjdpy;> FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; 6 Kjy; 12 tiu> ve;j FNuhNkhNrhk;
njhFjpapy; cs;sd - C njhFjp
14. X FNuhNkhNrhk; fhzg;gLk; FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjp - njhFjp - C
15. Y FNuhNkhNrhk; fhzg;gLk; FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjp - njhFjp - Y
5. Rw;Wr;#oy;
1. kf;fs;njhifg; ngUf;f tsHr;rp tPjk; - Mz;Lf;F 90 kpy;ypad;
2. jw;NghJ jpBnud mjpfupj;jpUf;Fk; kf;fs;njhif mjpfupg;G ------- vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ - kf;fs;njhifg; ngUf;fk; my;yJ kf;fs;njhif
ntbFz;L my;yJ kf;fs;njhif nghwp
3. cyfshtpa ntg;g caHtpw;Ff; fhuzk; - ,aw;iff;F vjpuhd kdpjr;
nray;ghLfs;
4. ngUk;ghd;ikahff; fhzg;gLk; fz;zhb tPL thA - fhHgd; - il Mf;i]L
5. XNrhd; glyj;ij Ntfkhf mopf;Fk; thAf;fs; - FNshNuh Gs+Nuh
fhHgd;fs; kw;Wk; i`l;Nuh FNshNuh Gs+Nuh fhHgd;fs;
6. rpwpa msT Ntjpa fopTfisf; nfhz;l mjpf msT fopT ePiuf;
ifahs ------ Kiw rpwe;jJ - Nkw;gug;gpy; %bitj;jy;
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7. ntg;gf;fhLfspy; kuq;fspd; kfue;jr; NrHf;iff;F Kf;fpakhfg; gad;gLtJ MHfpl; NjdPf;fs;

8. jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; capupay; nrhHf;fkhf fUjg;gLtJ kd;dhHtisFlh capupay; g+q;fh
9. xU tUlj;jpw;Fg; g+kpf;F tUk; #upa Mw;wy; msT - 5x1020 fpNyh
fNyhupfs;
10. g+kpapy; cs;s ePupd;> ed;dPH rjtPjk; - 3%
11. xypia msf;f gad;gLk; myF - nlrpgy;
12. xU kdpjd; rhjhuzkhf NgRk; NghJ Vw;gLk; xypr; nrwpT - 60 db
13. FbePiu J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk; Kiw - FNshupNdrd;
14. ijuha;L Rug;gpfs; msTf;F mjpfkhf Ntiy nra;jhy; ------ cz;lhFk; vf;Nr/g;jhy;kpf; fha;lH
15. ntwpeha;f;fbf;F (Nugp];) jLg;g+rpiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH - Y}apgh];baH
6. kdpj Neha;fs;> jLg;G kw;Wk; kUj;Jtk;

1. fhyuh Neha; ---------- ghf;Bupahtpdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ - tpg;upNa fhyNu
2. HIV-I fz;lwpe;jtH - Yf; khz;Nlf;dpaH kw;Wk; uhgHl; fhNyh
3. vapl;]; Nehia fz;lwpAk; Nrhjid - viyrh
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4. viyrh Nrhjidf;F gpwF va;l;]; Nehia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Nrhjid nt];ld;gpsl; Nrhjid

5. mk;ikNeha;f;F jLg;g+rpiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH - vl;tHL n[d;dH
6. Gw;WNehia cz;lhf;Fk; itu]; - Md;Nfhn[dpf; itu];
7. il/gha;L fha;r;rYf;F gad;gLk; kUe;J - FNshNuhikrpbd;
8. fhr Neha;f;F rpwe;j capH vjpup - ];l;nug;Nlhikrpd;
9. itl;lkpd; D Fiwthy; ------- Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ - upf;nfl;];
10. fhw;wpd; %yk; guTk; Neha; - fhrNeha;
11. b/g;jPupahthy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; cWg;G - njhz;il
12. ------- itl;lkpd; gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; ];fHtp Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ itl;lkpd; C
13. n`g;gilb]; vd;w Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; cWg;G - fy;yPuy;
14. Kd;fOj;Jf; foiy Neha; ------- Fiwthy; Vw;gLfpwJ - mNahbd;
15. kNyupah guTtjw;F fhuzkhd nfhR - md/gpy]; nfhR (ngz;)
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7. guTk; Neha;fs; kw;Wk; guTk; jd;ikaw;w Neha;fs;

1. gpNstp itu]hy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; Neha; - nlq;F
2. Gw;Wf; fl;b (m) Nfd;riu cUthf;f J}z;Lk; itu];fs; - Md;Nfhn[dpf;
itu];fs;
3. ijuhf;]pd; gw;whf;Fiwapdhy;> ngupatHfSf;F Njhd;Wk; Neha; - kpf;]pbkh
4. gpNsf; Neha; ------- %yk; guTfpwJ - vyp
5. itu]; clypy; jhf;Fk; NghJ Njhd;Wk; Kjy; itu]; vjpHg;G nghUs; ,z;lHnguhd;
6. ghf;Bupahthy; cz;lhFk; Neha; - ,uz[d;dp
7. g+Q;irfshy; tuf;$ba Neha; - glH jhkiu
8. ePupd; %yk; guTk; Neha; - ilgha;L> kNyupah> fhyuh
9. vypapd; rpWePH %yk; --------- Neha; guTfpwJ - nyg;Nlh];igNuhrp];
10. --------- %yk; kdpjHfspilNa Nugp]; Neha; guTfpwJ - eha;
11. kdpjHfSf;F Me;j;uhf;]; Neha; ----- %yk; guTfpwJ - tpyq;Ffspd;
,iwr;rp
12. kuhRk];> Fth\pNahfH Nghd;w Neha;fs; --------- Fiwghl;bdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ
- Gujk;
13. ePhpopT Neha;> gNahupah> rpWePuf nraypog;G> fNuhdup ,ja Neha;fs;
Nghd;wit ------------- Neha;fshFk; - guTk; jd;ikaw;w
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14. kugpay; rhHe;j guk;giu Neha; -------- MFk; - my;gpdprk;

15. kiwKfkhf Neha; guTk; Kiw - Nehahsp gad;gLj;Jk; cilikfs;
8. Rthrpj;jy;
1. Rthrpj;jy; vj;jid tifg;gLk; - 2
2. Rthrpj;jypd; tiffs; ahit - fhw;Wr; Rthrk;> fhw;wpy;yhr;
Rthrk;(nehjpj;jy;)
3. xspr;NrHf;if> Rthrpj;jy; kw;Wk; ePuhtpg; Nghf;F Mfpa %d;W
4. Rthrpj;jypy; FSf;Nfh]; vd;gJ - 6 fhHgd; nfhz;l NrHkk;.
5. fhw;wpy;yh Rthrj;jpd; kw;nwhU ngaH - nehjpj;jy;
6. <];l;bd; fhw;wpyh Rthrj;jpdhy; cz;lhtJ - vj;jdhy;
7. Mf;rp[idg; gad;gLj;jp ];lhHr;ir KOikahf rpijj;J Mw;wiyg; ngWk;
Kiw - fhw;Ws;s Rthrk;
8. fhw;wpy;yh #o;epiyapy; xU rpy vspa jhtuq;fSk; ghf;Bupaq;fSk;
czTg; nghUis KOikahf rpijf;fhky; xU gFjpia kl;Lk; rpijj;J
Mw;wiy ngWk; Kiw - fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; v.fh g+Q;ir> ghf;Bupah
9. fhw;wpyh Rthrj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - ghy; japuhFk; epfo;T
10. gfy; Neuj;jpy; ,iyfis NkYk; fPOk; ,af;Fk; jhtuk; - je;jpj; jhtuk;
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11. fiuahj czTg; nghUs; fiuAk; vspa nghUshf khw;wg;gLk; epfo;r;rp nrupj;jy;
12. xspr;NrHf;iff;Fj; NjitahdJ - gRq;fzpfk;
13. xspr;NrHf;iff;F #upa xsp Njit vd;gjid ep&gpf;Fk; Nrhjid Nfdhq;fpd; xspj;jpiu Nrhjid
14. ckpo;ePupy; cs;s nehjpapd; ngaH - laypd;
15. xspr;NrHf;iff;F fhHgd; - il - Mf;i]L Njit vd;gjid ep&gpf;Fk;
Nrhjid - Nkhypd; miu ,iy Nrhjid
9. Cl;lr;rj;Jk; czT KiwfSk;

1. cztpYs;s> clYf;Fj; Njitahd rj;Jfis ----------- vdf; $WfpNwhk;. Cl;lr;rj;Jfs;
2. clYf;F Mw;wiy mspg;gJ vt;tif Cl;lrj;Jfs; fhHNghi`l;Nul;Lfs;> nfhOg;Gfs;
3. clypd; tsHr;rpf;F cjTtJ ---------- MFk; - Gujq;fs;
4. ----------- clYf;F czitf; flj;JfpwJ kw;Wk; cly; ntg;gj;ij
xOq;FgLj;JfpWJ. - ePH
5. clypay; nray;fis xOq;FgLj;JtJ --------- MFk; - itl;lkpd;fs;
6. ehk; cz;Zk; cztpy; Cl;lr;rj;Jf; Fiwtjhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;> ---------vdg;gLk;. - Fiwghl;L Neha;
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7. jHg;g+rzpapy; cs;s ePupd; msT - 91%

8. ghypy; cs;s ePupd; msT - 87%
9. clypaf;fr; nray;fis xOq;FgLj;JtJ - jhJ cg;Gfs;
10. fha;fwpfs;> goq;fis eWf;fpa gpd; fOtpdhy;> mtw;wpYs;s -------- rj;J
,of;fg;gLfpwJ. - itl;lkpd;
11. Kl;ilapy; cs;s ePupd; msT - 73%
12. fhshdpy; cs;s ePupd; msT - 95%
13. midj;J Cl;lr;rj;JfSk; rupahd tpfpjj;jpy; fye;Js;s czT ----------MFk; - ruptpfpj czT
14. cUisf;fpoq;fpy; cs;s ePupd; msT - 75%
15. nts;supf;fhapy; cs;s ePupd; msT - 95%
1. mNahbd; Fiwghl;lhy; cz;lhFk; Neha; - Kd;fOj;Jf; foiy
2. jdf;Fj; Njitahd czitj; jhNd jahupj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; ------------MFk;. - jw;rhHG Cl;l Kiw
3. czT cl;nfhs;Sk; KiwNa ------------- MFk;. - czt+l;lk;
4. czt+l;lj;jpd; tiffs; ahit - 1. jw;rhHG Cl;l Kiw> 2. gpw rhHG
Cl;l Kiw> 3. rpwg;G tif czt+l;lk;
5. jw;rhHG Cl;l Kiwf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - gRe;jhtuq;fs;> a+f;spdh
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6. czt+l;lk; vd;gJ - czit cl;nfhs;Sjy;> nrupj;jy;> cl;fpufpj;jy;>

jd;kakhf;Fjy; vdg; gy epiyfis cilaJ.
7. xl;Lz;zp Cl;lKiwf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - f];f;a+l;lh (Cuscuta)
8. f];f;a+l;lhtpd; mwptpay; ngaH - f];f;a+l;lh up/nsf;]h
9. rhWz;zp czt+l;lj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - fhshd;
10. mf xl;Lz;zpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - cUisg;GO
11. jhNd czitj; jahupf;f ,ayhjjhy;> czTf;fhfg; gpw capupdq;fisr;
rhHe;J tho;jy; ---------- MFk;. - gpw rhHG Cl;l Kiw
12. jhtuq;fis kl;Lk; cz;gJ - jhtu cz;zp (v.fh ML> khL)
13. tpyq;Ffis kl;Lk; cz;gJ - khkpr cz;zp (Carnivore) (v.fh. Gyp)
14. jhtuq;fisAk; tpyq;FfisAk; cz;gJ - midj;J
cz;zp (Omnivore) (v.fh. fhfk;.)
15. Guj Fiwghl;bdhy; cz;lhFk; Neha;fs; - Fth\pahf;fH> kuh];k];
10. capupdq;fspd; tifg;ghL

1. capdq;fis ,dk; fz;lwpjy;> ngaupLjy; kw;Wk; tifg;gLj;Jjy;
Mfpatw;Wld; njhlHGila capupaypd; gpupT ------ vdg;gLk;. tifg;ghl;bay;(Taxonomy)
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2. tifghl;baypd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLgtH ahH - fNuhy];

ypd;Nda]; (Carolus Linnaeus)
3. tifghl;baypd; mbg;gil myF ------ MFk;. - rpw;wpdk;
4. Fwpg;gpl;l xU FOkj;jpd; gupzhk tuyhW ------- vdg;gLk;. - /igNyhn[dp
5. ,uz;Lyf tifg;ghl;L Kiwia mwpKfg;ggLj;jpatH ahH - fNuhy];
ypd;Nda];
6. fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ,uz;Lyf tifg;ghLfs; ahit - 1.
jhtu cyfk;> 2. tpyq;F cyfk;
7. Ie;Jyf tifg;ghl;L Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH ahH - R.H tpl;Nlf;fH
8. jhtutpaypd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLgtH - jpNahgpuh];ly;
9. Systematics vd;w ,e;j nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatH ahH fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];
10. MAHNtj kUj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa kUj;JtH rhuf;
11. rpw;wpdk; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatH - [hd; Nu
12. Nkk;ghL milahj cl;fUitf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; capupdq;fs; --------- MFk;.

- GNuhNfupahl;
13. MQ;rpNah];ngHkpd; gpupTfs; ahit - 1. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; 2. ,U
tpj;jpiyj; jhtuk;
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14. kUj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gl;ltH ---------- MthH. `pg;NghfpNul;l];

15. jhtuq;fisg; gw;wpg; gbg;gJ -------- vdg;gLk; - jhtutpay;
11. nry;
1. capupdj;jpd; kpfr;rpwpa nray;gLk; myF - nry;fs;
2. xU nry; capupdf; $l;lq;fis ---------- vd;W miof;fpNwhk; GNuhNfupNahl;Lfs;
3. GNuhNfupNahl;lh vd;w fpNuf;f nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - Muk;gepiy cl;fU
4. GNuhNfupNahl;LfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; - ghf;Bupah> ePyg;gRk;ghrpfs;
5. Nfhy;if cWg;G Kjd; Kjypy; ahuhy; tptupf;fg;gl;lJ - fhkpy;Nyh fhy;[p
6. iyNrhk;fs; nghJthfr; nry;ypd; ---------- my;yJ ------------vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. - jw;nfhiyg;igfs;> nrupf;Fk; igfs;
7. nry;ypd; Mw;wy; epiyaq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ ikl;Nlhfhz;l;upaq;fs;
8. nry;ypy; fhzg;gLk; xl;Lnkhj;j mikg;Ng ---------- vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk;
9. fpUkpfis mopf;Fk; gzpapy; <LgLk; nry; Ez;ZWg;G - iyNrhNrhk;
10. mopf;Fk; giltPuHfs;> Jg;GuthsHfs;> nry;NkyhsHfs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; nry; Ez;ZWg;G - iyNrhNrhk;fs;
11. irl;Nlhgpshrk; gFg;giltJ --------- vdg;gLk; - irl;Nlhifd]p];
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12. nry;iy fz;lwpe;J mjw;F ngaupl;ltH - uhgHl; `Pf;

13. nry;fis vjd; cjtpf;nfhz;L fhzKbAk; - Ez;Nzhf;fp (Microscope)
14. nry;RtH ----------- My; MdJ - nry;YNyh];> ypf;dpd;
15. kpfTk; ePskhd nry; - euk;G nry;
Ntjpapay;
1. jdpkq;fs; kw;Wk; NrHkq;fs;
1. ,Jtiuapy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s jdpkq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 118
2. Gtpapy; kpf mjpfstpy; cs;s jdpkk; - Mf;]p[d;
3. miw ntg;gepiyapy; ePHkkhf cs;s cNyhfk; - nkHFup
4. miw ntg;gepiyapy; ePHkkhf cs;s mNyhfk; - GNuhkpd;
5. mz;lk; kw;Wk; tpz;kPd;fspy; cs;s Kf;fpakhd jdpkq;fs; - i`l;u[d;>
`Pypak;
6. mjpf cUFepiy nfhz;l cNyhfk; - lq;];ld;
7. Kjd;Kjypy; jdpkq;fis cNyhfq;fs; kw;Wk; mNyhfq;fs; vd
tifg;gLj;jpatH - ytha;rpaH
8. Mfha tpkhdrhjdq;fs; jahupf;fg; gad;gLk; cNyhfk; - ba+uhYkpd;
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9. ,Uk;ig fhy;tidrpq; nra;a gad;gLk; cNyhfk; - rpq;f;

10. Nrhbak; FNshiuL> fhy;rpak; FNshiuL> nkf;dPrpak; FNshiuL
Nghd;wit vjw;fhd cjhuzk; - madpr; NrHkq;fs;
11. madpr; NrHkq;fspd; nghJthd Fzk; xd;W - ePupy; vspjpy; fiuAk;
12. ngUk;ghyhd rfgpizg;Gr; NrHkq;fs; ve;epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wd thAf;fshfNth> jputq;fshfNth cs;sd.
13. rfgpizg;Gr; NrHkq;fs; vjpy; ed;F fiuAk; - ngd;rPd;> fhHgd; nll;uh
FNshiuL> <jH.
14. Nrhg;G jahupf;Fk; njhopypy; mjpfk; gad;gLk; NrHkk; vJ - Nrhbak;
i`l;uhf;i]L
15. jdpj;j epiyapYk; NrHkq;fshf cs;s mNyhfq;fs; - iel;u[d;>
i`l;u[d;> fhHgd; kw;Wk; ry;gH.
2. mkpyq;fs;> fhuq;fs; kw;Wk; cg;Gfs;

1. mrpl]; vd;w ,yj;jPd; nkhopr;nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - mkpyk;
2. jhtuq;fspypUe;Jk; tpyq;FfspypUe;Jk; ngwg;gLk; mkpyq;fs; ------vdg;gLk;. - fupk mkpyq;fs;
3. jhJ nghUs;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; mkpyq;fs; ------- vdg;gLk;. - fdpk
mkpyq;fs;
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4. mkpyq;fs; ePupy; fiuf;fg;gLk; NghJ --------- madpfisf; nfhLf;fpwJ i`l;u[d;

5. fhuq;fs; ePUld; NrUk;NghJ -------- madpfisf; nfhLf;fpwJ. i`l;uhf;i]L
6. ePupy; fiuAk; fhuq;fSf;F ---------------- vd;W ngaH - my;fyp];
7. Ntjpg;nghUl;fspd; murd; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - fe;jf mkpyk;
8. cyfpy; mjpf typik kpf;f mkpyk; vJ - /GSNuh ry;gpa+upf; mkpyk;
(HFSO3)
9. mkpy ePf;fp vdg;gLtJ - nkf;dPrpak; i`l;uhf;i]L
10. ePy ypl;ki] rptg;ghf khw;WtJ - mkpyk;
11. rptg;G ypl;ki] ePy epwkhf khw;WtJ - fhuk;
12. vWk;G fbf;Fk;NghJ> ek; clk;gpDs; nrYj;jg;gLtJ - ghHkpf; mkpyk;
13. /ngHu]; ry;Ngl; cg;gpd; epwk; - ,sk; gr;ir
14. KfUk; cg;G (Smelling salts) vd;gJ - mk;Nkhdpak; fhHgNdl;
15. nghJthf xU mkpyKk; fhuKk; eLepiyahf;fy; tpidapy; <LgLk;NghJ
cUthFk; madpr; NrHkq;fs; - cg;G
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3. Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; Mf;]p[d; xLf;fk;

1. xU Ntjptpidapy; Mf;]p[d; NrHf;fg;gLjNyh i`l;u[d; ePf;fg;gLjNyh
vyf;l;uhd;fs; ePf;fg;gLjNyh epfOk;NghJ me;j tpid --------- vdg;gLfpwJ. Mf;]p[Ndw;wk;
2. mkpyNkw;wg;gl;l nghl;lhrpak; ilFNuhNkl; rpwe;j --------- MFk; Mf;]p[Ndw;wp
3. xU jdpkk; vyf;l;uhidg; ngWkhapd; mJ - vjpHkiw Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;
4. Ntjptpidfspy; vyf;l;uhd;fis ,of;Fk; nghUl;fs; ------- MFk; - xLf;Fk;
nghUl;fs; my;yJ xLf;fpfs;
5. Mf;rp[id NrHj;jy; my;yJ i`l;u[id ePf;fy; - Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;
6. i`l;u[id NrHj;jy; my;yJ Mf;rp[id ePf;fy; - xLf;fk;
7. xU %yf;$wpy;> gpw vy;yh mZf;fSk; madpfshf ntspNawpa gpd;
mZtpd; kPJs;s vQ;rpa kpd;D}l;lNk jdpkj;jpd; ------ MFk;. -Mf;rp[Ndw;w
vz;
8. vy;yh NrHkq;fspYk; /g;Nshupdpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; - -1
9. nghJthf vy;yh NrHkq;fspYk;> i`l;u[dpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; - +1

10. Cr2O72-apy; fhZk; FNuhkpaj;jpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; - +6
11. xU Ntjptpidapy; xU jdpkj;jpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; mjpfupg;gJ Mf;]p[Ndw;wk;
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12. xU Ntjptpidapy; xU jdpkj;jpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; FiwtJ Mf;]p[d; xLf;fk;

13. REDOX vd;gjd; tpsf;fk; - Mf;rprNdw;w kw;Wk; xLf;fk; (Oxidation Reduction)
14. H2O2, BaO2, Na2O2 Nghd;w ngHMf;irLfspy; Mf;rp[dpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w
vz; - -1
15. cNyhf i`l;iuLfspy; i`l;u[dpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; - -1
4. jhJf;fs; kw;Wk; cNyhfq;fs;

1. ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l fdpkj;jpy; ,Ue;J NrHkepiyapy; cNyhfk;> vspjhf
yhgfukhd Kiwapy;> ngUksT gpupj;njLf;f Kbe;jhy; me;j fdpkk; ----------vdg;gLk;. - jhJ
2. khf;dirl;> lhyikl;> fhHdiyl;> vg;rk; cg;G Nghd;wit vjd; jhJf;fs; kf;dPrpak;
3. Nkf;dill; N`kill;> rpl;iul;> ypNkhill;> ,Uk;G fe;jff;fy; Mfpad
vjd; jhJf;fs; - ,Uk;G
4. kpfTk; Nyrhd cNyhfk; ----- MFk; - ypj;jpak;
5. kpfTk; fdkhd cNyhfk; vJ - M];kpak;
6. X fjpHfs; CLUthj cNyhfk; ------ MFk; - fhuPak;
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7. jhtuq;fspd; gr;iraj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; cNyhfk; - nkf;dPrpak;

8. jq;f eiffspy; KDM 916 vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;L ,Ug;gjpy; KDM vd;gJ fhl;kpak;
9. &ily;> ,y;kill; Mfpait vjd; jhJf;fs; - ill;lhdpak;
10. khyifl;> jhkpuigiul;> fhg;gH fpshd;];> f;a+g;iul; Mfpait vjd;
jhJf;fs; - jhkpuk;
11. jhJTld; cs;s khRfis (fhq;F) cUfpLk; NrHkkhf khw;wp mij
ePf;fpl jhJTld; NrHf;Fk; nghUs; - ,sf;fp
12. kpfTk; Nyrhd jdpkk; vJ - `Pypak;
13. ePHk epiyapYs;s cNyhfk; vJ - ghjurk;
14. kpd;flj;Jk; jpwd; mjpfk; nfhz;l cNyhfk; - nts;sp
15. kpd;rhuf; fk;gpahf mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cNyhfk; - jhkpuk;
5. fhHgd;> iel;u[d; kw;Wk; mjd; NrHkq;fs;

1. fhHgdpd; mZ vz; vj;jid - 6
2. fhHgdpd; FwpaPL -------- MFk; - C
3. fhHgdpd; mZepiw vj;jid - 12
4. fhHgd; vj;jid ,izjpwid cilaJ - 4
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5. fhHgd; fhw;wpYs;s Mf;]p[Dld; tpidGupe;J -------- Mf khWfpwJ fhHgd; - il - Mf;i]L

6. fhHgdpd; %d;W tpjkhd GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fs; ahit - gbftbtk;
cs;sit (ituk;> fpuhigl;L)> gbftbtk; mw;wit (epyf;fup> kuf;fup)>
/Gy;ypuPd;
7. fhHgdpd; NrHkq;fisg; gw;wp tptupf;Fk; Ntjpapay; ----------- MFk; - fupk
Ntjpapay;
8. fhHgNdhL i`l;u[d; Nruf; fpilg;gJ --------- MFk; - i`l;Nuh fhHgd;
9. iel;u[dpd; mZ vz; vj;jid - 7
10. iel;u[dpd; FwpaPL -------- MFk; - N
11. tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; iel;u[dpd; rjtPjk; - 78.1%
12. rpupg;g+l;Lk; thA vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ vJ - iel;u]; Mf;i]L
13. iel;u[Dk; Mf;]p[Dk; Nruf;fpilg;gJ - iel;upf; Mf;i]L
14. jpz;k iel;u[dpd; ,U GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fs; - My;gh> gPl;lh iel;u[d;
15. iel;u[Dk;> i`l;u[Dk; NrHe;J mk;Nkhdpah cUthFk; nray; Kiw ----------- MFk;. - N`gH nray;Kiw
6. cuq;fs;> G+r;rpf; nfhy;ypfs;

1. ,aw;if cuk; vd;gJ - fupkg; nghUs;
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2. jhtuq;fspd; tsHr;rp kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;Fk; ,d;wpaikahj jdpkq;fs;

vj;jid - 16
3. jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;Ff; fopTfis tpiutpy; rpijg;gjw;fhf kz;GOf;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpj; jahupf;fg;gLk; cuk; - kz;GO njhOcuk; my;yJ kz;GO
,aw;if cuk;
4. gRe;jhs; cuk; vd;gJ - rzy; > nfhopQ;rp nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gLtJ
5. capup cuq;fspd; Mjhuk; -------------------------- MFk; - ghf;Bupah> ePygRk;ghrp>
g+Q;irfs;
6. iel;u[dpd; cuq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - a+upah> mk;Nkhdpak; ry;/Ngl;>
mk;Nkhdpak; iel;Nul; Nghd;wit.
7. gh];gu]; cuq;fSf;F (fdpr; rj;Jf;fs;) vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; - jdp
#g;gHgh];Ngl;> bupg;gps; #g;gH gh];Ngl;
8. nghl;lhrpa cuq;fSf;F (rhk;gy; rj;Jf;fs;) vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; - nghl;lhrpak;
iel;Nul;> nghl;lhrpak; FNshiuL.
9. fyg;G cuq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - iel;Nuh gh];Ngl;> mk;Nkhdpak;
gh];Ngl;> il-mk;Nkhdpak;-gh];Ngl;
10. g+r;rpfisf; nfhy;yg; gad;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUs;fs; ---------- vdg;gLk; g+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs;
11. g+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; - D.D.T (il FNshNuh il gPidy;
l;iu FNshNuh <j;Njd;)> khyj;jpahd;
12. g+Q;irfis mopf;f cjTgit - NghHlhf;]; fyit
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13. vypf;nfhy;ypfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; - Jj;jehf gh];Ngl;> MHrdpf;

14. Njitaw;w nrbfis mopf;f cjTgit - fisf;nfhy;ypfs;
15. fisf;nfhy;ypfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - 2>4-D (2> 4 - il FNshNuh gPdhf;]p
mrpl;bf; mkpyk;)
,aw;gpay;
1. ,ae;jputpay;> gUg;nghUspd; gz;Gfs;
1. njhlf;f jpirNtfk; mspf;fg;gLk; NghJ GtpaPHg;G tpirahYk; fhw;Wj;
jilahYk; jd;Dila ghijapy; ,aq;Fk; ve;jnthU nghUSk; ---------vdg;gLk;. - vwpnghUs;
2. vupnghUspd; ghij XH ----------- MFk;. - gutisak;
3. Nfhzj; jpirNtfj;jpd; myF - Nubad; / tpdhb
4. ghuh#l; jpwf;fhj epiyapy; thdj;jpy; Fjpg;gtupd; Kw;W jpir Ntfk; vd;d

- 200 fp.kP
5. fUik epw nghUl;fs; vy;yh epwq;fisAk; ----------- - cl;ftUk;
6. vupnghUspd; ghij XH ------- MFk;. - gutisak;
7. nghUnshd;W khwhj jpir Ntfj;jpy; tl;lg;ghijapy; ,aq;fpdhy; mJ -------- vdg;gLk;. - tl;l ,af;fk;
8. gpsh];khtpypUe;J ,uj;j nry;fis gpupj;njLf;f> rHf;fiu fopTg;
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ghfpypUe;J gpupj;njLf;f Nghd;wtw;wpy; -------------- gad;gLfpwJ - ika tpyf;F

tpir
9. vQ;rpd;fspd; Ntfq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gad;gLj;JtJ - thl;ftHdH
10. nfg;shpd; %d;whk; tpjp ---------- vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ Rw;Wf;fhyq;fspd; tpjp
11. ePuhtp ,d;[pid fz;L gpbj;jtH ahH - N[k;];thl;
12. %yf;$W vy;iyapd; tPr;R - 10-8 cm.
13. J}a ePUf;Fk; J}a fz;zhbf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhLNfhzk; - = 0
14. jputk; ghAk; tPjj;ij fzf;fpLk; ntd;Rup kPl;lH fUtpapy; gad;gLk;
jj;Jtk; - ngHndsypapd; Njw;wk;
15. jPHe;J tplhj Mw;wy; %yk; vJ - #upad;
2. ,aw;gpay; msTfs;> juq;fs; kw;Wk; myFfs;

1. Ntiyia msf;f cjTk; tha;g;ghL vd;d - tpir X efu;e;j njhiyT
2. nghUspd; fl;Lkhd myF ---- MFk; - mZ
3. Ntiyapd; myF vd;d - [_y;
4. 1 Ftpz;lhy; vd;gJ - 100 fp.fp
5. jpl;l myF vd;gJ - SI Kiw
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6. mb> gTz;L> tpehb vd;gJ - FPS Kiw

7. mOj;jj;ij mstplg; gad;gLk; tha;ghL - tpir/gug;G
8. kpd;jilia msf;f cjTk; myF - Xk;
9. fd mstpd; myF - m3
10. msTNfhypd; mstPLfis nrq;Fj;jhfg; ghu;f;fhjjhy; Njhd;Wk; Fiw ,lkhWNjhw;wg;gpio
11. tiug;glj;jhs; Kiwapy; fz;lwptJ - xOq;fw;w nghUspd; gug;G
12. xspr;nrwptpid msf;f gad;gLk; myF kw;Wk; mjd; FwpaPL - Nfz;nlyh
(cd)
13. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpid msf;f gad;gLk; myF - Mk;gpau; (A)
14. ntg;gepiyia msf;f gad;gLk; myF - nfy;tpd; (k)
15. xU Fjpiuj;jpwd; vd;gJ - 746 thl;
3. tpir> ,af;fk; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;

1. ntg;gk; xU tif Mw;wy; vd;gijf; fz;Lgpbj;jtH - N[k;]; [Py;
2. xU nghUspd; Xa;TepiyiaNah my;yJ ,af;f epiyiaNah khw;Wfpd;w
my;yJ khw;w Kaw;rpf;fpd;w nray; --------------- vdg;gLk; - tpir
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3. tpir xU -------- msT MFk; - ntf;lH

4. tpirapd; S.I myF vd;d - epa+l;ld;
5. xU nghUspd; KLf;fj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; ............ - rkd; nra;ag;glhj tpir
6. ce;jkhWghl;L tPjj;jpw;Fr; rkkhd ,aw;gpay; msT - tpir
7. Gtpg;gug;gpy; 50 fp.fp epiwAs;s kdpjdpd; vil - 490 N
8. Xa;T epiyapYs;s fdkhd nghUspd; ce;jk; - Rop
9. kpd;fyj;jpy; ve;j Mw;wy; kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;wgLfpwJ - Ntjp Mw;wy;
10. Mw;wypd; myF ------ MFk;. - [_y;
11. nghUspd; epiyiag; nghWj;J mjDs; mlq;fpAs;s Mw;wiyf; Fwpg;gJ ------- MFk; - epiy Mw;wy;
12. xU nghUspd; kPJ Gw tpirfs; nray;glhj tiu> mg;nghUshdJ
jd;dpr;irahfj; jdJ epiyia khw;wpf; nfhs;shj gz;G -------- MFk; epiykk;
13. Mw;wiy Mf;fNth> mopf;fNth KbahJ xU tif Mw;wiy kw;nwhU
tif Mw;wyhf khw;w KbAk; vd;gJ - Mw;wy; moptpd;ik tpjp
14. kpd;tprpwpapy; kpd;dhw;wyhdJ -------- Mf khw;wg;gLfpwJ - ,af;f Mw;wy;
15. jhtuq;fspy; xspr; NrHf;ifapd; NghJ Nrkpf;fg;gLk; Mw;wy; -----------MFk; Ntjp Mw;wy;
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4. kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; fhe;jtpay;

1. fhe;jj;jhy; ftug;glf; $ba mNj Ntisapy; jhDk; fhe;jkhf khwty;y
xU nghUs; ---------- MFk; - /ngHNuhfhe;jg; nghUs;
2. ,Uk;G> epf;fy;> Nfhghy;l; Mfpait ---------- MFk; - /ngHNuhfhe;jq;fs;
3. kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;liyf; fz;lwpe;jtH - /ghuNl
4. ------------ XH ,aw;if fhe;jk; - khf;dill;
5. fhe;jg; Gyr; nrwptpd; myF vd;d - Mk;gpaH/kPl;lH
6. kpd;jilia msf;fg; gad;gLk; fUtp vJ - Xk;khdp
7. vyf;l;uhd;fs; efHtijNa -------------- vd;fpNwhk; - kpd;Ndhl;lk;
8. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; myF vd;d - Mk;gpaH
9. kpd; jpwdpd; myF ----------- - thl;
10. kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; myF vd;d - Nthy;l;
11. ,Uk;gpd; fpa+up ntg;gepiy ----------- MFk; - 770C
12. fhe;jj;ij Rw;wp mike;jpUg;gJ - fhe;jg;Gyk;
13. fhe;j cl;GF jpwdpd; myF ----- MFk; - n`d;wp/kPl;lH
14. ePr;ry; tpjpia cUthf;fpatH ahH - Mk;gpaH
15. kpd;rhu kzpapy; kpd;rhuj;ij tpl;L tpl;L gha;r;r cjTk; mikg;G Facebook
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MHkr;#H
5. mZ kw;Wk; mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;

1. mZ vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - gpupf;f Kbahj
2. etPd mZ ,aw;gpaypd; je;ij vd;wiof;fg;gLgtH ahH - N[.N[.jhk;rd;
3. ePupYs;s i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; Mf;rp[dpd; epiwtpfpjk; --------- MFk; - 1:8
4. vyf;l;uhd; kw;Wk; INrhNlhg;Gfisf; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - N[.N[.jhk;rd;
5. XH mZtpd; %d;W tifahd Jfs;fs; ahit - vyf;l;uhd;> GNuhl;lhd;
kw;Wk; epa+l;uhd;
6. vyf;l;uhd; vd;gJ -------------- - vjpHkpd;RikAila Jfs;
7. GNuhl;lhd; vd;gJ -------------- - NeHkpd;D}l;lKila Jfs;
8. epa+l;uhd; vd;gJ ------------- - kpd;D}l;lkw;w xU Jfs;
9. GNuhl;lhd;fSk;> epa+l;uhd;fSk; mZtpd; vg;gFjpapy; ,Wfg;
gpize;Js;sd - ikag; gFjp (cl;fU)
10. xU jdpkj;jpd; INrhNlhg;G vd;gJ - rk vz;zpf;ifAs;s
GNuhl;lhd;fisAk;> NtWgl;l vz;zpf;ifAs;s epa+l;uhd;fisAk;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;
11. mZf;fUit fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - &jH/NghHL
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12. nghUz;ik moptpd;ik tpjpiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH - ytha;rpaH

13. khwhtpfpj tpjpiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - g;nus];l;
14. GNuhl;lhid fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - Nfhy;L];Bd;
15. ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l ,Nyrhd mZf;fUf;fs; ,ize;J
fdkhd mZf;fUit cUthf;Fk; nray;Kiw - mZf;fU ,izT
6. ntg;gk;> xsp kw;Wk; xyp

1. xsp xU tUl fhyj;jpy; gazpf;Fk; njhiyT ------- vdg;gLk; - xspahz;L
2. xspapd; mlHj;jpia (Intensity) msf;f cjTk; myF - Nfz;Byh
(candela)
3. xspiaf; Fwpj;j gbg;gpd; ngaH - Optics
4. xspapd; jpirNtfj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; ntw;wpfukhf fzf;fpl;ltH - NuhkH
5. nghUs;fspd; xsptpyfy; vz;izf; fhzg;gad;gLtJ - epwkhiykhdp.
6. xU nghUspd; ntg;gk; kw;nwhU nghUSf;F Clfkpd;wp flj;jg;gLk;
KiwahdJ ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ - ntg;gf; fjpHtPry;
7. xspapd; mbg;gil epwq;fs; ahit - rptg;G> gr;ir> ePyk;
8. ghjurk; ntg;gepiykhdpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl Kf;fpa fhuzk; - Fiwe;j
jd; ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd;.
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9. kdpj clypd; ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ ,uj;jj;jpd; ghfpay; vz;

kjpg;G ----------- - FiwfpwJ
10. kdpj clypd; ruhrup ntg;gepiy -------- MFk; - 98.6F (37C)
11. ngl;Nuhypaj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; vd;d - 1.38
12. ePupd; xsptpyfy; vz; vd;d - 1.33
13. ituj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; vd;d - 2.419
14. fhw;wpd; xsptpyfy; vz; vd;d - 1
15. ePupd; nfhjpepiy -------- MFk; - -37.7F (100C)
7. xsp kw;Wk; xyp

1. xypapid msf;fg; gad;gLk; myF vJ - nlrpgy;
2. mjpHntz;iz msf;fg; gad;gLk; myF vJ - n`Hl;];
3. Mz;fspd; Fuy; ehz;fspd; ePsk; - 20 kp.kP
4. ngz;fspd; Fuy; ehz;fspd; ePsk; - 15 kp.kP
5. eLepiyg; Gs;spapypUe;J Jfs; milAk; ngUk ,lg;ngaHr;rp --------vdg;gLk; - tPr;R
6. nghUs;fspd; xsptpyfy; vz;izf; fhzg;gad;gLtJ - epwkhiykhdp
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7. kdpjdpd; nrtpAzH mjpHntz; neLf;fk; ---------- - 20Hz - 20000Hz

8. 20Hz f;F fPNo cs;s xypia ------- vd;W miof;fpNwhk; - Fw;nwhyp
(infrasonic)
9. 20000Hz mjpHntz;zpw;F NkNy cs;s xypia --------- vd;fpNwhk; - kPnahyp
(ultra-sonic)
10. ngup];Nfhg; kw;Wk; fpislh];Nfhg; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ---------- jj;Jtk;
gad;gLfpwJ - gd;Kf vjpnuhspg;G
11. Mg;bfy; iggupy; gad;gLk; jj;Jtk; - KO mf vjpnuhspg;G
12. njspTW fhl;rpapd; kPr;rpW njhiyT --------- MFk; - 25 nr.kP
13. Kg;gl;lfk; xd;wpy; nts;nshsp mjd; VO tz;zq;fshf gpupAk; epfo;T ------- vdg;gLk; - epwg;gpupif
14. ntw;wplj;jpd; topNa nry;y ,ayhjJ vJ - xyp
15. xsp XH Clfj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU Clfj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ jdJ
NeHNfhl;Lg; ghijia tpl;L tpyfpr; nry;Yk; gz;G --------------- vdg;gLk; xsptpyfy;
8. mz;lk;
1. thdpay; njhiytpw;fhd myF vd;d - xsp Mz;L
2. kpf Ntfkhf Royf; $ba Nfhs; vJ - tpahod;
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3. jw;Nghija thdpay; Ma;Tfspd;gb> mz;lj;jpd; taJ ------------------ gpy;ypad;

Mz;Lfs; vd;W fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ - 13.73 ( 0.12)
4. gy Nfhbf;fzf;fhd mz;lq;fisf; nfhz;l njhFjp - Nguz;lk;
5. ekJ #upa FLk;gk; mike;Js;s el;rj;jpuj; njhFjpahd ghy;ntsp
mz;lj;jpd; tbtk; - RUs; tbtk;
6. tpbnts;sp md;W miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs; vJ - nts;sp
7. rptg;G Nfhs; vd miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs; vJ - nrt;tha;
8. Royhky; cUz;l gbNa #upaid Rw;wp tUk; Nfhs; vJ - ANud];
9. mjpf Jizf;Nfhs;fs; nfhz;l Nfhs; vJ - tpahod;
10. #upa FLk;gj;jpy; xsp kpFe;j Nfhs; vJ - nts;sp

11. kpff;FspHe;j Nfhs; vJ - neg;bA+d;
12. g+kp xU Kiw jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpf;nfhs;s MFk; Neuk; vd;d - 23 kzp
56 epkplq;fs;.
13. g+kp> #upaid xU Kiw Rw;wptu vLf;Fk; fhy ,ilntsp --------- MFk; 365.24 ehs;fs;.
14. ,e;jpahtpy; ahH ahH ngaHfspy; FWq;Nfhs;fs; cs;sd - thdtpay;
mwpQH itZghg;G> mZrf;jpj; Jiwapd; je;ij rhuhgha;> fzpjNkij
uhkhD[d;.
15. thy; el;rj;jpuk; vd;gJ - gdp> J}R Kjypa nghUs;fs; epiwe;j
gdpg;ghiw
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9. nghJ mwptpay; tpjpfs;

1. Nfhs;fs; #upaidr; Rw;wp ,aq;Fk; NghJ Nfhs;fSf;Fk; #upaDf;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l <Hg;gpay; tpir ------------ Mf nray;gLfpd;wJ. - ikaNehf;F tpir
2. ika Nehf;F tpirapd; kjpg;gpw;F rkkhfTk;> vjpH jpirapYk; mikAk;
tpir -------- vdg;gLk;. - ika tpyf;F tpir
3. japH filAk; NghJ ntz;nza; ghj;jpuj;jpd; Xuj;jpw;F nry;tJ ve;j
tpirf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - ika tpyf;F tpir
4. kioj; Jspfs; Nfhs tbtpy; ,Uf;ff; fhuzk; - gug;G ,Otpir
5. ,aw;if NjHTf; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpatH - rhHy]; lhHtpd;
6. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; fhe;j tpisitf; fz;lwpe;jtH - xaH];nll;
7. kpd;fhe;j J}z;liy fz;lwpe;jtH - ghuNl
8. ePH mOj;j gk;G (hydraulic pressure pump) ----------- tpjpapd; mbg;gilapy;
,af;FfpwJ. - gh];fy;
9. fg;gy; kpjg;gij tpsf;FtJ - MHf;fpkpb]; Nfhl;ghL
10. kpd;Ndhl;lj;Jf;Fk; kpd; mOj;j NtWghl;Lf;Fk; cs;s njhlHig
tpsf;FtJ - Xkpd; tpjp
11. tpkhdk; Gwg;gLtij tpsf;FtJ - ngHNdhypapd; jj;Jtk;
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12. epa+l;ldpd; Kjy; tpjpia ----------- vdTk; miof;fyhk;. - epiyk tpjp

my;yJ rlj;Jt tpjp
13. xU Jg;ghf;fpapapypUe;J tUk; Fz;bd; ,af;fk; - NeHf;Nfhl;L ,af;fk;
14. uapy; epiyaj;ij Nehf;fp uapy; tUk;NghJ xypapd; RUjp mjpfkhfTk;
ek;iktpl;L tpyfpr; nry;Yk;NghJ Fiwthf Nfl;gij lhg;sH tpisT %yk;
1842k; Mz;L tpsf;fpatH - fpwp];bad; lhg;sH
15. Nfhs;fspd; ,af;fk; gw;wpa nfg;supd; Kjy; tpjpapd; kw;nwhU ngaH Rw;Wg;ghijfspd; tpjp
1. ngup];Nfhg; kw;Wk; fpislh];Nfhg; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLk; jj;Jtk; vJ gd;Kf vjpnuhspg;G jj;Jtk;

2. thdk; ePyepwkhfj; Njhd;wf; fhuzk; - xspr;rpjwy;
3. Kjy; etPd NtjpapaywpQH vd;W Gfog;gl;ltH - ,uhgHl; ghapy;
4. xU nghUspd; epiw (m) kw;Wk; mjd; jpirNtfk; (v) Mfpatw;wpd;
ngUf;fw;gyd; - ce;jk;
5. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpid msf;f cjTk; fUtpahd Nld;[d;l; fhy;tdh kPl;lH
ve;j tpjpapd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ. - Nld;[d;l; tpjp
6. g;nskpq;fpd; tyJif tpjp ---------------- vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ - kpd;dpaw;wp
tpjp
7. Nld;[d;l; fhy;tdh kPl;lupd; RUf;ff; $w;nwz; --------- MFk;. - K = (2aBh) /
0n
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8. jpUF nray;gLjy;> fjT RoYjy; Nghd;wit vjd; mbg;gilapy;

nray;gLfpwJ - tpirapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd;
9. Gtp <Hg;G tpiriaf; fz;lwpe;jtH - rH Irf; epa+l;ld;
10. nghUnshd;wpd; topNa xw;iw epw xsp nry;Yk;NghJ rpjwyilfpwJ
vdTk;> rpjwyile;j xsp gLfpd;w mjpHntz;iz kl;Lkpy;yhky; Gjpa
mjpHntz;izAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd tpsf;Fk; ,uhkd; tpisit fz;lwpe;jtH
- rH rp.tp. ,uhkd;
11. nyd;]; tpjp --------------- tpjpapd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ - Mw;wy;
moptpd;ik tpjp
12. kpjptz;bapy; tisthd ghjapy; jpUk;Gk; NghJ cly; cl;Gwkhf
rha;g;gJ ve;j tpirf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - ika tpyf;F tpir
13. vyf;l;uhd;fs; mZf;fUit tl;lg;ghijapy; Rw;wptUtJ -------,af;fj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - tl;l ,af;fk;
14. nghUs;fs; jpirkhwhky; njhlHe;J xNu jpirapy; NeHNfhl;by; ,aq;Fjy;
------------- ,af;fkhFk; - NeHf;Nfhl;L ,af;fk;
15. xsp XH Clfj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU Clfj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ jdJ
NeHNfhl;Lg; ghijia tpl;L tpyfpr; nry;Yk; gz;G ---- vdg;gLk;. -xsptpyfy;
8. mwptpay; fUtpfs;
1. fhw;W kw;Wk; thAf;fspd; vil kw;Wk; mlHj;jpia msf;Fk; fUtp vJ VNuhkPl;lH (Aerometer)
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2. xU kpd;Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij mse;jplg; gad;gLk; fUtp vJ mk;kPl;lH

3. kdpjHfspd; Nfl;Fk; jpwid fzf;fpLk; fUtp vJ - MbNahkPl;lH
4. ntg;gf; fjpHtPr;rpd; msit fzf;fpl gad;gLk; fUtp ------ MFk;. NghNyhkPl;lH (Bolometer)
5. Fiwthd ntg;gepiyia mstpLk; fUtp vJ fpiuNahkPl;lH (Cryometer)
6. Nthy;Nl[;> jpwd; vy;yhtw;iwAk; nkhj;jkhf mstpLk; fUtp vJ vyf;l;Nuh ildNkhkPl;lH (Electro Dynamometer)
7. thAtpd; mOj;jj;ijf; fzf;fpLk; fUtp vJ - NkhNdhkPl;lH (Manometer)
8. xypapd; msit mstpLk; fUtp vJ - NlhNdhkPl;lH (Tonometer)
9. -------------- tiu gupkhzKs;s nghUs;fspd; gupkhzq;fis msf;f jpUF
mstp gad;gLfpwJ - 0.001 nr.kP.
10. mjpfgl;r ntg;gepiyia mstpLk; fUtp vJ - igNuhkPl;lH (Pyrometer)
11. xyp miyfisg; gad;gLj;jp flypd; Moj;ij mstpLk; fUtp vJ ghj;NjhkPl;lH (Fathometer)
12. ve;jpu Mw;wiy kpd;rhu Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; fUtp vJ - ildNkh
13. NubNah miyfspd; miy ePsj;ij mstpLk; fUtp vJ Ntt;kPl;lH (Wavemeter)
14. V.rp. kpd;rhuj;ij b.rp. kpd;rhukhf khw;Wk; fUtp vJ Facebook
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nuf;b/igaH (Rectifier)
15. Nyriu fz;Lgpbj;jtH - jpNahNlhH ikkhd; (Theodore Maiman)
9. mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
1. njhiy Nehf;fp> tpahodpd; Jizf; Nfhs;fis fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH fypypNah fypyp
2. #upa FLk;gk;> #upa ikaf; Nfhl;ghl;il fz;lwpe;jtH - epNfhy]; NfhgH
epf;f]; (Nicolaus Copernicus)
3. ngdprpypidf; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - mnyf;rhz;lH gpnskpq;
4. vyf;l;uhidf; fz;Lgpbj;jtH - N[.N[.jhk;rd;
5. mZtpd; cl;fUit fz;lwpe;jtH - &jH/NghHl;
6. vf;]; fjpHfisf; fz;lwpe;jtH - tpy;n`k; uhz;l;n[d;
7. mZf;fU gpsitf; fz;lwpe;jtHfs; - Ml;Nlh`hd;> ];l;uh];kd; kw;Wk;
ypNr nka;l;dH
8. mZf; nfhs;ifia ntspapl;ltH - [hd; lhy;ld;
9. epa+l;uhidf; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - rhl;tpf;
10. ,bjhq;fpia fz;lwpe;jtH - ngQ;rkpd; /g;uhq;fpspd;
11. ,aw;if fjpupaf;fj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - n`d;wp ngf;nfhuy;
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12. Fthz;lk; nfhs;ifia fz;lwpe;jtH - khf;]; g;shq;f;

13. nraw;if fjpupaf;fj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - IuPd; N[hypal; fpa+up kw;Wk;
gpnulupf; N[hypal;-fpa+up
14. Nubaj;ij fz;lwpe;jtHfs; - Nkup fpa+up kw;Wk; gpNaH fpa+up
15. thndhypia fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - khHNfhdp
10. Njrpa mwptpay; Ma;tfq;fs;

1. tpf;uk; rhuhgha; tpz;ntsp ikak; vq;Fs;sJ - Jk;gh (jpUtde;jGuk;)
2. milahW Gw;WNeha; fofk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ - nrd;id
3. Njrpa fdpkq;fs; gupNrhjidf;$lk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ [hk;n\l;g+H
4. kj;jpa fl;blf;fiy Ma;T ikak; vq;F mike;Js;sJ - &Hfp
5. Njrpa fly; Muha;r;rp ikak; vq;Fs;sJ - gdh[p (Nfhth)
6. Njrpa ngsjpf Muha;r;rpf; $lk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ - epa+nly;yp
7. ,e;jpa Njrpa mwptpay; gjpTikak; -----------------apy; cs;sJ epa+nly;yp
8. Njrpa ,uhrhad Ma;Tf;$lk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ - GNd
9. jkpo;ehl;by; ney;Yf;fhd Muha;r;rp ikak; cs;s ,lk; - MLJiw
(jQ;rht+H)
10. Njrpa itu]; Ma;T ikak; vq;Fs;sJ - GNd
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11. kj;jpa Njhy; Muha;r;rp ikak; cs;s ,lk; - nrd;id

12. Njrpa tpz;ntsp Ma;tfk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - ngq;fs+H
13. ,e;jpa mZrf;jp fkp\d; vq;Fs;sJ - Kk;ig
14. kj;jpa rhiy Ma;T ikak; cs;s ,lk; - epa+nly;yp
15. ,e;jpahtpy; gz Nehl;Lfs; mr;rbf;Fk; mr;rfk; cs;s ,lk; - ehrpf;
(k`huh\;buh)
nghJmwpT
tuyhW
,e;jpa Njrpa rpd;dq;fs;
khepyq;fspd; rpW tpsf;ff; Fwpg;Gfs;
Gj;jfq;fSk; mtw;wpd; MrphpaHfSk;
tpUJfSk; kupahijfSk;
nra;jpfspy; Gfo;tha;e;j kdpjHfs; kw;Wk; ,lq;fs; - 2014
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpahTk; kw;Wk; mjd; mz;il ehLfSk;
tpisahl;L
rkPgj;jpa epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G
elg;G epfo;Tfs; - ahH..... ahH? - ,e;jpah 2015
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tuyhW
,e;jpa Njrpa rpd;dq;fs;
1. Njrpa gwit - kapy;
2. Njrpa kyH - jhkiu
3. Njrpa tpisahl;L - `hf;fp
4. Njrpa nkhop - ,e;jp
5. Njrpa tpyq;F - Gyp
6. Njrpa kuk; - Mykuk;
7. Njrpa ghuk;gupa tpyq;F - ahid
8. Njrpa ejp - fq;if
9. Njrpa fPjk; ,irf;f MFk; Neuk; - 52 tpehbfs;
10. Njrpa ehl;fhl;b - rfh tUlk; ehl;fhl;b
11. Njrpa fPjj;ij vOjpatH - ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$H
12. Njrpa nfhbapy; mNrhf rf;fuj;jpy; cs;s Muq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 24
13. Njrpa ePH tho; tpyq;F - lhy;gpd;
14. Njrpa Nfhbapy; cs;s fhtp epwk; vjid czHj;JfpwJ - jpahfk;
15. Njrpa nfhb murpay; epHza rigapdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ehs; - 1947 [Piy
22Mk; ehs;
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khepyq;fspd; rpW tpsf;ff; Fwpg;Gfs;

jkpo;ehL
jkpo;ehl;il gw;wp
1. jkpo;ehl;bd; gug;gsT - 130058 fpkP2 (50216 rJu iky;)
2. 2011-k; Mz;bd; fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb jkpo;ehl;bd; kf;fs;njhif - 7>21>47>030
3. jkpo;ehl;bd; jiyefuk; - nrd;id
4. jkpo;ehl;by; jw;NghJ (2015) cs;s khtl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 32
5. jkpo;ehl;by; jw;NghJ (2015) cs;s Kjyikr;rH - n[.n[ayypjh
6. jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjd;ik nkhop - jkpo;
jkpo;ehl;bd; muR FwpaPLfs;:
7. ghly; - jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J
8. eldk; - gujehl;bak;
9. tpyq;F - tiuahL
10. gwit - kufjg;Gwh
11. kyH - nrq;fhe;js; kyH
12. kuk; - gid kuk;
13. tpisahl;L - rLFL
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Nfush
Nfushit gw;wp
14. Nfushtpd; gug;gsT - 38863 fpkP2 (15005 rJu iky;)
15. 2011-k; Mz;bd; fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb Nfushtpd; kf;fs; njhif - 33>387>677
16. Nfushtpd; jiyefuk; - jpUtde;jGuk;
17. Nfushtpy; jw;NghJ (2015) cs;s khtl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 14
18. Nfushtpy; jw;NghJ (2015) cs;s Kjyikr;rH - ck;kd; rhz;b
19. Nfushtpd; Kjd;ik nkhop - kiyahsk;
Nfushtpd; muR FwpaPLfs;:
20. tpyq;F - ahid
21. gwit - kiy ,Uthl;rp (Great hornbill)
22. kuk; - njd;id kuk;
23. kPd; - Pearl spot
24. kyH - Golden shower tree flower
Gj;jfq;fSk; mtw;wpd; MrphpaHfSk;

1. mf;dpr; rpwFfs; vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - A.P.J. mg;Jy; fyhk;
2. Kaise Bani Top Cop vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - fpuz; Ngb
3. The Indian Parliament vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - Rjh gha; kw;Wk; mtpdh\;
FkhH
4. The Election That Changed India vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - uh[;jPg; rHNjrha;
5. Why I Assassinated Gandhi vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatHfs; - ehJuhk; Nfhl;Nr
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kw;Wk; Nfhghy; Nfhl;Nr

6. FLk;g tho;f;if vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - mfpy; \Hkh
7. Faces and Places vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - NguhrpupaH jPgf; ehaH
8. A book Post Haste: Quintessential India vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - gp.[p.tHfP];
9. ngUkhs; KUfd; vOjpa jkpo; ehty; - khnjhUghfd;
10. Next China - India War vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - Re;juuh[d; gj;kehgd;
(Kd;dhs; ,uhZt jsgjp)
11. The Dramatic Decade on 1970s era vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - jw;Nghija (2015)
[dhjpgjp gpuzhg; KfH[p
12. Playing It My Way vd;w Rarupij E}iy vOjpatH - rr;rpd; nlz;Ly;fH
13. Arctic Summer vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - ehtyhrpupaH lhkd; fhy;Fl; (Novelist
Damon Galgut)
14. Untold Story of Indian Public Sector vd;w E}ypid vOjpatH - jw;Nghija
(2015) Jiz FbauRj; jiytH KfkJ `kPJ `d;rhup
15. Born Again on the Mountain vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - mUzpkh rpd;fh
Gj;jfq;fSk; mtw;wpd; MrpupaHfSk; - 2
1. Food for all vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - ckh yPNy
2. Indian Parliamentary Diplomacy - Speakers Perspective vd;w Gj;jfj;ij
vOjpatH - kPuh FkhH
3. Flora of Guntur City Andhra Pradesh vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - gp.MH.Nkhfd
uht;
4. Editor Unplugged: Media, Magnates, Netas and Me vd;w Gj;jfj;jpid vOjpatH
- tpNdhj; Nkj;jh
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5. Gods Bankers vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - n[uhy;l; Ngh];dH

6. Fragile Frontiers vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - v];.Nf. uj;.
7. Farishta vd;w ,e;jp ehtiy vOjpatH - fgpy; ,rhGup
8. Prince of Gujarat: The Extraordinary Story of Prince Gopaldas Desai> 1187 1951 vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - uh[;Nkhfd; fhe;jp
9. Letters for a Nation vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - NeU (Mj;jH)> khjt; Nfh];yh
(vbl;lH)
10. Your dreams Are Mine Now: She Showed him What Love vd;w E}ypid
vOjpatH - utPe;jH rpq;
11. Truth always Prevails vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - rj;Uj;jpd; `];tdp
12. Tulsi Smriti Granth on Acharya Tulsi vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - lhf;lH fuz;
rpq;
13. The Narrow Road to the Deep North vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - upr;rHl; g;Nsdfd;
14. Gujarats success story in Water Management vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH =uhk; NtilH
15. The Lives of Others vd;w Gj;jfj;jpid vOjpatH - ePy; KfH[p
1. Nehgy; gupR ahuhy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ - My;/gpul; Nehngy;
2. Njrpa mstpy; tpisahl;Lj; Jiwfspy; tPuHfspd; KO tpisahl;Lj; jpwid
ntspf;nfhzUk; rpwe;j tpisahl;L gapw;WdHfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; tpUJ JNuhzhHr;rhHah tpUJ
Nehgy; gupR - 2014
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3. ,aw;gpaYf;fhd Nehgy; gupR - ,rK mfhrhfp ([g;ghd;)> `pNuh\p mkhNdh

([g;ghd;)> \p[p eFkuh ([g;ghd;/mnkupf;fh)
4. NtjpapaYf;fhd Nehgy; gupR - vupf; ngl;rpf; (mnkupf;fh)> ,RBgd; vy; (nrUkdp)>
tpy;ypak;. <. NkhHdH (mnkupf;fh)
5. kUj;Jtj;Jf;fhd Nehgy; gupR - vl;tHL NkhrH (NehHNt)> Nk-gpupl; NkhrH (NehHNt)>
[hd; X fP/g; (mnkupf;fh)
6. nghUshjhuj;Jf;fhd Nehgy; gupR - Nohd; jpNuhy; (gpuhd;R)
7. ,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhd Nehgy; gupR - gj;jpupf;F nkhjpahNdh (gpuhd;R)
8. mikjpf;fhd Nehgy; gupR - ifyhR rj;jpahHj;jp (,e;jpah)> kyhyh a+rg;irap
(ghfp];jhd;)
uh[Pt;fhe;jp Nfy; uj;dh tpUJ
9. 2012 - 2013k; Mz;Lf;fhd uh[Pt;fhe;jp Nfy; uj;dh tpUJ - uQ;rd; N[hjp
uh[Pt;fhe;jp epidT tpUJ - 2014
10. 2014k; Mz;bw;fhd uh[Pt;fhe;jp epidT tpUJ - KrhgH myp
,e;jpuhfhe;jp mikjp tpUJ
11. 2012k; Mz;Lf;fhd ,e;jpuhfhe;jp mikjp tpUJ ngw;wtH - vyd; [hd;rd; rpHyPg;
(iygPupah [dhjpgjp)
JNuhzhHr;rhHah tpUJ - 2014
12. 2014k; Mz;bw;fhd JNuhzhHr;rhHah tpUJ - vd;. ypq;fg;gh (jlfsk;)> N[hR N[f;fg;
(glFg;Nghl;b)
mH[Pdh tpUJ - 2014
13. tpy; tpj;ijf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - mgpN\f; tHkh
14. jlfs tpisahl;Lf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - jpz;LY}fh
15. ,wf;ifg; ge;jhl;lj;jpw;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - typahtpby; jp[_
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16. $ilg;ge;Jf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - fPJ md;dh N[h\;

17. Fj;Jr;rz;ilf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - kNdh[; FkhH
18. fpupf;nfl;Lf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - utpr;re;jpud; m\;tpd;
19. Fopg;ge;jhl;lj;Jf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - mdpHgd; yfpup
20. fgb tpisahl;Lf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - kk;jh g+[hup
21. JLg;G glFf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - rrp jhk];
22. Jg;ghf;fp RLjYf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - `Pdh rpj;J
23. ];Fth\;f;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - mdfh myd;fhNkhdp
24. ifg;ge;Jf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - lhk; N[hrg;
25. gS J}f;FjYf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - NuZghyh [hD
26. ky;Aj;jj;Jf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - Rdpy; FkhH uhzh
tpUJfSk; kupahijfSk; - 2014
jpahd;re;j; tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
jpahd; re;j; tpUJ (Dhyan Chand Award) ,e;jpahtpy; tpisahl;Lf;fspy; rpwg;GkpF
tho;ehs; rhjid epfo;j;jpatHfSf;F ,e;jpa murhy; toq;fg;gLk; XH tpUjhFk;.
Gfo;ngw;w tisjbg; ge;jhl;l tPuuhd jpahd; re;j; epidthf 2002 Mk; Mz;L ,e;j
tpUJ epWtg;gl;lJ. ,t;tpUJ ngw;NwhUf;F ,e;jpa &gha;fs; Ie;J ,yl;rk; (5>00>000)
epjpg;gupR jtpu XH ghuhl;Lr; rhd;wpjo;> rpiytbtk;> kw;Wk; myq;fhu cilAk;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
2014k; Mz;by; tpUJ ngw;wtHfs;

FHkhapy; rpq;f; - `hf;fp
Nf.gp.jhf;fH - ePr;ry;
rPrhd; myp - nld;dp];
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fhe;jp mikjp tpUJ

tpUijg; gw;wp:
gd;dhl;L fhe;jp mikjpg; gupR(International Gandhi Peace Prize): kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd;
epidthf ngauplg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j gupR ,e;jpa murpdhy; Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
mikjpia tpUk;gpa fhe;jpapd; nfhs;iffis gug;Gk; vz;zj;Jld; ,e;jpa muR
1995Mk; Mz;L>fhe;jpapd; 125MtJ gpwe;jehis xl;b> ,e;j gd;dhl;L fhe;jp
mikjpg;gupir cUthf;fpaJ. Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gLk; ,g;gupR r%f>nghUshjhu
kw;Wk; murpay; khw;wq;fis m`pk;ir kw;Wk; fhe;jpaf; nfhs;iffs; %yk; cUthf;f
gq;nfLf;Fk; jdpegH my;yJ epWtdj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tpUJ ve;j
cyfehzaj;jpw;Fk; khw;wf;$ba ,e;jpa &gha; 10 kpy;ypad;>xU Nfhg;ig kw;Wk; xU
rhd;wpjo; nfhz;lJ.
xt;nthU Mz;Lk; ,e;jpa gpujkH> kf;fsit vjpHfl;rp jiytH> ,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjp
kw;Wk; ,U rpwg;G cWg;gpdHfs; nfhz;l FO ,e;j gupRf;FupatHfisj;
NjHe;njLf;fpd;wJ.
rhe;jpgpurhj; gl; - Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;Wk; r%f MHtyH
uNkhd; kf;NrNr tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
uNkhd; kf;NrNr tpUJ (Ramon Magsaysay Award) uhf;ngy;yH rNfhjuHfs; epjpak;
(RBF) nghWg;ghsHfshy; Vg;uy; 1957,y; epWtg;gl;lJ. gpypg;igd;]; murpd;
cld;ghl;Lld; me;ehl;L mjpgH kiwe;j uNkhd; kf;NrNr epidthfTk;> mtuJ murpay;
NeHik> kf;fs; Nrit ,tw;iw fhl;lhf tsUk; ehLfspy; gug;gTk; ,g;gupR
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J Mrpahtpd; Nehgy; gupR vd mwpag;gLfpwJ.
`_ #yp - rPdh
thq; fhd;gh - rPdh
rhH khHypdh kDuq; - ,e;NjhNdrpah
jp rpl;brd; gTz;Nlrd; - ghfp];jhd;
Xku fhd; k#jp - Mg;fhdp];jhd;
tpUJfSk; kupahijfSk; - Fbapay; - Njrpa mstpyhd tpUJfs;
ghuj uj;dh
tpUijg; gw;wp:
ghuj uj;dh tpUJ 1954k; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ. ghuj uj;dh gjf;fkhdJ mur ku
,iyapy; #upadpd; cUtKk; ghuj uj;dh vd;w nrhy; ,e;jp vOj;Jf;fspYk;
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nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ghuj uj;dh ,e;jpahtpy; Fbkf;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; kpf caHe;j

tpUjhFk;. kpfr;rpwe;j Njrpa Nrit Mw;wpatHfis ghuhl;b ghuj uj;dh tpUJ
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,r;Nrit fiy> mwptpay;> ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; nghJr;Nrit Mfpa
Jiwfis cs;slf;fp ,Uf;fpwJ. vdpDk; gpw Jiwfspy; cs;stHfSk; ,t;tpUij
ngUk; tifapy; etk;gH> 2011y; tpjpfspy; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; ghuj uj;dh tpUijg; ngw;wtHfs; - rp. uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup> rp. tp. ,uhkd;>
rHtgs;sp ,uhjhfpU\;zd; (1954k; Mz;L)
Kjd; Kjypy; ghuj uj;dh tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; - ,e;jpuh fhe;jp (1971k; Mz;L)
2014k; Mz;L ,t;tpUijg; ngw;wtHfs;:
rp. vd;. MH. uht;> NtjpapayhsH
rr;rpd; nlz;Ly;fH> JLg;ghl;l tPuH
gj;k tpg+rz;
tpUijg; gw;wp:
gj;k tpg+rz; vd;gJ ,e;jpa murhy; toq;fg;gLk; ehl;b d; ,uz;lhtJ caupa Fbapay;
tpUJ MFk;. gjf;fk; xd;Wk; ghuhl;bjo; xd;Wk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J Kjd; Kjypy;
[dtup 2> 1954 Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytuhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ve;j xU
JiwapYk; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk; xUtUf;F ,t;tpUJfs; Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; gj;k tpg+rz; tpUijg; ngw;wtHfs; - rj;jpNae;jpu ehj; NghR> ee;j;yhy;
Ngh];> rhfPH cNrd;> ghyhrhfpg; fq;fhjHnfH> tP. Nf. fpU\;z Nkdd;> Jigme Dorji
Wangchuk
Kjd; Kjypy; gj;k tpg+rz; tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; - [hdfpNjtp g[h[; (1956)
uFehj; Mde;j; k\y;fH> gp.Nf.v];. Iaq;fhH
gj;k g+rz;
tpUijg; gw;wp:
gj;k g+rd; vd;gJ ,e;jpa murhy; toq;fg;gLk; xU tpUJ. ,J Kjd; Kjypy; [dtup
2> 1954 Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytuhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J ,e;jpa
murhy; toq;fg;gLk; tpUJfspy; ghuj uj;dh> gj;k tpg+rz; Mfpa tpUJfSf;F
mLj;jgbahf %d;whtJ caH tpUjhFk;. ve;j xU JiwapYk; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk;
xUtUf;F ,t;tpUJfs; Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; gj;k g+rz; tpUijg; ngw;wtHfs; - N`hkp [`hq;fpH ghgh> rhe;jp Rt&g;
gl;ehfH> kfhNjt IaH fzgjp> [dhd; re;jpu Nfh\;> uhjh fpU\;zd; Fg;jh>
ikjpyp\ud; Fg;jh> R.R. Handa> mkHehj; [h> m[{j;jpa ehj; Nfh];yh>
Nf.v];.fpU\;zd;> iraj; `{ird; mfkJ kjhdp> N[h\; kypfhghb> tp.vy;. Nkj;jh>
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ts;sj;Njhy; ehuhaz Nkdd;> Mw;fhL ,yl;RkzRthkp KjypahH> Palden Thondup

Namgyal, V. Narahari Rao, Pendyala Satyanarayana Rao, Jamini Roy, Sukumar
Sen> rj;a ehuaz rh];jpup> vk;.v];.Rg;Gnyl;Rkp> K.S. Thimayya
Kjd; Kjypy; jkpo;ehl;by; ,Ue;J gj;k g+rz; tpUijg; ngw;wtHfs; Nf.v];.fpU\;zd;> Mw;fhL ,yl;RkzRthkp KjypahH> vk;.v];.Rg;Gnyl;Rkp
Kjd; Kjypy; gj;k g+rz; tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; - vk;.v];.Rg;Gnyl;Rkp
Fyhk; Kfkj; n\,f;> ngFk; gputpd; Ry;j;jhdh> Njj;jhf;Fb ùpù tpdhaf;uhk;> fky
`hrd;> jy;tPH ghz;lhup> gj;kehgd; gyuhk;> n[a];juh[; N[h\p> vk;. kfhNjtg;gh>
jpUkyr;rhup ,uhkrhkp> tpNdhj; gpufh\; rHkh> Mrityunjay Athreya> mdpjh Njrha;>
jpUgha; jNfH> ituKj;J> u];fpd; ghz;l;> Gy;Nyyh Nfhgpre;j;> ypahz;lH ga];>
tpN[ae;j;uehj; fTy;> N[.v];.tHkh> mDNkhY uhkfpU\;zh> mdp]; c];khd;> Lloyd
Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, Neelam Kler
nghJ mwpT - tpUJfSk; kupahijfSk; - ,yf;fpa tpUJfs;
rhfpj;a mfhjkp
rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp> ,e;jpa nkhopfspd; ,yf;fpa tsHr;rpf;fhd mikg;ghFk;. ,e;epWtdk;
,e;jpa nkhopfspd; ,yf;fpaKk;> ,yf;fpak; rhHe;j eltbf;iffisAk; xUq;fpizj;J
Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;Jld; ,e;jpa murpd; MjuTld;> jd;dhl;rp mikg;ghf 12 khHr; 1954
md;W> ,utPe;jpu gtd;> jpy;ypapy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
rhfpj;a mfhjkp toq;Fk; tpUJfs;:
1. rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ
2. gh\h rk;khd; (Basha Samman)
3. nkhop ngaHg;G E}Yf;fhd tpUJ (Translation Award)
4. rpWtH ,yf;fpa tpUJ (Bal Sahitya Puraskar Award)
5. ,sk; vOj;jhsH tpUJ (Yuva Puraskar Award)
rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ> rpwe;j ,e;jpa ,yf;fpa gilg;ghspfSf;F> ,e;jpa murhy;
xt;NthH Mz;Lk; Njrpa mstpYk; khepy mstpYk; toq;fg;gLk; kjpg;gpw;Fupa
tpUjhFk;. gupRj;njhifahf 1>00>000 &ghAk;> xU gl;laKk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,Ugj;J
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ehd;F ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; rpWfij> ehty;> ,yf;fpa tpkHrdk; Nghd;w gytifahd

vOj;jhf;fj;jpw;F ,t;tpUJ toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;w jkpo; vOj;jhsHfs;
Kjd; Kjypy; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUijg; ngw;w jkpo; vOj;jhsH ahH? - uh.gp.
NrJg;gps;is (gilg;G: jkpo; ,d;gk;) (1955)
Kjd; Kjypy; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; jkpo; vOj;jhsH ahH? - yl;Rkp
jpupGuRe;jup (gilg;G: xU fhNtupiag; Nghy) (1984)
gh\h rk;khd; tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
,e;jpahtpy; mUfp tUk; rpWghd;ikapdH NgRk; nkhopfis moptpd; tpspk;gpypUe;J
fhf;f> 1996Mk; Mz;L Kjy; rpWghd;ikapd kf;fs; NgRk; nkhopfspy; gilf;fg;gLk;
E}y;fSf;Fk;> nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpag; gzpfSf;Fk; Mz;L NjhWk; rpwe;j
vOj;jhsHfSf;F xU ,yl;rk; &gha; gupRld; $ba gh\h rk;khd; toq;fg;gLfpwJ
nkhop ngaHg;G E}Yf;fhd tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
1989Mk; Mz;L Kjy; mq;ff
P hpf;fg;gl;l 24 ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; nkhop ngaHf;fg;gLk;
kpfr; rpwe;j nkhopngaHg;G E}Yf;F nuhf;fg; gupRfs; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. 2009Mk; Mz;L
Kjy; nuhf;fg;gupR &gha; 50>000-Mf caHj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2014 Mz;L Kba 25 jkpof
vOj;jhsHfs;> jkpopy; rpwe;j nkhopngaHg;G E}y;fSf;F rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ
ngw;Ws;sdH.
jkpopy; rpwe;j nkhopngaHg;ghsUf;fhd rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ
Kjd; Kjypy; jkpopy; rpwe;j nkhopngaHg;ghsUf;fhd rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUijg;
ngw;wtHfs; - vk;.[p. [fe;ehj uh[h (nkhopngaHj;j E}y;: MKf;jkhy;ajh) (1990)> b.gp.
rpj;jypq;fa;ah (nkhopngaHj;j E}y;: kz;Zk; kdpjUk;) (1990)
Kjd; Kjypy; jkpopy; rpwe;j nkhopngaHg;ghsUf;fhd rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUijg; ngw;w
ngz; nkhopngaHg;ghsH - ru];tjp uhk;ehj; (nkhopngaHj;j E}y;: ,e;jpa nkhop
ehlfq;fs;) (1993)
rpWtH ,yf;fpa tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
rpWtHfSf;fhd rpWfijfs;> fijfs;> Gjpdq;fs; kw;Wk; ftpijfSf;F ghy rhfpj;jpa
Gu];fhH tpUJ 2010Mz;L Kjy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; ntspahFk; rpwe;j
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rpWtH E}y;fSf;F 2010Mz;L Kjy; 2015Kba> rpWtH ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhd tpUjpid ,J

tiu MW vOj;jhsHfs; ntd;Ws;sdH. xt;nthU tUlKk; mjw;F Ke;ija Ie;J
tUlq;fspd; gilg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;L ,J KbT nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
jkpopy; ghy rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUijg; ngw;wtHfs;:
Kjd; Kjypy; jkpopy; ghy rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUijg; ngw;wtH - kh.fkyNtyd;
(gilg;G: me;Njhzpapd; Ml;Lf;Fl;b) (2014)
rhfpj;jpa mfhjkpapd; ,sk; vOj;jhsH tpUJ (Yuva Praskar Award)
tpUijg; gw;wp:
[dtup khjk; Kjy; ehsd;W 35 taJk; mjw;Fl;gl;l ,isQHfspd; rpwe;j nkhop
ngaHg;G E}y;fs;> fijfs;> Gjpdq;fs; kw;Wk; ftpijfs; Nghd;w ,yf;fpag;
gilg;GfSf;F 2011Mk; Mz;L Kjy; At Gu];fhH tpUJ nuhf;fj;Jld; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; 2015Mk; Mz;L Kba Ie;J ,isQHfs; At Gu];fhH tpUij
ntd;Ws;sdH.
Kjd; Kjypy; jkpopy; At Gu];fhH tpUijg; ngw;w ,isQH - vk;. jtrp (gilg;G:
Nrty;fl;L) (2011)
Kjd; Kjypy; jkpopy; At Gu];fhH tpUijg; ngw;w ,isQp - kyHtjp (gilg;G:
J}g;Gf;fhhp) (2012)
gilj;Jiw tpUJfs; - NghHfhy tpUJfs; - guk; tPH rf;fuk;
tpUijg; gw;wp:
guk; tPH rf;fuk; vjpupg;gilfsplk; kpf caHe;jsT tPujPuj;ijAk; jd;dykw;w
jpahfj;ijAk; fhl;ba giltPuHfSf;fhd ,e;jpahtpd; kpf caupa tpUjhFk;. ,e;j
tpUJ kuzj;jpw;F gpd;Gk;> ngUk;ghYk; mt;thNw epfo;fpd;wJ> nfhLf;ff;$baJ. ,e;jp
nkhopapy; cs;s ,e;j tpUjpd; ngaupd; jkpohf;fk; caupa tPuH gjf; fk; vd;gjhFk;.
[dtup 26> 1950Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpah Fbaurhd gpwF FbauRj; jiytuhy; epWtg;gl;l
,e;j tpUJ ,e;jpah tpLjiy ngw;w Mf];l; 15> 1947 KjNy mkYf;F te;jjhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpag; gilj;Jiwapd; midj;Jj; Jiw mjpfhupfSk;
gl;bayplg;gl;l CopaHfSk; ,e;j tpUJf;Fj; jFjp cilatHfshtH.
Kjd; Kjypy; guk; tPH rf;fuk; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Nk[H Nrhk;ehj; rHkh (1947)
(kiwtpw;F gpd;)
gilj;Jiw tpUJfs; - NghHfhy tpUJfs; - kfh tPH rf;fuk;
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tpUijg; gw;wp:
kfh tPH rf;fuk; vjpupg;gilfsplk; kpf caHe;jsT tPujPuj;ijAk; jd;dykw;w
jpahfj;ijAk; fhl;ba ,e;jpag; giltPuHfSf;fhd ,e;jpag; gilj;Jiwapd; ,uz;lhtJ
kpf caupa tpUjhFk;. ,t;tpUJ NghHf;fsj;jpy; jiuapNyh> flypNyh thdpNyh
tPukuzk; mile;j giltPuHfSf;Fk; kiwtpw;F gpd;dhy; toq;ff;$bajhk;. ,e;jp
nkhopapy; kfhtPH vd;gJ jkpopy; ngUk; tPuH vd;w nghUspy; toq;Fk;.
Kjd; Kjypy; kfh tPH rf;fuk; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - nyg;bdd;l; fHdy; jpthd; uQ;rpj;
uha; (Lt Col Dewan Ranjit Rai) (tpUJ ngw;w ehs;: 27.10.1947)
gilj;Jiw tpUJfs; - NghHfhy tpUJfs; - tPH rf;fuk;
tpUijg; gw;wp:
tPH rf;fuk; vjpupg;gilfsplk; kpf caHe;jsT tPujPuj;ijAk; jd;dykw;w jpahfj;ijAk;
fhl;ba ,e;jpag; giltPuHfSf;F ,e;jpag; gilj;Jiw toq;Fk; guk tPu rf;fuk;> kfh
tPu rf;fuk; tpUJfSf;F mLj;J %d;whtJ kpf caupa tpUjhFk;. ,t;tpUJ
NghHf;fsj;jpy; jiuapNyh> flypNyh thdpNyh tPukuzk; mile;j giltPuHfSf;Fk;
kiwtpw;F gpd;dhy; toq;ff;$bajhk;. ,t;tpUJ ngw;NwhH jq;fspd; ngaupd; gpd;dhy;
Vr.C vd;W Nghl;Lf;nfhs;syhk;.
Kjd; Kjypy; tPH rf;fuk; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Subedar Nadikerianda Bheemaiah
(tpUJ ngw;w ehs;: 21.11.1947)
nra;jpfspy; Gfo;tha;e;j kdpjHfs; kw;Wk; ,lq;fs; - 2014

1. 2014k; Mz;by; Director General Military Operations (DGMO)- thf Lt Gen PR
Kumar epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
2. 2014k; Mz;by; fgpy; rpgy; vOjpa Raunaq ,ir My;gk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. 2014k; Mz;by; JUf;fpa [dhjpgjp mg;Jy;yh`; Fy;> ePjp mjpfhuq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
jLf;Fk; kNrhjhit xg;Gf;nfhz;lhH.
4. ,e;jpah Jiz [dhjpgjp jpU.vk;.`kPj; md;rhup Dr.NarendraJadhav vOjpa
Ambedkar: Awakening Indias Social Conscience vd;w Gj;jfj;ij 2014y;
ntspapl;lhH.
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5. 2014-k; Mz;L rTut; Nfhj;jhup Njrpa gpy;ypaHl; Nghl;bapy; ntd;whH.

6. 2014k; Mz;by; Ivd;v]; rpe;Juj;dh fg;gy; tpgj;Jf;F gpd; ,e;jpa flw;gil jsgjp
jpU b.Nf.N[h\p> gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpdhH.
7. 2014k; Mz;by; jpU Dinesh Sarraf Xvd;[prpapd; mLj;j jiyik epHthfpahf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
8. 2014k; Mz;by; jpU Ibrahim Mahlab vfpg;jpd; Gjpa gpujkuhdhH.
9. jiyrpwe;j XtpaH Mr.Prokash Karmakar 2014k; Mz;by; fhykhdhH.
10. Braigo vd;w Fiwe;j nrytpyhd xU gpnua;yp gpupz;liu ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp rpWtd;
Shubham Banerjee- ahy; 2014k; Mz;by; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
11. lhf;lH kjd; ghG 2014-k; Mz;bw;fhd; Protein Science Young Investigator
Award.-I ntd;whH.
12. 2014k; Mz;by; ,e;jpa-mnkupf;f tpQ;Qhdp rq;fPjh ghl;bah Gw;WNehia fz;lwpAk;
kypthd fhfpjj;ij cUthf;fpdhH
13. khd;nlf; rpq; mYthypah Nk 2014-k; Mz;L jpl;lf; FO Jizj; jiytH gjtpia
uh[pdhkh nra;jhH.
14. g.rjhrptk; 2014-k; Mz;L ,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjp gzpapypUe;J tpyfpdhH.
15. 2014k; Mz;by; ,e;jpa Jiz [dhjpgjp Rje;jpu Nghuhl;l tPuH `Hrj; nkhfhdpapd;
jghy;jiyia ntspapl;lhH.
,e;jpahTk; kw;Wk; mjd; mz;il ehLfSk;

1. ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j mz;il ehLfspd; vz;zpf;if - 9
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2. ,e;jpahtpd; mz;ilehLfs; ahit - 1.Mg;fhdp];jhd;> 2.tq;fhsNjrk;> 3.g+lhd;>

4.gHkh/kpahd;kH> 5.rPdh> 6.khyj;jPT> 7.Neghsk;> 8.ghfp];jhd;> 9.=yq;fh
=yq;fh
3. =yq;fhtpd; jiyefH - nfhOk;G
4. =yq;fhtpd; ehzak; - ,yq;if &gha;
5. =yq;fhtpd; nkhop - rpq;fsk;
ghfp];jhd;
6. ghfp];jhdpd; jiyefH - ,];yhkghj;
7. ghfp];jhdpd; ehzak; - ghfp];jhd; &gha;
8. ghfp];jhdpd; nkhop - cUJ
Neghsk;
9. Neghsj;jpd; jiyefH - fhj;kz;L
10. Neghsj;jpd; ehzak; - Neghs &gha;
11. Neghsj;jpd; nkhop - Neghsp
khyj;jPT
12. khyj;jPtpd; jiyefH - khNy
13. khyj;jPtpd; ehzak; - Ugpah
14. khyj;jPtpd; nkhop - jpNt`p
rPdh
15. rPdhtpd; jiyefH - gP[pq;
16. rPdhtpd; ehzak; - nad;
17. rPdhtpd; nkhop - rPdk;
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gHkh/kpahd;kH
18. gHkhtpd; jiyefH - aq;fhd;
19. gHkhtpd; ehzak; - faj;
20. gHkhtpd; nkhop - gHkP];
g+lhd;
21. g+lhdpd; jiyefH - jpk;G
22. g+lhdpd; ehzak; - eFy;l;uk;
23. g+lhdpd; nkhop - lN]hq;fh
tq;fhsNjrk;
24. tq;fhsNjrj;jpd; jiyefH - lhf;fh
25. tq;fhsNjrj;jpd; ehzak; - lhf;fh
26. tq;fhsNjrj;jpd; nkhop - tq;fhsp
Mg;fhdp];jhd;
27. Mg;fhdp];jhdpd; jiyefH - fhg+y;
28. Mg;fhdp];jhdpd; ehzak; - mg;fhdp
29. Mg;fhdp];jhdpd; nkhop - gh\;J> ghurPfk;
tpisahl;L
tpisahl;L - xypk;gpf;
1. 1896Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk;; - Vnjd;]; (fpuP];)
2. 1900Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - ghup]; (gpuhd;];)
3. 1904Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - nrapz; Y}ap]; (mnkupf;fh)
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4. 1908Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - yz;ld; (gpupl;ld;)

5. 1912Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - ];lhf;N`hk; (RtPld;)
6. 1920Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - Mz;l;ntHg; (ngy;[pak;)
7. 1924Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - ghup]; (gpuhd;];)
8. 1928Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - Mk;];lHlhk; (`hyhe;J)
9. 1932Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - yh]; VQ;ry;];
10. 1936Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - ngHypd; (n[Hkdp)
11. 1948Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - yz;ld; (,q;fpyhe;J)
12. 1952Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - `y;rpd;fp (gpd;yhe;J)
13. 1956Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - nky;NghHd; (M];jpNuypah)
14. 1960 Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - Nuhk; (,j;jhyp)
15. 1964Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - Nlhf;fpNah ([g;ghd;)
tpisahl;Lfs; (2) - fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;bfs;
1. 1930Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - `hkpy;ld; (fdlh)
2. 1934Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - ,yz;lz; (,q;fpyhe;J)
3. 1938Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - rpl;dp (M];jpNuypah)
4. 1950Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - Mf;yhe;J (epa+rpyhe;J)
5. 1954Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - thd;$tH (fdlh)
6. 1958Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - fhHb/g; (Nty;];)
7. 1962Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - ngHj; (M];jpNuypah)
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8. 1966Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - fpq;];ld; ([ikf;fh)

9. 1970Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - vbd;gHf; (];fhl;yhe;J)
10. 1974Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - fpwp];l; rHr; (epa+rpyhe;J)
11. 1978Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - vl;khd;ld; (fdlh)
12. 1982Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - gpup];Ngd; (M];jpNuypah)
13. 1986Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - vbd;gHf; (];fhl;yhe;J)
14. 1990Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - Mf;yhe;J (epa+rpyhe;J)
15. 1994Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - tpf;Nlhupah (fdlh)
16. 1998Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - Nfhyhyk;G+H (kNyrpah)
17. 2002Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - khd;nr];lH (,q;fpyhe;J)
18. 2006Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - nky;NghHd; (M];jpNuypah)
19. 2010Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - by;yp (,e;jpah)
20. 2014Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - fpsh];Nfh (];fhl;yhe;J)
2018Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b Nfhy;l; Nfh];l; (M];jpNuypah)-tpy; eilngw
cs;sJ.
tpisahl;Lfs;-3 - Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs;
1. 1951Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - GJnly;yp (,e;jpah)
2. 1954Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - kzpyh (gpypg;igd;];)
3. 1958Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - Nlhf;fpNah ([g;ghd;)
4. 1962Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - [fhHj;jh
(,e;NjhNdrpah)
5. 1966Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - ghq;fhf; (jha;yhe;J)
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7. 1974Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - nlf;uhd; (<uhd;)
9. 1982Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - GJnly;yp (,e;jpah)
10. 1986Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - rPNahy; (njd;nfhupah)
11. 1990Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - nga;[pq; (irdh)
12. 1994Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - `pNuh\pkh ([g;ghd;)
14. 2000Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - g+rd; (njd;nfhupah)
15. 2006Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - Njh`h (fj;jhH)
16. 2010Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - Fthq;-]P (rPdh)
17. 2014Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - ,d;r;rpahd;
(njd;nfhupah)
2018Mk; Mz;L [fhHj;jh (,e;NjhNdrpah)-tpy; eilngw cs;sJ.
rkPgj;jpa epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G

rkPgj;jpa epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 [dtup
1. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 1 md;W Nldpay; ];By; (mnkupf;f vOj;jhsH)-f;F gpuhd;rpd;
kpf caupa tpUjhd ny[pad; Mg; `hdH (Legion of Honour) tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
2. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 2 md;W ,uhZt jiyik jsgjp gpf;uk; rpq; jiytHfs;
FOtpd; jiytH (Chiefs of Staff Committee Chairman) nghWg;ig Vw;whH.
3. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 1 md;W yhl;tpah (Latvia) ehL a+Nuh kz;lyj;jpd; 18tJ
cWg;gpdH ehlhf ,ize;jJ
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4. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 2 md;W `g;Gs; njhiyNehf;fp (Hubble space Telescope) 40

xsp Mz;Lfs; njhiytpy; Gjpjhf Nkfq;fs; cila ,uz;L fpufq;fis (GJ 436b
and GJ1214) fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ.
5. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 3 md;W ePjpgjp V.Nf. fq;Fyp Njrpa gy;fiyf;fof nfsut
NguhrpupaH gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;jhH.
6. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 1 md;W v];.Nf. rHkh mtHfs; ghuj; vyf;l;uhdpf;]; ypkpnll;
(BEL) ,d; jiytH kw;Wk; epHthf ,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shH.
7. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 20 md;W fhy;ge;J tPuH fpwp];bahNdh nuhdhy;Nlhtpw;F Order
of Prince Henry tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
8. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 5 (Qhapw;Wfpoik) md;W ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp epWtdk;
(,];Nuh) ntw;wpfukhf =ùpNfhl;lhtpy; cs;s rjP\; jthd; tpz;ntsp ikaj;jpy;
,Ue;J ekJ ehl;by; jahupf;fg;gl;l f;iuNahn[dpf; vQ;rpd; nghUj;jg;gl;l GSLV-III D5
uhf;nfl;il ntw;wpfukhf nrYj;jpaJ.
9. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 7 md;W Ng];Gf; epWtdk; ngq;fs+Uit NrHe;j ypl;by; I
Nyg;]; vd;w epWtdj;ij 90 &gha; Nfhbf;F thq;fpaJ.
10. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 9 md;W Jdprpah gpujkH> myp yhuhnal; mtuJ gjtpia
uh[pdhkh nra;Js;shH.
11. ,e;jpah [dhjpgjp gpuzhg; KfH[p 12 [dtup 2014 md;W NghHl; gpNsaupy;
me;jkhd; epNfhgH goq;Fb Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdk; (Andaman and Nicobar
Tribal Research and Training Institute) I njhlq;fp itj;jhH.
12. ,e;jpahtpy; ngz;fSf;fhd Kjy; Jg;ghf;fp> epHgPf; (Nirbheek) 06 [dtup 2014
md;W ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
13. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 13 md;W 2013Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd FIFA Ballon dOr tpUij
fpwp];bahNdh nuhdhy;Nlh ngw;whH.
14. Kd;dhy; xypk;gpf; 5000 kPl;lH rhjidahsH fpwp];NlhgH rhl;lhNt (Christopher
Chateway) 19 [dtup 2014k; Mz;L ,we;jhH.
15. 2014Mk; Mz;L [dtup 18 md;W = Mde;j rpd;`h uprHt; tq;fpapd; Jiz ftHdH
gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpdhH.
rkPgj;jpa epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 gpg;uthp
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1. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 2 md;W ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; NkhNdh uapy; Nritia>

kfhuh\;bu Kjy;tH gpupj;tpuh[; rthd; Kk;igapy; Jtf;fp itj;jhH.
2. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 2 md;W 7 tJ uQ;rp buhgp Nghl;bapy; kfhuh\;buh mzpia
Njhw;fbj;J fHehlf mzp ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
3. jpy;yp nkl;Nuh uapy;f;F jpwikahf vuprf;jpia gad;gLj;jpajw;fhf kjpg;Gkpf;f Gold
Standard Foundation (GSF) rhd;wpjo; 2> gpg;utup 2014 md;W toq;fg;gl;lJ.
4. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 4 md;W Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jw;fhy ftpQH kw;Wk; rpe;jidahsH
ù gpurhj; jh];f;F 26 tJ %Hj;jp Njtp tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
5. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 6 md;W kj;jpa muR i`l;NuhfhHgd;
,af;Feuhfj;jpd;(Director General of Hydrocarbon) jiytuhf B.N.Talukdar
epakdk; nra;jij cWjp nra;Js;sJ.
6. [hd; jhk;rd; ikf;Nuhrhg;l; epWtdj;jpd; jiytuhf 4 gpg;utup 2014 md;W epakdk;
nra;ag;gl;lhH.
7. mUdpkh rpd;`h 6 gpg;utup 2014 md;W Amazing Indian tpUij ngw;whH. ,e;jpa
Jiz [dhjpgjp> vk; `kPj; md;rhup ,e;j tpUij toq;fpdH.
8. R\py; nfha;uhyh 11 gpg;utup 2014 md;W Neghsj;jpd; mLj;j gpujkuhf
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH.
9. R.K.Tiwari gpg;utup 9> 2014 md;W Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) Gjpa
jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
10. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 11 md;W Vinod Sawhny upiyad;]; fk;a+dpNf\d;];
epWtdj;jpd; jiyik epHthf mjpfhupahf (CEO) epakpf;fg;gl;lhH
11. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 19 md;W 2012-13 Mk; Mz;bw;f;fhd Njrpa Rw;Wyh tpUij
rpf;fpk; khepyk; ngw;wJ.
12. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 19 md;W Me;jpu Kjy;tH fpuz; FkhH nul;b jdJ Kjy;tH
gjtpia ,uh[pdhkh nra;jhH.
13. r%f tiyj;jskhd Ng];Gf; gpg;utup 19> 2014 md;W WhatsApp ia 19
gpy;ypad;lhyHfSf;F thq;fpAs;sJ.
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14. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 25 md;W kd;Nkhfd; rpq; N[hHghf; rhiyapy; ,e;jpuh
gHathud; gtd;ia njhlq;fp itj;jhH.
15. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 25 md;W n[Hkd; mjpgH mq;Nfyh NkHf;nfy;f;F ,];Nuypa
ehl;by; caupa tpUjhd [dhjpgjp tpUJ n[UrNyk; efuj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
rkPgj;jpa elg;G epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 khHr;
1. 2014k; Mz;L khHr; 1 md;W rTug; re;jpuh> ngl;Nuhypak; kw;Wk; ,aw;if vupthA
mikr;rfj;jpd; nrayhsuhf gjtp Vw;whH.
2. 2014k; Mz;L khHr; 2 md;W 86 tJ Mz;L M];fhH tpUJ 2014 ,y; rpwe;j
glj;jpw;f;fhd tpUij 12 Years A Slave of Steve McQueen vd;w glk; ngw;wJ.
3. [];te;j; rpq; India at Risk - Mistakes, Misconceptions and Misadventures of
security policy vd;w Gj;jfj;ij khHr; 3> 2014 md;W ntspapl;lhH.
4. 2014k; Mz;L khHr; 9 md;W eilngw;w 68 tJ Njrpa fhy;ge;J rhk;gpad; \pg; ,Wjp
Nghl;bapy; kpNrhuk; mzp> uapy;Nt mzpia 3-0 vd;w Nfhy; fzf;fpy; Njhw;fbj;jJ
re;Njh\; buhgpia ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
5. 2014k; Mz;L khHr; 10 md;W ,e;jpa vOj;jhsH gq;f[; kp];uh tpz;l;`hk; fhk;g;ngy;
,yf;fpak; gupR 2014 (Windham Campbell Literature Prize 2014) ia ntw;wp ngw;whH.
6. 2014k; Mz;L khHr; 17 md;W ];ghdp\; ehl;bd; Nfgps; epWtdkhd XNdh-it 10
gpy;ypad; lhyw;F NthlNghd; epWtdk; thq;fpaJ.
7. 2014k; Mz;L khHr; 20 md;W mjpjp fd;dh yz;ldpy; cs;s ,e;jpa gj;jpupifahsH
rq;fj;jpd; Kjy; ngz;fs; jiytuhf NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH.
8. ,e;jpa gj;jpupifahsH Shubhranshu Choudhary mtHfSf;F gpuhe;jpa nra;jp
Nritf;fhf 20 khHr; 2014 md;W b[pl;ly; nray; tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
9. 2014k; Mz;L khHr; 21 md;W ,aw;gpayhsH uhN[\; Nfhg;FkhH mtHfSf;F 2013
Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd mwptpay; Muha;r;rpf;fhf gpHyh mwf;fl;lis toq;Fk; [p.b. gpHyh
tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
10. Mz;b kupNdh vOjpa eNue;jpu Nkhb Rarupij 2014 khHr; 24 md;W
ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
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11. mNlhy;/Ngh Rthurpd;> ];ngapd; Kjy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujkH 2014 khHr; 23

md;W ,we;jhH.
12. 2014 khHr; 24 k; Njjp ,e;jpa tq;fp Kk;igapy; cldb gzk; gupkhw;w (IMT) jpl;lk;
njhlq;fpaJ.
13. ,e;jpa tk;rhtspia NrHe;j Nfhghy; uht; 27 khHr; 2014 md;W ,q;fpyhe;J l;tpl;lH
gupR ngw;whH.
14. Rdpy; fth];fH mtHfis cr;r ePjpkd;wk; 2014 khHr; 28 Mk; Njjp gprprpIapd;
,ilf;fhy jiytuhf epakpj;jJ.
15. 2014k; Mz;L khHr; 31 md;W ,e;jpa njhopy;El;g fofk; (IIb)> jpy;ypia NrHe;j
mk;gH =t];jth mtHfs; `PNkhFNshgpd; msit Nrhjpf;f True Hb Hemo meter
vd;w fUtpia cUthf;fpdhH.
rkPgj;jpa elg;G epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 Vg;uy;
1. 2014Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 1 md;W ,e;jpa mnkupf;fuhd ,ja lhf;lH Rkpj; rTf;
mtHfSf;F Simon Dack Award vd;w caupa tpUJ toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. 3 Vg;uy; 2014 md;W ,e;J];jhd; VNuhdhbf;]; ypkpnll; (vr;Vvy;) epWtdj;Jf;F 2013
Mk; Mz;bw;f;fhd kpfTk; rpwe;j etuj;dh tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Vg;uy; 7> 2014 md;W kj;jpa muR vy;iy ghJfhg;G gilapd; Gjpa ,af;FdH
n[duyhf %j;j Igpv]; mjpfhup b.Nf. gjf; gjtpNaw;whH.
4. Vg;uy; 4> 2014 md;W ,e;jpa tPuH Njhdpf;F tpisahl;L Jiwapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatH
vd;gjw;fhf United Kingdoms 2014 Asian Award toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5. tpz;Nlh]; vf;];gpapd; MAl; fhyk; 8 Vg;uy; 2014 md;Wld; Kbe;jJ. tpz;Nlh];
vf;];gpia cgNahfg;gLj;Jk; gadhspfs; tpz;Nlh];7 f;F khWk; tifapy;
ikf;Nuhrhg;l; epWtdk; jdp mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jp nfhLj;jJ.
6. 2014Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 21 md;W ePjpgjp [p. Nuhfpdp mtHfs; jpy;yp caH
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kjy; ngz; jiyik ePjpgjpahf epakdkpf;fg;gl;lhH.
7. rQ;ra ghUf; mtHfshy; vOjg;gl;l The Accidental Prime Minister: the making
and unmaking of Manmohan Singh vd;w Gj;jfk; Vg;uy; 2014 20 ,y;
ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
8. Nehgy; tpUJ ngw;w gpugy nfhyk;gpah ehl;L vOj;jhsH Nfg;upay; fhH]pah
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khHFNt]; 17 Vg;uy; 2014 md;W fhykhdhH.

9. 2014Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 19 md;W fHehlf ,irf;fiyQH khjq;fp rj;jpa%Hj;jp
mtHfSf;F 2014 Mk; Mz;bw;f;fhd Rg;Gyl;Rkp tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
10. 2014Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 29 md;W uh[Pt; #up mtHfs; Nehf;fpah fhHg;gNu\dpd;
jiytH kw;Wk; jiyik epHthf mjpfhup epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
11. 2014Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 28 md;W g`;iud; ehl;bd; Kjy; ngz; tpkhdpahd ah];kPd;
/gpiu^d; Kjd; Kjyhf me;ehl;bd; gazpfs; tpkhdj;ij ,af;fpAs;shH.
12. 2014Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 26 md;W nld;dp]; tPuH ypahz;lH ga];f;F gj;k g+\d;
tpUjpid FbauR jiytH gpuzhg; KfH[P toq;fpdhH.
13. 2014Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 17 md;W mg;by[p]; ngsl;/gpypfh mtHfs; my;[Pupahtpd;
[dhjpgjpahf njhlHe;J ehd;fhtJ Kiwahf NjHjypy; ngw;whH.
14. uj;jd; lhlh mtHfSf;F ,q;fpyhe;J muR iel; fpuhz;l; fpuh]; (GBE) tpUij 10
Vg;uy; 2014 md;W toq;fpaJ.
15. 2014Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 20 md;W upr;kz;l; Xgd; ];Fth\; Nghl;bapd; ,Wjpr; Rw;wpy;
,e;jpahtpd; N[h\;dh rpd;dg;gh M];jpNuypahitr; NrHe;j Kd;dhs; cyf rhk;gpad;
uhNfy; fpupd;`hik tPo;j;jp rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;whH.
nghJ mwpT rkPgj;jpa epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - Nk 2014
1. ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiytH gpuzhg; KfH[p mtHfs; 2 Nk 2014 Njjp md;W Gfo;ngw;w
tPu jPu nray;fSf;fhd tpUJfis rpwe;j Nrit kw;Wk; JzpTf;fhf 55 egHfSf;F
toq;fpdhH.
2. ,e;jpa Jg;ghf;fp RLk; tPuH kz;tP[j
P ; rpq; rhe;J mtHfs; l];fd; ISSF cyf
Nfhg;ig jq;fk; ntd;w gpwF cyf juthpirapy; %d;whtJ ,lj;ij ngw;whH.
3. cyf gj;jphpif Rje;jpu jpdk; cyfk; KOtJk; 3 Nk 2014 md;W mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. nkhigy; fhg;Ghpik tof;fpy; Mg;gps; epWtdj;Jf;F rhk;rq; vnyf;l;uhdpf;]; epWtdk;
$119.6 kpy;ypad; nrYj;j mnkhpf;f ePjpkd;wk; 4 Nk 2014 md;W cj;juT gpwg;gpj;jJ.
5. ,e;jpa-[pk;ghg;Nt nld;dp]; N[hbahd rhdpah kpHrh kw;Wk; fhuh gpshf; N[hb 4 Nk
2014 md;W NghHr;Rfy; Xgd; nld;dp]; kfspH ,ul;ilaH gl;lj;ij ntd;wdH
6. cr;r ePjpkd;wk; 6 Nk 2014 md;W fHehlf khepyj;jpy; cs;s midj;J Muk;g
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gs;spfspYk; fd;dl nkhop fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fHehlf murpd; Kbit uj;J
nra;jJ.
7. 10 taJf;F Nky; cs;s rpwhHfs; tq;fpapy; Nrkpg;G fzf;if jpwf;f 7 Nk 2014
md;W ,e;jpa uprHt; tq;fp mDkjp toq;fpaJ.
8. ,e;jpa-mnkhpf;fuhd Indira Talwani mtHfis 14 Nk 2014 md;W khr#nrl;];
ePjpgjpahf mnkhpf;f nrdl; cWjp nra;Js;sJ.
9. ePjpgjp gp.v];.rTfhd; mtHfs; 15 Nk 2014 md;W fhtphp eLtH kd;wj;jpd; jiytuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
10. 18 Nk 2014 md;W mUzhr;ry gpuNjrj;jpd; Kjy;tuhf Nabam Tuki mtHfs;
,l;lhefhpy; cs;s uh[;gtdpy; gjtpNaw;whH.
11. jpl;l FO Jiz jiytH khd;Nlf; rpq; mYthypah Nk 17 2014 md;W jdJ
gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpdhH.
12. gthd; rhk;ypq; 5tJ Kiwahf 21 Nk 2014 md;W rpf;fpk; Kjy;tuhf gjtpNaw;W
rhjid Ghpe;jhH.
13. jhk]; G+g;ge;J Nfhg;ig gl;lj;ij [g;ghd; 26 Nk 2014 md;W Kjd; Kjyhf
ntd;wJ.
14. R\;kh ];tuh[; mtHfs; Nk 26 2014 md;W Kjy; ngz; ntspAwT Jiw
mikr;ruhf gjtp Vw;whH.
15. If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; mikjp fhf;Fk; rHtNjr jpdk; cyfk; KOtJk; 30 Nk
2014 md;W mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
rkPgj;jpa elg;G epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 [Pd;
1. 2014k; Mz;L [Pd; 2 md;W epjp mikr;rH mUz; n[l;yp mtHfs; Asian
Development Bank (ADB) ,d; MSeHfs; FOtpd; xUtuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
2. 2014k; Mz;L [Pd; 1 md;W nfhy;fj;jh iel; iulH]; mzp Igpvy; 7 Nfhg;igia
gQ;rhg; mzpia tPo;j;jp ntw;wpngw;wJ.
3. 2014k; Mz;L [Pd; 2 md;W ehl;bd; 29 MtJ khepykhf njYq;fhdh khepyk; 1 [_d;
2014 Mz;L cjakhdJ. me;j ehl;bd; Kjy; khepykhf jpU re;j;uNrfu uht; mtHfs;
gjtpNaw;whH.
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4. 2014k; Mz;L [Pd; 2 md;W fhtpup ghdH[p mtHfs; jghy; Jiwapd; nrayhsuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
5. Jiz ml;kpuy; mdpy; Nrhg;uh mtHfs; 6 [_d; 2014 md;W Nkw;fj;jpa fg;gw;gil
gpuptpd; (WNC) jiyik jsgjpahf gjtpNaw;whH.
6. Rdpy; jj; mtHfs; upiyad;]; ,d;/Nghfhk; epWtdj;jpd; jiytuhf 10 [_d; 2014
md;W epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
7. nyg;bdd;l; n[duy; mkpj; rHkh mtHfs; Strategic Forces Command ,d;
jiyik jsgjpahf 13 [_d; 2014 md;W epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
8. 2014k; Mz;L [Pd; 23 md;W fpNul; `pkhyad; Ne\dy; ghHf; (GHNPCA) cyf
ghuk;gupa gl;baypy; NrHf;fg;gl;lJ.
9. $Ljy; nrayhsH A.K. JNg mtHfs; 25 [_d; 2014 md;W Nfhy; ,e;jpah ypkpnll;
,d; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
10. 24 [_d; 2014 md;W Central Engineers India Ltd kw;Wk; National Buildings
Construction Corporation Mfpa ,uz;L epWtdj;Jf;Fk; etuj;dh me;j];J
toq;fpAJ.
11. gpuhd;]; cs;spl;l 5 ntspehl;L nraw;ifNfhs;fis Ve;jpr;nry;Yk; PSLV C-23
Rocket> =ùpNfhl;lhtpypUe;J 30 [_d; 2014 md;W Vtg;gl;lJ.
12. rQ;ra; fg+H mtHfs; ikf;NuhNkf;]; epWtdj;jpd; jiytuhf 5 [_d; 2014 md;W
epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
13. Getting India Back on track - An Action Agenda for Reform vd;w Gj;jfj;ij
GJ jpy;ypapy; 8 [_d; 2014 Mk; Njjp gpujk ke;jpup eNue;jpu Nkhb mtHfs;
ntspapl;lhH.
14. 2014k; Mz;L [Pd; 8 md;W mg;njy; /gj;jh vy;rprp mtHfs; vfpg;J [dhjpgjpahf
gjtp Vw;whH.
15. [_d; 9> 2014 md;W ,e;jpa tpkhd epiyaq;fs; Mizaj;ij NrHe;j NrhkRe;juk;
mtHfSf;F ,e;jpah VNuhehl;bfy; r%fk; %yk; toq;Fk; 2013 Mk; Mz;bw;f;fhd ghuj;
uj;dh lhl;lh tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
rkPgj;jpa elg;G epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 [Piy
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1. Kd;dhs; nà;bad; (Haitian) [dhjpgjp ny];yp gpuhd;Rth kdpfl; (Leslie

Francois Manigat) mtHfs; 27 [_d; 2014 md;W jdJ 83 MtJ tajpy; ,we;jhH.
2. 2014k; Mz;L [Piy 8 md;W ,e;jpah ntw;wpfukhf mjpNtf VTfizahd gpuNkh];
VTfizia xb\h flw;fiuapy; Nrhjid nra;J ghHj;jJ.
3. Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;Wk; r%f MHtyH rz;b gpurhj; gl; mtHfSf;F 2013 Mk;
Mz;bw;f;fhd kjpg;Gkpf;f fhe;jp mikjp gupR 15 [_iy 2014 md;W FbauR jiytH
gpuzhg; KfH[p mtHfs; toq;fpdH.
4. njd;dhg;gpupf;fhitr; NrHe;j Nehgy; gupR ngw;w vOj;jhsH ehbd; fhHbkH jd; 90-tJ
tajpy; 2014k; Mz;L [Piy 13 (Qhapw;Wf;fpoik) md;W fhykhdhH.
5. gp mNrhf; 16 [_iy 2014 md;W ,e;jpad; Mapy; fhHg;gNu\d; epWtdj;jpd; jiytH
nghWg;Ngw;whH.
6. 2014k; Mz;L [Piy 25 md;W xa; RjHrd; uht; mtHfs; I.rp.n`r;.MH (Indian
Council of Historical Research) ,d; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shH.
7. 2014k; Mz;L [Piy 2 md;W tq;fp gpuptpy; rpwe;j nray;jpwd; nfhz;L nray;gl;l
kfhuh\;buh tq;fpf;F cyf kdpjts Nkk;ghL fhq;fpu]; BFSI tpUJfs; -2014 ,y;
Best Bank - Public Sector vd;Dk; tpUij toq;fpaJ.
8. 2014k; Mz;L [Piy 4 md;W Nfhth MSeH gp.tp.thQ;Nrh mtHfs; jdJ gjtpia
uh[pdhkh nra;jhH.
9. MwhtJ BRICS cr;rpkhehL 2014 [_iy 14 Kjy; 16 tiu NghHjNy[h>gpNurpy;
eilngw;wJ.
10. vk;.Nkj;jh mtHfs; [_iy 7> 2014 md;W upiyad;]; ,d;/g;uh];l;uf;rupd; jiyik
epHthf mjpfhupahf (CEO) epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
11. 2014k; Mz;L [Piy 22 md;W [fhHj;jhtpd; MSeH N[hNfh tpNlhNlh (Joko
Widodo) mtHfs; ,e;NjhNdrpatpd; [dhjpgjp NjHjypy; ntw;wp ngw;whH.
12. Business 20 (B20) cr;rp khehL 18 [_iy 2014 md;W rpl;dp> M];jpNuypahtpy;
eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; G20 ehLfis NrHe;j tHj;jf Jiw NrHe;j egHfs; gq;F ngw;wdH.
13. 2014k; Mz;L [Piy 21 md;W ,e;jpa ntspAwT Jiw (IFS) mjpfhup rQ;rPt; FkhH
rpq;fs (Sanjeev Kumar Singla) mtHfs; gpujkH Nkhbapd; jdpr; nrayhsuhf
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epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shH.
14. 2014k; Mz;L [Piy 23 md;W 20 MtJ fhkd;nty;j; tpisahl;L Nghl;bfs;
fpsh];Nfh> ];fhl;yhe;jpy; njhlq;fpaJ.
15. fhHfpy; tp[a; jpth]; 15 tJ Mz;L epidT ehs; 26 [_iy 2014 md;W ehL
KOtJk; mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ.
rkPgj;jpa elg;G epfTfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G 2014 Mf];l;
1. 2014k; Mz;L Mf];L 1 md;W gr;Nre;jup ghy;> kTz;l; vtnu];l;il Vwpa Kjy;
,e;jpa ngz; mtHfSf;F> ngq;fhyp fpsgpd; kpf caHe;j tpUjhd ghuj; fTut; tpUJ
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
2. mutpe;j; Fg;jh> Kd;dhs; ,e;jpa ntspAwT Jiw mjpfhup> 4 Mf];l; 2014 md;W
Jiz Njrpa ghJfhg;G MNyhrfuhf (NSA) epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
3. rhrh rTjhup kw;Wk; rhG Nghd;w fhkpf; Gj;jf fjhg;ghj;jpuq;fis cUthf;fpa gpugy
fhHl;^dp];l;> gpuhd; FkhH rHkh mtHfs; 5 Mf];l; 2014 md;W ,we;jhH.
4. Kd;dhs; ,e;jpa fpupf;nfl; Mzp tPuH fgpy; Njt; mtHfs; 7 Mf];l; 2014 md;W
mH[{dh tpUJ NjHT FOtpd; jiytuhf NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH.
5. [g;ghdpd; ehfrhfp efH kPJ mZFz;L tPrg;gl;ljd; 69-tJ Mz;L epidTjpdk; 9
Mf];l; 2014 md;W mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ.
6. 2014k; Mz;L Mf];L 9 md;W eNue;jpu Nkhb mtHfs; Gujarats success story in
Water Management vd;w jiyg;gpy; Sriram Vedire mtHfs; vOjpa Gj;jfk;
ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
7. 2014k; Mz;L Mf];L 10 md;W Recep Tayyip Erdogan mtHfs; JUf;fpapd;
gdpuz;lhtJ [dhjpgjpahf gjtp Vw;whH.
8. 2014k; Mz;L Mf];L 20 md;W cyf Gfo; ngw;w Nahfh FU BKS Iaq;fhH jdJ
96 MtJ tajpy; cly; eyf;FiwT fhuzkhf fhykhdhH.
9. 2014k; Mz;L Mf];L 20 md;W bvk; ghrpd; mtHfs; ,e;jpa tq;fpfs; rq;fj;jpd;
jiytH NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH.
10. 2014k; Mz;L Mf];L 22 md;W QhdgPl tpUJ ngw;w Gfo; ngw;w fd;dl vOj;jhsH
A.MH.mde;j;%Hj;jp mtHfs; ngq;fs+upy; jdJ 82 MtJ tajpy; ,we;jhH.
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11. kfhj;kh fhe;jp tho;f;if tuyhw;iw jpiug;glkhf vLj;j Gfo;ngw;w M];fH tpUJ
ntd;w gpupl;b\; jpiug;gl jahupg;ghsH kw;Wk; ebfH upr;rHL ml;ld;gNuh mtHfs; 2014k;
Mz;L Mf];L 24 yz;ldpy; ,we;jhH.
12. 2014k; Mz;L Mf];L 26 md;W MH.vd; utp mtHfs; $l;L Gydha;T FOtpd;
(Joint Intelligence Committee) Gjpa jiytuhf epakdk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;shH.
13. 2014k; Mz;L Mf];L 25 md;W Nfus khepy MSeuhf ,Ue;j nly;ypapd; Kd;dhy;
Kjy;tH \Pyh jPl;rpj; mtHfs; jdJ gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;jhH.
14. ,e;jpa tpkhdg;gil (IAF) kw;Wk; u\pad; $l;likg;G tpkhdg;gil (RFAF)
,ide;J elj;Jk; $l;L gapw;rp Avia Indra-2014 25 Mf];l; 2014 md;W u\;ahtpy;
fh];gpad; fly; mUNf njhlq;fpaJ.
15. 25 Mf];l; 2014 md;W ghgh fy;ahzp ,e;jpah-[g;ghd; tHj;jf jiytHfspd;
kd;wj;jpd; (India-Japan Business Leaders Forum) jiytuhf kPz;Lk; epakdk;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;shH.
16. gpujkH eNue;jpu Nkhb mtHfs; 28 Mf];l; 2014 md;W gpujhd; ke;jpup [hd; jz;
Nah[dh vd;w jpl;lj;ij njhlq;fp itj;jhH.
17. Njrpa tpisahl;L jpdk; ehL KOtJk; 2014 Mf];l; 29 md;W nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.
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Mq;fpyk; - jkpo;; mfuhjp
,e;j Mq;fpy jkpo; mfuhjp MdJ> ePq;fs; Mq;fpy thHj;ijfisj; NjLk; NghJ
kl;Lk; cq;fSf;F gad;gLk; xU rhjhuz mg;spNfrdhf ,y;yhky;> gonkhopfs;>
nghJmwpT> jpwdha;T> jpUf;Fws;> Mj;jpr;#b> vd gytpj jfty;fis cq;fSf;F
,ytrkhf mspf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,ytr mg;spNfrid lTd;NyhL nra;a fPo;fz;l ypq;if
fpspf; nra;aTk;.
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rkPgj;jpa epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 nrg;lk;gH

1. ypgpa ghuhSkd;wk; nrg;lk;gH 1> 2014 md;W gpujkH mg;Jy;yh my; jPd;dp mtHfis
kPz;Lk; gpujkuhf epakpj;jJ.
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2. 2 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W [g;ghd; ehl;by; cs;s ehfrhfp gy;fiyf;fof

Muha;r;rpahsHfs; vNghyh itu]; ,Ug;gJ fz;lwpaf; $ba RT-LAMP vd;w xU Gjpa
Kiwia cUthf;fpdH.
3. rHtNjr XNrhd; ghJfhg;G jpdk; 16 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W cyfk; KOtJk;
mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. 20 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W I.eh. nghJ nrayhsH ghd; fp.%d; Un Mission for Ebola
Emergency Response vd;w xU GJ jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fp mwptpg;ig ntspapl;lhH.
5. cyf ,Uja jpdk; 29 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W cyfk; KOtJk; mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
6. kj;jpa jfty; kw;Wk; xypgug;G Jiw mikr;rfk; 19 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W Ie;J
,e;jpa nkhopfspy; All India Radio tpd; ,ytr nra;jp v];vk;v]; Nritia njhlq;fp
itj;jJ.
7. gfj; rpq; mtHfspd; 107tJ gpwe;j ehs; tpoh 28 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W
mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
8. cj;jufz;l; khepyj;ijnahl;ba ,kakiy mbthuj;jpy; Aj; mg;ah]; 2014 vd;w
ngahpy; ,e;jpa-mnkhpf;f ,uhZt tPuHfs; $l;Lg; NghHg; gapw;rpia 17 nrg;lk;gH 2014
Kjy; njhlq;fpdH.
9. 4 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W cyf Rfhjhu mikg;G(WHO) jw;nfhiy jLg;gJ Fwpj;J
mjd; Kjy; mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lJ.
10. 29 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W Me;jpu khepy muR b[pl;ly; Me;jpu jpl;lj;Jf;F $Fs;
,e;jpah epWtdj;Jld; Ghpe;JzHT xg;ge;jk; xd;wpy; ifnaOj;jpl;lJ.
11. Nkf; ,d; ,e;jpah gpur;rhuj;ij nrg;lk;gH 25> 2014 md;W gpujkH Jtf;fpdhH.
12. 19 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W cj;jpugpuNjrk; khepyj;jpy; cs;s midj;J
khtl;lq;fspYk; epHgah(Nirbhaya) ikaq;fis jpwf;f KbT nra;jJ.
13. J}HjH\d; jdJ Nritia njhlq;fp 55 Mz;Lfs; epiwtile;jij nrg;lk;gH 15>
2014 md;W nfhz;lhbaJ.
14. Me;jpu khepyj;jpd; Gjpa jiyefuk; tp[athlh gFjpapy; mika cs;sJ vd;W
mk;khepy Kjyikr;rH re;jpughG ehAL mtHfs; 4 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W khepy
rl;lkd;wj;jpy; njhptpj;jhH.
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15. ,e;jpahtpd; gok;ngUik tha;e;j gy;fiyf;fofkhd ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofk; 800

Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF kPz;Lk; 1 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W nray;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.
rkPgj;jpa elg;G epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 mf;NlhgH
1. khd; fp ghj; vd;w mfpy ,e;jpa thndhyp epfo;r;rp %yk; kf;fsplk; mf;NlhgH 3>
2014 md;W gpujkH eNue;jpu Nkhb ciuahw;wpdhH.
2. %j;j gj;jpupf;ifahsUk;> gpurhH ghujp mikg;gpd; Kd;dhs; jiytUkhd vk;.tp.fhkj;
9 mf;NlhgH 2014 md;W fhykhdhH.
3. cyf ngz; Foe;ijfs; jpdk; cyfk; KOtJk; 11 mf;NlhgH 2014 md;W
mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. fpuhkq;fis tsHr;rp milar; nra;tjw;fhf rhd;rj; MjH\; fpuhk; Nah[;dh vd;Dk;
khjpup fpuhkq;fis vk;.gp.f;fs; cUthf;Fk; jpl;lj;ij gpujkH Nkhb 11 mf;NlhgH 2014
md;W njhlq;fp itj;jhH.
5. 13 mf;NlhgH 2014 md;W gpugy ftpQH rkPH mtHfSf;F 2012-13 Mk; Mz;bw;f;fhd
Njrpa fpN\hH FkhH tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ
6. mfpy ,e;jpa jpupzhKy; fhq;fpuR fl;rpapd; vk;. gp.ahd fgpy; fpU\;zh jh$H
mtHfs; EiuaPuy; ghjpg;G fhuzkhf jdJ 73 tajpy; nfhy;fj;jhtpy; 2014 mf;NlhgH
13 k; Njjp md;W ,we;jhH.
7. 14 mf;NlhgH 2014 md;W fTjk; uha; mtHfs; nrd;id ngl;Nuhypak; fhHg;gNu\d;
ypkpnll; epWtdj;jpd; Gjpa epHthf ,af;Fduhf (MD)epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shH.
8. jpypg; bNrhrh vOjpa Final Test: Exit Sachin Tendulkar vd;w Gj;jfk; 15mf;NlhgH
2014 md;W ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
9. Standing Conference of Public Enterprises iluf;lH n[duy; Dr UD Choubey
mtHfs; vOjpa Untold Story of the Indian Public Sector vd;w Gj;jfj;ij ,e;jpaf;
FbauRj; Jizj; jiytH `kPj; md;rhup mtHfs; 14 mf;NlhgH 2014 md;W
ntspapl;lhH.
10. cyf czT jpdk; 2014 mf;NlhgH 16 md;W cyfk; KOtJk; mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ.
11. ,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;j tpQ;Qhdp rQ;ra uh[huhk; mtHfSf;F 2014 Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd
cyf czT gupR 2014 mf;NlhgH 18 md;W toq;fg;gl;lJ.
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12. ,e;jpa uprHt; tq;fpapd; MSeH lhf;lH uFuhk; uh[d; mtHfSf;F 10 mf;NlhgH 2014
md;W th\pq;ldpy; 2014 Mk; Mz;bw;f;fhd a+Nuhkdpapd; kj;jpa tq;fpapd; MSeH
tpUJ (Euromoneys Central Bank Governor of the Year Award 2014) toq;fg;gl;lJ.
13. cyf Gfo; ngw;w Mil tbtikg;ghsH M];fhH b yh nud;lh mtHfs; 20
mf;NlhgH 2014 md;W capH ,oe;jhH.
14. ghHrpNyhdh fhy;ge;J mzp tPuH Y}ap]; Rthu]; mtHfSf;F mf;NlhgH 16> 2014
md;W INuhg;gpa Nfhy;ld; g+l; tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
15. 21 mf;NlhgH 2014 md;W ,e;jpa-mnkupf;fuhd mdpjh vk; rpq; mtHfs; mnkupf;f
ePjpj;Jiwapd; Njrpa ghJfhg;G gpuptpd; (NSD) jiyik mjpfhup kw;Wk; MNyhrfuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shH.
rkPgj;jpa elg;G epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 etk;gH
1. 2014k; Mz;L etk;gH 2 md;W `hf;fp ,e;jpahtpd; jiytH ehupe;jH gj;uh mtHfs;
rHtNjr `hf;fp $l;likg;gpd; (FIH) nraw;FO cWg;gpdH MdhH.
2. 4 etk;gH 2014 md;W `hf;fp ,e;jpah jiytH ehupe;jH gj;uh mtHfSf;F
nkhNuhf;Nfhtpy; rHtNjr `hf;fp $l;likg;gpd; (`hf;fp) %yk; nfsutkpf;f Presidents
Award toq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. 4 etk;gH 2014 md;W ,j;jhypa ,aw;gpayhsH Fabiola Gianotti mtHfs; rp<MHvd;,d; mLj;j Kjy; ngz; jiyik mjpfhupahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
4. rr;rpd; nlz;Ly;fH mtHfspd; Rarupij Playing It My Way vd;w Gj;jfk; Kk;igapy;
5 etk;gH 2014 md;W ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
5. rQ;ra; gNt[h mtHfs; Flipkart epWtdj;jpd; jiyik epjp mjpfhupahf (CFO) 5
etk;gH> 2014 md;W epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
6. 2014k; Mz;L etk;gH 5 md;W fpwp];bahNdh nuhdhy;Nlh mtHfs; 2013-14 Mk;
Mz;bw;f;fhd INuhg;gpa Nfhy;ld; g+l; tpUij ngw;whH.
7. %j;j I.MH.v]; mjpfhup mdpjh fg+H mtHfs; 5 etk;gH 2014 md;W Neub tupf;fhd
kj;jpa thupaj;jpd; Gjpa jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
8. Njrpa Gw;WNeha; tpopg;GzHT jpdk; ehL KOtJk; 2014 etk;gH 7 Mk; Njjp md;W
mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ.
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9. Havells India Limited epWtdj;jpd; jiytH Qimat Rai Gupta mtHfs; 7 etk;gH
2014 md;W ,we;jhH.
10. 2014k; Mz;L etk;gH 7 md;W cyf nr]; rhk;gpad;\pg; 2014 Nrhrp> u\;ahtpy;
njhlq;fpAs;sJ.
11. MwhtJ cyf MAHNtj fhq;fpu]; (WAC) khehL etk;gH 6 Kjy; etk;gH 9 2014
tiu GJ jpy;ypapy; eilngw;wJ. ,e;j khehL Theme Health Challenges and
Ayurveda vd;gJ MFk;.
12. Foe;ijfs; jpdk; etk;gH 14 md;W ,e;jpah KOtJk; mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Foe;ijfs; jpdk; gz;bl; [tfHyhy; NeU mtHfspd; gpwe;jehshd etk;gH
14 md;W Mz;LNjhWk; mDrupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J [tfHyhy; NeU mtHfspd; 125 MtJ
gpwe;jehs; MFk;.
13. [p 20 ehLfspd; jiytHfs; khehL M];jpNuypahtpy; cs;s gpup];Ngd; efuj;jpy;
njhlq;fpaJ. ,e;j khehL 15 kw;Wk; 16 etk;gH 2014 Mfpa ,uz;L jpdq;fspy;
eilngw;wJ. ,J 9-tJ khehL MFk;.
14. rHtNjr ngsj;j khehL 2014 Yk;gpdp> Neghsj;jpy; 15 etk;gH 2014 Kjy; 18 etk;gH
2014 tiu eilngw;wJ.
15. 2014k; Mz;L etk;gH 18 md;W ,e;jpah> rPdh $l;L ,uhZt gapw;rpia Hand-inHand GNdtpy; njhlq;fpaJ.
rkPgj;jpa elg;G epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 brk;gH
1. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 2 md;W> rp.gp.I.>apd; Gjpa ,af;Feuhf mdpy; rpd;`h
epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
2. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 3 md;W> jpNahjH buhgp Nghl;bapy; fpof;F kz;lyk; gl;lj;ij
ngw;wJ.
3. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 1 md;W> Iehtpd; thdpiy khehL ngU ehl;by; njhlq;fpaJ.
,e;jpah cl;gl 190f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehLfspy; ,Ue;J te;Js;s mjpfhupfs; ,jpy; gq;F
ngw;Ws;sdH.
4. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 6 md;W> `hf;fp rhk;gpad;]; buhgp xbrh GtNd];tupy; cs;s
fypq;fh ];Nlbaj;jpy; njhlq;fpaJ.
5. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 7 md;W> Ie;jhtJ cyf Nfhg;ig fgb Nghl;b gQ;rhgpy;
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cs;s [ye;jupy; njhlq;fpaJ. ,jpy; 15 ehLfspy; ,Ue;J 19 mzpfs; gq;F ngw

cs;sd> mjpy; 11 Mz;fs; kw;Wk; 8 ngz;fs; mzpfs; mlq;Fk;.
6. kdpj cupikfs; jpdk; brk;gH 10k; Njjp cyfk; KOtJk; mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ
7. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 8 md;W> cyf tq;fpapd; xU mikg;ghd gyjug;G KjyPl;L
cj;juthj epWtdj;jpy; (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency - MIGA) g+l;lhd;
181 MtJ cWg;gpduhf ,ize;jJ.
8. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 10 md;W> ue;jPH rpq; mtHfs; rHtNjr xypk;gpf; fkpl;bapd;
(IOC) nfsut cWg;gpduhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
9. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 10 md;W> %j;j IVv]; mjpfhup mDuhf; n[apd; mtHfs;
gpujkH mYtyfj;jpd; (PMO) ,izr; nrayhsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
10. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 14 md;W> jpNd\;tH rHkh(Dineshwar Sharma)) mtHfs;
csTj; Jiwapd; (IB) mLj;j jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
11. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 12 md;W> mUdpkh rpd;`h mtHfs; vOjpa Born Again on
the Mountain vd;w Gj;jfj;ij eNue;jpu Nkhb mtHfs; ntspapl;lhH.
12. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 14 md;W> `hf;fp rhk;gpad;]; buhgp Nghl;bapy; n[Hkdp mzp
ghfp];jhd; mzpia 2-0 vd;W ntw;wpngw;wJ.
13. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 18 md;W> ,];Nuh ntw;wpfukhf [p.v];.vy;.tp-khHf;-3
tpz;fyj;ij ntw;wpfukhf VtpaJ.
14. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 19 md;W> upr;rHl; uhFy; tHkh mtHfs; ,e;jpahTf;fhd
mnkupf;f J}jH epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
15. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 10 md;W> ifyh\; rj;jpahHj;jp> kyhyh mikjpf;fhd Nehgy;
gupir gfpHe;J nfhz;ldH.

murpayikg;G mYtyfq;fs;
1. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> FbauRj; jiytH ahH? - gpuzhg; KfH[p
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2. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Jiz FbauRj; jiytH ahH? - KfkJ `kPJ

md;rhup
3. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> jiyik ePjpgjp (Chief Justice of India) ahH? - vr;.
vy;. jj;J
murpay; mYtyfk;
4. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> gpujkH ahH? - eNue;jpu Nkhb
5. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kf;fsitj; jiytH ahH? - Rkpj;jpuh kf[d;
murpay; Jiw mYtyHfs;
6. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> ghJfhg;Gj; Jiw mikr;rH ahH? - kNdhfH ghupf;fH
7. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> ntspAwTj; Jiw mikr;rH ahH? - R\;kh Rtuh[;
8. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> epjpaikr;rH ahH? - mUz; n[l;yp
9. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> cs;Jiw mikr;rH ahH? - uh[;ehj; rpq;
10. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Ntshz;ikj;Jiw mikr;rH ahH? - ,uhjh Nkhfd;
rpq;
11. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rH ahH? - ,RkpUjp
Rgpd; ,uhdp
12. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> uapy;Nt mikr;rH ahH? - RNu\; gpuG
13. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> rl;lk; kw;Wk; ePjp mikr;rH ahH - b. tp. rjhde;j
nfslh
jiyik epjpaikg;gpd; jiytHfs;
14. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> 14tJ epjp Mizaj;jpd; (Finance Commission of
India) jiytH ahH? - Y. NtZNfhghy; nul;b
15. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> uprHt; tq;fpapd; MSeH ahH? - uFuhk;
Nfhtpe;juh[d;
16. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> gq;F kw;Wk; guptHj;jid thupaj;jpd; jiytH ahH?
- cNge;jpuh FkhH rpd;fh
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17. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> fhg;gPL xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L Mizaj;jpd;

(Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDA)) jiytH ahH? b. v];. tp[ad;
18. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> 7tJ Cjpa fkp\dpd; jiytH ahH? - mNrhf;
FkhH kJ}H
19. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> rpW njhopy;fs; Nkk;ghl;L tq;fpapd; (SIDBI)
jiytH ahH? - Kshatrapati Shiaji
murpd; cr;r gpupTfspd; jiytHfs;
1. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> jiyik NjHjy; MizaH ahH? - iraJ erPk;
mfkj; i[jp
2. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ahH?
- ePjpgjp rpupahf; N[hrg;
3. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kj;jpa jfty; Mizaj;jpd; jiyik MizaH
ahH? - tp[a; rHkh
4. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa rpWghd;ikapdH ey Mizaj;jpd; jiytH
ahH? - = erPk; mfkJ
5. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa jho;j;jg;gl;NlhH ey Mizaj;jpd; jiytH
ahH? - gp.vy;. Gdpah
6. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa goq;FbapdH ey Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ahH?
- uNk\;tH XNuhd;
7. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa kfspH Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ahH? - yypjh
Fkhukq;fyk;
8. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> mZ rf;jp fkp\dpd; jiytH ahH? - uj;jd; FkhH
rpd;`h
9. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikaj;jpd; (,];Nuh) jiytH ahH?
- V.v];. fpuz; FkhH
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10. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> xd;wpa muRg;gzpahsH NjHthizaj;jpd; (UPSC)

jiytH ahH? - jPgf; Fg;jh
11. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa mwpTrhH Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ahH? - rhk;
gpl;Nuhlh
12. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf; FOj; (University Grants
Commission) jiytH ahH? - Ntj; gpufh\; (Ved Prakash)
13. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kj;jpa ePH Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ahH? - m\;tpd;
gp. ghz;bah
14. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> tpz;ntsp gad;ghLfs; ikaj;jpd; (Space
Application Center) epHthfp (iluf;lH) ahH? - jgd; kp];uh (Tapan Misra)
mjpfhuj;Jtj;jpdH
1. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> mikr;ruit nrayhsH ahH? - gp.Nf rpd;`h
2. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa ghJfhg;G MNyhrfH ahH? - m[Pj; FkhH
Nlhty;
3. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> khepyq;fsit nghJr; nrayhsH ahH? - \k;\H
K.n\uP/g;(Shumsher K. Sheriff)
4. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kf;fsitapd; nghJr; nrayhsH ahH? - mD}g;
kp];uh
5. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> ml;lHdp n[duy; (Attorney General) ahH? - KFy;
Nuh`hl;fp (Mukul Rohatgi)
6. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kj;jpa fzf;F jzpf;if mjpfhhp (Comptroller and
Auditor General of India) ahH? - rrp fhe;j; rHkh (Shashi Kant Sharma)
7. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> nghJ rl;lKftH (Solicitor General of India) ahH?
- uQ;rpj; FkhH
8. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Kjd;ik tpQ;Qhd MNyhrfH ahH? - uh[Nfhghy
rpjk;guk;
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9. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; epue;jug; gpujpepjp ahH? mNrhf; FkhH KfH[p
10. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> uapy;Nt thupaj;jpd; jiytH ahH? - AK kpl;ly;
11. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> ntspAwTj;Jiwj; nrayhsH ahH? - Rg;ukzpak;
n[a;rq;fH
12. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kj;jpa cs;Jiw nrayhsH (Union Home
Secretary) ahH? - LC Nfhay;
13. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> epjpj;Jiwr; nrayhsH ahH? - uh[pt; nkfpup\p
(Rajiv Mehrishi)
nghJ mwpT
mwptpay; fUtpfs;
Nguz;lj;jpd; mikg;G
xsp kw;Wk; xyp
kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; fhe;jtpay;
ntg;gk;
tpir kw;Wk; Mw;wy;
gUg;nghUspd; gz;GfSk;> ,af;fq;fSk;
mZ kw;Wk; mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;
mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
epiyahd myFfs;
mkpyq;fs;
cg;Gfs;
cuq;fs;> g+r;rp kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; g+r;rpf;nfhy;yp
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Ntjpapay; jhJf;fs; kw;Wk; cNyhfq;fs;

fhHgd; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; fyitfs;
jdpkq;fs; kw;Wk; NrHkq;fs;
kio> thdpiy kw;Wk; gUtepiy
,aw;if tsk;
,e;jpa MWfs;
kz; kw;Wk; ,aw;if jhtuq;fs;

Njrpa rpd;dk;
Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; MrphpaHfs;
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
fhLfs; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Ffs;
Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; Mf;]p[ndhLf;fk;
Njrpa mwptpay; Ma;Tf;$lq;fs;
elg;G epfo;Tfs; - tpUJfs;
jhtu nry;
tptrha Kiw
kf;fs; njhif
ekJ g+kp
ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfs;
tpyq;Ffs; - ,dg;ngUf;f Kiw
,aw;if mopTfs;
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mwptpay; fUtpfs;
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
,Ujaj;jpd;
mirTfis
mwpa
cjTk;
fUtp
vJ
fhHbNahfpuhk;
$ypl;[; Foha; gad;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gLk; fjpHfs; - X fjpHfs;
fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ijf; fhz cjTk; fUtpapd; ngaH - mdpNkh
kPl;lH
flYf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;fis fhz cjTk; fUtp - NrhdhH
tpkhdq;fspd; Ntfj;ijf; fzf;fpl gad;gLk; fUtp - NlNfh
kPl;lH
thfdq;fspd; rf;fuj;Jld; ,izj;J thfdk; vt;tsT J}uk;
Rw;wpAs;sJ vd;gij fz;lwpAk; fUtp - XNlhkPl;lH
xU kpd;Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpff;Fiwthd kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij msf;fg;
gad;gLk; fUtp - fhy;tNdhkPl;lH
xU kpy;ypkPl;liu tpl Fiwthd ePsj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLtJ ntHdpaH msTNfhy;
Mfha tpkhdk; gwf;Fk; cauj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLk; fUtp mdpuha;L ghukhdp
njhiy Nehf;fpia fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - fyPypNah fypyp
ghf;Bupah> itu]; Nghd;w Ez;ZapHfisf; fhzg;gad;gLk;
fUtp - Ez;Nehf;fp
jpUF mstp d; tpl;lj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ nky;ypafk;gp
ePuhtp vQ;rpidf; fz;Lgpbj;jtH - N[k;];thl;
mfr;rptg;G fjpHfisf; fz;lwpe;jtH - rH tpy;ypak; n`Hn\y;
flypd; mbapypUe;J Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s nghUl;fisf; fhzg;
gad;gLk; fUtp - ngup];Nfhg;
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Nguz;lj;jpd; mikg;G
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
#upa FLk;gj;jpy; ntspg;Gwj;jpypUe;J mz;lntspapy; cUthFk;

fjpHfs; - fh];kpf; fjpHfs;
tpz;ntspf;Fr; nrd;w Kjy; ,e;jpa ngz;kzp ahH - fy;gdh
rht;yh
jw;Nghija thdpay; Ma;Tfspd;gb mz;lj;jpd; taJ - 13.73
gpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs;
#upaDf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s Nfhs; vJ - Gjd;
nts;spf;Nfhs; #upaid Rw;wptu vLj;Jf;nfhy;Yk; fhyk; - 225
ehl;fs;
rptg;G epwKila Nfhs; vJ - nrt;tha;
rdpf;NfhSf;F vj;jid Jizf;Nfhs;fs; cs;sd - 60
khwhj
ntgg;epiyapy;
thAtpd;
fdmsTk;
mOj;jKk;
vjpHtpfpjj; njhlHigg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J ve;j tpjpiaf;
Fwpf;fpwJ - ghapy; tpjp
fy;gdh rht;yh tpz;ntspf;Fr; nrd;w Mz;L - 1997
re;jpuhad; - 1 epyTf;F nrd;w tUlk; - 2008
nek;GNfhy; jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mOj;j tpisTfisf; fz;lwpe;jtH
- MHf;fpkpb];
Nfhs;fspd; ePs;tl;lg;ghijia fz;Lgpbj;jtH - N[h`d;d];
nfg;sH
nrt;tha; Nfhspd; Nkw;gug;G ntg;gepiy - 293K
,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - ngq;fs+H
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; nraw;iff;Nfhs; Vtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1975
xsp kw;Wk; xyp
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31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
37)
38)
39)
40)
41)
42)
43)
44)
45)
xsp
vjpnuhspg;Gj;
jsj;jpy; gLfpd;w xspf;fjpH
.
MFk; - gLfjpH
ngup];Nfhg;>
fiylh];Nfhg;
Nghd;wtw;wpy;
ve;j
jj;Jtk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ - gd;Kf vjpnuhspg;G
xU xspapd; miyePsk; ehd;F klq;fhff; Fiwe;jhy; mjd;
rpjwy; msT - 256 klq;F mjpfupf;Fk;
xypapd; kjpg;G vjidg; nghWj;J ,Uf;Fk; - tPr;R
nra;jpj;njhlHGr; iriffis mDg;Gtjw;Fg; gad;gLtJ vJ xsp,io
ntsthy;fs; jhk; gwf;Fk; jpiria vjidg; gad;gLj;jp
mwpfpd;wd - kPnahyp
Kjd; Kjypy; tspkz;ly %yf;$Wfspy; xspr;rpjwy; gw;wpf;
$wpatH ahH - yhHl; uhNy
mZf;fs; my;yJ %yf;$Wfs; kPJ gl;L rpjwyile;j xsp
/Nghl;lhd;fisf; nfhz;L vtw;iw vspjhf mwpayhk; - ,uhkd;
tpisT
,uhkd; epwkhiy cjtpAld; %yf;$W mikg;Gfs; gpupf;fg;gl;L
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd - jdpkq;fs;
kdpjdpd; nrtpAzH xypapd; mjpHntz; neLf;fk; vd;d - 20
Kjy; 20>000 n`Hl;]; tiu
xspa+l;lg;gl;l gpsT Nghd;w NeHg;Nghf;F xsp %yk; cUthf;Fk;
miyKfg;G - cUis tbt miyKfg;G
epa+l;ld; tisaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jputj;jpd; .. ia
fzf;fplyhk; - xsptpyfy; vz;
<ur;Rg; gbfj;jpw;F XH vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf - ikf;fh
Ma;Tf; $lq;fspy; js tpisTw;w xspia cUthf;fg;
gad;gLtJ - Nghyuha;L
fdlh ghy;rkpd; xd;wpd; xsptpyfy; vz; - 1.550
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kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; fhe;jtpay;
46)
47)
48)
49)
50)
51)
52)
53)
54)
55)
56)
57)
58)
59)
kpd;dhw;wiy ve;jpu Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; Roy; fUtp vJ kpd;Nkhl;lhH

Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpiria khw;wpaikf;Fk; fUtp
- jpirkhw;wp
xU
fk;gpr;
RUspy;
fhe;jg;ghak;
khWk;nghOJ> mjpy;
kpd;dpaf;F tpir
J}z;lg;gLk; vd;gijf;
fz;lwpe;jtH /ghuNl
kpd;dpaw;wpapy;
ve;jpu
Mw;wy; Mw;wyhf
khw;wg;gLfpwJ - kpd;dhw;wy;
ildNkhitf; fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - ikf;Nfy; ghuNl
vyf;l;uhd;fs;
,aq;Fk;
kpd;D}l;lq;fshf
vtw;wpy;
nray;gLfpd;wd - cNyhff; flj;jpfs;
kpd;dOj;j
NtWghl;il
msf;fg; gad;gLtJ vJ Nthy;l;kPl;lH
tzpf Kiwapy; kpd;dhw;wiy .. vd;w myfhy;
msf;fg;gLfpwJ - fpNyhthl; kzp
Kjypy; kpd;fyj;ij cUthf;fpatH ahH - Nthy;lh
fiury;
topNa
kpd;Ndhl;lk;
gha;e;J> Ntjp
khw;wj;ij
cUthf;FtJ .. MFk; - kpd;dhw;gFj;jy;
Nthy;lh
kpd;fyj;jpy; ,U kpd;tha;fSf;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l
kpd;dOj;j NtWghL - 1.08V
nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyj;jpy; kpd;gF jputkhfg; gad;gLtJ vJ mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL
Jiz
kpd;fyd;fspy;
eilngWk;
Ntjp tpidfs; ..
MFk; - kPs;tpidfs;
nghJthfg; gad;gLk; Jiz kpd;fyd; vJ - fhuPa mkpy
Nrkf;fyd;
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60)
nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fydpd; kpd; ,af;F tpir ......... MFk; - 1.5 V
ntg;gk;
61)
62)
63)
64)
65)
66)
67)
68)
69)
70)
71)
ntg;g ,af;ftpaypd; Kjy;tpjp vjd; moptpd;ikahy; cz;lhFk;

tpisT - Mw;wy;
Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;g epiyapy; i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; Mf;]p[d;
,tw;wpd; RMS jpirNtfq;fspd; jfT - 4
ntg;g khw;wPlw;w epfo;tpd;NghJ> xU njhFjpapd; khw;wkilahj
gz;G vJ - ntg;gk;
fpilj;jsg;gug;gpy;
efUk;
vWk;G
xd;wpw;fhd
nkhj;j
cupikg;gbfs; - 2
thAtpd; ,af;ftpaw; nfhs;ifapd;gb %yf;$W xd;wpd; ruhrup
,af;f Mw;wy; - 3/2kT
,ay;G thA xd;wpd; mf Mw;wy; ,Ug;gJ - KOtJk; ,af;f
Mw;wyhf
xU ,aq;Fk; FspHg;gjdp xU %ba miwapDs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
NghJ miwapd; ntg;gepiy - caUk;
fPof
; ;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ mjpfkhd mstpy; ntg;gj;ijf; fjpHtPRk; nrhunrhug;ghd fUikg; gug;G
,ay;G
ntg;gepiyapy;
gdpf;fl;b
xU
miwapDs;
itf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd; mJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vt;thW ,Uf;Fk; Fiwthf fjpHtPRfpwJ. Mdhy; mjpfkhf cl;ftUfpwJ
XuZ %yf;$W xd;wpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf - `Pypak;
ntg;gf; fjpHtPr;R mstpidAk;> #upa khwpypiaAk; mse;jpl
gd;gLk; fUtp i`gH`PypNahkPl;lH
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72)
73)
74)
75)
fhHdhl; ntg;g ,ae;jpuk; ntg;g Mw;wiy ---------------- Mw;wyhf

khw;Wk; xU fUtp MFk; - ve;jpu Mw;wy;
gha;kj;jpy; cs;s Jfs;fspd;> ,af;fj;jpd; %ykhfNt ntg;gk;>
Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F khw;wg;gLk; epfo;T -------------MFk; - ntg;gr; rydk;
ntg;g ,af;ftpaypd; Roptpjp $wpaJ ahH - /g;stH
etPd ,af;ftpaw; nfhs;ifia epWtpatH ahH - Nldpay;
ngHndsp
tpir kw;Wk; Mw;wy;
76)
77)
78)
79)
80)
81)
82)
83)
84)
85)
xU nghUspd; KLf;fj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; - rkd; nra;ag;glhj tpir

ce;j khWghl;L tPjj;jpw;Fr; rkkhd ,aw;gpay; msT - tpir
xypg;ngUf;fp> kpd;rhu kzp Mfpatw;wpy; kpd; Mw;wy; .
Mw;wyhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ - xyp Mw;wy;
Xa;T epiyapYs;s fdkhd nghUspd; ce;jk; - Rop
rkkw;w Gwtpirfs; nray;glhj tiu> XH mikg;gpd; nkhj;j
ce;jk; khwhJ vd;gJ .. tpjp MFk; - ce;j moptpd;ik
tpjp
Nfhs;fSf;Fk; #upaDf;Fk; ,ilNa nray;gLk; tpir <Hg;Gtpir
ePH
kpd;epiyaq;fspy; tpOfpd;w
ePupd;
epiy
Mw;wyhdJ
. Mw;wyhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ - kpd; Mw;wy;
kpd;dpaw;wpapy;
ve;jpu
Mw;wy;
. Mw;wyhf
khw;wg;gLfpwJ - kpd;dhw;wy;
epyf;fupia gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; kpd;rhuk; - mdy;
kpd;rhuk;
ePH gdpf;fl;bahf ciwAk;NghJ - ntg;gk; ntspaplg;gLk;
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86)
87)
88)
89)
90)
kpd; tprpwpapy; Vw;gLk; Mw;wy; khw;wk; vd;d - kpd; Mw;wy;

,af;f Mw;wyhf
ntg;gk; xU tif Mw;wy; vd;gij fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - N[k;];
[_y;
kpd;fyq;fspy; Ntjpahw;wy; . Mw;wyhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ kpd; Mw;wy;
ntg;g Mw;wiy nfhLf;Fk; Kjd;ik %yk; vJ - #upad;
vupnghUspy; cs;s Ntjpahw;wy; vt;tif Mw;wyhf khWfpwJ ntg;g Mw;wy;> xsp Mw;wy;
gUg;nghUspd; gz;GfSk;> ,af;fq;f Sk;
91)
92)
93)
94)
95)
96)
97)
98)
99)
epa+l;ldpd; Kjy; ,af;ftpjpapypUe;J mwpag;gLk; fUj;J epiykk;

nghUspd; epiykk; Neupailahf vjidr; rhHe;jJ - epiw
vjdbg;gilapy; uhf;nfl; nray;gLfpwJ - epa+l;ldpd; %d;whk;
,af;ftpjp
Jfs; xd;W tl;lg;ghijapy; Rw;wptUk;NghJ> mjd; KLf;fk;
,jd; topNa Vw;gLk; - Muk;
tl;l ,af;fj;jpy; cs;s Jfs; xd;W> rk fhyq;fspy; rk
Nfhzq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhy; mjd; jpirNtfk; vt;thW ,Uf;Fk; jpirapy; kl;Lk; khWk;
tpirnahd;W nray;gLk;NghJ Jfs; tl;lg;ghijapy; ,aq;fpdhy;>
tpir nra;j Ntiy - Rop
nghUspd; epiykj; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; gq;fhw;WtJ - Roy; ,af;fk;
nghUspd; ,af;fj;jpw;F vjpHjpirapy; nray;gLtJ . tpir
MFk; - cuha;T tpir
NeHf;Nfhl;L ,af;fj;jpd; epiwf;Fr; rkkhd Roy; ,af;f msT epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd;
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100)
101)
102)
103)
104)
105)
,af;f Mw;wypy; Vw;gLk; ,og;G .. Mw;wyhf khwf;$Lk; ntg;g Mw;wy;

nghUspd;
epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd;
vjidr;
rhHe;jjy;y
Nfhzj;jpirNtfk;
nghUs;fspd;
,af;fj;jpw;Fk;
nray;gLk;
tpirfSf;Fk;
,ilapyhd njhlHigg; gw;wp $WtJ - tpirapay;
Jfs; fle;j njhiyT vd;gJ .. msT MFk; - ];NfyhH
epyT Gtpiar; Rw;wp tUk;NghJ> mtw;wpw;fpilNaahd <Hg;gpay;
tpir .. tpiria Vw;gLj;JfpwJ - ikaNehf;F tpir
miyTWk; Cry; vt;tif Mw;wiyg; ngw;Ws;sJ - ,af;f
Mw;wy;
mZ kw;Wk; mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;
106)
107)
108)
109)
110)
111)
112)
113)
114)
&jHNghHL mZ khjpupapd;gb> mZ xd;wpd; epwkhiy - njhlH

epwkhiy
midj;Jj; jdpkq;fSk; i`l;u[d; mZf;fshy; Mdit vdf;
$wpatH - gpnusl;
jhk;rd; nfhs;ifapd;gb i`l;u[d; jUk; epwkhiy tupapd;
miyePsk; - 1300 Mk;];l;uhq;
vf;nfhs;ifapd;gb> KLf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l vyf;l;uhd; mjd; Nfhzj;
jpirNtfj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk; - kpd;fhe;jf; nfhs;if
i`l;u[dpd; madpahf;f kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; vt;tsT - 13.6eV
X fjpHfs; vt;tif kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;Ws;sJ - kpd;D}l;lkw;wit
Gifg;glj;jfl;bid ghjpf;Fk; fjpHfs; - X fjpHfs;
Nfj;NjhLf; fjpHfs; vd;git - vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw
Nghupd; nfhs;ifapd;gb> Fwpg;gpl;l jdpj;jdpahd kjpg;Gfisg;
ngWk; msT - Nfhz ce;jk;
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115)
116)
117)
118)
119)
120)
mZtpd; Kjy; %d;W tl;lg; ghijfspd; Muq;fspd; tpfpjk; - 1

: 4 : 9
mZtpy; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ePs;tl;lg; ghij fUj;jpidf; $wpatH rhkHngy;L
&gp jz;by; cs;s FNuhkpa madpfs; - gr;ir xspia
cl;ftUk;
mZf;fUg; gpsit tpsf;Fk; mikg;G - jputj;Jsp khjpup
mZf;fUtpDs;
cs;s
mZf;fUj;
Jfs;fs;
vjdhy;
ftug;gLfpd;wd - mZf;fU tpir
ngUk madpahf;Fk; jpwidg; ngw;Ws;sit - My;gh Jfs;fs;
mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
121)
122)
123)
124)
125)
126)
127)
128)
129)
130)
131)
132)
133)
mZ khjpup nfhs;ifia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH ahH - vHd];l;

&jHNghHl;
fhw;wOj;jkhdpia fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - lhupnry;yp
irf;Nshl;uhid fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - vHd];l; vr;. yhud;];
ildikl;il fz;Lgpbj;j My;gpul; Nehgy; ve;j ehl;il
rhHe;jtH - ];tPld;
N[. jhk;rd; vyf;l;uhid fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1897
GtpaPHg;G tpiria fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - rH Irf; epa+l;ld;
NyrH xspia cUthf;fpatH ahH - rhHy]; vr;.l;Td;];
kpd;rhu xsptpsf;if fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - jhk]; My;th vbrd;
ghrpl;uhid fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - fhHy; b Mz;lHrd;
GNuhl;lhid fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - vHd];l; &jHNghHl;
Fthz;lk; mZf; nfhs;ifia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH ahH - khf;];
gpshq;
NubNah miyfis cUthf;fpatH ahH - fhHy; [hd;];fp
epyeLf;f mjpHit msf;Fk; rP]N
; khkPl;liu fz;Lgpbj;jtH [hd; kpy;Nd
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134)
135)
Nulhiu fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - My;gHl; vr;. nla;yH

ePuhtp vQ;rpid fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - N[k;]; thl;
epiyahd myFfs;
136)
137)
138)
139)
140)
141)
142)
143)
144)
145)
146)
147)
148)
149)
150)
Nfhzj; jpirNtfj;jpd; myF vd;d - Nubad; / tpdhb

gug;G ,Otpirapd; myF vd;d - epa+l;ld; / kPl;lH
epiykj; jpUg;G jpwdpd; myF vd;d - fpNyhfpuhk; kPl;lH2
mOj;jj;jpd; myF vd;d - epa+l;ld; / kPl;lH2
fzj;jhf;F tpirapd; myF vd;d - epa+l;ld; tpdhb
Nfhz KLf;fj;jpd; myF vd;d - Nubad; / tpdhb2
xspr;nrwptpd; myF vd;d - Nfz;byh
jsf;Nfhzj;jpd; myF vd;d - Nubad;
jpz;kf;Nfhzj;jpd; myF vd;d ];bNubad;
jpirNtfj;jpd; myF vd;d - kPl;lH / tpdhb
KLf;fj;jpd; myF vd;d - kPl;lH / tpdhb2
mlHj;jpapd; myF vd;d - fpNyhfpuhk; / kPl;lH3
ce;jj;jpd; myF vd;d - fpNyhfpuhk; kPl;lH / tpdhb
Mw;wypd; myF vd;d - [_y;
tpirapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwdpd; myF vd;d - epa+l;ld; kPl;lH
mkpyq;fs;
151)
152)
153)
154)
155)
i`l;NuhFNshupf; mkpyj;jpd; nghJg;ngaH - kpa+upahl;bf; mkpyk;

khl;biwr;rpapYs;s mkpyk; vJ - ];baupf; mkpyk;
ePy ypl;k]; jhis rptg;G epwkhf khw;WtJ vJ - mkpyk;
mkpyq;fs; fhuq;fSld; tpidg;gl;L cUthtJ - cg;G kw;Wk;
ePH
,ug;giug; gjg;gLj;j cjTk; mkpyk; vJ - NghHkpf; mkpyk;
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156)
157)
158)
159)
160)
161)
162)
163)
164)
165)
vj;jpyPd; ilraidil ePuhw;gFf;ff; fpilg;gJ - rf;rpdpf;

mkpyk;
lhyd;]; tpidg;nghUis xLf;Fk; mkpyk; vJ - /ghHkpf;
mkpyk;
tpdpfupy; cs;s mkpyk; vJ - mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
Gug;gpNahdpf; mkpyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; khw;wpak; vJ - tpidr;
nray; njhFjp khw;wpak;
Mg;gpspy; cs;s mkpyk; vJ - khypf; mkpyk;
rpWePuf GiujLg;ghdhf gad;gLtJ vJ - ngd;Nrhapf; mkpyk;
,q;f; kw;Wk; cNyhfg; g+r;R jahupf;fg;gLtJ vJ - Mf;]hypf;
mkpyk;
gpj;jePupy; cs;s mkpyk; vJ - Nfhypf; mkpyk;
Ntjpg;nghUl;fspd; murd; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ vJ - fe;jf
mkpyk;
rpWePupy; fhzg;gLk; mkpyk; vJ - a+upf; mkpyk;
cg;Gfs;
166)
167)
168)
169)
170)
171)
172)
173)
174)
175)
[pg;rk; cg;gpd; Ntjpg;ngaH vd;d - fhy;rpak; ry;Ngl;

ili`l;Nul;
Nrhbak; fhHgNdl;bd; rhjhuz ngaH vd;d - ryit Nrhlh
gpsh];lH Mg; ghup]; vjpypUe;J jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ - [pg;rk;
vg;rk; vd;gJ vd;d - nkf;dr
P pak; ry;Ngl;
fhg;gH ry;Ngl; cg;gpd; epwk; vd;d - ePyepwk;
xU mkpyKk;> fhuKk; tpidGupe;J fpilg;gJ vJ - cg;G
tapw;wpy; cs;s mkpyj;jd;ikia eLepiyahf;fy; nra;J
m[Puzf; NfhshWfis ePf;FtJ vJ - Nrhbak; ig fhHgNdl;
nghl;lhrpak; iel;Nul;bd; nghJg;ngaH vd;d - rhy;l; gPl;lH
KfUk; cg;G vd;gJ vd;d - mk;Nkhdpak; fhHgNdl;
jPaizf;Fk; fUtpapy; gad;gLtJ vJ - Nrhbak; ig fhHgNdl;
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176)
177)
178)
179)
180)
kPd;> ,iwr;rp Nghd;wtw;iwf; nflhky; ghJfhf;f gad;gLtJ vJ

- Nrhbak; FNshiuL
Nghl;Nlh njhopypy; gad;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUs; vJ - nts;sp
iel;Nul;
mkpy cg;GfSf;F XH vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf - Nrhbak; ig
fhHgNdl;
cNyhf cg;Gf;fspd; ePHkf; fiury;fs; vt;thW nray;gLfpwJ kpd; flj;jpfs;
fpUkp ehrpdpahfTk;> Ez;ZapH nfhy;ypahfTk; gad;gLtJ vJ ryitj;J}s;
cuq;fs;> g+r;rp kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; g+r;rpf;nfhy;yp
181)
182)
183)
184)
185)
186)
187)
188)
Ntk;G> nfhOQ;rp> rzg;ig Neubahf taypy; ,l;L kf;fr; nra;J

cukhf;fg;gLtJ vJ - gRe;jhs; cuk;
vypfis mopf;fg; gad;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUs; vJ - fhg;gH (II)
mrpl;Nlh MHrpidl;
Ntshz; mwptpay; rhHe;j jhtu tsHg;G vd;gJ .. MFk; Njhl;lf;fiy
kz;zpy; g+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfisf; fyg;gjd; %yk; NtH jhf;Fk;
g+r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gad;gLtJ - FNshNuhigupgh];
g+Q;irfis mopf;f cjTk; Ntjpg;nghUs; vJ - NghHNlh
fyit
tpyq;Fj; njhOtq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; fopTfs; .
MFk; - njhO cuk;
tpijfs; %yk; guTk; Neha;fs; vit - ney;ypd; ,iyg;Gs;sp
Neha;
g+f;fs; g+j;Jf; FYq;fTk;> fha;fs; ed;F jpul;rpailaTk;
mtrpakhfpwJ - gh];Ngl;Lfs;
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189)
190)
191)
192)
193)
194)
jhtuq;fSf;F Neha; tuhky; fhf;Fk; Nflakhf ,Ug;gJ vJ iel;u[d;

g+r;rpfisf;
nfhy;yg;
gad;gLk;
Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;
vJ
khyj;jpahd;
mjpf ntg;gepiy jhf;fj;jpid fl;Lg;gLj;j gapHfSf;F vt;tif
cuk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ - jiyr;rj;J kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;J

jhtuj;jpd; jz;Lk; ,iyfSk; ed;F tsHr;rp ngw .
nghUl;fs; ngUe;Jiz GupfpwJ - iel;u[d;
NtUk; goKk; jpul;rp ngw rj;J ,d;wpaikahj
NjitahFk; - rhk;gy; rj;J
Nrhsk;> fk;G> gUj;jp Nghd;w gapHfspd; kf#y; mjpfupj;J
twl;rpiaj; jhq;fp tsu gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cuk; - kz;GO cuk;
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195)
mk;Nkhdpak; ry;Ngl; vd;gJ vt;tif cukhFk;

cuk;
- iel;u[d;

,e;j Mq;fpy jkpo; mfuhjp MdJ> ePq;fs; Mq;fpy
thHj;ijfisj; NjLk; NghJ kl;Lk; cq;fSf;F gad;gLk; xU
rhjhuz mg;spNfrdhf ,y;yhky;> gonkhopfs;> nghJmwpT>
jpwdha;T> jpUf;Fws;> Mj;jpr;#b> vd gytpj jfty;fis
cq;fSf;F ,ytrkhf mspf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,ytr mg;spNfrid
lTd;NyhL nra;a fPo;fz;l ypq;if fpspf; nra;aTk;.
Ntjpapay; jhJf;fs; kw;Wk; cNyhfq;fs;
196)
197)
198)
199)
200)
201)
202)
203)
Fiwe;j cUFepiy kw;Wk; nfhjpepiyfis cilaJ vJ fhu cNyhfk;

ePHk epiyapYs;s cNyhfk; vJ - ghjurk;
cNyhfq;fspd; jbkd; kw;Wk; jhspd; jbkd; Mfpatw;iw mwpag;
gad;gLtJ vJ - fhkh fjpH
INrhg;upid gygbahf;fp nraw;if ,ug;gH jahupg;gpy;
tpida+f;fpahfg; gad;gLfpwJ - Nrhbak;
cuq;fs; kw;Wk; gl;lhRfs; nra;a
.. gad;gLfpwJ gh];gu];
xU rpwe;j g+Q;irf; nfhy;ypahfg; gad;gLtJ vJ - ry;gH
nghl;lhrpaj;jpd; mZ vz; vj;jid - 19
Nlhyikl; vd;gJ vjd; jhJthFk; - nkf;dr
P pak;
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204)
205)
206)
207)
208)
209)
210)
nkf;dr
P pak; .. cld; tpidGupe;J nkf;dr
P pak;
Mf;irilAk;> i`l;u[idAk; jUfpwJ - ePuhtp
fPof
; ;fz;ltw;Ws; fhukz; cNyhfk; vJ - fhy;rpak;
rpiy nra;tjw;fhd thHg;Gfs; nra;a gad;gLk; NrHkk; vJ ghuP]; rhe;J
kj;jhg;Gj; njhopypy; gad;gLk; jdpkk; vJ - nkf;dr
P pak;
Nfhy;kidl; jhJtpypUe;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk; jdpkk; vJ Nghuhd;
ghjurj;jpd; cUFepiy MFk; - 234.32K
FNshNuh/gpy;ypy; ........................ jdpkk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ nkf;dr
P pak;
fhHgd; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; fyitfs;
211)
212)
213)
214)
215)
216)
217)
218)
fhHgd;
fhw;wpy; cs;s
Mf;]p[Dld;
tpidGupe;J
.. Mf khWfpwJ - fhHgd; il Mf;irL
capupdq;fspd;
fl;likg;G
.
mZf;fshy;
Mdit - fhHgd;
fhHgd; vd;gJ MFk; - mNyhfk;
fhHgdpd; mZ vz; vj;jid - 6
gbf GwNtw;Wik tbtk; nfhz;l fhHgd; . MFk; fpuhigl;> ituk;
epiwTwh
i`l;Nuh
fhHgd;fs; epf;fy;
my;yJ
gNybak;
tpida+f;fpapd; Kd;dpiyapy; . milfpd;wd i`l;u[Ndw;wk;
My;bi`Lfspd; nghJthd tha;g;ghL MFk; - RCHO
ghHkhy;bi`bd; IUPAC ngaH vd;d - nkj;jNdy;
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219)
220)
221)
222)
223)
224)
225)
ePy ypl;k]; jhisr; rptg;ghf;FtJ vJ - vj;jdhapf; mkpyk;

My;f`hy; Nrhbaj;Jld; tpidGupe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; thA vJ
- i`l;u[d;
vj;jdhypd; nfhjpepiy - 351.5K
vj;jdhiy mjpf msT mlH fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; 443Kf;F
ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ .. jUfpwJ - <j;jPd;
thfdq;fspYs;s FspHtpg;ghdpy; jz;zPH ciwtijj; jLf;f
gad;gLtJ vJ - vj;jdhy;
epwkw;w> Gspg;Gr; Rit nfhz;l xU ePHkk; vJ - vj;jdhapf;
mkpyk;
vj;jdhapf;
mkpyk;
fhHgNdl;LfSld;
tpidGupAk;NghJ
ntspg;gLk; thA vJ - fhHgd; il Mf;irL
jdpkq;fs; kw;Wk; NrHkq;fs;
226)
227)
228)
229)
230)
231)
232)
233)
Ntjpay; Kiwapy; NkYk; vspa nghUs;fshf gpupf;fKbahj

nghUs; vJ - jdpkk;
mZ vz; 83 nfhz;l jdpkk; vJ - gp];kj;
kpfTk; Nyrhd urhad jdpkk; vJ - i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; `Pypak;
jdpkq;fspd; mZ epiwf;Fk;> Ntjpg;gz;GfSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd
njhlHig gw;wpa tpjp vJ - lhgHdPupd; Kk;ik tpjp
xU rpwe;j g+Q;irf; nfhy;ypahfg; gad;gLtJ vJ - ry;gH
,Uk;ghyhd nghUl;fis JUg;gpbf;fhky; ghJfhf;fg; gad;gLtJ
vJ - Jj;jehfk;
maHd; jfLfis fhy;tid]; nra;ag; gad;gLk; cNyhfk; vJ [pq;f;
ve;j ,ilepiyj; jdpkk; mjpfgl;r Mf;]p[Ndw;w epiyiaf;
fhl;LfpwJ - Os
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234)
235)
236)
237)
238)
239)
240)
kpff;Fiwe;j mZ vz;izf; nfhz;l ,ilepiyj; jdpkk; vJ ];Nfd;bak;

midj;J cNyhfq;fisf; fhl;bYk; kpfTk; jflhf kw;Wk;
fk;gpahf ePl;lf;$ba jd;ikAilaJ vJ - jq;fk;
vj;njhFjp
jdpkq;fs;
ghuhfhe;jj;jd;ikia
nghJthff;
nfhz;Ls;sd - d njhFjp jdpkq;fs;
jdpkq;fspd; mZ vz;zpf;ifiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH Nkh];Ny
fupkr; NrHkq;fs; mjpfkhf cs;sjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; khw;wpak;
vz;k mikg;ig ngw;w xU jdpkk; vyf;l;uhid Vw;Fk; nghJ
cUthFk; madp - vjpH kpd; madp
eLepiy ngHupf;FNshiuLld; Cjh epwj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk; NrHkk;
vJ - gPdhy;
kio> thdpiy kw;Wk; gUtepiy
241)
242)
243)
244)
245)
246)
jkpo; ehl;bd; fhyepiy . tifiar; rhHe;jJ mad kz;ly

[_d; Kjy; nrg;lk;gH khjk; tiu epyTk; fhy epiy ..
MFk; - njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W fhyk;
jkpo; ehl;by; ,ug;gH mjpfkhf tpisAk; khtl;lk; vJ fd;dpahFkup
Njf;F kuKk;> %q;fpy; kuKk;
. tif fhLfisr;
rhHe;jJ - mad kz;ly mfd;w ,iyf; fhLfs;
jkpo; ehl;by; kpfg; ngupa rJg;G epyf;fhLfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk;
vJ - gpr;rhtuk;
Midkiyg; gFjpapYk;> ePyfpup kiyfspYk; fhzg;gLk; fhLfs;
vJ - kiyaff; fhLfs;
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247)
248)
249)
250)
251)
252)
253)
254)
255)
jkpo; ehl;by; Nk khjj;jpy; fhw;wpd; ruhrup <ug;gjk; vj;jid

rjtPjk; ,Uf;Fk; - 68 rjtPjk;
Nkw;fj;jpa ,ila+W fhw;why; kiongWk; ,lk; vJ - gQ;rhg;
gpd;dilAk; gUtf;fhw;why; kiongWk; gFjp vJ - jkpo;ehL
tlfpof;F ,e;jpag; gFjpfspy; tPRk; jyf;fhw;W vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ - ehHnt];lH];
,e;jpahtpy; 25 nr.kPl;lUf;Fk; Fiwthd kiog;nghopitg; ngWk;
,lk; vJ - jhHghiytdk;
gUtf; fhw;Wf; fhLfspd; NtW ngaH vd;d - ,iyAjpHf;
fhLfs;
jkpo; ehl;by; Crpapiyf; fhLfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; vJ - godp

me;jkhd; epNfhgH jPTfspy; fhzg;gLk; fhLfs; vJ - gRik
khwhf; fhLfs;
FspHfhyj;jpy; ey;y kiog;nghopitg; ngWk; ,lk; vJ - Me;jpug;
gpuNjrk;
,aw;if tsk
256)
257)
258)
259)
Nkw;Fj;njhlHr;rp
kiyj;njhlUk;
fpof;Fj;njhlHr;rp
kiyj;njhlUk; xd;W NrUkplk; vJ - ePyfpup kiy
tUrehL kiyf;Fk; mfj;jpaH kiyf;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gLk;
fztha; vJ - nrq;Nfhl;il fztha;
jkpo; ehl;bd; Kjy; mZkpd; epiyak; cs;s ,lk; vJ fy;ghf;fk;
,e;jpahtpYs;s kpf caHe;j gPlg+kp vJ - ylhf; gPlg+kp
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260)
261)
262)
263)
264)
265)
266)
267)
268)
269)
270)
jPgfw;g gPlg+kpia ,U rkkw;w gFjpahfg; gpupf;Fk; MW vJ eHkij

[t;thJ kiy mike;Js;s khtl;lk; vJ - NtY}H
yhth vdg;gLk; vupkiyf; Fok;ghy; cUthfp fUg;G kz;zhy;
Md gFjp vJ - khst gPlg+kp
Me;jpu flw;fiur; rkntspapy; mike;Js;s Vup vJ - nfhy;NyU
Vup
cyfpNyNa kpfg;goikahd kbg;G kiyj;njhlH vJ - Muty;yp
kiyj;njhlH
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; kpf caukhd rpfuk; vJ - MidKb
fpU\;zh kw;Wk; fhtpup MWfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s flw;fiu
vJ - Nrho kz;ly flw;fiu
kfhejp Mw;wpd; njw;Nf mike;Js;s ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;ngupa Vup
vJ - rpypfh Vup
kfhejp kw;Wk; fpU\;zh MWfSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk;
flw;fiu vJ - tlrHf;fhH flw;fiu
Ntk;gehL Vup ve;j khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ - Nfush
cyfpd; ,uz;lhtJ ePskhd flw;fiu vJ - nkupdh flw;fiu
,e;jpa MWfs;
271)
272)
273)
274)
275)
Nkw;Fj; njhlHr;rp kiyapd; tUrehL kiyfspy; cw;gj;jpahFk;

ejp vJ - itif
Muty;yp kiyj;njhlupy; M[;kPH gFjpapy; cw;gj;jpahFk; ejp
vJ - Y}dp MW
kfhgNy];tuH kiyapy; cUthFk; fpU\;zh ejp ve;jf; flypy;
fyf;fpwJ - tq;fhs tpupFlh
,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd; Mfpa ehLfspy; XLk; Kf;fpa ejp vJ rpe;J
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa MW vJ - fhtpup
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276)
277)
278)
279)
280)
281)
282)
283)
284)
285)
,e;jpahtpd; mfkjhghj; topahf XLk; MW vJ - rgHkjp

Nfhitf; Fw;whyk; ePHtPo;r;rp mike;Js;s ejp vJ - rpWthzp
jkpofj;jpy; kzpKj;jhW mizf;fl;L mike;Js;s khtl;lk; vJ
- jpUney;Ntyp
ghyhW ejp cw;gj;jpahFk; khepyk; vJ - fHehlfk;
fq;if Mw;wpd; JizahW vJ - aKdh
kfhejp MW vq;F cw;gj;jpahfpwJ - g];jhH Fd;W
gthdp> mkuhtjp> neha;ay; Mfpa MWfs; vtw;wpd; Jiz
MWfs; MFk; - fhtpup
mfj;jpa kiyapy; Njhd;wp kd;dhH tisFlhtpy; fyf;Fk; MW
vJ - jhkpuguzp
Nfus khepyj;jpd; kpfTk; ePskhd MW vJ - ngupahW
kfhejp Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;Ls;s miz vJ - `puhFl;
miz
kz; kw;Wk; ,aw;if jhtuq;fs;
286)
287)
288)
289)
290)
291)
292)
mad kz;lyj;jpd; twz;l gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; kz; vJ ghiytd kz;

MWfspd; gs;sj;jhf;FfspYk;> nly;lh gFjpfspYk; fhzg;gLk;
kz; vJ - tz;ly; kz;
Gifapiy tpistjw;F Vw;w kz; tif vJ - fupry; kz;
nrk;kz; rptg;G epwkhff; ,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;d - ,Uk;G
rj;J mjpfk;
jPgfw;g gPlg+kpapy; ngUksT fhzg;gLk; kz; vJ - ruis kz;
fhg;gp> ,ug;gH Nghd;w gapHfs; gapupLtjw;F Vw;w kz; vJ ruis kz;
<ug;gjj;ij jd;Ds; Njf;fpitf;Fk; rpwg;Gj;jd;ik ngw;w kz;
vJ - fupry; kz;
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293)
294)
295)
296)
297)
298)
299)
300)
,iyr;rj;Jk;> rhk;gy; rj;Jk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk; kz; vJ kiy kz;

fq;if> gpuk;kGj;jpuh jho;e;j Mw;Wr; rkntsp gFjpfspy; rzy;
gapupLtjw;F cte;j kz; vJ - tz;ly; kz;
Crpapiyf; fhLfspd; NtW ngaH vd;d - kiyf; fhLfs;
Nfhe;J
nghUl;fs;
jahupf;fTk;>
Njhy;
gjdpLtjw;Fk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kuq;fs; vJ - ghGy; kuq;fs;
khq;FNuht; fhLfspd; NtW ngaH vd;d - rJg;G epyf;fhLfs;
,kakiyapd; njw;F rupTfs; kw;Wk; tlfpof;F ,e;jpah Nghd;w
gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; fhLfs; vJ - Crpapiyf; fhLfs;
rpd;Nfhdh kw;Wk; %q;fpy; kuk; fhzg;gLk; fhLfs; vJ - ntg;g
kz;ly gRikkhwhf; fhLfs;
fly;
Xjq;fs;
%yk;
ePiug;ngWk;
flNyhug;
gFjpfspy;
fhzg;gLk; fhLfs; vJ - khq;FNuht; fhLfs;
Njrpa rpd;dk;
301)
302)
303)
304)
305)
306)
307)
308)
309)
310)
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa nkhop vJ - ,e;jp

,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa tpisahl;L vJ - `hf;fp
Njrpaf; nfhbapd; eLtpy; cs;s mNrhfr; rf;fuk; ..
czHj;JfpwJ - jHkk;
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa ePH tho; tpyq;F vJ - lhy;gpd;
Njrpaf; nfhbapy; mNrhf rf;fuj;jpy; cs;s Muq;fs; vj;jid 24
Njrpa fPjk; ,irf;f MFk; Neuk; - 52 tpehbfs;
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa ehl;fhl;b vJ- rf tUl ehl;fhl;b
Njrpa ehl;fhl;bapd; Kjy; khjk; vJ - rpj;jpiu
Njrpag; ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH - gf;fpk; re;jpu rl;lH[p
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa ejp vJ - fq;if
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311)
312)
313)
314)
315)
%tHzf; nfhbia ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Kjd; Kjyhf

Vw;Wf; nfhz;l tUlk; - 1931
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa kuk; vJ - My kuk;
Kjd; Kjypy; Njrpa fPjk; fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w> ,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; vg;NghJ ghlg;gl;lJ - 1911
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpag; gwit vJ - kapy;
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa tpyq;F vJ Gyp
Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; MrphpaHfs;
316)
317)
318)
319)
320)
321)
322)
323)
324)
325)
326)
cz;ik epwq;fs; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ahH - Mlk;

fpy;fpwp];l;
vd; ehL> vd; tho;f;if vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ahH L.K.mj;thdp
eNue;jpu Nkhb xU murpay; Rarupij vd;w E}y; ahuhy;
vOjg;gl;lJ - Mz;b kupNdh
vd; kwf;f Kbahj epidTfs; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ahH kk;jh ghdH[p
rpwpa tp\aq;fs; flTs; vd;w E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH - mUe;jjp
uha;
jhd; xU fzf;fhsH vd;w E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH - Kd;dhs;
tpNdhj; uha;
gof;fkw;w g+kp vd;w E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH - [{k;gh y`pup
xU MAs; NghjhJ vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ahH - el;tH rpq;
vd; ,ir vd; tho;f;if vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ahH - gz;bl;
utp rq;fH
,J vd; top thrpj;jy; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ahH - rr;rpd;
nlz;Ly;fH> NghHa k[{k;jhH
tp[a; Nr\hj;up vOjpa E}y; vJ - %d;W gpupTfs;
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327)
328)
329)
330)
Mw;wpy; xU tisT vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ahH - tp.v];

ieg;ghy;
kw;wtHfspd; tho;f;ifia vd;w E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH - ePy;
KfH[p
mfpy; \Hkh vOjpa ehty; vJ - FLk;g tho;f;if
ngUkhs; KUfd; vOjpa jkpo; ehty; vJ - khnjhUghfd;
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
331)
332)
333)
334)
335)
336)
337)
338)
339)
340)
341)
1946-y; murpay; epHza rig cUthf;f Kjypy; gupe;Jiu

nra;j FO vJ - fpupg;]; J}Jf;FO
1946-y; murpay; epHza rigapd; jiytuhf NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;ltH
ahH - ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
,e;jpa murpay; rhrdj;jpd; jiyikr; rpw;gpahfr; nray;gl;ltH
ahH - lhf;lH. mk;Ngj;fH
,e;jpaf; FbauR jpdj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l rl;lk; vJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;
khepyq;fsitapy;
FbauRj;
jiytuhy;
epakpf;fg;gLk;
cWg;gpdHfs; vj;jidg; NgH - 12
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
rigapd;
Kjy;
[dhjpgjpahf
,Ue;jtH ahH - lhf;lH rr;rpjhde;jd; rpd;`h
,e;jpa
murpaiyikg;G
cUthf;Ftjpy;
kj;jpa
murpd;
mjpfhuq;fSf;fhd FOtpd; jiytH ahH - [t`Hyhy; NeU
,e;jpahtpd;
vy;iyfis
khw;wf;$ba
mjpfhuk;
ngw;wtH
ahH - ghuhSkd;wk;
mbg;gil cupikfis khw;wpaikf;fj; Njitg;gLtJ vJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jk;
kf;fsitg; ngUk;ghd;ikf; fl;rpapd; jiytH ahH - gpujkH
,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; kf;fsit nghJj; NjHjy; eilngw;w Mz;L
1951
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342)
343)
344)
345)
jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; \uj;J vJ - \uj;J 368

kf;fsitapd; jiyikr; nrayfk; ahUila fl;Lg;ghl;bd;
fPo; ,aq;FfpwJ - rghehafH
,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; fPo; mitahf nray;gLtJ vJ kf;fsit
khepyq;fsitapd; Kjy; $l;lk; ve;j Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ 1952

346)
, , , ,
-
347)
348)

349)
,
-
350)
----------------------------------
-
351)
--------------------------- -
352)
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353)
---------------------------
-
354)
-
355)
-
356)
357)
-
358)
359)
360)
1980

361)

-
------------------------- -
362)
363)
, ------------------------------------- -
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364)
1673K
-
365)
,
- +1
366)
--------------- -
367)
,
- -3.04
368)
369)
370)
--------------------------- -
371)
-1
372)

----------------------- -
373)

-------------------------------- -
374)
--------------------------- -
375)
,
- -2.71
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376)
377)
378)
379)
380)
381)
382)
383)
-
384)
385)
386)
387)
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388)
389)
390)
..
391)
392)
-
393)
2014
...,
-
2014-
394)
2013
395)
..
-
396)
2014
-
397)
2014- .
-
398)
2014
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2014-
399)
-
400)
2014-

-
2014-
401)
402)
-,
-
403)
2014-

404)
405)
406)
407)
408)
409)
410)
411)
412)
-------------
----------
,
---------- -

- ..

-------------- -
----------- -
--------- -

----------- -
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413)
414)
------------- -
415)
---------
-
416)
417)
418)
------------- -

419)
, --------------- -
420)
421)
, , ,
--------------------- -
422)
------------- -
423)
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424)
--------------------

425)
426)
427)
428)
429)
--------------- -
430)
------------------------ -
431)
------------------------ -
432)
433)
--------------------------

434)
1951
2011
--------------------------
-
435)
1989-
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436)
-
437)
1951 2011
(64.7%) -------------------- -
438)
2011- ,
-
439)
----------------------- -
440)
2011- ,

441)
442)
--------------------- -
443)
2011-
- 14
444)
1951
2011
-
445)
1951 2011 60 ------------------- -
446)
1951
2011
---------------------------- - 80.33%
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447)
448)
-------------------- -
449)

-------------------- -
450)
------------------------
- ,
451)
---------------------------
-
452)
453)
-----------------
-
454)
455)
---------------- -
456)
-
457)
458)
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459)
460)
-
461)
462)
-
463)
464)
465)
466)
467)
468)
469)
-
470)
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471)
-
,
472)
-
-
473)
-
474)
---------------------------
-
475)
476)
------------------- -
477)
478)
479)
------------------
-
480)
--------------------- -
481)
, , -
--------------------- -
482)
------------------------ -
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483)
---------------------
-
484)
-
485)
--------------------------
-
486)
1738-

487)
----------------
-
488)

---------------

1970

489)
-
490)
1973 -

491)
---------------------
-
492)
1975 ----------------------
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493)
------------------------
2001
494)
2008 -------------------- -
495)
--------------------------
496)
497)
--------------------- -
498)
-------------------
499)
2004-
----------------------
-
500)
2010-
------------------------ -
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1. -
2. -
3. -
4. -
5.
6. -
7. -
8.
-
9. -
10. -
11. -
12. - 120
13. - 5-6
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14.
15.

16. -
17.
-
18.
19.
-
20. -
21.
22.
23.
24. -
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25.
26. -
27.
28.
-
29.
-
30.
31. -
32.
- 17.5%
33. - 121
34.
- 1
35.
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36.
1938
-
37.
15, 1950
38. -
39.
-
40. -

41. 1928
-
42. -
43.
44.
-
45.
P.G.
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46.
-
47.
- 5
48.
- 18
49.
26, 1950
50.
552
51. -
22
52.
- 25
53.
54. - 35
55.
56. ? -
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57.
-
58. -
59.
-
60.
61.
1949
62.
.
63.

64.
65. - 1980
66. 1952
67. -
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68.
-
69.
-
70.
74 -

71.
72.
- 360
73.
74.
-
75. ------------------ -
76. ----------------------- -
77.
-
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78.
-
79.
-
80.
-
81. -
82. -
83.
---------------------
-
84.
--------------------- -
85. ,
-
86.
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87. -------------------
-
88. ,
-
89. -
90. -
91.
-
92. -
93. , ------------------- -
94. , --------------------
-
95. -
96.
97. (..907 - 955) ,

--------------------
-
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98.
99. ,
-
100. --------------------- -
101. -
102. (..985 1014) ------------------

103. ------------------- -
104.
-----------------------
-
105. ------------------- -
106. -
107. ----------------------- -
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108. ---------------------
-
109.
--------------------
110. ---------------------------
111. ------------------------
-
112.
-
113.
------------------------
- 2500
114.
115. ----------------------- -
116. , --------------------------
-
117. --------------------- -
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118. ------------------------- -
119. , , ,
----------------------- -
120.
---------------------
-
121.
122. ----------------------
-
123. ---------------------- -
124. ,
-----------------------
-
125. ,
--------------------------
-
126.
-----------------------
- 98
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127. ----------------------
-
128. -------------------------- -
129.
------------------------
-
130. --------------------------
131.
4000
-
132.
-
133. -
134. ,
-
135.
-
136. -------------------- -
137.
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138.
--------------------
-
139. --------------
140. -
141. ----------------------- -
142. -
143. -------------------- -
144. -
145.
-
146. -
147. -
148.
----------------------
-
149. -----------------
150. -
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151. -
152.
153. -
154.
155.
156. -----------------------
157. -
158. ------------------------ -
159.
160.
-
161.
---------------------
-
162.
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163.
164. -------------- -
165.
- 1969
166.
167. -
168.

169.
-
170. ------------------ -
171. -
172.
-----------------------
-
173. ----------------- -
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174. -----------------
nghJ mwpT
175. xspapd; msit mwpag; gad;gLk; fUtp vJ Nghl;Nlh
kPl;lH
176. jhtuq;fs;
jq;fspd;
czitj;
jahhpj;Jf;
nfhs;sj;
Njitg;gLk; thA fhHgd;-il-Mf;i]L

177. Gtpf;F mUfpy; cs;s tspkz;ly mLf;F - ];l;Nul;Nlh];gpaH
178. #hpaidr; Rw;wptu tpahod; fpufk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; fhyk; 12 Mz;Lfs;
179. mkpyKk; cg;G %yKk; cz;lhf;fpj; jUtJ cg;G
180. G+Q;irfspd; nt[pNlbq; epiy vd;gJ jhy];
181. rpW msT kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLtJ fhy;tNdh
kPl;lH
182. jhtuj;jpd; Mz;ghfk; vd;gJ kfue;j jhs; tl;lk;
183. $l;LapHj; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L iyf;fd;fs;
184. khHrPypak; vd;gJ ePHj;jhtuk;
185. jhtu nry;ypd; nry;Rthpy; fhzg;gLtJ nry;YNyh];
186. fzpfq;fs; vtw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd FNshnud;ifkh
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187. ry;yilj; jl;bidf; nfhz;l jpR GNshak;

188. thioapd; jhtutpay; ngaH - kpA]h ghubrpahfh
189. Nthpd; Gwntsp mLf;F vd;gJ vgpgpnskh
190. Nlh`h jPHkhdk; ve;j Mz;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ 2001
191. 2010-11-k;
Mz;L
kj;jpa
epjpepiy
mwpf;ifapy;
vj;jid
rjtpfpjk; r%fj; jpl;lq;fSf;F xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;lJ 5%

192. 2010-y; ve;j INuhg;gpa ehL A+Nuh ,iwikf; fld;
njhy;iyf;F Mshftpy;iy - ,q;fpyhe;J
193. rkjHk rKjha Kof;fq;fSf;F vjpuhd ghk;Ng mwpf;if
ntspaplg;gl;l Mz;L 1936
194. murhq;fj;jpd;
Fiwe;j
fhy
nrA+hpl;b
Ngg;ghpd;
ngaH
cz;bay; gpy;
195. tpiyf;nfhs;ifapd; NtW ngaH Ez; nghUshjhuk;
196. cyf Coy; FwpaPl;il ntspapLtJ gd;dhl;L ntspg;gil
epWtdk;
197. gOg;Gg;
Gul;rp
vd;gJ
vjd;
cw;gj;jpia
mjpfhpg;gJ
kuGrhuh vhprf;jp
198. cw;gj;jpf;
Fiwtpdhy;
Vw;gLk;
Ntiyapd;ik
mikg;G
Ntiyapd;ik
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199. xU ehl;bYs;s nray;kpF kf;fs; njhifapy; (15 Kjy; 64

taJilNahH)
Ntiy
nra;gtHfspd;
tpfpjk;
vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ gq;Nfw;NghH tpfpjk;
200. yh/gH tisT vJ njhlHghdJ thp tpfpjk;
201. cyf tq;fp vjd; mbg;gilapy; LIC, LMC, UMC, HIC vd
tifg;gLj;JfpwJ nkhj;j Njrpa tUkhdk;
202. Njrpa kf;fs;njhiff; nfhs;if nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Mz;L
2000
203. jpl;l tpLKiwf; fhyk; vd;gJ 1966 & 1969
204. Njrpa gq;F tHj;jf re;ij mike;Js;s ,lk; kw;Wk; mjd;
FwpaPL Kk;ig> Nifty.
205. ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; gpuk;k rkh[j;ij Njhw;Wtpj;j Mz;L
1828
206. nerl; vd;gJ ve;j ehl;L ghHypnkd;l;bd; ngaH - ,];Nuy;
207. mZ MAj Fiwg;Gj; jPHkhdj;ij I.eh.nghJr;rigapy;
,e;jpah nfhz;L te;j Mz;L 1956
208. ,d xJf;fy; nfhs;if Kbtpw;F te;j Mz;L 1990
209. rhHf; mikg;gpd; Kjy; nghJr; nrayhsH mGy; mrd;
210. Neub
kf;fshl;rpKiw
goq;fhyj;jpy;
vq;F
eilKiwapy;
,Ue;jJ fphP];
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211. NjHjy; MizaUf;F ,izahf mjpfhuk; nfhz;bUg;gtH cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp

212. Nrf;fpohH gpwe;j CH jpUehtY}H
213. Kjd;Kiwahf ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gl;l ehs; [{d; 1951
214. khepyj;
NjHjy;
eltbf;iffis
Nkw;ghHit
nra;gtH
jiyikj; NjHjy; mjpfhhp

215. 1916-k; Mz;L md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahH N`hk;&y; ,af;fj;ij
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l ,lk; - nrd;id
216. Mq;fpyf; fhy;thia ePe;jpf; fle;j Kjy; ,e;jpag; ngz;kzp
kp];.MHj;jp rh`h
217. NjHjy; Mizak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - jpy;yp
218. ekJ ehl;bd; gok; ngUk; rkak; - Ntj rkak;
219. Njk;ghtzpNahL njhlHGila kjk; fpwp];Jt kjk;
220. fhkuh[H gpwe;j CH vJ tpUJefH
221. nrd;idapy; caH ePjpkd;wk; mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1801
222. Mrpahtpy; tpw;gid thpia mwpKfk; nra;jtH uh[h[p
223. Kjy; Kjyhf RNal;irahf ntw;wp ngw;w rl;lkd;w
cWg;gpdH Kj;Jyl;Rkp nul;b
224. kj;jpaf; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; OBC ,lxJf;fPl;Lf; FOtpd;
jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltH tPug;g nkha;yp
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225. fhkuh[hpd; murpay; FU ahH rj;jpa%Hj;jp

226. 1935-y; ,e;jpa muR mikg;Gr; rl;lg;gb fy;tpj;Jiw ve;j
murplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ khepy muR
227. xt;nthU khtl;lj; gQ;rhaj;Jk; vj;jid jiytiuf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ 1
228. rhujh rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;ljpd; Nehf;fk; vd;d - Foe;ijj;
jpUkzj;ijj; jLf;f
229. If;fpa ehLfs; nghJr; rigapd; Kjy; ngz; jiytuhf
gzpahw;wpatH jpUkjp tp[ayl;Rkp gz;bl;
230. jpBH khw;wk; ahuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ - `PNfh Nj tphp];
231. ,uj;jk; rptg;ghfj; Njhd;Wtjw;Ff; fhuzk; - `PNkhFNshgpd;
232. b.vd;.V.
vd;gJ
vjdhy;
cz;lhf;fg;gl;lJ
epA+f;spNahilLfs;
233. mk;NkhNdh nlyprk; fhzg;gLtJ kPd;fs;
234. ek; clk;gpYs;s kpfg;nghpa cWg;G vJ Njhy;
235. jput epiyapy; cs;s cNyhfk; - ghjurk;
236. xU kpy;yp kPl;liu tpl Fiwthd ePsj;ij msf;fg;
gad;gLtJ - ntHdpaH msTNfhy;
237. njhy;nghUs; kw;Wk; gok;nghUspd; taij mwpag; gad;gLk;
INrhNlhg;G fhHgd; 14
238. cNyhfq;fspd; murd; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ - ,Uk;G
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239. cNyhfq;fspd;
kpd;
flj;jYf;Ff;
fhuzk;
fl;Lwh
vnyf;l;uhd;fs;
240. flj;jpfspd; $uhd KidfspypUe;J kpd;D}l;lk; kpf tpiuthf
ntspNaWtij fz;lwpe;jtH ngQ;rkpd; gpuhq;f;ypd;
241. rpWePuf Giuj;jLg;ghdhf gad;gLtJ ngd;rhapf; mkpyk;
242. kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Fk;> kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s tpfpjk;
- kpd;jil
243. kpd;fhe;jtpisit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nray;gLtJ
kpd;rhu kzp
244. ePr;ry; tpjpia cUthf;fpatH Mk;gpaH
245. fhe;j xJf;fj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLk; fUtp fpA+ fhe;jkhdp
246. fhe;jf; Nflaj;jpy; ,y;yhjJ Gtpf; fhe;jg; Gyk;
247. Mf;]p[d; ,y;yhj mkpyk; - i`l;Nuh FNshhpf; mkpyk;
248. kpfTk; ,Nyrhd vhpahj jdpkk; - `Pypak;
249. #hpa Mw;wiy kpd;rf;jpahf khw;Wk; fUtp Nghl;Nlh
Nthy;lhapf; nry;
250. mzpNruh
ehLfspd;
Kjy;
$l;lk;
vq;F
eilngw;wJ
ngy;fpNuL
251. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjypy; Jtq;fg;gl;l ,uapy; tz;bg; ghij
Kk;ig Kjy; jhdh tiu
252. fw;G+u nrhw;Nfh vdg; ghuhl;lg;gl;ltH ghujpjhrd;
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253. jk;gpuhd; NjhoH vdg;gLgtH Re;juH

254. nrd;id
Kjy;
muf;Nfhzk;
tiuapyhd
,uapy;Nt
ghij
mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1856

255. ngUq;ftpf;Nfh vd;Dk; ngUikf;FhpatH th.K.NrJuhkd;
256. ,uhtz fhtpaj;jpd; MrphpaH GytH Foe;ij
257. jpUf;FU$hpd; ,d;iwa ngaH Mo;thH jpUefhp
258. gpujhg
KjypahH
rhpj;jpuk;
vd;w
Gjpdj;jpd;
MrphpaH
Ntjehafk; gps;is
259. nkhopthhp mbg;gilapy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Kjy; khepyk; vJ
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
260. Gw;WNeha; gw;wpa mwptpay; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ
mq;fhy[p
261. kugpaypd; je;ij vdg;gLgtH fphpNfhHnkz;ly;
262. ,uj;jg; Gw;WNeha; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ ypAfpkpah
263. ghuk;ghpa flj;Jjiy Kjd;Kjyhf ntspapl;ltH fphpfH
N[hfd; nkz;ly;
264. epyj;jb ePHkl;lj;ij mjpfhpf;f vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; kioePH Nrfhpg;G
265. iey; gs;sj;jhf;F mike;Js;s ,lk; - Mg;upf;fh
266. ,uz;L caue;j epyg;gFjpfSf;fpilNa cs;s gFjpfs; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;
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267. Kjd;ik jPHf;ff; NfhL nry;Yk; ,lk; - fpuPd;tpr;

268. fUg;G epwKila kz; - fupry; kz;.
269. ,e;jpahtpd; muprpf; fpz;zk; vdg;gLtJ - Mw;Wr; rkntspfs;.
270. ghiytdf; fg;gy; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - xl;lfk;
271. cauKk; typikAk; kpf;f fhLfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - gRik
khwhf; fhLfs;
272. cyfj;jpy; kpf mjpfk; tpw;gidahFk; nghUs; - fhgp
273. xapy; vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - eldk;
274. My;g;]; kiyj; njhlH mike;Js;s fz;lk; - INuhg;gh
275. fpof;F Mrpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; gPlg+kp - jpngj; gPlg+kp
276. fly; gazk; nra;NthH vspjpy; jpir mwpa cjTtJ jpirf; fhl;Lk; fUtp
277. fpuPdt
; pr; thdtpay; Muha;r;rp ikak; mike;Js;s ehL ,q;fpyhe;J
278. vfpg;jpd; nts;isj; jq;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - gUj;jp
279. me;jkhd; epNfhghH jPTfspy; fhzg;gLk; fhLfs; - gRik
khwhf; fhLfs;
280. Mz;fspd; Nfhyhl;lk; vdg;gLk; jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwf;fiy
fopahl;lk;.
281. nghjpa kiyia Mz;l murd; - es;sp
282. cj;jug;gpuNjrj;jpd; gpugy eldk; - nesjhq;fp
283. gz;ila Nuhkhdpa ehfhPfj;jpd; ika ,lk; - ,j;jhyp
284. md;id njurh gpwe;j ehL A+Nfh];Nytpah
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285. A+jH> ,];yhkpaH> fpUj;jtH MfpNahUf;F nghJthd Gdpjj;

jyk; - n[Uryk;
286. ,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lj;jpd; kpfr; rpwpa ehL G+lhd;
287. fhpfhw; Nrhodpd; NtW ngaH jpUkhtstd;
288. cyf thzpgf; fofj;jpd; jiyikafk; mike;js;s ,lk; n[dPth
289. ,yf;fz E}y; ,aw;wpa ngz;ghw;GytH fhf;if ghbdpahH
290. fhkd;nty;j; ehLfspd; $l;likg;G cWg;G ehLfs; - 54.
291. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjyhf jq;f ehzaq;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;jpatHfs; - ,e;Njh-fpNuf;fH
292. ghz;baHfspd; jiyefuk; - kJiu
293. tuyhw;Wg; GytH vd;W miof;fg;ngw;wtH kh%ydhH
294. I.eh.rigapy; cWg;gpduhfhj Mrpa ehL kq;Nfhypah
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295. 2014-k; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;bfs; eilngw;w ehL ];fhl;yhe;J

296. N[k;];ghz;l; fjhghj;jpuj;ij gilj;jtH - ,ahd; gpskpq;
297. ypNah lhy;];lha; vOjpa Gfo;ngw;w Gj;jfk; - thH mz;L
gP];
298. MrphpaH fy;tpf;fhd Njrpaf;FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 1995
299. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjypy; njhiyepiyf; fy;tpia Jtf;fpa
gy;fiyf;fofk; - by;yp gy;fiyf;fofk;
300. fy;tpNahL ifj;njhopYk; ,ize;J ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf;
$wpatH kfhj;kh fhe;jp
301. `Pj;Nuh tpkhd epiyak; cs;s ,lk; - ,yz;ld;
302. Muty;yp kiyj;njhlH ve;j ejpfshy; ,uz;lhf gphpfpwJ
ghdh]; kw;Wk; Y}dp
303. jpUNthzk; gz;bif nfhz;lhlg;gLk; khepyk; - Nfush
304. nkupbad; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - jPHf;f Nuiffs;
305. Gtpf; Nfhsj;jpd; kPJ fpof;F Nkw;fhf tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf;
NfhLfs; - ml;r Nuiffs;
306. Ie;Jyf
tifg;ghl;L
Kiwia
mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH
MH.vr;.tpl;Nlf;fH
307. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; tpz;ntsp tPuhq;fid - fy;gdh rht;yh
308. jhj;uh kw;Wk; ehfH `Ntypapd; jiyefuk; - rpy;thrh
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309. khepyq;fspd; MSeiu epakdk; nra;gtH - FbauRj; jiytH

310. gilg;ghw;wy; kw;Wk; FWf;F rpe;jidNahL njhlHGilaJ
tyJ %is
311. FNuhNkhNrhk;
vd;w
thHj;ijia
cUthf;fpatH
ahH
thy;laH
312. lhy;ldprk; vdg;gLtJ vJ epwf;FUL
313. ve;j cWg;gpy; rpfg;G gy;g;> nts;is gy;g; vd ,U gFjpfs;
cs;sd kz;zPuy;
314. xU thAtpd; mOj;jj;ij mstpLk; fUtp khNdhkPl;lH
315. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; cs;s jPTfspd; vz;zpf;if 204
316. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fhfpjj; njhopw;rhiy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,lk;
- n\uhk;G+H
317. Nehgy; ghpR ngw;w Kjy; kugpay; tpQ;Qhdp T.H.khHfd;
318. ug;gH gaphpLtjw;F Vw;w ntg;gepiy vJ RkhH 35
319. rfhaj;hp kiyfs; Fwpg;gJ Nkw;F njhlHr;rp kiy
320. ,e;jpahtpd; &H vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;F
jhNkhjH
321. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; fhe;j tpisitf; fz;lwpe;jtH xaH];nll;
322. njd;
miuf;Nfhsj;jpy;
tPRk;
fhw;iw>
,lJ
Gwkhf
jpUg;gptpLtJ vJ Gtp Row;rp

323. kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;liyf; fz;lwpe;jtH - /ghuNl
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324. ePHj;Jspapd; Nfhs tbTf;Ff; fhuzk; - gug;G ,Otpir

325. tspkz;ly mLf;FfspNyNa FspHr;rpahdJ kPNrh];gpaH
326. ,e;jpahtpd; rpypf;fhd; gs;sj;jhf;F vd;W miof;fg;gLk;
khepyk; - fHehlfh
327. G+kpf;Fk; #hpaDf;Fk; ,ilapy; re;jpud; tUtjhy; Vw;gLtJ #hpa fpufzk;
328. epyitg; gw;wp gbg;gJ nrypdhy[p
329. rhFe;jyk; vd;w ehlfj;ij vOjpatH fhspjhrH
330. kf;fs;njhif mjpfk; nfhz;l ,e;jpa khepyk; - cj;jug;
gpuNjrk;
331. ,e;jpahtpd; kpf ePskhd miz - `puhFl; miz
332. gQ;rje;jpuf; fijfis vOjpatH tp\;ZrHkh
333. Fiwe;j kf;fs;njhif nfhz;l khepyk; - rpf;fpk;
334. ,e;jpahtpd; N\f;];gpaH vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltH fhspjhrH
335. gpuk;kGj;jpuh ejp cw;gj;jpahFk; Vhp khdrNuhtH Vhp
336. ,e;jpahtpNyNa caukhd miz gf;uheq;fy; miz
337. kzyhW vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ ghyhW
338. gl;b fzpj rhuh vd;w ,aw;fzpj E}iy ,aw;wpatH - =juh
339. NkfJ}jk; vd;w ftpij E}iy vOjpatH fhspjhrH
340. #upa mLg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mb - Fop Mb
341. kdpj clypd; kpf fbdkhd gFjp - gy;
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342. el;rj;jpuq;fspy; xspkpf;fJ vJ - rpupa];

343. njhONeha; Vw;gLtjw;F fhuzkhd fpUkp - ghf;Bupah
344. cyfpNyNa mjpf Kl;ilapLk; capupdk; - fiuahd;
345. Fiwe;j Neuj;jpy; #upaid Rw;wp tUk; Nfhs; vJ - nkHFup
346. fpuhk; vjpHtifr; rhHe;j Nfhy;tbt ghf;Bupah - v];nruprpah
Nfhiy
347. %ba tpijAila jhtuq;fs; vd;gJ - MQ;rpNah];ngHk;fs;
348. FopAlypfspd; mLf;FfSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk;
gir
kPNrhfpspah
349. Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs; ,y;yhj nry;fs; - ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs;
350. iyNrhNrhk;fs; cUthFk; ,lk; - Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs;
351. xU
nry;
KjpHr;rpapdhy;
,wf;Fk;NghJ
mjpYs;s
iyNrhNrhk;fs; mij KOikahf nrupj;J tpLtJ Ml;Nghiyrp];
352. a+f;spdh> guNkrpsk;> gpsh];Nkhbak; Nghd;wit - xU nry;
capup
353. tpyq;F nry;ypd; Gw vy;iyahf miktJ - gpsh];kh rt;T
354. Rj;jkhd ,uj;jj;ij vLj;Jr; nry;git - jkdpfs;
355. ejpfs; ,y;yhj ehL - rt+jp mNugpah
356. ,e;jpahtpYs;s ghl;dhtpd; gioa ngaH - ghlypGj;jpuk;
357. [g;ghdpaupd; Njrpa cilapd; ngaH - fpNkhdh
358. jq;fg;NghHit epyk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - M];jpNuypah
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359. njd; Mg;gpupf;fhTf;F vj;jid jiyefuq;fs; cs;sd %d;W

360. RUf;nfOj;J Kiwia fz;Lgpbj;jtH - gpl;Nkd;
361. nld;khHf; ehl;bd; Njrpag;gwit - thdk;ghb
362. gpupl;lid mjpf fhyk; Mz;ltH - tpf;Nlhupah kfhuhzp
363. fzpdp jahupg;gpy; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehL - mnkupf;fh
364. gpujkUk; ke;jpupfSk; ,y;yhj ehL - Rtpl;rHyhe;J
365. fhe;jp[p cUtk; nghwpj;j mQ;ry; ml;ilia Kjypy;
ntspapl;l ehL - Nghye;J
366. fhw;W efuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - rpf;fhNfh
367. ie[Pupah ehl;by; vj;jid nkhopfs; cs;sJ - 420 nkhopfs;
368. ,j;jhypapd; jiy efH - Nuhk;
369. ghHit ,og;G kw;Wk; ,wg;gpid Vw;gLj;jf;$ba Ntjpg;nghUs;
- kPj;ijy; My;f`hy;
370. kio
nghopa
fhuzkhd
fUNkfq;fs;
vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd FKNyh epk;g];
371. ejpapd; ePNuhl;lj;ij ve;j
f;A+nrf;
372. tpf;uk; rhuhgha; tpz;ntsp
jpUtde;jGuk;
msthy;
ikak;
fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ
mike;Js;s
,lk;
373. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; mZ ciyapd; ngaH mg;ruh

374. Gjpa njhopw;nfhs;if mwptpf;fg;gl;l ehs; - [{iy 24> 1991
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375. xspapd; Ntfj;ij Kjd;Kjyhf mse;jtH NuhkH

376. flfNuif ve;j ehl;bd; topahfr; nry;fpwJ - `thdh
377. nfa;Nuh efuk; ve;j ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ iey; ejp
378. vl;lhtJ rhHf; khehL by;ypapy; vg;NghJ eilngw;wJ Nk>
1995
379. khq;FNuht; fhLfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - Re;jutdk;
380. Jiz FbauRj; jiythpd; gjtpePf;fk; nra;Ak; jPHkhdk;
vtw;wpy; kl;Lk; cs;sJ ,uh[;arig
381. ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; $l;lj;jpYk; gq;Nfw;Fk;
cWg;gpduy;yhj xNu egH ml;lhHdp n[duy;
382. cr;rePjpkd;w> caHePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis epakpg;gtH - FbauRj;
jiytH
383. Njrpa tsHr;rp kd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 1952
384. ehfhde;jh vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - `HrH
385. mNugpa nkhopapy; ehzaq;fis ntspapl;l Kjy; JUf;fpaH ,y;Jj;kp\;
386. n[]pah vdg;gLtJ jiythp
387. ,y;Jkp\; ntspapl;l nrk;G ehzak; - [plhy;
388. NrhkehjGuk; mike;Js;s gFjp fj;jpathH
389. ,e;jpa tuyhW vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - ,uhgHl; G&];
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390. fUiz cs;sk; nfhz;ltH vd;W Gfog;gl;ltH [yhYj;jpd;

ngNuh]; fpy;[p
391. tpiyf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwia mkYf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;j K];yPk;
murH myhTjPd; fpy;[p
392. Jf;sf; kuigj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtH fpahRjpd; Jf;sf;
393. Ntiy tha;g;G mikg;ig Njhw;Wtpj;jtH gpNuh]; Jf;sf;
394. mbikfspd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf jdp mikg;igj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtH
NgNuh]; Jf;sf;
395. KO
epiwthd
murH
vd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gLgtH
fpU\;z
NjtuhaH
396. Mgpufhk; ypq;fd; Nkw;nfhz;l rPHjpUj;jk; - mbik xopg;G
397. If;fpa ehLfs; rig Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 1945
398. mq;fhbr; rPHjpUj;jj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jtH myhTjPd; fpy;[p
399. ,e;jpahtpd; nghpa Gj;j klhyak; cs;s ,lk; - jthq;
400. m];]hk; khepyj;jpd; jiyefH jp];g;G+H
401. ,e;jpahtpy; K];yPk;fspd; Gz;zpa efuk; vdf; fUjg;gLtJ
kdH
402. cyfpd; nghpa Mw;Wj; jPT k[pyp
403. Gfo; ngw;w kJghd; Xtpak; fhzg;gLk; khepyk; - gPfhH
404. lhf;lH rypk; myp gwitfs; ruzhyak; cs;s khepyk; Nfhth
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405. njd;dpe;jpahtpd; new;fsQ;rpak; vd miof;fg;gLk; khepyk; Me;jpuh

406. ,e;jpahtpy; fy;ehH cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;s khepyk; Me;jpuh
407. ehk;jg;gh
tdtpyq;F
ruzhyak;
vq;Fs;sJ
Ngrg;gLfpwJ
mUzhryg;gpuNjrk;
408. Nkhd;gh
vd;w
nkhop
ve;j
khepyj;jpy;
mUzhryg;gpuNjrk;
409. xU kNrhjh gz kNrhjh vd;W rhd;wspf;fg;gLgtH rgh
ehafH
410. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U $l;lj;njhlHfSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyk;
- 6 khjq;fs;
411. fhe;jp[pia Kjd; Kjyhf kfhj;kh vd;wioj;jtH jh$H
412. ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig cUthf;fpa rig vJ murpay;
epHzarig
413. murpayikg;gpd;
Njitia
Kjd;
Kjyhf
$wpatH
vk;.vd;.uha;
414. xNu mZ vz;Zk;> mZ vilAk; nfhz;l jdpkk;
i`l;u[d;
415. ,uj;jg;Nghf;if fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; itl;lkpd; - itl;lkpd; Nf
416. <ug;gjj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLk; fUtp i`f;NuhkPl;lH

417. jhkpu ry;igbd; epwk; - fUg;G
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418. nraw;ifNfhis vijg; gad;gLj;jp Jy;ypakhf topfhl;l

KbAk; - lhg;sH tpisT
419. FspHrhjdg; ngl;bapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FspHtpg;gjw;fhd
nghUs; gphpahd;
420. nkf;dr
P pak; vjpypUe;J gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ lhyikl;
421. G+r;rpfisg; gw;wpg; gbf;Fk; ,ay; - vz;lkhy[p
422. cs;sPlw;w cUisapd; cs;tpl;lj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLtJ
ntHdpaH msTNfhy;
423. fhe;jj;ijr; Rw;wp mike;jpUg;gJ fhe;jg;Gyk;
424. rpy Neha;fs; ghuk;gupakhf kugpapy; uPjpahf Vw;gLfpwJ vd
Kjypy; tpsq;fpatH - n[uhL.
425. ntq;fhaj;jpd; vj;jid N[hb FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; cs;sd vl;L
426. b.vd;.V.>-it Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;Ffspy; Jz;bg;gJ - nu];l;upf;fpd;
vz;Nlhepa+f;spa]; nehjp
427. iuNrhk;fis Kjypy; fz;lwpe;J tpsf;fpatH - [P.,. ghyNl
428. fhe;j cl;GF jpwdpd; myF n`d;wp/kPl;lH
429. fle;jfhy
epidTfis
epidT$w
,ayhj
epiy
mk;dr
P pah
430. Md;bghbfis
cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak;
nts;isaZ
ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;
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431. rpe;Jrkntsp ehfhPfj;jpy; cs;s kpfg;nghpa jhdpaf;fsQ;rpak;

cs;s ,lk; - ùg;gh
432. kUjk; epy kf;fs; tzq;fpa nja;tk; - ,e;jpud;
433. kThpag; Nguurpd; jiyefukhf tpsq;fpaJ ghlypGj;jpuk;
434. gy;ytHfs; fhyj;jpy;
Mo;thHfs;
itzt
rkaj;ijg;
gug;gpatHfs;
435. nrq;Nfhl;il ve;j ejpf;fiuapy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ aKdh

436. Mq;fpNyaH Kjypy; thzpfj;jyk; mikj;j ,lk; - #uj;
437. Ntjpahw;wiy ,af;f Mw;wyhf khw;w cjTk; nry;fs; - jil
nry;fs;
438. nghpak;ikia cz;lhf;Fk; itu]; - NthpNahyh itu];
439. kdpjdpd; tpyq;fpay; ngaH N`hNkhnrg;gpad;];
440. gpj;jf; fw;fis cUthf;FtJ nfhy];l;uhy;
441. ikl;uy; thy;T vd miof;fg;gLtJ - <hpjo; thy;T
442. vtH fhyj;jpy; Gj;j rkak; `Pdahdk;> kfhahdk;
vd
,uz;lhfg; gphpe;jJ fdp\;fH

443. gpwf;Fk;NghNjh fhzg;gLk; ijuha;L Fiwg;G epiyapd; ngaH
fphpl;bdprk;
444. rhj;G+uh kiythoplk; cs;s khepyk; - kj;jpa gpuNjrk;
445. [`hq;fPH fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
Nghijg;nghUs; - Gifapiy
446. ghfp];jhd; ehl;bd; caukhd rpfuk; - eq;fgHtjk;
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447. fPo; jpirapd; ntdp]; vd miof;fg;gLtJ - =efH

448. jkpo;ehl;by; gthdp rhfH mizf;fl;L cs;s khtl;lk;
<NuhL
449. n[Nuhrg;gh ePH tPor
; ;rp cs;s khepyk; - fHehlfk;
450. ly;n`srp kiythoplk; cs;s ,lk; - rpk;yh
451. Nkfhyah khepyj;jpd; jiyefH - \py;yhq;
452. ,e;jpa mwptpay; fofk; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1914

453. nkhfyhaHfspd; murit nkhop ghurPfk;
454. ,e;jpahtpy; ituk; mjpfsT cw;gj;jpr; nra;Ak; khepyk; kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
455. rz;bfH efuj;ij jpl;lkpl;L tbtikj;jtH yPfhHG+rpaH
456. nghd;dpahW mizf;fl;L cs;s khtl;lk; - jpUr;rp
457. ,e;jpahtpd; kufjj;jPT vdg;gLtJ - me;jkhd;-epf;NfhgH
jPTfs;
458. rq;ffhyj;jpy; NtspHfs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ltHfs; - FWepy
kd;dHfs;
459. ve;jj; jl;gntg;gj;jpYk; ciwahj jdpkk; - `Pypak;
460. i`l;NuhFNshupf; mkpyj;jpd; NtWngaH
- kpAupahbf;
mkpyk;
461. jz;zPUf;F mbapy; nrd;W Muha;r;rp nra;a cjTk; %r;R
fUtpapd; ngaH - ];fpa+gh
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462. g+idapd;
fz;ghHit
kdpjidtpl
vj;jid
klq;F
$HikahdJ vl;L klq;F

463. ntg;gepiy khdpia fz;Lgpbj;jtH - rpf;];
464. khYkpfspd; jpirfhl;b Crp ve;j cNyhfj;jhy; MdJ fhe;jkhf;fg;gl;l ,Uk;G
465. fhshd;fspy; vj;jid tiffs; cs;sJ
70 Mapuk;
tiffs;
466. ,ug;gH jhtuj;jpd; jhtutpay; ngaH - `Ptpah g;urpypad;rp];
467. Njhypy; er;Rr; Rug;gpfs; cs;s tpyq;F - Njiu
468. ,ug;giu gjg;gLj;j cjTk; mkpyk; - NghHkpf; mkpyk;
469. ghHit euk;G cs;s ,lk; - tpopj;jpiu
470. mkpy kio vJ khRgLtjhy; cz;lhfpwJ - fhw;W
471. ,Uk;igg;Nghy; fhe;j rf;jp kpFe;j cNyhfk; - epf;fy;
472. fug;ghd; g+r;rp ve;jj; njhFjpia rhHe;jJ - MHj;Nuh Nghlh
473. mwptpay; jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - gpg;utup 28
474. VohtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1985 1990
475. khiy el;rj;jpuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs;
tPd];
476. ngHypd; RtH fl;lg;gl;l Mz;L 1961

477. fHehlfj;jpd; ehl;Lg;Gw eld tbtk; - af;\fhdh
478. rhHf; vd;w fUj;jhf;fj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; ntspapl;ltH
tq;fhsNjr mjpgH rpahTH u`;khd;
479. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rhk;uh[;ak; vd;gJ kfj rhk;uh[;ak;
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480. gy;ytH fhy rptdbahHfs; - mg;gH> rk;ge;jH

481. rhjthfd tk;rj;ij epWtpatH rpKfd;
482. ,e;jpa khepyq;fspNyNa cs;s+H tof;F nkhopfs; kpf mjpf
mstpy; Ngrg;gLk; khepyk; - mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjrk;
483. ,Ujiy efuKs;s xNu ,e;jpa khepyk; - [k;K-fh\;kPH
484. jpy;ypf;F Njrpa jiyefug;gFjp me;j];J toq;fpa murpay;
rl;lj;jpUj;jk; - 69-k; jpUj;jk;
485. Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhf Njhd;wpa Kf;fpa
fhyk; - ghisaf;fhuH fhyk;(1799)
486. rptfq;ifg; Nghhpy; Mq;fpNyaUld; tPug;NghH Ghpe;jtH
NtYehr;rpahH
487. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpy; jPtpu gq;Nfw;wtH
mUzh Mrg; myp
488. jw;fhy mt;itahH vdg;gl;l Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuhq;fid
mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH
489. kdpj clypd; kpf rpwpa cWg;G - gPdpay; Rug;gp
490. kdpj clypd; kpf fbdkhd nghUs; - gw;fspd; vdhky;
491. kdpj clypy; kpf mjpkhf mlq;fpAs;s cNyhfk; fhy;\pak;
492. ,ug;igapy; Ruf;fg;gLk; vd;irk;fs; - ngg;rp> nudpd;
493. euk;G nry;thapy; Ruf;ff;$ba Ntjpg;nghUs; - mrpl;ily;
Nfhiyd;
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494. ,jaj;jpw;F ,uj;jj;ij tpepNahfpg;gJ - nfhudh

tpepNahfd;
495. kdpj clypy; fhzg;gLk; kpfg; ngupa Rug;gp - fy;yPuy;
uj;j
496. cyfpd; kpf mjpfkhNdhupy; fhzg;gLk; ,uj;j F&g; - O

gh]pl;bt;
497. Kjd; Kjypy; ,uj;j F&g;Gfis tifg;gLj;jpatH fhs;yhd; ];nlapdH
498. mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w Kjy; nraw;if ,uj;jk; - `_Nkh t;a+tH
(njd;dhg;gpupf;fh)
499. khuilg;gpd; kw;nwhU ngaH - nfhNuhdup j;Nuhk;Nghrp];
500. ,jaj;Jbg;ig fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; %is gFjp - nkLy;yh
xg;sq;Nfw;wh
501. ,jaj;jpd; ,lJ gf;fkhf nry;Yk; ,uj;jk; - Rj;j ,uj;jk;
502. KJnfYk;Gs;s
tpyq;FfspypUe;J
kdpjDf;F
guTk;
njhw;WNeha;; - FNdhr];
503. Mz;fspy;
xU
FNuhNkhNrhk;
mjpfk;
fhzg;gLtjhy;
Vw;gLk; FiwghL - fpisd; ngy;lH rpd;l;Nuhk;

504. jkpofj;jpy; ,urhad nghUl;fSf;fhd njhopy;El;g g+q;fh
cs;s ,lk; - fhiuf;Fb
505. fUizf;nfhiyf;F rl;lG+Ht mq;fPfhuk; toq;fpa cyfpd;
Kjy; ehL M];jpNuypah
506. nkhfyha uh[tk;rk; Ml;rp nra;j fhy fl;lk; - 1526 1857
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507. rl;lg; Nguit nfhz;l xNu kj;jpa Ml;rpg; gFjp GJr;Nrhp

508. rq;ffhyj; jkpofk; ,e;J rkaj;jpw;F toq;fpa ,iwtopghL
KUftopghL
509. Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf vy;yh ,e;jpaHfisAk; xd;wpizj;j
Kjy; gpufldk; - 1801-k; Mz;L gpufldk;
510. jkpo;ehl;by; fhe;jp kpa+rpak; muR mUq;fhl;rpafk; ve;j
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ - kJiu
511. vl;lhtJ cyfj;jkpo; khehL eilngw;w ,lk; - jQ;rht+H
512. ,e;J Mq;fpy ehspjio Jtf;fpatH - [p.Rg;ukzpa IaH
513. vk;ld; vd miof;fg;gl;l jkpof Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuH jPHj;jfpupahH
514. n[a;`pe;j; vd Kjd;Kjypy; Koq;fpatH - nrz;gfuhkd;
515. jkpofj;jpd; nghJg;gzpj;Jiwapd; jiytH - jiyikg;
nghwpahsH
516. jkpo; ehl;by; vk;.[p.MH ];Nlbak; vq;F mike;Js;sJ kJiu
517. jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjy; ngz; ePjpgjp ahH - gj;kpdp NrR Jiu
518. cyfpNyNa ePskhd gpufhuj;ijf; nfhz;l Nfhapy; ,uhNk];tuk;
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nghJ mwpT
1)
vnyf;l;uhdpd; <hpay;G jd;ikia tpsf;fpatH b.gpuhf;Ns
2)
mZ cl;fUtpd; mikg;G kw;Wk; gz;ig Muhag; gad;gLtJ

fhkhf; fjpHfs;
3)
xspaiyf;nfhs;ifia fz;Lgpbj;jtH fpwp];bad; i`fd;];
4)
thdtpy;ypd; Nkw;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; epwk; - rptg;G
5)
ke;j thAf;fspd; vnyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk;
6)
Mg;bfy; igghpy; gad;gLk; jj;Jtk; - KO mf vjpnuhspg;G
7)
nghUs;fspd; xsptpyfy; vz;izf; fhzg; gad;gLtJ
G+[;ak;
epwkhiykhdp
8)
fhw;W kz;lyj;jpy; kpf mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; thA iel;u[d;
9)
thdtpy; cUthff; fhuzkhd epfo;T epwg;gphpif kw;Wk; KOmf

vjpnuhspg;G
10)
xspr;NrHf;ifapd; NghJ jhtuq;fs; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; thA

Mf;]p[d;
11)
khyj;jPahd; vd;gJ G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp
12)
xspr;NrHf;if> Rthrpj;jy; kw;Wk; ePuhtpg;Nghf;F

13)
njhw;Wj; jhtuj;jpw;F cjhuzk; - thz;lh
14)
thioiaj; jhf;Fk; G+r;rpfis mopf;Fk; G+r;rpkUe;J fhHNgh gpAuhd;
15)
caH ntg;gepiyia msf;fg; gad;gLtJ igNuh kPl;lH
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16)
,ug;giu ty;fid]; nra;ag; gad;gLtJ ry;/gH
17)
kpd;rhuj;ijf; flj;Jk; xNu cNyhfk; - fpuhigl;
18)
Gw;WNeha; rpfpr;irf;F gad;gLtJ NyrH
19)
];lhHr;Rf;F ePy epwj;ijf; nfhLg;gJ mNahbd;
20)
jhtuj;jpypUe;Jk; tpyq;fpypUe;Jk; ngwg;gLk; mkpyk; - fhpk mkpyk;
21)
mkpyf; nfhs;ifia ntspapl;ltH mH`{dpa];
22)
ntg;gj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLtJ fNyhhp kPl;lH
23)
Ntjpg;nghUl;fspd; murd; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ ry;/gpA+hpf; mkpyk;
24)
mkpyq;fspd; pHkjpg;G - 0 7
25)
gpdhg;jypd; jahhpf;f cjTtJ vJ jhypf; mkpyk;
26)
jputq;fspd; xg;glHj;jp jd;ikia mwpa gad;gLtJ i`l;Nuh

kPl;lH
27)
g+kpf;F tUk; GwhCjhf; fjpHfisj; jLg;gJ XN]hd;
28)
];fpspnud;ifkh nry;fspd; Rthpy; fhzg;gLtJ ypf;dpd;
29)
Kl;ilapypUe;J FQ;R nghwpf;f gad;gLtJ - ,d;FNgl;lH
30)
31)
#hpaDf;F ntF njhiytpy; cs;s Nfhs; - Gs+l;Nlh

ghypy; cs;sij tpl mjpf fhy;rpak; cs;s fha;fwp - ntq;fhak;
32)
33)
mNahbd; ek; clypy; ve;j gFjpapy; cs;sJ - ijuhf;]pd;

ghk;Gf;F vj;jid EiuaPuy;fs; cs;sd - xd;W
34)
rpupf;Fk; NghJ ekJ clypy; vj;jid jir ehHfs; ,aq;Ffpd;wd 17 jir ehHfs;
35)
jpuhl;ir> Gsp Nghd;wtw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s mkpyk; - lhHlhupf; mkpyk;
36)
kdpj %isia vf;];Nu vLf;Fk; fUtpapd; ngaH - vd;nr/gNyhfpuhg;

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37)
Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; gwf;Fk; rf;jp gilj;j gwit - Cq;fhuf; FUtp
38)
39)
,ug;giu gjg;gLj;j cjTk; mkpyk; - NghHkpf; mkpyk;

vy;yh fz;lq;fspYk; vy;yh jl;gntg;g epiyfspYk;
40)
tpyq;F - eha;
kpfr;rpwpa ,jak; nfhz;l gpuhzp
41)
42)
fhy;eil cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehL - ,e;jpah

mYkpdpaj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH - N`hyH
43)
44)
ijuha;L Neha;fis Fzg;gLj;Jk; cNyhfk; - nlYupak;

goj;jpd; ,dpg;gpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; rHf;fiu Neha; - NkhNdh Nrf;iul;
45)
46)
ntq;fhaj;jpy; mjpfKs;s itl;lkpd; - itl;lkpd; gp

g+kpapd; NghHitahf nray;gLtJ - thA kz;lyk;
47)
48)
va;l;]; Neha; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1980

fz;fs; ,Ue;Jk; ghHitaw;w gpuhzp - ntsthy;
49)
gdpf;fl;bapd; Nky; tsUk; jhtuk;
50)
xl;lf rptpq;fp ve;j mwptpay; FLk;gj;ijr; NrHe;jJ - [puhgpNl
51)
52)
kdpj clypy; kpfr; rpwpa vYk;G - md;tpy; (fhJ vYk;G)

miy ePsk; mjpfk; cs;s tz;zk; - rptg;G
53)
itl;lkpd; kpf mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLtJ - fdpfs;> fha;fs;
54)
kpd;rhuj;ij flj;jhj cNyhfk; - gp];kj;
55)
56)
jhtu ,aypd; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLgtH - jpNahgNul];

#upa FLk;gj;jpy; kpfr;rpwpaJk;> filrpahf fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;lJkhd
Nfhs; -
thof;$ba
- rpq;fk;
- f;uNahigl;];
Gs+l;Nlh
57)
kpfg; ngupa thy;tpz;kPd;
- N`hk;];
58)
cyfpd; kpfr; rpwpa capupdk; -
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59)
jhtuq;fSf;Fk; capUz;L vd;W fz;lwpe;jtH
60)
re;jpuNgh];
kdpj KJnfYk;gpYs;s vYk;G gpizg;Gfs; vj;jid - ,Ugj;jhW
61)
hpJrk;`huk; vd;w ftpij E}iy vOjpatH fhspjhrH
62)
guNghj rhe;Njhujak; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH fpU\;z kp\;uH
63)
gpUjptpuhruhNrh fhtpaj;ij vOjpatH rhe; gHjha;
64)
f[{uhN`htpy;
gpuk;khz;lkhd
- lhf;lH n[fjP\;
Nfhapy;fis
fl;batHfs;
re;NjyHfs;
65)
#hpaf; flTs; Myak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - nfhdhuf;
66)
];jk;gk; vdg;gLtJ ntw;wpf; NfhGuk;
67)
Kjyhk; NghrH rkf;fpUj fy;Y}hpia mikj;j ,lk; - jhuh
68)
kprh rl;lk; ve;j Mz;L ahuhy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ 1973> ,e;jpuh
69)
kuhj;jpaH fhyj;jpy; gl;By; vd;gJ vijf; Fwpf;Fk; - fpuhk epHthfp
70)
yhf; gf;\h vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaH ngw;wtH Fj;GjPd; Ingf;
71)
nrq;fp];fhd; xU kq;NfhypaH
72)
ehw;gjpd;kH FOit cUthf;fpatH - ,y;Jj;kp\;
73)
kj;jpapy;
KjyhtJ
$l;lzp
muir
cUthf;fpatH
nkhuhH[p
Njrha;
74)
jkpof rl;lrig cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1937
75)
jkpofj;jpy; vj;jid uh[;argh vk;.gp.f;fs; cs;sdH 18
76)
fhw;wpd; jpirNtfk; fhzg; gad;gLtJ mdpNkh kPl;lH
77)
tspkz;ly mOj;jk; fhzg; gad;gLtJ ghNuh kPl;lH
78)
xU nghUspd; Kg;ghpkhz glj;ijf; fhl;LtJ - ];bhpNah];Nfhg;

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79)
khypkpfs; jpiria mwpag; gad;gLj;Jk; fUtp fhk;g];
80)
jhdpaq;fp
%yk;
nra;jpfis
mDg;gTk;>
je;jp
jfty;fis
nrYj;jTk; gad;gLk; fUtp nlypgphpz;lH

81)
vjphpy; tUk; tpkhdj;ij mwpag; gad;gLtJ NulhH
82)
,jaJbg;G kw;Wk;
];nlj];Nfhg;
83)
Ez;zpa
EiuaPuypd;
nghUl;fis
,af;fk;
nghpJgLj;jp
fhzg;
ghHf;fg;
gad;gLtJ
gad;gLtJ
ikf;Nuh];Nfhg;
84)
J}uj;jpYs;s
nghUl;fisj;
njspthfg;
ghHf;fg;
gad;gLtJ
nly];Nfhg;
85)
fhe;jg; Gyq;fis mwpag; gad;gLtJ khf;dNlh kPl;lH
86)
fly;
gazj;jpy;
Neuj;ijj;
Jy;ypakhf
msf;fg;
gad;gLtJ
FNuhNdhkPl;lH
87)
kdpj
clypd;
cs;
cWg;Gfisf;
fhzg;
gad;gLtJ
vz;Nlh];Nfhg;
88)
fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J cauk; fhzg; gad;gLtJ My;b kPl;lH
89)
,uj;j
mZf;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia
mwpag;
gad;gLtJ
`pNkhirl;Nlh kPl;lH
90)
kpfj;njhiytpYs;s ,lj;jpd; ntg;gepiyia mwpag; gad;gLtJ

igNuh kPl;lH
91)
,e;jpahtpy; khepy kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L 1956
92)
fPjk;> thj;jpak; ,uz;Lk; NrHe;jJ vJ - rq;fPjk;
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93)
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; khepyq;fis xUq;fpizj;jtH - rHjhH ty;ygha;
94)
gNly;
,e;jpa khepyq;fspy; cja #upadpd; g+kp vd miof;fg;gLtJ -
95)
mUzhrygpuNjrk;
nkhopthupg; gpuptpidapy;
96)
Me;jpugpuNjrk;
jh[;kfhy; ve;j khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ - cj;jpugpuNjrk;
97)
98)
GtNd\;tH ve;j khepyj;jpd; jiyefH - xuprh

kj;jpa ney; Muha;r;rp ikak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - fl;lf; (xuprh)
Kjd;Kjyhf
cUf;nfhz;l
khepyk;
99)
100)
,e;jpahtpd; rpypfhd; gs;sj;jhf;F vd Gfog;gLk; khepyk; - fHehlfk;

ituq;fspd; efuk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ - #uj;
101)
102)
kpf mjpfkhd flw;fiu gFjp nfhz;l khepyk; - F[uhj;

[{d; Kjy; nrg;lk;gH tiuapyhd gUtfhyk; - njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf;
fhw;Wf; fhyk;
103)
rputzf; fiy vd;gJ - ,ir
104)
105)
Mg;gps; fHl; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - [hH[; ngHdhl;\h

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpw;F Kfg;Giu toq;fpatH - [tfHyhy; NeU
106)
Nfk;gphpl;[; gy;fiyf;fofk; cs;s ,lk; - ,q;fpyhe;J
107)
fghyPr;Ruk; rptdhyak; vq;Fs;sJ kapyhg;G+H
108)
Fk;gNfhzj;jpd; njd;Gwk; ghAk; MW murpyhW
109)
,UGwKk; ahidfSk; FjpiufSk; G+l;ba ,ujk; Nghy; mike;j

kz;lgk; - jhuhRuk;
110)
Kj;Juhkypq;f NjtUf;F rpiy epWtpAs;s ,lk; - nrd;id
111)
[g;ghdpaH tzq;Fk; gwit nfhf;F

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112)
cja khHj;jhz;lk; gwit ruzhyak; cs;s ,lk; - jpUth&H
113)
ghk;Gfs; nfhy;yg;gLtij jLf;f rl;lk; ,aw;wpa Mz;L 1972
114)
jkpo;ehl;by; Nfhbaf;fiu gwitfs; ruzhyak; ve;j khtl;lj;jpy;

cs;sJ ehfg;gl;bdk;
115)
mf;gH
F[uhj;ij
ntd;wjpd;
epidthf
fl;lg;gl;l
Eiothapy;
Gye;jHth[h
116)
my;Nkhuh rpiw cs;s ,lk; - cj;uhQ;ry;
117)
118)
mq;fKk; NtjKk; vd;w Njthuj;jpd; gz; ifNuifiag; gad;gLj;jp Fw;wthspia
el;lghil
fz;Lgpbf;Fk;
Kiwia
fz;Lgpbj;jtH - vl;tHl; n`d;wp

119)
lhf;lNul; gl;lk; ngw;w xNu mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp - Tl;Nuh tpy;]d;
120)
cyfpy; kpfg; ngupa mfykhd ejp -
121)
n[Hkdp kw;Wk; ,j;jhyp xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1870
122)
,e;jpahtpd; kpf caukhd rpfuk; - fhl;tpd; M];bd;
123)
fq;if Mw;wpd; gpwg;gplk; - fq;Nfhj;hp
124)
,kakiyfs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd gdp ciwtplk;
125)
Nkw;fpe;jpa ,ilA+Wfshy; kiongWk; ,lk; - gQ;rhg;
126)
twz;l epyg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; kz; - ghiy kz;
127)
gUj;jp vd;gJ gzg;gapH
128)
gUtf;fhw;Wfs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd - ,iyAjpH fhLfs;
129)
NkhNdhirl; kzypy; fhzg;gLk; jhJ ANudpak;
130)
ney; mjpfkhf tpisAk; kz; - tz;ly; kz;
131)
Njapiy
kw;Wk;
fhg;gpg;
gapH
kprprpgp
mjpfkhf
tpisAk;
,lk;
kiyr;rhpTfs;
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132)
twl;rpapy; tsUk; gapH jpid tif
133)
fdpk tsj;jpw;F Gfo;ngw;wJ Nrhl;lh ehf;G+H
134)
gz;bj [t`Hyhy; NeUtpd; mikjpf;fhd Ie;J mk;r nfhs;iffs; gQ;rrPyk;
135)
mZ MAj jilr;rl;lk; ifnaOj;jhd Mz;L 1963
136)
xU jplg;nghUs; Neubahf thAepiyf;F khWtJ - gjq;fkhjy;
137)
Ngf;fpq;
gTlupy;
fye;Js;s
fyit
Nrhbak;
ig
fhHgNdl;>
lhHlhupf; mkpyk;
138)
ePupy; fiuf;fg;gLk; nghOJ i`l;u[d; madpfisf; nfhLg;gJ mkpyk;
139)
140)
jhJg; nghUl;fspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; mkpyq;fs; - fdpk mkpyq;fs;

jPaizf;Fk; fUtpapy; gad;gLtJ - Nrhbak; ig fhHgNdl;
141)
142)
nghl;lhrpak; iel;Nul;bd; nghJg;ngaH - iel;lH

gr;irtpl;upahy;(gr;ir Jj;jk;) vd;gJ - ePNuw;wg;gl;l /ngHu]; ry;Ngl;
143)
144)
ghup]; rhe;J vd;gjd; Ntjpg;ngaH - ePNuw;wg;gl;l [pq;f; ry;Ngl;

mfr;rptg;G fjpHfis mjpfkhf <Hg;gJ - jz;zPH
145)
khYkpfspd;
jpirfhl;b
fhe;jkhf;fg;gl;l ,Uk;G
146)
147)
,d;Rypd; fz;Lgpbj;j tpQ;Qhdp - ghd;bq;

fk;gspf;fhf tsHf;fg;gLk; MLfspd; ngaH -
148)
149)
Njhypy; er;Rr; Rug;gpfs; cs;s tpyq;F - Njiu

nlg;yhd; vd;gJ - ghyp-njl;uh-Gs+Nuh-vj;jpyPd;
150)
tapw;wpy; cs;s mkpyj;jd;ikia eLepiyahf;fy; nra;J m[Puzf;
Crp
ve;j
cNyhfj;jhy;
MdJ
kupNdh
NfhshWfis ePfF
; tJ - Nrhbak; ig fhHgNdl;
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151)
ghf;Bupahtpd; ,dg;ngUf;f Kiw - ,U rkgpsT Kiw.
152)
kuGg; nghwpapaypy; efy; ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; flj;jpahf nray;gLtJ gpsh];kpl;.
153)
154)
nry;iyr; Rw;wp firapio nfhz;l ghf;Bupak; - ngupl;biuf];

iuNrhgpak; vd;gJ - $l;Laup ghf;Bupak;
155)
156)
,uz;L cl;fUf;fis cilaJ - ghukPrpak;.

jhtuq;fs; jput epiyapy; czit vLj;Jf; nfhs;tij vt;thW
157)
miof;fg;gLfpwJ - N`hNyhigbf;
jhtuq;fspd; Nrkpg;G czT vd;gJ - jurk; (];lhHr;)
158)
159)
tpyq;Ffspd; czt+l;l Kiwia vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ - gu[Ptp

jpwe;j tpijAila %lg;glhj jhtuk; - [pk;Ndh];ngHk;
160)
161)
jpR epiyaw;w xU nry; capup - GNuhl;NlhNrhth

a+f;spdhtpd; czt+l;l Kiw - jhtu Kiw
162)
<uLf;F capupfs; vdg;gLgit - FopAlypfs;
163)
jl;ilg; GOtpd; tpyq;fpdg; ngaH - gpshl;b n`y;kpd;j];
164)
tisjirg; GOf;fspd; Rthrk; vjd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ - Njhy;

my;yJ nrTy;fs;
165)
kPdpd; ,ja miw vj;jid ghfq;fisf; nfhz;lJ - ,uz;L
166)
fjphpaf;fj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH n`d;wp ngf;Fuy;
167)
nry;ypd; mikg;ig fz;lwpe;jtH - ,uhgHl; `{f;
168)
njhiyNgrpia fz;Lgpbj;jtH fpufhk;ngy;
169)
n[l; tpkhdj;ij fz;Lgpbj;;jtH - /gpuhq;f;tpl;by;
170)
njhiyf;fhl;rpia fz;Lgpbj;;jtH J.L.ngaHL
171)
mk;ik Neha;f;F jLg;G+rpiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH vl;tHL n[d;dH

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172)
ildikl;il fz;Lgpbj;;jtH My;gHl; Nehgy;
173)
ntwpeha;f;fbf;F kUe;J fz;Lgpbj;jtH Y}ap gha;];baH
174)
ghf;Bhpahitf; fz;lwpe;jtH Md;ld;thd; ypA+td;`{f;
175)
Fthz;lk; nfhs;ifiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH khf;]; gpshq;f;
176)
vf;];Nuitf; fz;lwpe;jtH - ,uhz;l;[d;
177)
GNuhl;lhidf; fz;lwpe;jtH - &jHNghHL
178)
epA+l;uhidf; fz;lwpe;jtH N[k;]; rhl;tpf;
179)
njHNkh kPl;liuf; fz;lwpe;jtH - Nldpay; Nfg;hpay; ghud;`{l;
180)
NubNahitf; fz;lwpe;jtH khHNfhdp
181)
Kl;ilapLk; ghY}l;bfs; - vWk;Gj;jpd;dp> gpshbg];
182)
khwh ntg;gepiy nfhz;l caphpdk; - gwitfs;
183)
nry;ypd; Rthr Ez;ZWg;Gfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ

ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah
184)
fhl;L kuj;jpd; rf;futHj;jp vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ Njf;F
185)
fphpf;nfl; kl;il jahH nra;ag;gLk; kuk; - tpy;Nyh kuk;
186)
fhHNghi`l;Nul;Lfspy; kpf mjpfk; fpilg;gJ nry;YNyh];
187)
czT nrhpkhdj;Jf;F cjTtJ - i`l;Nuh FNshhpf; mkpyk;
188)
GifAk; fe;jf mkpyk; vd;gJ xypak;
189)
,ug;gh ghiyf; nfl;bg;gLj;j gad;gLtJ ghHkpf; mkpyk;
190)
kpsfha;f;F fhur;Rit toq;Fk; Ntjpg;nghUs; - fhg;ir]pd;
191)
,yQ;rk; thq;Fk; mjpfhhpfisg; gpbf;f &gha; Nehl;by; jltg;gLk;

Ntjpg;nghUs; - /gpNdhg;jyPd;
192)
jz;zPH Rj;jpfhpg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kpf Kf;fpa thA FNshhpd;

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193)
,aw;if vhpthAtpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahf mlq;fpapUf;Fk; thA

kPj;Njd;
194)
,ae;jpu rf;jpia kpd;rf;jpahf khw;Wk; fUtp n[dNul;lH
195)
kpd;dy; xU kpd;rhu Ftpay; vd;W ep&gpj;jtH ngQ;rkpd; gpuhq;spd;
196)
197)
fpof;fpd; buha; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; jkpof efuk; - nrQ;rpf;Nfhl;il

jkpofj;jpy; ,aw;if ug;gH cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; xNu khtl;lk; fd;dpahFkhp
198)
fhe;jpabfshy; fjH jiyefuk; vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l efuk; - jpUg;G+H
199)
jkpofj;jpy; irkd;FO Gwf;fzpg;Gg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F jiyikNaw;wtH

rj;jpa%Hj;jp
200)
ePy; rpiy rj;jpahfpufk; eilngw;w ,lk; - nrd;id
201)
nrd;id RNjrpr; rq;fk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l tUlk; - 1852
202)
Ntjhuz;ak; cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufj;ij Jtf;fp itj;jtH uh[h[p
203)
fj;jpapd;wp uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jnkhd;W tUFJ vd;w ghliy ,aw;wpatH

ehkf;fy; ,uhkypq;fk;gps;is
204)
RNjrp ,af;fj;ij nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; Kd;dpd;W elj;jpatH

t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is
205)
NtY}H Gul;rp eilngw;w ehs; - 1806> [Piy10
206)
,e;jpahtpy; ntwp eha;f;fbf;fhd kUe;J jahhpf;Fk; gh];lH

,d;];bA+l; Mg; ,e;jpah mike;Js;s khtl;lk; - ePyfphp
207)
,e;jpag; Gul;rpapd; jha; vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gLgtH gpfh[pfhkh
208)
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; ,e;jpag; ngz; jiytH rNuh[pdp

ehAL
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209)
,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpd; ngz;fs; gphptpw;F jiyikNaw;wtH

Nfg;ld; nyl;Rkp nrfy;
210)
jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrd;l; vdg;gLgtH - %tY}H ,uhkhkpHjk;

mk;ikahH
211)
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; myF Mk;gpaH
212)
miyePsj;jpd; myF Mk;];buhq;
213)
kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwdpd; myF ghul;
214)
mOj;jj;jpd; myF gh];fy;
215)
ntg;g Mw;wypd; myF fNyhhp
216)
NubNah miyfis vt;thW fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ n`Hl;];
217)
xypapd; msTfis fz;lwpag; gad;gLtJ nlrpgy;
218)
jpUg;Gj;jpwdpd; myF epA+l;ld; kPl;lH
219)
ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwdpd; myF [{y; / nfy;tpd;
220)
jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwdpd; myF [{y; / fpNyhfpuhk;
221)
kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; myF Nthy;l;
222)
Mw;wypd; myF [{y;
223)
tpirapd; myF epA+l;ld;
224)
kpd;jilapd; myF Xk;
225)
kpd;jpwdpd; myF thl;
226)
Gj;j G+Hzpkh nfhz;lhLgtHfs; - Gj;j kjj;jpdH
227)
xw;Wik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;il tsHg;gjpy; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpg;gJ ,ir kw;Wk; eldk;
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228)
xU nghUis KOtJkhf gad;gLj;JNthH EfHNthH
229)
jfty;
mwpAk;
chpikr;rl;lk;
vg;NghJ
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
mf;NlhgH 12> 2005

230)
cyf EfHNthH jpdkhf nfhz;lhlg;gLtJ khHr; 15
231)
EfHNthhpd; kfh rhrdk; vd;gJ EfHNthH ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;
232)
njYq;F Njrk; vdg;gLtJ khepyf;fl;rp
233)
vjpHfl;rpj;
jiytUf;F
mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s
me;j];J
fhgpndl;
mikr;rH
234)
NjHjypy; Nghl;baplj; Njitahd taJ 25
235)
kj;jpapy;
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l
gpujpepjpfisf;
nfhz;l
mikg;G
ehlhSkd;wk;
236)
gQ;rhg; Nfrhp vd;W miof;fg;gLgtH yhyh y[gjpuha;
237)
ghHypnkd;by;
,uz;L
$l;lj;njhlHfSf;fpilNa
cs;s
mjpfgl;r
,ilntsp vt;tsT khjq;fs; - 6 khjq;fs;

238)
epjpf;FO RkhH vj;jid Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
239)
Ie;J
rhe;j; gPtp Ml;rp Ghpe;j ,lk; - mfkJ efH
240)
Mq;fpy
ghHypnkd;by;
,e;jpa
tpLjiyr;
rl;lk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l
Mz;L [{iy 1947

241)
mypfhH ,af;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtH rH.iraJ mfkJfhd;
242)
ifyhrehjH Nfhapiyf; fl;bath; - ,uhrrpk;kd;
243)
Nfhthitf; ifg;gw;wpatH my;GfHf;F
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244)
nghpahH itf;fk; rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; gq;Fngw;w Mz;L 1924
245)
1878Mk; Mz;L ehl;L nkhop nra;jpj;jhs; rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;w patH

ypl;ld; gpuG
246)
eNuhuh mZkpd; epiyak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - cj;ju gpuNjrk;
247)
Kjy; nraw;ifj; Jizf;Nfhspid tpz;zpy; Vtpa ehL u\;ah
248)
jsf; Nfhzj;jpd; myF Nubad;
249)
#hpaxsp G+kpia mila vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Neuk; - 8.3 epkplk;
250)
tspkz;lyj;jpy; iel;u[dpd; rjtPjk; vt;tsT 78 rjtPjk;
251)
G+kpapd; nfl;bahd Nkw;gug;gpd; ngaH vd;d fpu];l;
252)
el;rj;jpuq;fs;
ve;j
thAf;fshy;
Mdit
i`l;u[d;
kw;Wk;
`{ypak;
253)
xU Fjpiuj;jpwd; vd;gJ 746 thl;
254)
ney;
tay;fspy;
iel;u[id
epiyepWj;jg;
gad;gLtJ
ePyg;gr;irg;ghrp
255)
nghUis tl;lg;ghijapy; ,af;f itf; fj; Njitahd tpir ika

Nehf;F tpir
256)
,e;jpa tpz;ntspj;jpl;lj;jpd; je;ij vdg;gLgtH ahH lhf;lH tpf;uk;

rhuhgha;
257)
Kjy; ,e;jpa nraw;iff;Nfhs; - Mhpagl;lh (1975)
258)
,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp ikaj;jpd; (ISRO) jiyikafk; cs;s

,lk; - ngq;fs+H
259)
Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fis Kjd; Kjyhf nray;gLj;jpa ehL u\;ah
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260)
,e;jpahtpy; jpl;lkpLjypd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; - r%f ePjpAld; $ba
261)
tsHr;rp
,e;jpa hprHt; tq;fp Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;l ehs; - 1949 [dthp 1
262)
cyfpd; kpfg; ngUk; gq;Fr; re;ijahd epA+ahHf; gq;Fr;re;ijapd;

jiyik epiyak; - thy;];l;hPl;
263)
mz;lhHbfh kw;Wk; fly; Muha;r;rpf;fhd Njrpa ikak; mike;Js;s

,lk; - Nfhth.
264)
,e;jpa jpahrgpf;fy; nrhirl;bf;F tbtk; nfhLj;jtH md;dpngrd;l;
265)
,e;jpah KOtJk; njhlH Ma;Tf;$lq;fis epWtpatH rhe;jp

];t&g; gl;ehfH.
266)
kpd;dpay; jiyefH vd miof;fg;gLtJ ngq;fs+H
267)
,uh[;argh> Nyhf;rghTld; vjpy; rkkhd mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ

rl;lj;jpUj;jk;
268)
khepyj;jpd; Kjd;ik epHthf mjpfhuk; ngw;wtH ftHdH
269)
1994-k; Mz;L ghy];jPd tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpd; jiytH ahrH
270)
muhgj;
rHtNjr kfspH jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - khHr; 8
271)
Me;jpukhepyj;jpd; gpugykhd eldk; - Fr;rpg;Gb
272)
kQ;rs; ehfhPfk; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ rPd ehfhPfk;
273)
cyfpy; Kjd; Kjyhf fhfpj fud;rp gad;gLj;jpa ehL rPdh
274)
,uh[fpUfk; vd;Dk; Gjpa efiu cUthf;fpatH gpk;gprhuH
275)
jkpo;f;$ly; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l efuk; - kJiu
276)
Nru kuigg; gw;wp $Wk; E}y; - gjpw;Wg; gj;J

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277)
,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ nghpa cg;G cw;gj;jp ikak; - J}j;Jf;Fb
278)
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahTld; ,ize;j Kjy; rk];jhdk; - GJf;Nfhl;il
279)
njd;dpe;jpa Mf;];NghHL vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLtJ jpUney;Ntyp

khtl;lk;
280)
goq;fw;fhy kdpjdpd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; - Ntl;ilahLjy;
281)
tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLgtH - `pNuhlhl];
282)
cyfpNyNa nghpa fhg;gpak; vJ kfhghujk;
283)
,uhkhazj;jpd; %yj;ij vOjpatH ahH
284)
,ir> ghly;> eldk;> ehlfk; kw;Wk; Kfghtq;fs; xUq;fpize;j
thy;kPfp
Nfus eldk; - fjfsp

285)
kdpjd; Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpa cNyhfk; - nrk;G
286)
Nubak;> NubNah fjpHtPri

; rf; fz;lwpe;jtH Nklk; Nkhp fpA+hp
287)
fpUkp ehrpdpahfTk;> Ez;ZapH nfhy;ypahfTk; gad;gLtJ ryitj;J}s;
288)
tapw;wpy; cs;s mkpyj;jd;ikia eLepiyahf;fy; nra;J m[Puzf;
289)
NfhshWfis ePfF
; tJ - Nrhbak; ig fhHgNdl;
Nff;> gpnul; Nghd;w nuhl;bfs; jahupf;Fk;nghOJ mtw;iw cg;gr;
nra;J kpUJthf;Fk; thA - fhHgd; il Mf;irL
290)
ePwW
; r; Rz;zhk;G vd;gJ - fhy;rpak; i`l;uhf;irL
291)
292)
fyg;gpd cg;gpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - ryitj;J}s;

/ngHu]; ry;Ngl; cg;gpd; epwk; - ,sk; gr;ir
293)
Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;ypd; Ntjpg;ngaH - fhy;rpak; fhHgNdl;
294)
nghl;lhrpak; iel;Nul;bd; nghJg;ngaH - iel;lH
295)
kapy; Jj;jk; vd;gJ - ePNuw;wg;gl;l fhg;gH ry;Ngl;

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296)
ghup]; rhe;J vd;gjd; Ntjpg;ngaH - ePNuw;wg;gl;l [pq;f; ry;Ngl;
297)
midj;J jdpkq;fSk; NkYk; gpsf;f Kbahj mZf;fs; vd;W

miof;fg;gLk; rpW Jfs;fshy; MdJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ltH - [hd;
298)
lhy;ld;
kz;zpd; Ntjpg;ngaH vd;d - rpypf;fd; il Mf;irL
299)
300)
fbd ePiu nkd;dPuhf;fg; gad;gLtJ - Nrhbak; fhHgNdl;

ryitj; njhopypy; ryit Nrhlhthfg; gad;gLtJ -
301)
fhHgNdl;
jkpofj;jpy; E}w;whz;L fhykhf mfo;thuha;r;rpg; gzpfs; eilngWk;
Nrhbak;
,lk; - Mjpr;r ey;Y}H

302)
Ntjq;fis ehd;fhf tFj;jtH tpahrH
303)
Hpf;Ntjfhy kf;fs; mwpe;jpuhj tpyq;F Gyp
304)
tdj;jpy;
thOk;
KdptHfs;
gbg;gjw;fhf
vOjg;gl;lit
Muz;aq;fs;
305)
,ir kw;Wk; eldk; gw;wp $Wk; Ntjk; - rhk Ntjk;
306)
cgepljk; vjid tpsf;FfpwJ jj;Jtk;
307)
rkz kjj;jpy; cs;s nkhj;j jPHj;jq;fuHfspd; vz;zpf;if 24
308)
kfhtPuH gpwe;j ,lk; - itrhyp
309)
310)
jkpofj;jpy; ilNdhru]; Kl;ilfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;w ,lk; - mhpaY}H

jkpofj;jpy; KJkf;fs; jhopfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ,lk; - Mjpr;r
311)
ey;Y}H
ehHNt ehl;L ghHypnkd;bd; ngaH vd;d - ];lhHbq;nfl;
312)
kj;jpa murpd; ngdprpypd; jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiy mike;Js;s ,lk;

- gpk;gphp
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313)
kdpj clypy; cs;s FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if 46
314)
Njrpa mwptpay; jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - gpg;uthp 28
315)
Nfhuh vd;w ehtiy vOjpatH ahH ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$H
316)
317)
mf;gH ehkh E}iy vOjpatH - mGy;ghry;

rptghj Nrfud; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l kd;dd; ahH - ,uh[uh[ Nrhod;
318)
rPf;fpa kjj;ij epWtpatH -
319)
,e;jpahtpy; K];yPk; Ml;rpapd; tpisthfj; Njhd;wpa nkhop -
320)
,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;juJ muritf; ftpQHfs; vt;thW

miof;fg;gl;ldH - etuj;jpdq;fs;
321)
khky;yd; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l gy;yt kd;dd; ahH -
322)
rq;fuH Nghjpj;j nfhs;if vJ - mj;itjk;
323)
324)
#upa rpj;jhe;jk; vd;Dk; E}y; vijg;gw;wpaJ - thd rh];jpuk;

mkPHF];UTf;F cjtp nra;j rPff
; paj; jiytH - mH[{d;rpq;
325)
f[pdp KfkJtpd; mitapypUe;j fzpj Nkij - my;gUzp
326)
mf;giu vjpHj;j uh[Gj;jpu ,sturd; - ,uhzh gpujhg;rpq;
327)
m[e;jh Xtpaq;fs; ahH fhyj;jpy; tiuag;gl;ld - Fg;jHfs;

fhyj;jpy;
328)
rPf;fpaupd; Ntjg;Gj;jfk; vJ - Mjpfpue;jk;
329)
mf;gupd; gil mikg;G Kiwapd; ngaH - kj rfpg;Gj; jd;ik
330)
331)
`hup ghl;lH ehtypd; MrpupaH - N[.Nf. nusypq;

N`kre;jpuH vOjpa tuyhw;W E}y; - fahtpd; tuyhW
332)
jpy;thuh Nfhtpy; mike;Js;s ,lk; - ,uh[];jhd;
333)
NfhkjP]t
; uH rpw;gk; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - rutzngyFsh
334)
rPtf rpe;jhkzpia vOjpatH jpUj;jf;f NjtH
FUehdf;
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335)
Nahf #j;jpuk; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH N`kre;jpuH
336)
Gj;jH nka;Qhdj;ij Kjypy; Nghjpj;j ,lk; - rhuehj;
337)
ngsj;j Jwtpfspd; tpfhuq;fs; mjpfk; cs;s khepyk; - gPfhH
338)
Gj;j rhpjk; vd;w E}ypd; MrphpaH m];tNfh\H
339)
m[e;jh Xtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; vy;Nyhuh rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; kfhuh\;buh
340)
Kjy; Gj;j khehL eilngw;w ,lk; - uh[fphpfk;
341)
nrt;Nts; vd ,sq;Nfhtbfshy; ghuhl;lg;gLgtH Nfhtyd;
342)
gpshrpg;NghH eilngw;w Mz;L 1757
343)
MrpaN[hjp vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ftpkzp
344)
gps;isj;jkpo; ,yf;fpa gUtq;fspy; xd;W nrq;fPiu
345)
th];Nfhlfhkh fs;spf;Nfhl;il JiwKfj;jpw;F te;j Mz;L 1498
346)
kpf mjpfkhf kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l fz;lk; - Mrpah
347)
I.eh. rigf;F mLj;jgbahf mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd ehLfis

nfhz;lJ mzpNruh ,af;fk;
348)
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fpNuf;fHfs; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;ldH

atdHfs;
349)
,e;jpa epA+l;hpNdh Ma;T ikak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - NjdP khtl;lk;

Nkfkiy.
350)
Nkw;F Nehf;fpg; ghAk; ,e;jpa ejpfspy; kpfg; nghpaJ eHkij
351)
tlfpof;F ,uapy;Nt kz;lyj;jpd; jiyikafk; - Nfhuf;G+H
352)
gj;jphpf;if Jiwf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; tpUJ Gypl;rH tpUJ
353)
,e;jpa khDltpay; Ma;T mike;Js;s ,lk; - nfhy;fj;jh

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354)
gwitapay; kw;Wk; ,aw;if tuyhW rypk; myp ikak; mike;Js;s

,lk; - Nfhak;Gj;J}H
355)
thpiaf; Fwpj;Jf; Fwpg;gpLk; murpay; rl;lg; gphpT 265
356)
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; tpkhdj;jhq;fp NghHf; fg;gy; - Ivd;v]; tpf;ue;j;
357)
,e;jpah jhNd cUthf;fpa Kjy; VTfiz gpUj;tp
358)
,e;jpa flw;gilapd; jiyikafk; - GJjpy;yp
359)
khepy muRfspd; Kf;fpa thp tUtha; - tpw;gid thp
360)
epjp neUf;fb epiyf;F ghuhSkd;w xg;Gjiyg; ngw MFk; fhyk; ,uz;L khjq;fs;
361)
Nfhs;fspNyNa kpfTk; ,Nyrhd Nfhs; - rdp
362)
Nfhs;fspNyNa kpfg;nghpaJ tpahod;
363)
kpff; FspHe;j Nfhs; - neg;bA+d;
364)
365)
#hpaidg; Gjd; tyk;tu MFk; fhyk; - 88 ehl;fs;

kpfTk; ntg;gkhd Nfhs; - nts;sp
366)
367)
#oyhky; cUz;lgbNa #hpaid tyk; tUk; Nfhs; - ANud];

,ul;ilr; rNfhjhpfs; vdg;gLk; Nfhs;fs; - G+kp> nts;sp
368)
rpfg;Gf; Nfhs; vdg;gLtJ nrt;tha;
369)
kpfTk; xspkpf;f Nfhs; - nts;sp
370)
kpf Ntfkhf #oYk; Nfhs; - tpahod;
371)
372)
kpfr; rpwpa Nfhs; - Gjd;

kpf Ntfkhf tyk; tUk; Nfhs; - Gjd;
373)
rdpapd; nghpa Jizf;Nfhs; - ill;lhd;
374)
#hpaf; FLk;gj;jpy; fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;fhfr; #oYk; xNu Nfhs; nts;sp

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375)
Jizf;Nfhs;fNs ,y;yhj Nfhs;fs; - Gjd;> nts;sp
376)
377)
jkpo;tpL J}jpd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; - nrhf;fehjH

,e;jpah Nkiy ehLfSf;F fly; thzpfj;jpy;
Vw;Wkjp
nra;j
vd;Dk;
E}iy
nghUs;fspy; Kjyplk; ngWtJ kpsF

378)
ngz;zpd;
ngUik
my;yJ
tho;f;ifj;
Jiz
vOjpatH jpU.tp.f.
379)
fUtsHr;rpapy; Kjypy; Njhd;Wk; cWg;G - ,Ujak;
380)
fhe;jp[p gpwe;j Mz;L mf;NlhgH2> 1869
381)
2015-k; Mz;by; Rfhjhuj;jpw;fhd cyf GJikf; fz;Lgpbg;G cr;rp

khehl;bid elj;jpa ehL fj;jhH
382)
RFzRe;jhp ehtypd; MrphpaH Ntjehafk; gps;is
383)
jkpofj;jpy;
njhy;
goq;fhy
Xtpak;
Kjd;Kjypy;
vq;F
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ ky;yg;ghb
384)
clypy; ve;j rj;Jf; FiwT Vw;gLk;NghJ ,uj;jNrhif Vw;gLfpwJ ,Uk;G rj;J
385)
,e;jpa murpay; rl;lk; mky;gLj;jg;gl;l ehs; - 26 [dthp 1950
386)
rq;fuhpd; $w;Wg;gb khiaapd; Kf;fpakhd nray;ghL kiwg;gJ
387)
Re;jutdk; rJg;G epyg;gFjp fhzg;gLk; khepyk; - Nkw;F tq;fk;
388)
389)
Kjy; rhHf; khehL eilngw;w Mz;L - 1985

,e;jpa murpayikg;G epHza rigapd; Kjy; $l;lk; eilngw;w ehs;
- 1946> brk;gH 9
390)
fhw;wpYs;s
thAf;fis
gphpj;njLf;Fk;
Kiw
gpd;df;fha;r;rp
tbj;jy;
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391)
by;ypapy;
cs;s
JUgpbf;fhj
,Uk;Gj;
J}iz
fl;batHfs;
Fg;jHfs;
392)
fhjk;ghp vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ghzH
393)
`H\ rhpjj;ij vOjpatH ghzH
394)
Gdpjg; gazpfspd; ,sturH vdg;gLgtH Athd; Rthq;
395)
fd;Ndhrpapy; Gj;j khehl;il elj;jpatH - `H\H
396)
F[uhj; khepyj;jpd; ehl;Lg;Gw eldk; - fhHgh.
397)
mirAk; rpw;gk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; eldk; - xbrp
398)
fpNuf;f ehfhPfk; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; E}y;fs; - ,ypal;> xb]p
399)
,e;jpahtpy; I.eh. jfty; ikak; mike;Js;s efuk; - GJ jpy;yp
400)
I.eh. gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; jiyikafk; mike;Js;s efuk; Nlhf;fpNah
401)
gRik ,y;y thAf;fs; ntspaPl;il Fiwg;gJ njhlHghd xg;ge;jk; fpNahl;Nlh GNuhl;Nlhfhy;(2005)
402)
rpe;Jrkntsp ehfhPfk; gw;wp mwpa cjTgit mfo;thuha;r;rp
403)
rhd;Wfs;
,uh\;bu$lHfspd; jiyefuk; - khdpa epNfjk;
404)
Njtdhk;gphpa vd;Dk; ngahpy; miof;fg;gl;l kd;dH mNrhfH
405)
nfsby;ahpd; mHj;jrh];jpuj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngaHj;jtH
406)
rpahkh rh];jphp
,e;jpahtpw;F Kjypy; te;j K];yPk;fs;
407)
cUJnkhopapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatH
408)
,uz;lhtJ ghdpgl; NghH vg;NghJ eilngw;wJ -
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- mkPHF];U
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409)
Mo;thHfspd;
ghly;
njhFg;gpw;F
410)
gpuge;jk;
,e;jpa neg;Nghypad; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l kd;dd;
411)
412)
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa ghuk;gupa tpyq;F - ahid

fypAf uhkd; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l ghz;ba kd;dd;
413)
Re;jughz;bad;
ftpuh[h vd;w gl;lg;ngaiug; ngw;w kd;dd; - rKj;jpuFg;jH
Kjy;
rl;l
vd;d
ngaH
mikr;rH
ehyhapu
jpt;a
rKj;jpuFg;jH
khwtHkd;
414)
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd;
mk;Ngj;fhH.
lhf;lH
gp
MH
415)
kpf ePz;l fhyk; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; FbauR jiytuhf ,Ue;jtH lhf;lH uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;.
416)
417)
jghy; jiyapy; Kjypy; ,lk;ngw;w ,e;jpaH - kfhj;kh fhe;jp

fhkd;nty;j;
jiyik
nrayhsuhf
,uz;lhk;
Kiwahf
epakpf;fg;gl;ltH fkNy\; rHkh
418)
419)
ntz;ikg; Gul;rpapd; je;ij vd tUzpf;fg;gLgtH - tHfP]; Fupad;

rptd; mtjupj;j ];jykhd ifyh\; khdrNuhtH ve;j ,lj;jpy;
420)
cs;sJ - rPd vy;iyapy;

ekJ ehl;L kf;fshYk;> murhYk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; tpoh - Njrpa tpoh
421)
Kjy; jnua;d; NghH eilngw;w Mz;L fp.gp. 1191
422)
fsg;gpuHfis tpul;ba ghz;ba murd; - fLq;Nfhd;
423)
FJg;kpdhiuf; fl;lj; njhlq;fpatH Fj;GjPd; Igf;
424)
Fg;jHfspd; cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - m[e;jh
425)
Kd; Ntjfhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpa cjTtJ hpf; Ntjk;
426)
rHtNjr mZrf;jp mikg;gpd; Kj;jpiur; nrhy; - mikjpf;F mZ

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427)
rhHf; mikg;gpd; epue;ju jiyikafk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - fhl;kz;L
428)
I.eh. rigf;F mLj;jgbahf mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd ehLfis

nfhz;lJ mzpNruh ,af;fk;
429)
cyf tpahghu $l;likg;G cUthd cld;gbf;if khuf;Nf\;

cld;gbf;if(1995)
430)
Mwhk; E}w;whz;by; epytpypUe;j kfh[dgjq;fs; - gjpdhW
431)
re;jpuFg;jdhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l mnyf;rhz;lhpd; jsgjp

nry;A+f;fy; epNfhlH
432)
tpf;ukhjpj;jd; vd;W toq;fg;gl;l Fg;j kd;dH - ,uz;lhk; re;jpu

Fg;jH
433)
uh\;bu$l rhkuh[;aj;ij cUthf;fpatH je;jp JHf;fd;
434)
rhSf;fpaHfspd; jiyefuk; - thjhgp
435)
,e;jpahit jhf;fpa Kjy; md;dpa gilnaLg;ghsH kfh

mnyf;rhz;lH
436)
If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; cWg;G ehLfspd; vz;zpf;if 193
437)
438)
,e;jpahtpd; ePz;l J}uk; nry;Yk; ,uapy; - tpNtf;

2012 Njrpa thypghy; Nghl;bapy; ntd;w khepyk; - Nfush
439)
Rthkp tpNtfhde;jH tpkhd epiyak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - nua;G+H
440)
,e;jpa mZrf;jp fhHgNurd; cs;s ,lk; - Kk;ig
441)
442)
ehl;bd; Kjy; fdePH cw;gj;jp epiyak; - eq;fy;

,e;jpahtpy; ve;j nkhopapy; gj;jphpf;iffs; mjpfk; ntspahfpd;wJ ,e;jp
443)
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfk; tpw;gidahFk; ehspjo; - < ehL
444)
,uh[pt; fhe;jp tpkhd epiyak; cs;s ,lk; Me;jpuh

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445)
,e;jpahtpy; K];yPk; Ml;rpf;F top tFj;j NghH - ,uz;lhk; jiud;
446)
NghH.
2012 ,uQ;rpf; Nfhg;igia ntd;w khepyk; - ,uh[];jhd;
447)
myhTjPd; fpy;[p mikr;ruitapd; ftpQH mkPH F];U
448)
KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf;fpd; ,aw;ngaH [{dhfhd;.
449)
Mk;nd];b ,d;lHNe\dypd; jiyikafk; mike;Js;s ,lk; ,yz;ld;
450)
xsuq;frPg;Gld; Nkhjpa kuhl;ba kd;dH rpth[p
451)
Njrpa cNyhf ghpNrhjid epiyak; cs;s ,lk; - [hk;n\l;g+H
452)
cyfpy; mjpfk; ,ug;gH cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL jha;yhe;J
453)
ehfhH[Pd rhfH miz ve;j Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
fpU\;zh
454)
455)
jf;fhzj;jpy; yhth gFjpapy; fhzg;gLtJ - fupry; kz;

vfpg;jpd; nts;isj; jq;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - gUj;jp
456)
457)
Mw;wpd; fopKfg; gFjpapy; tsUk; fhLfs; - rJg;G epyf;fhLfs;

ypk;ghHb rkntsp fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - INuhg;gh
458)
459)
kJiuapy; filr; rq;fk; Vw;gLj;jpatH - ,uz;lhk; neLQ;nropad;

,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpu]; njhlq;fg;gl;l tUlk; - 1885
460)
khepyq;fsitapy; FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdHfspd;

vz;zpf;if - 12
461)
mikr;ruit
mikr;rH
462)
463)
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ghJfhtyd; - cr;r ePjpkd;wk;

,yl;rj; jPTfspd; jiyefuk; - ftuj;jp
rfhf;fSf;Fj;
Jiwia
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P
nra;gtH
gpujk
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464)
Mupag;gil fle;j neLQ;nropad; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltH - ,uz;lhk;

neLQ;nropad;
465)
fpuhk Rauh[;ak; vd;w fUj;ij $wpatH kfhj;kh fhe;jp
466)
epow;fbfhuj;ij Kjy; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatHfs; - RNkupaHfs;
467)
jputq;fspd; fd msitf; fhz cjTk; fUtp - nfhs;fyd;
468)
tiug;glj;jhs; Kiwapy; fz;lwptJ - xOq;fw;w nghUspd; gug;G
469)
jq;f eiff; filapy; gad;gLk; jhuR - kpd;dZ jhuR
470)
mzh fbfhuj;jpy; gad;gLk; cNyhfk; - rPrpak;
471)
ehk; gUFk; Nrhlh ePupy; cs;s thA - fhHgd; -il -Mf;irL
472)
xspiaj; jil nra;Ak; nghUs; - cNyhfj;Jz;L
473)
474)
xU gbj;jhd jd;ik nfhz;lJ - J}a nghUl;fs;

nehjpj;jy; epfo;tpd; NkhJ ntspg;gLk; thA - fhHgd; -il-Mf;i]L
475)
JU vd;gjd; Ntjpg; ngaH - ,Uk;G Mf;i]L
476)
mOj;jj;ij mstplg; gad;gLk; tha;ghL - tpir/gug;G
477)
Jg;ghf;fpapy; mOj;jg;gl;l RUs;tpy; ngw;wpUg;gJ - epiy Mw;wy;
478)
,U epiyfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l FWfpa njhiyT - ,lg;ngaHr;rp
479)
,urkl;lj;jpy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;s jputk; - My;f`hy;
480)
481)
mOj;jj;ij msf;f cjTk; fUtp - NghHld; mstp

Njrpa fPjj;ij ghl vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; fhy msT 52 tpdhbfs;
482)
gzkNrhjh mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLtJ Nyhf;rig
483)
mikr;ruitapd; vOj;Jg;G+Htkhd ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy; mtruepiyia

mwptpg;gtH FbauRj; jiytH
484)
murpayikg;Gr; rl;l MNyhrfuhf gzpahw;wpatH gp.vd;.uht;.
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485)
,e;jpahtpy; ehzaq;fis ntspapLk; mjpfhuk; gilj;jJ kj;jpa

muR
486)
Ugpah vd;gJ nts;sp ehzak;
487)
488)
n\H\h fhyj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;l jq;f ehzak; - nkh`H

,e;jpa fud;rp Nehl;Lfspy;> &gha; kjpg;G Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;
nkhopfs; - 17
489)
FbauRj; jiytH> Nyhf;rig> uh[;arig Mfpa %d;iwAk;

cs;slf;fpaJ ghuhSkd;wk;
490)
,e;jpahtpy; tq;fp Nehl;Lfis ntspapLk; mjpfhuk; gilj;jJ

hprHt; tq;fp
491)
,q;fpyhe;jpd; Njrpa kyH Nuh[hg;G+
492)
cyfpd;
Kjy;
ngz;
[dhjpgjp
,];ngy;
gHfhd;
ve;j
ehl;il
rhHe;jtH mHn[d;ildh
493)
,e;jpahtpd; ,Uk;G efuk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ [hk;n\l;G+H
494)
mk;Ngj;fhH ];Nlbak; vq;F cs;sJ nly;yp
495)
Mrpahtpd; Nehgy; ghpR vd miof;fg;gLk; tpUJ uhkd; kfNrNr
496)
ve;j
fpufj;jpy;
njhlHe;J
250
ehl;fs;
gfyhfNt
,Uf;Fk;
vd
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ - nrt;tha; fpufk;

497)
498)
fUg;G <ak; vdg;gLk; jhJ - fpuhigl;

,uhkrhkp Nfhg;ig ve;j tpisahl;Lld; njhlHGilaJ
499)
%q;fpy; gy; cs;s tpyq;F
500)
,e;jpahtpy; ve;j khepyj;jpy; Kjd;Kjyhf ngz; fkhz;Nlh gil
- `hf;fp
- Kjiy
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ - jkpo;ehL
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501)
,e;jpah
Fbaurhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lNghJ
502)
,Ue;jtH - gp.v];.Fkhurhkp uh[h

jkpo;ehl;bd; khepy tpisahl;L - fgb
503)
504)
rpWthzp miz mike;Js;s khtl;lk; - Nfhit khtl;lk;

ngupaGuhzk; ahUila Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ - NrhoHfs;
505)
fhyk;
,e;jpa tpkhdg;gilapd; filrp gjtp
506)
507)
g+[;[paj;ij cyFf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ehL - ,e;jpah

vNghyh vd;w capHf;nfhy;ypNeha; Kjypy; vq;F cz;lhdJ - Nkw;F
508)
Mg;upf;f ehLfs;
,e;jpahtpd; 2-tJ nraw;ifNfhs;
509)
510)
kzpKj;jhW mizf;fl;L vg;NghJ fl;lg;gl;lJ - 1957

NfhijahW mike;Js;s khtl;lk; - fd;dpahFkup
511)
Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fis cUthf;FtJ jpl;lf;FO
512)
tpz;ntspf;Fr; nrd;w Kjy; ,e;jpaH uhNf\;rHkh
513)
514)
Njrpa njhiyAzHT ikak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - i`juhghj;

,e;jpahtpNyNa cUthf;fg;gl;l Kjy; njhiyAzHTr;
jkpo;ehl;bd;
Kjy;tuhf
- VH rP/g; khH\y;
gh];fuh
nraw;iff;Nfhs; - IRS-1A
515)
nrd;nrf;]; vd;w nrhy;iy cUthf;fpatH jPgf; nkh`hsp
516)
kj;jpa njhONeha; Muha;r;rp ikak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - nrd;id
517)
,e;jpa uapy;Ntapd; jiyikafk; - GJjpy;yp
518)
Njrpa tdf;nfhs;if mwptpf;fg;gl;l tUlk; - 1952
519)
kj;jpa vhpnghUs; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - jd;ghj;
520)
cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa ejp mNkrhd;

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521)
,uj;jj;jpy;
Mf;]p[idr;
Rke;J
nry;Yk;
jpwidf;
Fiwg;gJ
fhHgd; Nkhdhf;i]L
522)
nraw;ifahd rpWePufk; vdg;gLtJ laiyrH
523)
,uj;jj;jpy; ,d;Rypd; msT Fiwtjhy; clypy; NrUk; nghUs; fPl;Nlhd;fs;
524)
mkpNdh mkpyq;fisf; nfhz;l ghypngg;ilL `hHNkhd; - ,d;Rypd;
525)
gUg;nghUs;fspd; ehd;fhtJ epiy gpsh];kh
nghJ mwpT
1.
,lg;ngaHr;rp milAk; jhtuk; - thy;thf;];
2.
b.vk;.tp itu]pdhy; jhf;fg;gLk; jhtuk; - Gifapiy
3.
Nugp]; Neha; vjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ -
4.
Kfpo;jy; Kiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;tJ - i`buh
5.
Ez; My;fhf;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - fpshkpNlhkhd];
6.
gfy; Neuj;jpy; ,iyfis NkYk; fPOk; ,af;Fk; jhtuk; - je;jpj;
7.
jhtuk;
fiuahj czTg; nghUs; fiuAk; vspa nghUshf khw;wg;gLk;
itu];
epfo;r;rp - nrupj;jy;
8.
njhw;Wj;jhtu NtHfspy; fhzg;gLk; gQ;R Nghd;w jpR - ntyhkd;
9.
10.
kdpjdpy; ,uj;j Nrhif Nehia cz;Lgz;ZtJ - jl;ilg;GO

jhtuq;fspy; xspr; NrHf;ifapd; NghJ Nrkpf;fg;gLk; Mw;wy; - Ntjp
11.
Mw;wy;
jw;rhHg;G czt+l;lk; vd;gJ - jhNd jahupj;jy;
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12.
GNuhl;Nlh gpshrj;jpYs;s ePupd; rjtPj ,iaG - 90%
13.
jhtu itu];fspy; fhzg;gLtJ MH.vd;.V.
14.
Ntfk; fhl;Lk; fUtpapy; gad;gLtJ - fhe;jk;
15.
#upaid mLj;Js;s fhw;W ntspapy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLtJ
i`l;u[d;
16.
lhf;lH
Kj;Jyl;Rkp
nul;b
mtHfs;
Muk;gpj;j
Mjutw;NwhH
,y;yj;jpd; ngaH xsit ,y;yk;

17.
,e;jpa
njhy;ypaypd;
je;ij
vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ltH
mnyf;]hz;lH fd;dpq;`hk;
18.
,gpd; gJ}jh ve;j ehl;ilr; NrHe;jtH nkhuhf;Nfh
19.
filr;rq;f
20.
njhy;fhg;gpak;
rPdg;gazp Athd;Rthq; vOjpa gaz E}y; - rpA+f;fp
21.
,e;jpa ,Ug;Gg; ghijapd; je;ij ly;n`srp gpuG
22.
RNjrk;> ,e;jpah ,e;jpaUf;Nf Nghd;w ew;fUj;Jfis Kjd; Kjypy;
fhyj;jpw;F
Kd;dNu
Njhd;wpa
,yf;fz
E}y;
$wpatH Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp

23.
RkhH 2500 kPl;lH tiu tsUk; jhtuq;fs; vq;F fhzg;gLfpwJ -
24.
Crpapiyf; fhLfs;
mrhk;> kfhuh\;buh khepyq;fspy; kpFjpahf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
25.
nghUs; - ngl;Nuhypak;
yh$H fhq;fpu]; khehl;bd;gb
Rje;jpu
jpdkhf
ehL
KOtJk;
nfhz;lhlg;gl;l ehs; - 1930 [dthp 26

26.
];ngapd; ehl;bd; Njrpa tpisahl;L fhis rz;il
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27.
FwpQ;rpg; ghl;by; vj;jid tif kyHfs; cs;sd 99
28.
,aw;if tho;j;NjhL njhlq;fp vOjg;ngw;w fhg;gpak; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;
29.
gpuh$ap vd;w nkhop Ngrg;gLk; gFjp gYrp];jhdk;
30.
jz;zPH jz;zPH vd;w ehlf E}ypd; MrphpaH Nfhky; Rthkpehjd;
31.
Nuhkhdpa ehfhPfk; cyfpw;F mspj;j khngUk; ed;nfhil

FbauRj; jj;Jtk;
32.
INuhg;gh> Mrpah Mfpa ,Ufz;lq;fspy; gutpAs;s ehL u\;ah
33.
fpU\;z Njtuhahpd; mikr;ruit m\;ljpf;f[q;fs;
34.
tl ,e;jpahtpd; gpugykhd eld tbtk; - fjf;
35.
jhtu nry;ypy; ,y;yhj cWg;G nrd;l;NuhNrhk;
36.
rpth[papd; Md;kpf FU uhk;jh];
37.
xd;whk; jiud; Nghhpy; KfkJ Nfhhpia Njhw;fbj;jtH

gpUj;tpuh[; nrsfhd;
38.
Nfhyd;ifkh jpRtpy; fhzg;gLtJ ngf;bd;
39.
vz;nzapdhy; gw;wp vhpaf;$ba jPia vijf; nfhz;L mizf;f

Ntz;Lk; - Eiug;ghd; (/Nghk;ikl;)
40.
mbik tk;rj;ij epWtpatH Fj;GjPd; Igf;
41.
ghurPf gz;bifahd nesNuhir ,e;jpahtpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH

ghy;gd;.
42.
xb\htpd; nrt;tpay; eld tbtk; vdg;gLtJ xbrp
43.
,uhf;nfl;by; vhpnghUshfg; gad;gLtJ ePHk i`l;u[d;
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44.
I];
jahhpf;Fk;
fyj;jpy;
FspHtpg;gdhfg;
gad;gLtJ
ePHk
i`l;u[d;
45.
ghud;ifkh jpR vtw;iw Nrkpf;fpd;wd czT
46.
47.
ypuh vd;Dk; ehzak; cgNahfj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ehL - mNugpah

fly; topahf cyif Rw;wp te;j Kjy; khYkp - nkfy;yd;
48.
f[puhN`h
49.
rpfpupahf; Nfhl;ilia mikj;jtH - fhrpag;gd;
50.
51.
,yq;ifia juprpj;j Kjy; INuhg;gpaH - khHNfhNghNyh

kpf mjpfkhd fdpk tsj;ij nfhz;bUf;Fk; ehL - xuprh
52.
X];Nyh ve;j ehl;bd; jiyefuk; - ehHNt
53.
,e;jpah 2020 vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - mg;Jy; fyhk;
54.
55.
tp];tghujp gy;fiyf;fofk; vq;F cs;sJ - nfhy;fj;jh

jf;fhz muRfspd; ,yf;fpa nkhopahf mike;jJ - cUJ nkhop
56.
g+kpia Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf ,e;jpah nrYj;jpa nraw;if Nfhs; -
Nfhapy;fis fl;ba mur guk;giuapdH - rhe;jyHfs;
gh];fuh
57.
58.
fe;jHt Ntjj;ij ,aw;wpatH - guj KdptH

fdlh ehl;bd; Gfo; ngw;w ejp - Nkfd;rp
59.
rPf;fpaHfspd; fpuhe;jh rhfpg; vd;w Gdpj E}iy njhFj;jtH - FU
60.
,e;jpa Rje;jpug; NghH vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - rhtHf;fH
61.
cyfpNyNa [dhjpgjpf;F xU tUl fhyk; gjtp nfhz;l ehL RtPl;rHyhe;J
62.
cyfpNyNa ntg;gkhd ,lk; - mrPra

P h (ypgpah)
63.
igrh NfhGuk; vjdhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ - ryitf;fy;
64.
INuhg;gpa fz;lj;jpd; Vo;ikahd ehL - my;Ngdpah
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65.
gpujkUk; ke;jpupfSk; ,y;yhj ehL - Rtpl;rHyhe;J
66.
67.
Kfk;kJ egpfs; gpwe;j ,lk; - nkf;fh

Kjd;Kjypy; epidT mQ;ry;jiy ntspapl;l ehL - ngU
68.
69.
gs;spf;$lj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; cUthf;fpatHfs; - NuhkhdpaHfs;

[g;ghdpd; Rje;jpu jpdk; ve;j ehs; - Vg;uy; 29
70.
71.
cUisf;fpoq;fpd; jhafk; vJ - ngU

ngz;fSf;F Xl;Lupik mspj;j Kjy; ehL - epArpyhe;J
72.
73.
,e;jpa Gul;rpapd; ij vd;W miof;fg;gLgtH - Nklk; gpfh[p fhkh

fpnubl; ml;il toq;fpa Kjy; ,e;jpa tq;fp - nrd;l;uy; Ngq;f;
74.
Mg; ,e;jpah
Rakhpahij
75.
nrq;fy;gl;L
,uz;L gpujkHfisf; nfhz;l ehL - rhd;kuPNdh
76.
khepyj;ij jkpo;ehL vd mz;zh ngaH khw;wk; nra;j Mz;L
,af;fj;jpd;
Kjy;
khehL
eilngw;w
,lk;
1969
77.
,uz;lhk; ik#H Nghiu KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;j cld;gbf;if

kq;fs+H
78.
,e;jpa rpw;gf; fiyapd; njhl;by; vdg;gLtJ - IN`hy;
79.
Kjyhk; kNfe;jputHkd; #l;bf; nfhz;l gl;lk; - rpj;ufhug; Gyp
80.
jpUg;ghit vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpatH - Mz;lhs;
81.
,uz;lhk; j;nua;d; NghH eilngw;w Mz;L 1192
82.
myhTjPd; fpy;[papd; njd;dpe;jpag; gilnaLg;gpd; gilj; jsgjp

khypf;fhG+H
83.
eldkq;ifapd; rpiy fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ,lk; - nkh`Q;rjhNuh
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84.
,e;jpahtpd; khf;fpaty;yp vd miof;fg;gLgtH nfsby;aH
85.
fy;fj;jhitAk;-ng\htiuAk; ,izf;Fk; mNrhfhpd; fypq;fg; NghH

gw;wpa tptuq;fisf; $Wk; fy;ntl;L XII-k; ghiwf; fy;ntl;L
86.
fpuhz;l; buq; neLQ;rhiyia mikj;jtH ly;n`srp
87.
Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak; vd miof;fg;gLk; E}y; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;
88.
Njrpa xUikg;ghL jpdk; filgpbf;fg;gLk; ehs; - etk;gH 19
89.
fhe;jp[p xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij cldbahf epWj;jf; fhuzk; rThp rTuh epfo;r;rp
90.
nty;j; Mg; Ne\d;]; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH Mlk; ];kpj;
91.
fNuh[; vdg;gLtJ tpisr;ry; thp
92.
mbik tk;rj;jpd; rpwe;j kd;dH ghy;gd;
93.
fpy;[p kuig Jtf;fpatH [yhYj;jpd; ngNuh]; fpy;[p
94.
NeHkhwhd Fzq;fspd; fyit vd miof;fg;gl;ltH KfkJ gpd;

Jf;sf;
95.
gJ}`j;-,-ngNuh\h`p vd;w E}iy vOjpatH gpNuh]; Jf;sf;
96.
trPH
vd;W
miof;fg;gLgtH
gpujk
mikr;rH
kw;Wk;
epjp
mikr;rH
97.
tp[a efu Nguuir epWtpatH - `hpù Gf;fH
98.
mKf;jky;ajh vd;w E}iy vOjpatH fpU\;z NjtuhaH
99. c\h ghpzak; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - fpU\;z NjtuhaH

100. tp[aefu Nguuir Kjypy; Ml;rp nra;j tk;rk; - rq;fk tk;rk;
101. jiyf;Nfhl;il NghH eilngw;w Mz;L 1565
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102. fpU\;z NjtuhaH KO epiwthd murH vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ltH

Nlhkpdpf; ga];
103. njYq;fpy;
kD
rhpjk;
vd;w
E}iy
vOjpatH
my;yrhzp
ngj;jz;zh
104. Mz;lhspd; tho;f;ifia tpthpf;Fk; E}y; - mKf;j khy;ajh
105. tp[a efuk; ve;j ejpf;fiuapy; epWtg;gl;lJ Jq;fgj;jpuh ejp
106. gftj; fPijf;F QhNd];thp vd;w tpsf;f ciuia vOjpatH
QhdNjtH
107. uhf;rrh jhq;fb NghH vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ jiyf;Nfhl;il NghH
108. jphpgPlfq;fs; vOjg;gl;l nkhop ghyp
109. ghlypGj;jpuj;ij Gjpa jiyefukhf epHkhzpj;jtH cjapd;
110. njd; mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,uz;L jiyefuk; nfhz;l ehL nghyptpah
111. rq;ffhyg;
ghz;baHfspd;
Ml;rpf;F
KbT
fl;bath;fs;
fsg;gpuHfs;
112. ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;ij epWtpatH FkhuFg;jH
113. `H\ rhpjj;ij ,aw;wpatH ghzH
114. Njrpa fPjj;ij tq;fhsp nkhopapypUe;J Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop
ngaHj;jtH jh$H.
115. ,e;Jf;fSk; K];yPk;fSk; xNu fspkz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;l ghidfs;
vd;W $wpatH fgPH
116. murpayikg;G neUf;fbepiy gpujkuhf ,Ue;jNghJ mjpfKiw
mky;gLj;jg;gl;ltH - ,e;jpuh fhe;jp
117. [d fz kd ghlYf;F ,iraikj;jtH fhg;ld; uhk;rpq;
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118. murpayikg;G neUf;fb epiy ghuhSkd;wk; xg;GjYld;

mjpfgl;rkhf mkypy; ,Uf;Fk; Mz;L - %d;W Mz;Lfs;
119. FbauRj;jiytH Ml;rp Kjy; Kiwahf mky;gLj;jg;gl;l khepyk;
vJ - gQ;rhg;
120. cyfpd; caukhd jiyefuhd yhgh]; mike;Js;s ehL
nghyptpah
121. vil Fiwe;j cly; cWg;G - EiuaPuy;
122.
,uj;jk; ciwahky; ghJfhf;f ,uj;j tq;fpfspy; gad;gLj;Jk;
Ntjpg;nghUs; - Nrhbak; rpl;Nul;

123. kdpjupy; fhzg;gLk; kugZ Neha; rpf;fy; - nry; mdPka
P h
124. nll;ld]; Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLtJ - euk;G kz;lyk;.
125. kNyupah Nehapdhy; ghjpg;giltJ - kz;zPuy;
126. Foe;ijfs; gpwf;Fk;NghNj ijuhf;]pd; gw;whf;Fiwahy; tUtJ fpupl;bdprk;
127. fz; nyd;rpd; xspGFk; jd;ik Fiwghl;bdhy; Vw;gLtJ - fz;Giu
128. mRj;j ,uj;jj;ij vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; jkdp EiuaPuy; jkdp
129. czHT cWg;GfspypUe;J jz;Ltlj;jpw;F tUk; euk;Gfs; - czHT
euk;Gfs;
130. czT eQ;rhtjw;Ff; fhuzkhd ghf;Bhpah f;sh];l;hPbak;
131. czTg;
nghUl;fs;
mopjiy
vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ
nghl;Lyprk;
132. caphpfspd;
ntspj;Njhw;wj;ij
tpthpf;Fk;
kugpay;
nrhy;
[Pdhf;fk;
133. caphpay; nghUl;fisg; ghJfhf;fg; gad;gLtJ ghHkhy;bi`L
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134. ,jaj;jpd; ve;jg; gFjpapypUe;J EiuaPuy; jkdp ntspNaWfpwJ ,lJ ntd;l;hpf;fps;

135. ,jaj;Jld; $ba ,uj;j Xl;l kz;lyk; vg;NghJ cUthfpwJ
4tJ thuj;jpy;
136. jhth miz ePH kpd; epiyak; cs;s khepyk; - kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
137. G+kpapd; rNfhjhp vd miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs; - nts;sp
138. rhe;jp
epNfjd;
vd;w
mikg;ig
Njhw;Wtpj;jtH
,utPe;jpuehj;
jh$H
139. ,e;jpa epA+l;uhd; Ma;tfk; jkpo;ehl;by; epWtg;gl;Ls;s ,lk; - Nghb
140. gf;uh eq;fy; miz cs;s khepyk; - gQ;rhg;
141. nrapd;l; [hH[; Nfhl;iliaf; fl;batH gpuhd;rp];Nl
142. ,e;jpahtpy;
m];]hk;
mjpfkhd
vz;nza;
tay;fs;
cs;s
khepyk;
143. I.eh. rigapy; ,e;jpah cWg;gpduhd Mz;L 1945

144. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 15
145. kpd;fhe;jj;ij cUthf;f kpfTk; rpwe;j cNyhfk; - NjdpUk;G
146. Gdpj [hH[; Nfhl;il mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s efuk; - nrd;id
147. NfhJik vt;tifg; gapH kpjntg;g kz;lyg; gapH
148. ghHypnkd;l;
,U
$l;lj;njhlHfSf;fpilNa
mjpfgl;r ,ilntsp fhyk; - 6 khjk;
149. ghHypnkd;l;by;
Kjd;Kjyhf
mDkjpf;fg;gl;l
ek;gpf;ifapy;yh
jPHkhdk;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Mz;L 1963

150. ,e;jpa uhZt mfhlkp kw;Wk; uh\;bhpa ,e;jpa uhZtf; fy;Y}hp
nray;gLk; ,lk; - Nluh^d;
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151. ,iwik vd;gJ vij Fwpf;fpwJ - murpd; mjpfhuk;

152. nyghdpd; jiyefuk; - nga;Ul;
153. rPdngUQ;Rtiu fl;ba kd;dH - \pAthq;fb
154. rh[fhd; nly;yp kd;duhf mupaiz VWk; ,lk; - Mf;uh
155. 1946-y; ,e;jpahtpw;F rl;lkd;wf; FOit mDg;gpa ,q;fpyhe;J
gpujkH - ml;yp
156. fq;if ejp fiuapy; mike;js;s ,e;jpa efuk; - ùpj;thH
157. Kjd; Kjypy; cyif Rw;wp te;j tpkhdp - fpq;]; NghHL ];kpj;
158. Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhdpd; rpwe;j epidT fl;blkhf fUjgLtJ rhHkpdhH
159. Kjy; rhl;iyl; ,izg;G Nrhjid njhlq;fg;gl;l ehs;
- 1975
160. khztHfSf;F ,uz;L iffshYk; vOjg; gapw;rp mspf;Fk; ehL [g;ghd;

161. cyfpy; mjpf msT rpiytbf;fg;gl;l kdpjH nydpd;
162. jkpopy; Kjy; ehtiy vOjpatH - kha+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is
163. ,e;jpahitAk;> ghfp];jhidAk; gpupf;Fk; vy;iyf; Nfhl;bd; ngaH uhl;fpspg;
164. xU Kiw $l Nyhf;rghtpw;F nry;yhj ,e;jpa gpujkH - jpU.
ruz;rpq;
165. jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy; tuyhw;W E}y;
- Nkhfdhq;fp
166. kpfg;nghpa G+f;Fk; jhtuk; - ug;Nsrpah

167. kuj;jpd; Nky; njhw;wpthOk; jhtuq;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ vgpigl;Lfs;
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168. ,lg;ngaHr;rp gz;gpdhy; tpyq;F vd;Wk; xspr;NrHf;if gz;gpdhy;

jhtuk; vd;Wk; fUjg;gLk; caphpdk; - A+f;spdh
169. kpfr;rpwpa G+f;Fk; jhtuk; - cy;gpah
170. rphpf;Fk; kPd; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ lhy;gpd;
171. gwitfspd; murd; vdg;gLtJ fOF
172. jz;zPNu mUe;jhj caphpdk; - fq;fhU vyp
173. ePz;lfhyk; capHthOk; gwit neUg;Gf; Nfhop
174. cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa tpyq;F ePyj;jpkpq;fyk;
175. cyfpd; kpfr;rpwpa KJnfYk;gp gpypg;igd; Nfhgp kPd;
176. vgpfy;;rr
; H vd;gJ vij tsHf;Fk; nray;KiwahFk; - NjdPf;fs;
177. Mw;Wf;fhy; nghq;fy; tpoh njhlHGila khepyk; - Nfush
178. fd;dpahFkhp mike;jpUf;Fk; ,lk; - fPhpd;tPrr
; pd; fpof;fpy;
179. ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa MW vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ fq;if
180. mfpy ,e;jpa thndhyp vd;W ngahplg;gl;l Mz;L 1936
181. Fg;jHfhyj;jpy; tho;e;j thdtpay; mwpQH Mhpagl;lH
182. `Hrhpd; jiyefuk; fd;Ndhrp
183. rpA+f;fp
my;yJ
Nkiy
ehLfspd;
Fwpg;G
vd;w
Fwpg;Gfis
vOjpatH Athd; Rthq;

184. fd;Ndhrpapy; Gj;j khehl;il elj;jpatH - `H\H
185. rPdg; gazp Athd; Rthq; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j Mz;L fp.gp.644
186. gpujpfhu kuig Njhw;Wtpj;jtH Kjyhk; ehfg;gl;lH
187. tpf;ukrPyh gy;fiyf; fofj;ij epWtpatH jUkghyH
188. n[fd;ehjH Myak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - G+hp
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189. ghk;Ng nkapy; vd;Dk; ehlfj;ij vOjpatH fpU\;zrhkp ghtyH

190. xypk;gpf; Nghl;bfspy; `hf;fp tpisahl;L NrHf;fg;gl;l Mz;L
1908
191. N[k;];
gpskpq;
ghz;l;
vd;w
fjhghj;jpuj;ij
cUthf;fpatH
,ahd;
192. jrFkhu rhpj;jpuk; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH jz;bd;

193. kj;jpa Njhy; Muha;r;rp ikak; cs;s ,lk; - nrd;id
194. cyf Nahfh jpdk; filgpbf;fg;gl;l ehs; - [{d; 21
195. Fkhurk;gtk; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH fhspjhrH
196. vYk;Gfspd; cUthf;fj;jpy; ngUk;gq;F tfpg;gJ fhy;\pak;
gh];Ngl;
197. jz;zPUf;Fs; ghJfhj;J itf;fg;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUs; - gh];gu];
198. vyp tp\j;jpd; mwptpay; ngaH rpq;f; gh];Ngl;
199. fz;zPHg;Gifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thA FNshNuh
m]pl;Nlh/gpdhd;
200. gpj;jis> nrk;G ghj;jpuq;fspy; fspk;G gpbg;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; Ng]pf; fhg;gH fhHgNdl;
201. nraw;if kioia cUthf;f Nkfq;fspd; kPJ J}Tk;nghb rpy;tH
mNahilL
202. euk;G nry;ypd; ePz;l fpisfsw;w gFjp Mf;]hd;
203. njhiy efypapdhy; mDg;g Ntz;ba Mtzj;ij kpd;diyfshf
khw;Wk; Kiw thpf;fz;Nzhl;lk;
204. #hpa mbg;gpy; gad;gLtJ Fop Mb
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205. xspr;nrwptpd; myF Nfz;byh

206. %d;W Mf;]p[d; mZf;fs; ,ize;jJ XNrhd;
207. fh];bf; Nrhlh vdg;gLtJ Nrhbak; i`l;uhf;irL
208. jhtu clyj;jpd; Gwj;Njhy; nry;fspd; kPJ fhzg;gLk; nkOFg;
nghUs; - fpAl;bf;fps;
209. fg;gy; %o;Fk; Moj;ij mstpl gad;gLtJ gpypk;rhy; NfhL
210. %yf;$W mikg;ig mwpag; gad;gLtJ vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp
211. rkzf;Nfhapy; jpy;thuh mike;Js;s ,lk; - mGkiy
212. nrsfhd;fspd; jiyefuk; - M[;kPH
213. ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLj;j Kjy; K];yPk; kd;dH KfkJ gpd;
fhrpk;
214. kdpjdpd; cly; vilapy; vj;jid rjtPjk; ePH cs;sJ 70%
215. rf;futHj;jp jpUkfd; vd;w gilg;gpd; MrphpaH ,uh[h[p
216. ,e;jpahtpy; JUf;fpaH Ml;rpia epWtpatH KfkJ f[pdp
217. %d;whk; Gj;j khehL eilngw;w ,lk; - ghlypGj;jpuk;
218. jkpofj;jpy; kfspH Ra cjtpf;FO njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1989
219. ,uz;lhtJ jnua;d; NghH ele;j tUlk; - fp.gp.1192
220. khk;Yf; vd;gjd; nghUs; - mbik
221. mbik tk;rj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jtH Fj;GjPd; Ingf;
222. ,e;J];jhdj;jpd; gwit vd;W Gfog;gl;ltH mkPH F];U
223. ,];yhk; kjj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jtH KfkJ egp
224. by;ypia Mz;l ngz;zurp urpah Ry;jhd;
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225. by;ypf;F mUNf Jf;sfhghj; Nfhl;iliaf; fl;batH fpahRjPd;

Jf;sf;
226. fjphpaf;fj; jdpkq;fs; ntspapLk; kpfg;nghpa Jfs; - My;gh Jfs;
227. Gifg;glj; jhs;fisg; ghjpg;gJ - gPl;lh fjpHfs;
228. nraw;if Kiwapy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l fjphpaf;f INrhNlhg;Gfs; vd;gJ
- NubNah epA+f;isL
229. fz;zpw;F Gyg;glhjf; fjpH fhkh fjpHfs;
230. fhkh fjpHfs; nghUs;fspd; kPJ tpOk;NghJ ntspNaw;WtJ - gPl;lh
fjpH my;yJ vyf;l;uhd;fs;
231. nraw;ifj;
jdpkq;fis
cUthf;f
jhf;fpfshfg;
gad;gLtJ
My;gh Jfs;
232. gh];gu]; 32 ve;Nehiaf;; Fzg;gLj;Jk; - Njhy; Gw;WNeha;
233. epA+l;uhd;
fpsHT
Ma;T
%yk;
MHnrdpf;
er;Rj;
jd;ikiaf;
fz;lwptjpy; gad;gLtJ fjphpaf;f INrhNlhg;Gfs;

234. mjpf epiwAk; mjpf jpirNtfj;ijAk; nfhz;l Jfs; - My;gh
Jfs;
235. kUj;Jtf;
fUtpfspy;
cs;s
fpUkpfis
ePf;fg;
gad;gLtJ
fjpHtPr;Rfs;
236. caphpay;
%yf;$Wfisf;
fz;lwpag;
gad;gLtJ
bhpl;bak;>
fhHgd; 14.
237. mZ cl;fUtpd; mikg;G kw;Wk; gz;ig mwpag; gad;gLtJ
fhkh fjpHfs;
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238. nghUs;fspd;
mikg;G
tha;g;ghl;il
fz;lwpag;
gad;gLtJ
fjpHtPr;Rfs;
239. fiury;fspy;
jq;fpapUf;Fk;
kpfr;rpwpa
msT
rpy;tH
frLfis
fjphpaf;f
fz;lwpag; gad;gLtJ fjphpaf;f mNahbd;

240. Ntjptpidfspd;
Rtlwp
jdpkq;fshfg;
gad;gLtJ
INrhNlhg;Gfs;
241. goq;fisg; gOf;fitf;fg; gad;gLtJ vj;jpyPd;
242. mOfpa Kl;ilapd; JHehw;wKs;s thA i`l;u[d; ry;igL
243. vhpjiy fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; tspkz;ly gFjpg; nghUs; - iel;u[d;
244. rpwe;j xLf;f tpidf; fhuzp J}shf;fg;gl;l epf;fy;
245. Kjd;Kjyhff; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l nraw;if ,io ieyhd;
246. vyf;l;hpf; maHd; ghf;]py; gad;gLtJ epf;Nuhk;
247. cyfpy; ituk; mjpfkhff; fpilf;Fk; ehL njd;dhg;gphpf;fh
248. ituj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; - 2.4
249. ntg;gj;jhy; tphptilahj cNyhff; fyit - ,d;thH
250. jhtu tsHr;rpf;F Njitahd rj;J iel;u[d;
251. tpkhd ghfq;fs; nra;ag; gad;gLk; cNyhfk; - bAuhYkpd;
252. jhtu Neha; vjpHg;Gf;Fj; NjitahdJ nghl;lh\;
253. fUk;Gf; fopTg; ghfpypUe;J ngwg;gLtJ vj;jpy; My;f`hy;
254. fk;g;A+l;lH nkkhp rpg;gpy; gad;gLtJ rpypfhd;
255. jdp Cry;fs; nra;ag; gad;gLtJ - ,d;thH
256. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; K];yPk; uh[tk;rk; vdg;gLtJ mbik tk;rk;
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257. ehzaq;fspy; jd;id ,uz;lhk; mnyf;rhz;lH vd;W nghwpj;Jf;

nfhz;l fpy;[p tk;r kd;dH myhTjPd; fpy;[p
258. ,uhZt tPuHfSf;F md;gspg;ghf epyj;ij gl;lh Nghl;Lf;
nfhLf;Fk; Kiwiaj; njhlq;fp itj;j kd;dH - /gpNuh]; \h
Jf;sf;
259. ghkpdp tk;rk; cUthff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;j fyfk; - jf;fhz fyfk;
260. rPdg;gazp Athd; Rthq; ,e;jpah tp[ak; nra;j fhyfl;lk; `H\H fhyfl;lk;
261. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ngz;fs; gy;fiyf; fofj;ij epWtpatH
b.Nf.fhHNt
262. ,e;jpahtpy; kpff; Fiwthd thf;fhsHfisf; nfhz;l Nyhf;rigj;
njhFjp - ,yl;rj;jPT
263. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; nghpa kj;jpa Ml;rpg; gFjp me;jkhd;-epf;NfhgH
264. G+k;Gfhhpy; eilngw;w tzpfk; Fwpj;J Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; gl;bdg;ghiy.
265. NrhoHfspd; fpuhk epHthfk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; fy;ntl;L
cj;jpuNk&H fy;ntl;L.
266. rk ,uT gfy; fhzg;gLk; ehs; - khHr; 21 kw;Wk; nrg;lk;gH 23
267. Ry;jhd;fspd; Ml;rp nkhop ghurPfk;
268. by;ypapy; cs;s rphp efuj;ij cUthf;fpatH myhTjPd; fpy;[p
269. m\;ljpf;f[q;fs; vd;gJ ftpQHfs; njhFjp
270. tp[a efug; Nguurpd; rpijTfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - `k;gp
271. jkpo; tuyhw;wpy; nghw;fhyk; vdg;gLtJ - rq;ffhyk;
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272. nkf];jdp]; ve;j ehl;il rhHe;jtH - fpNuf;f ehL

thHj;ijfisj; NjLk; NghJ kl;Lk; cq;fSf;F gad;gLk;
xU rhjhuz mg;spNfrdhf ,y;yhky;> gonkhopfs;>
nghJmwpT> jpwdha;T> jpUf;Fws;> Mj;jpr;#b> vd gytpj
jfty;fis cq;fSf;F ,ytrkhf mspf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,ytr
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mg;spNfrid lTd;NyhL nra;a fPo;fz;l ypq;if fpspf;

nra;aTk;.
273. rHtNjr jpl;l Neuk; fzf;fpl gad;gLtJ - fpuPd;tpr; jPHf;f Nuif
274. nufH vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - fupry; kz;
275. cauKk;
typikAk;
kpf;f
fhLfs;
fhzg;gLk;
,lk;
gRik
khwhf; fhLfs;
276. jkpo;ehl;by; Crpapiyf; fhLfs; fhzg;g Lk; ,lk; - godp
277. jkpofj;jpd; ,aw;if g+kp vd miof;fg;gLk; khtl;lk; - Njdp
khtl;lk;
278. ,e;jpahtpy; khepy kWrPuikg;G rl;lk; vg;NghJ ,aw;wg;gl;lJ - 1856
279. jputj;jq;fk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ - ngl;Nuhypak;
280. EiuaPuiy %bAs;s rt;tpd; ngaH
Gs+uh
281. FU Nfhtpe;j; rhfH miz ve;j ejpapd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

rl;ny[;
282. ,uz;L nghpa JiwKfq;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;jpa khepyk; - jkpofk;
283. ,e;jpah-ghfp];jhd; ,ilNa rpk;yh xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhd Mz;L
1972
284. nkf];jdp]; vOjpa Gj;jfk; - ,z;bfh
285. Njhl;lg; gapHfs; tsHr;rpf;F Vw;w kz; - ruis kz;
286. rspj; njhy;iy> Nfhio mfw;Wk;> khHGr;rsp ePf;Fk;> cly;

gyk; jUk; %ypif - J}Jtis
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287. fpUkp ehrpdp> FspHr;rp jUk;. tapw;Wg; g+r;rpia ePf;Fk; %ypif

- Ntk;G
288. kQ;rs; fhkhiy Nehiaj; jPHf;Fk; %ypif - fPohney;yp
289. rsp> Nfhio mfw;Wk;> fha;r;ry; ePf;Fk; %ypif - Jsrp
290. tpaHit ngUf;Fk;> Nfhio mfw;Wk;> fha;r;ry; ePf;Fk; %ypif
- Xkty;yp.
291. tha;g; Gz;izf; Fzg;gLj;Jk;> FspHr;rpjUk; %ypif - ney;yp
292. fpUkp ehrpdp> moFgLj;jy; %ypif. - kQ;rs;
293. grpiaj; J}z;Lk;> nrupkhdkpd;ikia ePf;Fk; %ypif gpuz;il
294. nrupkhdf; NfhshWfisj; jPHf;Fk; %ypif - ,Q;rp
295. njhz;ilf; fufug;ig ePf;Fk; %ypif - kpsF
296. tpaHitg; ngUf;Fk;> Nfhio mfw;Wk;> fha;r;ry; ePf;Fk;
%ypif fw;G+uty;yp
297. tapW njhlHghd Neha;fisj; jPHf;Fk; - trk;G
298. FspHr;rp jUk;> fz;Neha;fs;> tapw;Wg;Gz; ePf;Fk; %ypif
fw;whio
299. neQ;Rr; rsp> nrhwp> rpuq;F> cly; mupg;G Nghd;wit ePf;Fk;
%ypif Fg;igNkdp
300. Foe;ijfspd;
rsp>
kQ;rs;
fhkhiy
ePf;Fk;
%ypif
fhpryhq;fz;zp
301. gr;irakw;w jhNyhigl;L tifiar; rhHe;jit - g+Q;irfs;
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302. g+Q;irfisg; gw;wpa jhtutpay; gpupT - ikfhy[p

303. nghJthf
g+Q;irfs;
a+NfupNahl;Lfs;
vt;tif
nry;fshy;
Mdit
304. kl;Fz;zpfs;> xl;Lz;zpfs; vd ,uz;L tifahd NtWgl;l Cl;l

Kiwfis nfhz;lit - g+Q;irfs;
305. kl;Fz;zpfs; ,we;j kw;Wk; mOfpa mq;ffg; nghUs;fspd; kPJ
tho;fpd;w g+Q;irf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - iuNrhg];> mfhupf];.
306. ikrPypaq;Fspd;
i`ghf;fs;
fpisj;j>
nky;ypa
,iofspd;
ngaH
307. g+Q;irfspd; nry; RtH vtw;why; Mdit - ifl;bd;

308. g+Q;irfshy; kdpjHfSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha; - Njky; Neha;
309. kug;gl;ilapy; thOk;
irNyhgpy;y];
310. Kb
my;yJ
G+Q;ifs;
khl;Lf;
nfhk;G
vt;thW
Nghd;w
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
nghUspd;
kPJ
tsUk;
G+Q;irfs; - nfuhl;bNdhgpy;y];
311. g+Q;irapd; clyk; vtw;why; Mdit - ikrPypak;
312. <];l; Nghd;w g+Q;irfs; vt;tif caphpadq;fs; - xU nry; capup
313. nghUshjhug; ngUke;jk; Njhd;wpa ehL mnkhpf;fh
314. 1929-y; mnkhpf;f [dhjpgjpahf ,Ue;jtH n`HgHl; `{tH
315. rpjk;guk; eluh[H NfhtpYf;F nghw;$iu Nta;e;j murd; - guhe;jf
Nrhod;
316. KNrhypdpahy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Ml;rp epiyahd Ml;rp
317. njhopyhsHfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l rpwe;j epthuzk; - njhopy; gl;lak;
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318. rz;ilAk;> ifg;gw;WjYk; vd;w nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpatHfs; rHthjpfhhp

319. flw;fiug; gFjpfspy; epyTk; fhyepiy rkkhd fhyepiy
320. Nkw;fpe;jpa ,ilA+Wfshy; kiongWk; ,lk; - gQ;rhg;
321. njd;Nkw;Fg;
gUtf;fhw;W
jpirf;F
,izahf
mike;Js;s
kiyfs; - Muty;yp kiyfs;

322. gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhLfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - ,iyAjpHf; fhLfs;
323. NkhNdhirl; kzypy; fhzg;gLk; jhJ ANudpak;
324. nraw;iff;
Nfhs;>
njhiyj;
njhlHGj;
Jiw
Muha;r;rp
kw;Wk;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F nghWg;G tfpf;Fk; epWtdk; - ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp

Muha;r;rp epWtdk;
325. Nfuhsitr; NrHe;j rpwe;j r%f rPHjpUj;jthjp - =ehuhaz FU
326. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lhj;jpy; fhe;jp[p cgNahfpj;j Gjpa Af;jp Kiw
rj;jpahfpufk;
327. n[Hkhdpa fg;gw;gil jfHf;fg;gl;l fly; NghH lhfH ghq;f;
328. rpe;J rkntspapy; mfo;thuha;r;rpapid Nkw;nfhz;ltH
rH [hd;
khH\y;
329. If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; 184tJ cWg;G ehL
md;Nlhuh
330. epjp MNahf; Jizj; jiytH mutpe;j; gdfhpah

331. fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 5000 kPl;lH cauj;jpy; cUthfpd;w Nkfq;fs; fPwW
; Nkfq;fs;
332. ,e;jpahtpy; ePskhd flw;fiuia nfhz;l khepyk; - F[uhj;
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333. egfhe;j rl;lH[p ntspapl;l khj ,jopd; ngaH kfhghg; ghy;a

gpgh`h
334. gdhurpy;
kj;jpa
,e;Jg;gs;spia
epWtpatH
md;dpngrd;l;
mk;ikahH
335. Njrpa rHf;fiuj; njhopy; El;gf; fofk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - m[;kPH
336. Nrhdhy; khd;rpq;fhy; gpugyg;gLj;jg;gl;l eldk; - xbrp
337. A+g;uB];> ilfhP]; ejpfs; ghAk; ,lj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ehfhPfk;
nkrgNlhkpa ehfhPfk;
338. kpf mjpfkhd ehLfSld; vy;iyiag; gq;fpLk; ehLfs; - u\;ah>
rPdh
339. ,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf fhyk; fhydp Mjpf;fj;jpw;F Ml;gl;bUe;j
khepyk; - Nfhth
340. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; rpwpa kj;jpa Ml;rpg; gFjp ,yl;rj;jPT
341. nfhy;ypkiyg; gFjpia Mz;l kd;dd; - Xhp
342. njd;dhl;bd; [hd;rpuhzp vd fhe;jpabfshy; miof;fg;gl;ltH
mQ;riy mk;khs;
343. fy;ghf;fj;jpy; mike;Js;s nkl;uh]; mZrf;jp epiyaj;jpy;
mZf;fU ciyapy; cgNahfg; gLj;jg;gLk; jzpg;ghd; - fdePH
344. Nghhpd; nfhs;ifg;gb Fwpg;gpl;l jdpj;jdpahd kjpg;Gfisg; ngWk;
msT - Nfhz ce;jk;
345. i`l;u[d; mZf;nfhs;ifia toq;fpatH - NghH
346. NubNah fjpHfis G+kpf;F jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; tspkz;ly
glyk;
vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ - maNdh];gpaH

347. Id;];Bd; Nehgy; ghpR vjw;fhf ngw;whH - xspkpd; tpisT
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348. FspHrhjdg; ngl;bapy; nrytplg;gLk; kpd;jpwd; vt;tsT thl; - 500

349. G+kpapypUe;J nraw;ifNfhs; nrd;w topiaj; Jy;ypakhf mwpa
cjTtJ - lhg;sH tpisT
350. kPxypapay; vd;gJ - kpf mjpf mjpHntz; nfhz;l xyp miyfs;
351. tpz;ntsp Ma;Tepiyaq;fspy; kpd;rhuk; jahupf;f cjTtJ - #upa
kpd;fyk;
352. nek;GNfhy; jj;Jtj;ijf; fz;lwpe;jtH - MHf;fpkpb];
353. KjyhtJ
Cry;
fbfhuj;ij
ntw;wpfukhf
tbtikj;jtH
fpwp];bad; i`[d;];
354. xU xsp Mz;L vd;gJ 9.46 X fp.kP.
355. miwntg;gepiyapy; jputkhf ,Uf;Fk; jdpkk; - GNuhkpd;
356. mjpf gug;Gfis ghHf;f cjtf;$ba Mb Ftp Mb
357. ,ytr fl;lhaf; fy;tp cupikr; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;j ehs; Vg;uy; 1> 2010
358. ypahdh]; rkntsp fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - njd;mnkupf;fh
359. ngUq;fly;fspy; kpfg; ngupaJ - gRgpf; ngUq;fly;
360. ,e;jpah epyhtpw;F tpz;ntsp fyj;ij mDg;gpa Mz;L - 2008
361. khepyq;fsitapy;
cs;s
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l
cWg;gpdHfspd;
vz;zpf;if - 238
362. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; kf;fsit ngz; jiytH - kPuh FkhH
363. murhq;fj;jpd; rf;jp tha;e;j jiytH - FbauRj; jiytH
364. GJ jpy;yp Njrpa jiyefuhf mwptpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1991
365. me;jkhd;
epNfhghH jPTfspd; jiyefuk; - NghHl; gpNsaH
366. Kjyikr;riu epakdk; nra;gtH - khepy MSeH

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367. rl;lq;fs; tFf;ff; fhuzk; - nghJ ed;ikf;Nf

368. rKjha czHit Foe;ijfsplk; tsHg;gJ - FLk;gk; kw;Wk; gs;sp
369. tiug;glj;jpy; kQ;rs; epwk; Fwpg;gJ - gPlg+kpfs;
370. ,e;jpah Kjd; Kjypy; epytpw;F mDg;gpa tpz;ntsp fyj;jpd;
ngaH - re;jpuhad; 1
371. kf;fsitf;F FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdHfspd;
vz;zpf;if 2
372. cyfpd; Kjy; ,jakhw;W mWit rpfpr;ir nra;j kUj;JtH lhf;lH fpwp];bad; ngHdhHL
373. Guj cw;gj;jpf;F Njitahd Cl;lr;rj;J - fe;jfk;
374. fopT ePhpy; tsHf;fg;gLk; My;fh - ];igUypdh
375. fUTwhf; fdpahjy; vd;gJ - kfue;jr; NrHf;if ,y;yhky; fdpfs;
376. khkuj;jpd; ,U nrhw;ngaH - khQ;rp/nguh ,z;bfh
377. kd mOj;jk; cly; mOj;jj;ij Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLk; khj;jpiu
jahhpf;f gad;gLk; jhtuk; - ghdf;]; [pd;nrq;f;
378. Xl;];
jhtuj;jpy;
gOg;G
Gs;sp
Neha;
vjd;
Fiwghl;lhy;
Njhd;WfpwJ khq;fdPR
379. rHtNjr
jhtu
kugpay;
hpNrhHr];
NghHL
1974-k;
Mz;L
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lk; - Nuhk;

380. rp];lHNd vjpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ - Nfhy;if cWg;G
381. elkhLk; kuGg; nghUs; vd;gJ - buhd;];Nghrhd;fs;
382. ,k;ANdhFNshGypidr; Rug;gJ B-ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;
383. ithpahdpy; xNu xU epA+f;spf; mkpyk; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLtjhy; mJ
vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ - N`g;sha;L itu];fs;
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384. ekJ
clypd;
kdntOr;rp
gpujptpidfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
%isapd; gFjp - i`Nghjyhk];

385. fOj;Jg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; xU ehskpy;yh Rug;gp - ijuha;L
Rug;gp
386. Neha;j; njhw;Wjiy vjpHf;Fk;
Typk;Nghirl;Lfs; ve;j
cWg;gpy;
khWghL milfpd;wd - ijk]; Rug;gp

387. ,k;ANdhFNshGypidr; Rug;gJ - B. ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;
388. ithpahdpy; xNu xU epA+f;spf; mkpyk; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLtjhy; mJ
vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ - N`g;sha;L itu];fs;
389. tyJ
ntz;l;hpf;fpspypUe;J
Mf;]p[d;
Fiwe;j
,uj;jk;
nrYj;jg;gLtJ - EiuaPuy; jkdp

390. nkl;lh MHl;BhpNahy;fs; NkYk; vt;thW gphpfpd;wd - je;Jfpfs;
391. jput epiyapYs;s ,izg;G jpR - ,uj;jk;
392. Nghij kUe;J gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; cWg;G - kj;jpa
euk;G kz;lyk;
393. ,e;jpahtpy; r%f Neha; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Neha; - njhONeha;
394. vYk;GUf;fp Neha; my;yJ fhrNeha;f;Ff; fhuzkhdJ - ikf;Nfh
ghf;Bhpak; fpA+gHFNshrp];
395. A+hpahit cUthf;Fk; ,lk; - fy;yPuy;
396. jpirNtfj;jpd; myF - kPl;lH / tpdhb
397. fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ij mstplg; gad;gLk; fUtp mdpNkhkPl;lH
398. etPd
fhy
kpjit
CHjpfs;
vtw;why;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd
mYkpdpa cNyhff; fyit
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399. jkpo;ehl;by; xt;nthU tUlKk; Mf];l; - nrg;lk;gH khjq;fspy;

njhq;fp gwj;jy; tpisahl;L vq;F elj;jg;gLfpwJ Vyfphp kiy
400. gwj;jy;
rhHe;j
tpisahl;by;
ghuh#l;
vtw;why;
Mdit
jdptif ieyhd; (my;yJ) ghypa];lH

401. Gtpf;Fk; #hpaDf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT thdpay; myF
402. xU xsp Mz;bd; kjpg;G 7.46X 1012 fp.kP.
403. XuyF gUkd; nfhz;l nghUspd; epiw mlHj;jp
404. KjyhtJ
Cry;
fbfhuj;ij
fz;lwpe;jtH
fpwp];bad;
i`[d;];
405. Cry; fbfhuk; ve;j jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpd;wJ
jdp Cry;
406. ghjurj;jpd; mlHj;jp ePhpd; mlHj;jpiag; Nghy; vj;jid klq;F
13.6 klq;F
407. mlHj;jpapd; myF fpNyhfpuhk;
kPl;lH3
408. xsp xU tpdhbapy; fle;J nry;Yk; J}uk; - %d;W ,yl;rk; fp.kP.

409. jputj;jpd; fdmsit mstplg; gad;gLtJ msTrhb
410. ePiutpl mlHj;jp mjpfkhd jputk; - ghjurk;
411. mjpf epiwAila nghUl;fis msf;fg; gad;gLtJ Ftpz;lhy;>
nkl;hpf; ld;
412. jw;fhyj;jpy; fhyj;ij Jy;ypakhf mstpl gad;gLtJ kpd;dZ
fbfhuk;> mZf; fbfhuk;
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413. tpdhbf;Fk;
Fiwthd
fhy
msit
msf;f
gad;gLj;JtJ
kpy;yptpdhb> ikf;Nuhtpdhb
414. xU nkl;hpf; ld; vd;gJ 1000 fpNyhfpuhk;
415. G+kpapd; epiwiag; Nghy;
,Uf;Fk; - 3>20>000 klq;F
#hpad;
vj;jid
klq;F
mjpfkhf
416. NuhNghtpd; %isahfr; nray;gLtJ kpd;dZr;rpy;Y

417. nghpa
,Uk;Gr;
rhkhd;fis
J}f;Ftjw;F
gad;gLtJ
gSj;J}f;fpfs;
418. xU kPl;lH vd;gJ 1000 kpy;ypkPl;lH
419. fhe;jj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH khf;d];
420. #hpadpd; epiw 1.99X1030 fpNyhfpuhk;
421. ,aw;if fhe;jk; vd;gJ khf;dill;
422. Neuj;ijg; nghUj;J nghUspd; epiy khWtJ - ,af;fk;
423. ePhpy; thOk; tpyq;Ffspy; kpfg;nghpa ePyj;jpkpq;fyj;jpd; ePsk; - 30
kPl;lH
424. gSj;J}f;fpfspy; gad;gLj;JtJ rf;jp tha;e;j fhe;jq;fs;
425. tPzhd
nghUs;fspd;
FtpaypypUe;J
,Uk;ig
gphpj;njLf;fg;
gad;gLtJ kpd;fhe;jq;fs;
426. gz;bj
[t`Hyhy;
NeUtpd;
nfhs;iffs; - gQ;rrPyk;
mikjpf;fhd
Ie;J
mk;rf;
427. ,d xJf;fy; nfhs;if Kbtpw;F te;j Mz;L - 1990

428. rhHf; mikg;gpd; Kjy; nghJr; nrayhsH M\hd;
429. jw;fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; gpurpj;jp ngw;w murhq;f Kiw - kf;fshl;rp
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430. njYq;F Njrk; vdg;gLtJ khepyf; fl;rp

431. xU ehl;bd; ,uz;L fl;rp Kiw ,Uf;FNkahdhy; mjw;F ngaH ,U fl;rp Kiw
432. ekJ ehl;bd; gok;ngUk; rkak; - Ntj rkak;
433. ,e;jpahtpy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l mYtyf nkhopfs; - 22
434. nkhop vd;gJ - ,izg;Gf; fUtp
435. EfHNthUf;F
tpopg;GzHT
Vw;gLj;jf;$ba
jpl;lq;fspy;
xd;W
tHj;jf fz;fhl;rp
436. xw;Wik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;il tsHg;gjpy; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpg;gJ
- ,ir kw;Wk; eldk;
437. kj;jpapy;
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l
gpujpepjpfisf;
nfhz;l
mikg;G
ehlhSkd;wk;
438. mZ MAj Fiwg;Gj; jPHkhdj;ij I.eh.nghJr;rigapy; ,e;jpah
nfhz;L te;j Mz;L 1956
439. vjpHf;fl;rpj; jiytUf;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s me;j];J fhgpndl;
mikr;rH
440. rhHf; mikg;gpd; Kjy; nghJr; nrayhsH mGy; mrd;
441. tifg;ghl;by; cs;s xt;nthU myFk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ lhf;]hd;
442. ];Ngf;dk; vt;tFg;igr; rhHe;jJ - k[;i]
443. iel;upf; mkpyj;jpd; nghJg; ngaH - mf;Fth /NghHb];
444. cs;Siw ntg;gj;jpd; myF - fNyhup/fpuhk;
445. gpa+l;Nld; kw;Wk; ngd;Nld; thAf;fspd; fyit - rikay; thA
446. mrpl]; vd;w ,yj;jPd; nkhopr;nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - mkpyk;
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447. nts;is tpl;upah]; vd;gJ - ePNuw;wg;gl;l [pq;f; ry;Ngl;

448. N`gH Kiwapy; mNkhdpah jahupf;Fk;NghJ i`l;u[d; thAtpd;
er;R - fhHgd; Nkhdhf;irL
449. Gwhtpd; czT kz;ly eLFoy; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ kPnrd;l;uhd;
450. ,af;Fj; jirfs; vjDld; ,ize;jpUf;fpd;wd - rhHNfhnyk;kh
451. Ntjpg; nghUs;fspy; xspapdhy; rpijtilaf;$baJ vJ - nts;sp
GNuhikL
452. ituj;Jf;F mLj;jgbahf typikkpf;f nghUs; -
fhHNghuz;lk;
453. gazpj;j J}uj;ij mwpa thfdq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtp XNlhkPl;lH

454. jhtuq;fSf;Fk; capH cz;L vd;w
czHj;jpatH - n[fjP\; re;jpuNgh];
cz;ikia
cyFf;F
455. gl;Lg; GO czthf cz;gJ - ky;ngup ,iy

456.
457.
458.
459.
460.
461.
462.
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463.
464.
-
466.
467.
469.
470.
471.
473.
- 1
472.
-
1951
468.
, ,
-
465.
1952-
-
474.
475.
476.
477.
- 38
- - III
479.
1994- - 14,547

478.
- 42-
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TNPSC
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480.

481.
482.
483.

- 6
484.
- .. 78
485.
486.
73-
- 3
-
487.
488.
489.
490.
491.
492.
493.
494.
-
-
-
495.
496.
-
497.
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TNPSC
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498.
499.
500.
501.
502.
503.
-
18
-
504.
505.
- 5
506.
507.
508.
509.
510.
511.
- 1948
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nghJ mwpT
tpisahl;Lfs; - tpisahl;LfSk; njhlHGila Nfhg;igfSk;
tpisahl;Lfs; - tpisahl;Lfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhw;fs;
tpisahl;Lfs; - rpy Kf;fpa ehLfspd; Njrpa tpisahl;Lfs;
tpisahl;Lfs; - ,e;jpa tPuHfSk; njhlHGila tpisahl;LfSk;
tpisahl;Lfs; - cyff; Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J
tpisahl;Lfs; - cyff; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl;
,aw;gpay; - fiyr;nrhw;fs;
Njrpak; (National) - ,e;jpah
,e;jpah - rpy Kf;fpa ,e;jpaj; JiwKfq;fs;
,e;jpah - ,uapy;Nt
,e;jpah - tpkhd epiyak;
,e;jpah - gytpj njhopy;fSld; njhlHG nfhz;Ls;s ,e;jpa efuq;fs;
,e;jpah - ,e;jpahtpYs;s tq;fpfs;
,e;jpa MWfs;
Gtpapay; - g+kpAk; Nguz;lKk;
Gtpapay; - NguplH Nkyhz;ik
Gtpapay; - kf;fs;njhif mlHj;jp kw;Wk; guty;
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;
Gtpapay; - fhLfs; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Ffs;
Gtpapay; - tspkz;lyk;> ePHf;Nfhsk;> epyf;Nfhsk;
Gtpapay; - gUtf;fhw;W> kiog; nghopT> thdpiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy
Gtpapay; - kz;> jhJ kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;
mikjpfhy tPur;nray; tpUJfs;
mNrhf rf;fuk;
tpUijg; gw;wp:
mNrhf rf;fuk; tpUjhdJ 1952k; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ. mNrhfr; rf;fuk; ,e;jpag;
gilj;Jiwapdhy; NghHf;fsj;jpy; my;yhJ mikjpf;fhyj;jpy; giltPuHfs;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; kpf caupa tPujPur; nray;fSf;fhfTk; jd;dykw;w
capHj;jpahfj;jpw;fhfTk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j tpUJ gilj;Jiwapy;
my;yhky; Fbkf;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;glyhk; kiwtpw;Fg; gpd;dUk; toq;fg;glyhk;.
Kjd; Kjypy; mNrhf rf;fuk; tpUijg; ngw;wtHfs; - Havildar Bachittar
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Singh, NK NARBAHADUR THAPA, Flt Lt Suhas Biswas (tpUijg; ngw;w

Mz;L: 1952)
Kjd; Kjypy; mNrhf rf;fuk; tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; - epH[h ghdl; (1987)
fPHj;jp rf;fuk;
tpUijg; gw;wp:
fPHj;jp rf;fuk; NghHf;fsj;jpy; my;yhJ Mw;wg;gLk; mjptPur; nray;fSf;fhfTk;
jd;dykw;w jpahfj;jpw;fhfTk; ,e;jpag; gilj;Jiwahy; toq;fg;gLk; tpUJfspy;
mNrhfr; rf;fuj;jpw;F mLj;j epiyapYk; nrsHah rf;fuj;jpw;F Nky; epiyapYk;
cs;s caupa tpUjhFk;. ,J gilj;JiwapdUf;F kl;Lky;yhJ Fbkf;fSf;Fk;
toq;fg;glf;$baJ. kiwtpw;Fg; gpd;dUk; toq;fg;glyhk;.
fPHj;jp rf;fuk; kw;Wk; mNrhf rf;fuk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; tpUJfisAk; ngw;wtH ePyfz;ld; n[are;jpud; ehaH
nrsHah rf;fuk;
tpUijg; gw;wp:
nrsHah rf;fuk; NghHf;fsj;jpy; my;yhJ Mw;wg;gLk; mjptPur; nray;fSf;fhfTk;
jd;dykw;w jpahfj;jpw;fhfTk; ,e;jpag; gilj;Jiwahy; toq;fg;gLk; tpUJfspy;
%d;whtJ epiyapy; fPHj;jp rf;fuj;jpw;F mLj;j epiyapy; cs;s caupa
tpUjhFk;. Nrdh gjf;fq;fSf;F Nky;epiy tpUjhFk;. ,J gilj;JiwapdUf;F
kl;Lky;yhJ Fbkf;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;glf;$baJ. kiwtpw;Fg; gpd;dUk;
toq;fg;glyhk;. ,J mikjpf; fhyj;jpy; toq;fg;gLk; tPu rf;fuk; vdyhk;.
1967Mk; Mz;Lf;F Kd;dH mNrhfr; rf;fuk;> tFg;G 3 vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
tpUJfspy; tFg;Gfis GFj;jpl tpUk;ghj ,e;jpa muR nrsHa rf;fuk; vdj;
jdpg;ngaupl;lJ.
tpUJfSk; kupahijfSk; - mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g tpUJfs;
rhe;jp ];t&g; gl;ehfH tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
rhe;jp ];t&g; gl;ehfH tpUJ 1958k; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ. rhe;jp ];t&g; gl;ehfH
tpUJ Mz;LNjhWk; ,e;jpahtpy; mwptpay; Jiwfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;G
toq;Fk; ,sk; mwptpayhsHfSf;F mwptpay; njhopy; Ma;Tf; fTd;rpy; (CSIR)
apdhy; toq;fg;gLk; tpUjhFk;. ,e;jpa &ghapy; Ie;J yl;rk; guprhf ,e;jpa
gpujkuhy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tpUJ 45 tajpw;Fl;gl;NlhUf;F
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; rhe;jp ];t&g; gl;ehfH tpUij ngw;w mwptpapayhsH Facebook
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fupakhzpf;fk; rPdpthr fpU\;zd; (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1958)

Kjd; Kjypy; rhe;jp ];t&g; gl;ehfH tpUij ngw;w ngz; mwptpapayhsH Asima Chatterjee (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1961)
kpfr; rpwe;j ,e;jpa tpQ;QhdpfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; tpUJ - rhe;jp ];t&g; gl;ehfH
tpUJ.
fypq;fh tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
fypq;fh tpUjhdJ mwptpaiy gpugykhf;f And];Nfhthy; tpjptpyf;fhd
jpwikNahL mwptpay; fUj;Jfis kf;fSf;F mHg;gzpg;gtHfSf;F ,t;tpUJ
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tpUJngw;NwhUf;F ,Ugjhapuk; mnkupf;f lhyHfSk; kw;Wk;
And];Nfhtpd; My;gHl; Id;];Bd; rpy;tH gjf;fKk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; fypq;fh tpUij ngw;wtH - Louis de Broglie (1952k; Mz;L)
(gpuhd;];)
Kjd; Kjypy; fypq;fh tpUij ngw;w ngz; - Margaret Mead (1970k; Mz;L)
(mnkupf;fh)
Kjd; Kjypy; Mrpa fz;lj;jpypUe;J fypq;fh tpUij ngw;wtH - Jagjit Singh
(1963k; Mz;L) (,e;jpah)
jpiug;glj;Jiw tpUJ - jhjhrhN`g; ghy;Nf tpUJ

tpUijg; gw;wp:
jhjhrhN`g; ghy;Nf tpUJ ,e;jpaj; jpiug;glj;Jiwapy; tho;ehs; rhjid
Gupe;NjhUf;fhf ,e;jpa murhy; Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gLk; tpUjhFk;. ,t;tpUJ>
,e;jpa jpiug;glj;Jiwapd; je;ij vdf;fUjg;gLk; jhjhrhN`g; ghy;Nf
mtHfspd; gpwe;j ehs; E}w;whz;lhd 1969Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ. Fwpg;gpl;l
Mz;Lf;fhd tpUJ> mjw;F mLj;j Mz;L ,Wjpapy; Njrpaj; jpiug;gl
tpUJfSld; NrHj;J toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; jhjhrhN`g; ghy;Nf tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Njtpfh uhzp
(tpUJngw;w Mz;L: 1969) (,e;jp)
jkpopy; Kjd; Kjypy; jhjhrN`g; ghy;Nf tpUijg; ngw;wtH - vy;.tp. gpurhj;
(tpUJngw;w Mz;L: 1982)
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,e;jpahtpd; jpiug;glj;Jiwapd; je;ij vd fUjg;gLgtH ahH? - jhjhrhN`g;

ghy;Nf
jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy; NgRk; glk; vJ? - fhspjh];
,e;jpahtpy; ntspaplg;gl;l KjyhtJ KOePsj; jpiug;glk; ------------ MFk; - uh[h
ùp];re;jpuh (ntspte;j Mz;L: 1913)
jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy; xypapy;yh (Cik glk;) jpiug;glk; vJ? - fPrf tjk;
(ntspte;j Mz;L: 1918)
kUj;Jtj;Jiw tpUJfs; - lhf;lH gp.rp. uha; tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
gpjhd; re;jpuh uha; tpUJ ,e;jpa kUj;Jtf; fofj;jhy; 1976 ,y; gpjhd; re;jpu
uha; epidthf epWtg;gl;l tpUjhFk;. ,e;j tpUJ xt;nthU Mz;Lk; fPo;tUk;
tifg;ghLfspy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ: ,e;jpahtpy; kpfr; rpwg;Gkpf;f murpay; eaj;jpwk;>
kUj;JtH-kw;Wk;-murpay;thjp> rpwg;Gkpf;f kUj;Jt egH> rpwg;Gkpf;f nka;apayhsH
kw;Wk; rpwg;Gkpf;f fiyQH. ,e;j tpUjpid #iy 1> Njrpa kUj;JtHfs;
ehsd;W> ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytH GJ jpy;ypapy; toq;FfpwhH.
Kjd; Kjypy; lhf;lH gp.rp. uha; tpUjpidg; ngw;wtH - Kfkj; ryPk; (1976)
,yf;fpa tpUJfs; - QhdgPl tpUJ

tpUijg; gw;wp:
Qhd gPl tpUJ vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpy; ,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; xU caupa
tpUJ MFk;. ,e;j tpUij toq;FgtHfs; ghujpa QhdgPlk; vd;w gz;ghl;L
,yf;fpaf; fofkhFk;. ,t;twf;fl;lis jp ilk;]; M/g; ,e;jpah ehspjio
ntspapLk; rhF n[apd; FLk;gj;jpduhy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
xt;NthH Mz;Lk; ,e;jpahtpYs;s mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l 22 nkhopfSs; rpwe;j
vOj;jhsUf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ. 1954 -y; ,ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtH rhe;jpgpurhj;
n[apd; vd;gtH.
,e;j tpUJ> ,e;jpa &gha; 11 ,yl;rj;jpw;fhd fhNrhiy> jq;fKk; nrk;Gk; fye;j
gl;laKk;> ghuhl;Lg; gj;jpuk; kw;Wk; gpj;jisahy; Md fiykfs; (thf;Njtp)
rpiyia cs;slf;fpaJ. 1961y; ,e;j tpUJ epWtg;gl;lJ.
1982 tiu> XH vOj;jhsupd; Fwpg;gpl;l gilg;ig ghuhl;b> Qhd gPl tpUJ
toq;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;dH XH vOj;jhsupd; tho;ehspy; mtH ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F
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Mw;wpa gq;fspg;ig nfsutpf;Fk; tifapy; ,e;j tpUJ toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

kpf caHe;j ,yf;fpa tpUJ - ghujPa QhdgPl tpUJ
Kjd; Kjypy; QhdgPl tpUijg; ngw;w vOj;jhsH - [P. rq;fu FUg; (gilg;G:
Xlf;Foy;> nkhop: kiyahsk;) (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1965)
Kjd; Kjypy; QhdgPl tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; vOj;jhsH - M\hg+Hzh Njtp
(gilg;G: g;ujk; g;ujp];Ujp> nkhop: tq;fhsk;) (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1976)
Kjd; Kjypy; jkpopy; QhdgPl tpUijg; ngw;w vOj;jhsH - mfpyd; (gilg;G:
rpj;jpug;ghit> nkhop: jkpo;) (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1975)
QhdgPl tpUJ ngw;w ,uz;L jkpoHfs; - mfpyd; (1975)> n[afhe;jd; (2002)
2014k; Mz;L QhdgPl tpUij ngw;wtH - ghyr;re;jpu nekNj (nkhop: kuhj;jp)
rHtNjr tpUJfs; - jh$H tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
jh$H tpUJ> ,e;jpa murhy; toq;fg;gLk; xU rHtNjr tpUjhFk;. ,t;tpUJ
2011k; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ. Nehgy; gupR ngw;w utPe;jpuehj; jh$upd; 150-tJ
Mz;L tpoh nfhz;lhl;lj;jpid Kd;dpl;L mtH ngaupy; gz;ghl;L
ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd jh$H rHtNjr tpUJ toq;fg;gLfpwJ. gd;dhl;lstpy;
rNfhjuj;Jtk; jiof;f ghLgLk; ftpQHfs; kw;Wk; r%f MHtyHfSf;F ,e;j
tpUJ toq;fg;gLfpwJ. tpUJf;FupatHfis NjHe;njLg;gjw;fhf> ,e;jpahtpd;
jiyik mikr;rH jiyikapyhd NjHTf;FO cs;sJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; jh$H tpUijg; ngw;wtH - gz;bl; utp rq;fH (2012)
2013k; Mz;L jh$H tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Zubin Mehta
Gf;fH tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
Gf;fH gupR my;yJ GidTfSf;fhd khd; Gf;fH gupR> Mq;fpy nkhopapy;
vOjg;gLk; rpwe;j KOePs Gjpdq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; guprhFk;. nghJeytha
ehLfis my;yJ maHyhe;Jf; Fbauirr; NrHe;jtHfshy; vOjg;gLk;
Gjpdq;fSf;Nf ,g;gupR toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J 1968 Mk; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; gupRfspy; cyfpNyNa gyUk; mwpe;j gupRfspy;
xd;whf ,J jpfo;fpd;wJ. GidT ,yf;fpa vOj;jhsHfSf;Ff; fpilf;ff;$ba
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kpf caHe;j ngUikfspy; xd;whfTk; ,J fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

Kjd; Kjypy; Gf;fH tpUijg; ngw;wtH - P. H. Newby (Novel Title: Something
to Answer For> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1969)
Kjd; Kjypy; Gf;fH tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; - Bernice Rubens (Novel Title: The
Elected Member> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1970 )
,e;jpahtpypUe;J Kjy; ngz; Gf;fH tpUijg; ngw;wtH - mUe;jjp uha; (Novel
Title: The God of Small Things> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1997 )
2014k; Mz;Lf;fhd Gf;fH tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Richard Flanagan (Novel Title:
The Narrow Road to the Deep North, Country: Australia)
Gypl;rH tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
Gypl;rH gupR vd;gJ> Clftpay;> ,iza Clftpay;> ,yf;fpak;> ,iraikg;G
vd;gtw;Wf;fhf If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; toq;fg;gLk; xU tpUJ MFk;. ,J
,j;JiwfSf;fhd kpf caupa tpUjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J epa+ ahHf;
efuj;jpy;> nfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf;fofj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,j;Jiwfisr;
NrHe;j ,Ugj;njhU gpupTfspy; Mz;LNjhWk; ,g;gupRfs; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
,tw;Ws; ,UgJ gpupTfSf;fhd guprhf xt;nthd;Wk; 10>000 mnkupf;f lhyHfSk;>
rhd;wpjOk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J> `q;Nfupa mnkupf;fg; gj;jpupifahsUk;>
nra;jpg; gj;jpupif ntspaPl;lhsUkhfpa N[hNrg; Gypl;rH vd;gtuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J Gypl;rH tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Gobind Behari
Lal (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1937)
2014k; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpypUe;J Gypl;rH tpUijg; ngw;wtH - tp[a; Nr\hj;up
ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUJ

tpUijg; gw;wp:
ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUJ vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpd; gl;bayplg;gl;l 22 nkhopfspy; cs;s
rpwe;j ciueil my;yJ ftpij ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpw;F toq;fg;gLk; tpUjhFk;.
1991 Mk; Mz;L Nf.Nf. gpHyh epWtdj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;j tpUJ
,e;jpahtpd; caupa ,yf;fpa tpUJfspy; xd;whf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; kjpg;G
Ie;J yl;rk; ,e;jpa &gha; MFk;.
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Kjd; Kjypy; ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - ùptd;];uha; gr;rd; (gilg;G:

Autobiography> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1991)
Kjd; Kjypy; ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; - gykzp mk;kh (gilg;G:
epNtjpak;> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1995)
jkpopy; Kjd; Kjypy; ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - lhf;lH. ,e;jpuh
ghHj;jrhujp (gilg;G: uhkhD[H> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1999)
2014k; Mz;L ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - tPug;g nkha;yp (gilg;G:
uhkhaz kfhNtrdk;)
M];fhH tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
M];fhH tpUJ vdg; gutyhf mwpag;gLk; mfhjkp tpUJfs; mnkupf;fhtpy;
jpiuj;Jiwf;F toq;fg;gLk; kpfTk; Kf;fpa tpUjhFk;. NkYk; cyfpNyNa
mjpfstpy; njhiyf;fhl;rp %yk; ghHitaplg;gLk; tpUJ toq;Fk; tpohf;fspy;
Kjd;ikahd tpohthFk;. ,t;tpUJ Kjd; Kjypy; 1929y; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; Kjypy; M];fhH tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Bhanu Athaiya (tpUJ
ngw;w Mz;L: 1987)
jd;Dila jpiug;glg; gzpf;fhf M];fhH tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpaH - rj;a[pj;
uha; (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1992)
,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; ,uz;L M];fhH tpUJfisg; ngw;wtH - V.MH.
uFkhd; (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 2009)
= rf;jp Gu];fhH tpUJ

tpUijg; gw;wp:
= rf;jp Gu];fhH tpUjhdJ ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa mstpy; ngz;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLk; kupahijf;Fupa xU tpUjhFk;. ,t;tpUJ jdpg;gl;l ngz;fspd;
mg+Htkhd rhjidfSf;fhf 6 tiffspy; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; Nkk;ghl;L
Jiw mikr;rfk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa murhy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. = rf;jp Gu];fhH
tpUJ 1991k; Mz;L ,e;jpa FbauR jiytuhy; rHtNjr ngz;fs; jpdj;jd;W
epWtg;gl;lJ. ,t;tpUjhdJ xt;n thU Mz;Lk; khHr; 8 (rHtNjr ngz;fs; jpdk;)
md;W GJjpy;ypapy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. guprhf 3 yl;rk; &ghAk; rhd;wpjOk;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
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fiykhkzp tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
fiykhkzp tpUJ ,e;jpahtpd; jkpof murpdhy; Mz;LNjhWk; fiy kw;Wk;
gz;ghl;bid tsHj;njLf;fTk; njhd;ikahd fiytbtq;fis NgzTk;
fiyQHfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; tpUjhFk;.,e;j tpUJ jkpo;ehL murpd; fiy kw;Wk;
gz;ghL ,af;ffj;jpd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; jkpo;ehL ,ay; ,ir ehlf kd;wj;jpdhy;
,yf;fpak;>,ir kw;Wk; ehlfj;Jiwapy; rpwg;G kpf;ftHfs; NjHT nra;ag;gl;L
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
[tfHyhy; NeU tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
gd;dhl;Lg; Gupe;JzHTf;fhd [tfHyhy; NeU tpUJ vd;gJ ,e;jpa murpdhy;
1965Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;l xU gd;dhl;L tpUjhFk;. kiwe;j ghujg; gpujkuhd
NeU jd; tho;ehs; KOtJk; cyf mikjpf;fhfg; ghLgl;lijf; nfsutpf;Fk;
tifapy; ,t;tpUJ mtH ngauhy; 1965k; Mz;L epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. cyfpd;
gy;NtW kf;fspilNa md;G> el;G kw;Wk; Gupjiy tsHf;Fk; egHfSf;F
Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J ,e;jpa &gha; 2.5 kpy;ypaDf;F gzKbg;igf;
nfhz;lJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; [tfHyhy; NeU tpUijg; ngw;wtH - U Thant (tpUJ ngw;w
Mz;L: 1965> ehL gHkh)
,e;jpahtpypUe;J Kjd; Kjypy; [t`Hyhy; NeU tpUijg; ngw;wtH - md;id
njurh (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1969)
xypk;gpf; MHlH tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
xypk;gpf; tpisahl;bd; tsHr;rpf;fhf jdp rpwg;NghL gq;fspg;gtHfSf;F rHtNjr
xypk;gpf; fkpl;bahy; toq;fg;gLk; caupa tpUjhFk;. ,e;j tpUjhdJ 1975k;
Mz;by; rHtNjr xypk;gpf; fkpl;bahy; epWtg;gl;lJ. xypk;gpf; MHlH tpUjhdJ
%d;W juq;fspy; (jq;fk;> nts;sp kw;Wk; ntz;fyk;) toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; xypk;gpf; tpUijg; ngw;wtHfs; - Paul Anspach (Bronze), Jesse
Owens, Antonio dos Reis Carneiro (Bronze) (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1976)
,uz;L Kiw xypk;gpf; MHlH tpUijg; ngw;w tpisahl;L tPuhq;fid - Nadia
Comaneci (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1984> 2004)
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tpisahl;Lfs; - tpisahl;LfSk; njhlHGila Nfhg;igfSk;

Njrpa mstpy; (,e;jpah) - rpy Kf;fpa Nfhg;ig/buhgp
fpupf;nfl;
1. uQ;rpf; Nfhg;ig
2. ,uhzp Nfhg;ig
3. vd;Nfgp rhy;Nt NryQ;rH Nfhg;ig
4. ^ypg; Nfhg;ig
5. tp[a; `rhNu Nfhg;ig
6. bNahjhH Nfhg;ig
7. iraj; K\;lhf; myp Nfhg;ig
8. Nuh`pz;ld; ghupah Nfhg;ig
9. uhzp [hd;rp Nfhg;ig
`hf;fp
1. Mfhfhd; Nfhg;ig
2. ngfk; ury; Nfhg;ig (ngz;fs;)
3. kfhuh[h uQ;rpj;rpq; jq;f Nfhg;ig
4. ghk;Ng jq;ff; Nfhg;ig
5. jpahd;re;j; buhgp
6. Nyb uj;jd; lhl;lh Nfhg;ig (ngz;fs;)
7. KUfg;gh jq;f Nfhg;ig
8. rpe;jpah jq;ff; Nfhg;ig
9. Fg;Grhkp ehAL Nfhg;ig
10. nga;ld; Nfhg;ig
11. NeU Nfhg;ig
12. ,uq;frhkp Nfhg;ig
fhy;ge;J
1. re;Njh\; Nfhg;ig
2. ûz;l; Nfhg;ig
3. brpvk; Nfhg;ig
4. Nlhl; epidT Nfhg;ig (Todd Memorial Cup)
Ngl;kpl;ld;
1. mfHthy; Nfhg;ig
2. Chadha Cup
3. Divan Cup
4. Narang Cup
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NlGs; nld;dp];
1. uhkhD[d; buhgp
2. n[ayl;Rkp Nfhg;ig
3. ngHdh ngy;yhf; Nfhg;ig (Berna - Bellack Cup)
tpisahl;Lfs; - tpisahl;Lfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhw;fs;

Rf;fH (Chukker)> Nkyl; (mallet) vd;w thHj;ijfs; ve;j tpisahl;Lld;
njhlHGilaJ - NghNyh
Gy;]; I (Bulls Eye) vd;w thHj;ij ve;j Nghl;bfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ? tpy;tpj;ij> Jg;ghf;fp vLjy;> <l;b vupjy;
];l;Nuhf; (Stroke) vd;w thHj;ij ve;j tpisahl;Lld; njhlHGilaJ? - ePr;ry;
NkYk; njupe;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;
`hf;fp:
nrz;lH /ghHNtHl; (Center forward)> ];bf;]; (Stickes)> ];l;iuf;fpq; rHfps;
(Striking Circle)> ];$g; (Scoop)> Gy; (Bull)> ngdhy;b fhHdH (Penalty Corner)>
bupgps; (Dribble)> \hl; fhHdH (Short Corner)> Nfup (Carry)> Nfupl; (Carried)
fpupf;nfl;:
lf; (Duck)> `hl; bupf; (Hat trick)> fPup]; (Crease)> `pl; tpf;nfl; (Hit Wicket)>
gpl;r; (Pitch)> l;iut; (Drive)> nyf; ];gpd;dH (Leg Spinner)> nyf; gpNuf; (Leg Break)>
vy;.gp.lgps;a+ (L.B.W: Leg Before Wicket)> ngsd;rH (Bounser)> ftH gha;z;l; (Cover
Point)> ngsypq; (Bowling)> ud; (Run)> /ghNyh Md; (Follow on)> $f;yp (Googly)>
Neh ghy; (No Ball)> tpf;nfl; fPg;gH (Wicket Keeper)>
fhy;ge;J:
lr; lTd; (Touch Down)> j;Nuh ,d; (Throw in)> /gTy; (Foul)> Mg;irl; (Off side)>
ngdhy;b (Penalty)> bupgps; (Dribble)> `hl; bupf; (Hat trick)> buhg; fpf; (Drop Kick)
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nr];:
nrf;Nkl; (Check mate)> ];Nly;nkz;l; (Stalement)> Nfk;gpl; (Gambit)> nrf;
(Check)>
ifg;ge;J:
ba+]; (Deuce)> rHtP]; (Service)> ];igf;fH]; (Spikers)> g+];lH (Booster)>
Fjpiu ge;jak;:
[hf;fp (Jockey)> gpNs]; (place)> g;Nuhl;nl];l; (Protest)> tpd; (Win)
tpisahl;Lfs; - rpy Kf;fpa ehLfspd; Njrpa tpisahl;Lfs;

1. ghfp];jhd; - gPy;L `hf;fp
2. M];jpNuypah - fpupf;nfl;
3. mHn[z;bdh - Pato
4. gq;fhsNj\; - fgb
5. gpNurpy; - fhy;ge;J
6. fdlh - I]; `hf;fp (winter), Lacrosse (summer)
7. nfhyk;gpah - Tejo
8. <uhd; - Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals, Wrestling
9. nkf;]pNfh - Charreada
10. gpypg;igd;]; - Arnis
11. =yq;fh - ifg;ge;J (Volleyball)
12. Neghsk; - Dandi Biyo
13. g+lhd; - tpy;tpj;ij
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14. ,q;fpyhe;J - fpupf;nfl;

15. ,];Nuy; - fhy;ge;J
16. [g;ghd; - RNkh (Sumo)
17. epa+rpyhe;J - Rugby union
18. ehHNt - FWf;F ehl;bd; gdpr;rWf;F (Cross-country skiing)
19. ngU - Paleta Fronton
20. Nghye;J - fhy;ge;J
21. u\;ah - Bandy
22. ];fhl;yhe;J - Nfhy;/g;
23. JUf;fp - Mapy; ky;Aj;jk;> Jereed
24. mnkupf;fh - Baseball
25. ,e;jpah - `hf;fp
26. kNyrpah - Ngl;kpl;ld;
27. rPdh - Nlgps; nld;dp];
tpisahl;Lfs; - ,e;jpa tPuHfSk; njhlHGila tpisahl;LfSk;
1. rha;dh ne`;thy; - Ngl;kpl;ld;
2. tp];tehjd; Mde;j; - nr];
3. NkupNfhk;> rupjh Njtp - Fj;Jr;rz;il
4. kq;fy;rpq; rhk;gpah> jPgpfh Fkhup - tpy;tpj;ij
5. tpN[e;jH rpq; - Fj;Jr; rz;il
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6. ffd; euq;> mgpet; gpe;j;uh> uQ;rd; N[hjp - Jg;ghf;fp RLjy;

7. MHj;jp Fg;jh - fly; ePr;ry;
8. fHzk; ky;Ny];tup> FQ;ruhzp Njtp - gS J}f;Fjy;
9. Devendra Jhajharia - jlfsk; ghuypk;gpf;];
10. V. ruj; fky; - Nlgps; nld;dp];
11. jPg; m`;yhtj; - FjpiuVw;wk;
12. N[hjp ue;jth - Nfhy;/g;
13. mQ;R [hH[; - ePsk; jhz;Ljy;
14. fuPe;jH fTH> ,f;Nd\; jpHfp - `hf;fp
15. lhdpah rr;Njt; - nr];
16. uhNf\; FkhH> Nj[];tpdp - fgb
17. ,\hH rpq; jpNahy;> gpup[h =jud; - jlfsk;
18. utpFkhH - gSJ}f;Fjy;
19. utPe;jHrpq;> uh[Pt; NjhkH - ky;Aj;jk;
20. Nrhk;Njt; Njt;tHkd;> Nuh`d; Nghgz;zh - nld;dp];
21. Nj[];tpdp rte;j; - Jg;ghf;fp RLjy;
22. tpuhj; Nfh`;yp> RNu\; nua;dh> Njhdp> rr;rpd; nlz;Ly;fH - fpupf;nfl;
23. gpurz;lh fHkhfH - ePr;ry;
24. uh[;ghy;rpq;> [];[pj; nfsH - `hf;fp
25. [Pthyh fl;lh - ghl;kpl;ld;
26. Rdpy; Nrj;up - fhy;ge;J
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27. rjP\; N[h\p - JLg;G glF

28. fpU\;zh g+dpah - tl;L vupjy;
29. jPgpfh Fkhup - tpy;tpj;ij
tpisahl;Lfs; - cyff; Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J

FIFA vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk; - Federation Internationale de Football
Association
Kjd; Kjypy; cyff; Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J Nghl;b vq;F eilngw;wJ? - cUFNt
(1930)
cyff; Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J Nghl;bapy; n[Hkdp vj;jid Kiw ntd;Ws;sJ? - 4
Kiw (1954> 1974> 1990> 2014)
2014k; Mz;L gpNurpy; ehl;by; eilngw;w cyff; Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J Nghl;b
vj;jidahtJ Kiw Nghl;bahFk;? - 20tJ Kiw
cyff; Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J Nghl;b eilngw;w Mz;LfSk;> ,lq;fSk;> ntw;wp
ngw;w ehLfSk;:
1. 1930 - cUFNt - cUFNt
2. 1934 - ,j;jhyp - ,j;jhyp
3. 1938 - g;uhd;]; - ,j;jhyp
4. 1950 - gpNurpy; - cUFNt
5. 1954 - Rtpl;rHyhe;J - Nkw;F n[Hkdp
6. 1958 - ];tPld; - gpNurpy;
7. 1962 - rpyp - gpNurpy;
8. 1966 - ,q;fpyhe;J - ,q;fpyhe;J
9. 1970 - nkf;]pNfh - gpNurpy;
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10. 1974 - Nkw;F n[Hkdp - Nkw;F n[Hkdp

11. 1978 - mHn[d;bdh - mHn[d;bdh
12. 1982 - ];ngapd; - ,j;jhyp
13. 1986 - nkf;]pNfh - mHn[d;bdh
14. 1990 - ,j;jhyp - Nkw;F n[Hkdp
15. 1994 - mnkupf;fh - gpNurpy;
16. 1998 - g;uhd;]; - g;uhd;];
17. 2002 - njw;F nfhupah kw;Wk; [g;ghd; - gpNurpy;
18. 2006 - n[Hkdp - ,j;jhyp
19. 2010 - njw;F Mg;upf;fh - ];ngapd;
20. 2014 - gpNurpy; - n[Hkdp
tpisahl;Lfs; - cyff; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl;
cyff; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl;il gw;wp:
cyff; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl; 1975 Kjy; ehd;F tUlq;fSf;F xU Kiw ele;J
tUfpwJ. cyff; Nfhg;ig Nghl;bfs; eilngw Jtq;fpa gpd;dNu xU ehs;
Nghl;bfs; gpugykhapw;W. Muk;gj;jpy; xU mzpf;F 60 XtHfs; tPjk; ge;J tPrp
MbdH. 1983 cyff; Nfhg;ig Nghl;bf;F gpd;dH ,J 50 XtHfshf
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
1. ICC vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk; - International Cricket Council
2. Kjd; Kjypy; cyff; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl; Nghl;b vq;F eilngw;wJ? ,q;fpyhe;J (1975)
3. Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpah cyf; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl; Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp ngw;w
Mz;L? - 1983 (Nfg;ld;: fgpy; Njt;)
4. cyff; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl; Nghl;bapy; mjpf Kiw ntw;wp ngw;w ehL? Facebook
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M];jpNuypah (Ie;J Kiw - 1987> 1999> 2003> 2007> 2015)

5. cyff; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpah vj;jid Kiw ntw;wp
ngw;Ws;sJ? - 2 Kiw (1983> 2011)
cyff; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl; Nghl;b eilngw;w Mz;LfSk;> ,lq;fSk;> ntw;wp
ngw;w ehLfSk;
1. 1975 - ,q;fpyhe;J - Nkw;fpe;jpaj; jPTfs;
2. 1979 - ,q;fpyhe;J - Nkw;fpe;jpaj; jPTfs;
3. 1983 - ,q;fpyhe;J - ,e;jpah
4. 1987 - ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd; - M];jpNuypah
5. 1992 - M];jpNuypah> epa+rpyhe;J - ghfp];jhd;
6. 1996 - ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd;> =yq;fh - =yq;fh
7. 1999 - ,q;fpyhe;J> Nty;];> ];fhl;yhe;J> maHyhe;J> nejHyhe;J M];jpNuypah
8. 2003 - nfd;ah> njd; Mg;upf;fh> [pk;ghg;Nt - M];jpNuypah
9. 2007 - Nkw;fpe;jpaj; jPTfs; - M];jpNuypah
10. 2011 - gq;fshNj\;> ,e;jpah> =yq;fh - ,e;jpah
11. 2015 - M];jpNuypah> epa+rpyhe;J - M];jpNuypah
,aw;gpay; rk;ke;jkhd mwptpay; fiyr;nrhw;fs;
,aw;gpaypd; cl;gpupTfs;:
1. Mechanics - ,af;ftpay;> nghwpapay;
2. Statics - epiyapay;
3. Dynamics - ,aq;fpay;> ,af;ftpay;
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4. Optics - xspapay;
5. Acoustics - xypapay;
6. Fluid Mechanics - gha;k ,af;ftpay;
7. Thermodynamics - ntg;g,aq;fpay;> njWkj;jpdtpay;> ntg;gtpaf;ftpay;
8. Electrostatics - epiykpd;dpay;
9. Electrodynamics - kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;
10. Magnetism - fhe;jtpay;
11. Electromagnetism - kpd;fhe;jtpay;
12. Atomic/Particle Physics - mZj;Jfspay;
13. Nuclear Physics - mZf;fUtpay;
14. Quantum Physics - Fita ,aw;gpay;/JZf;f/kl;Lt ,aw;gpay;
15. Astronomy - thdpay;
16. Cosmology - mz;ltpay;/Gltpapay;
17. Geophysics - Gtp ,aw;gpay;
mbg;gil thHj;ijfs;:
1. matter - nghUz;kk;
2. mass - nghUz;ik> jpzpT
3. weight - vil> epiw
4. force - tpir
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5. energy - Mw;wy;
6. power - jpwd;> tY
7. work - Ntiy
8. time - Neuk;
9. solid - jpz;kk;
10. Liquid - ePHkk;
11. gas - tspkk;
12. Fluid - gha;kk;
13. Substance - nghUs;
14. material - gz;lk;
15. Body - gpz;lk;> cly;
,aw;gpay; rk;ke;jkhd mwptpay; fiyr;nrhw;fs;
cgfuzq;fs;:
1. Amplifier - ngUf;fp / rkpf;iQapd; tPr;ir mjpfupf;fr; nra;fpd;w rhjdk;
2. Ammeter - kpd;Ndhl;lkhdp my;yJ Mk;gpaHkhdp
3. Voltmeter - kpd;dOj;jkhdp
4. Ohmmeter - Xk;khdp> kpd;jilia msf;f gad;gLk; xU msT fUtp
5. Barometer - fhw;wOj;jkhdp
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6. Electrical Generator - kpd;dpaw;wp> ,af;f Mw;wiy kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wk;

xU fUtp
7. Electric Motor - kpd;rhu ,af;fp> kpd;fhe;j Mw;wiy ,ae;jpu Mw;wyhf
khw;Wk; xU ,af;fp
8. Electrical conductor - kpd;flj;jp> kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij ,yFthf mDkjpf;Fk;
nghUs;
9. Electrical insulator - kpd;fhg;ghd;> kpd;rhuk; jd; kPJ gha;tij vjpHf;Fk;
nghUs;
10. Electromagnet - kpd;fhe;jk;
11. Lever - nek;GNfhy;
12. Machine - ,ae;jpuk;
13. Pendulum - jdp Cry;
14. Siphon - jiyfPohf itf;fg;gl;l U tbtf; Foha; xd;wpd; topahf GtpaPHg;G
tpir kw;Wk; tspaKf;fj;jpd; cjtpAld; NtW ce;Jtpirfs; ,d;wp
gha;kq;fis ntspafw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk;
15. Prism - Kg;gl;lfk;
Njrpak; (National) - ,e;jpah

1. jiyefuk; - GJjpy;yp
2. ngupa efuk; - Kk;ig
3. gug;gsT - 3.3 Million sq. km
4. Rje;jpuk; ngw;w ehs; - 15> Mf];l;> 1947
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5. FbauR ngw;w ehs; - 26> [dtup> 1950

6. nkhopfs;:
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpdhy; 22 nkhopfs; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpa murpd;
mjpfhug+Ht nkhopahf ,e;jp cs;sJ.
7. kf;fs;njhif (2011 fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb) - 1,210,193,422 (623.7 million
males and 586.4 million females)
8. Ml;rpg;gpupTfs;:
khepyq;fs; - 29
a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; - 7
9. vy;iy ehLfs;:
tlNkw;fpy; Mg;fhdp];jhd; kw;Wk; ghfp];jhDk;> tlf;fpy; rPdh> g+lhd; kw;Wk;
NeghSk;> kpahd;kH fpof;fpYk;> Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpd; fpof;fpy; gq;fshNj\;k;
cs;sd. flypd; fhy;tha+lhf> ghf; [yre;jp kw;Wk; kd;dhH tisFlhtpd; %yk;
,yq;if gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
epHthfg; gpupTfs;
10. FbauRj; jiytH - gpuzhg; KfH[p
11. Jiz FbauRj; jiytH - Kfkj; `kPJ md;rhup
12. gpujkH - eNue;jpu Nkhb
rl;lkd;w gpupTfs;
13. uh[;a rgh:
uh[;argh cWg;gpdHfspd; vz;zpf;if - 250
12 NgH ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhHfs;. kw;wtHfs; khepy
rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdHfshy; NjHe;J vLf;fg;gLtH. khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdupd;
gjtpf;fhyk; MW Mz;Lfs; MFk;. Nkyitapd; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F
cWg;gpdHfspd; gjtpf;fhyk; xt;nthU ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw KbtilAk;.
14. Nyhf; rgh:
Nyhf; rgh cWg;gpdHfspd; vz;zpf;if - 552
530 NgH khepyj; njhFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk;> 20 NgH xd;wpag; gpuNjr njhFjpfspy;
,Ue;Jk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;NlhiuAk;> epakd cWg;gpdHfshd Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpaH 2
NgiuAk; cs;slf;fpa vz;zpf;ifahFk;. gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J Mz;Lfs;
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,e;jpah - rpy Kf;fpa ,e;jpaj; JiwKfq;fs;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s JiwKfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 13 ngupa JiwKfq;fs;>
200 rpwpa> eLj;ju JiwKfq;fs;
2. 2010k; Mz;by; ehl;bd; ngupa JiwKfq;fspy; 13tjhf NrHf;fg;gl;lJ vJ? NghHl; gpNsH JiwKfk;
3. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfr;rpwe;j ,aw;ifj; JiwKfk; - Kk;ig JiwKfk;
4. ,e;jpahtpd; KjyhtJ fhHg;gNul; JiwKfk; - vz;Z}H JiwKfk;
5. ,e;jpahtpYs;s kpfg;ngupa JiwKfk; vJ? - [t`Hyhy; NeU JiwKfk;
(etNrth)
6. ,e;jpahtpYs;s ngupa ,uz;lhtJ JiwKfk; vJ? - nrd;id JiwKfk;
,e;jpahtpd; ngupa JiwKfq;fSk;> mtw;wpd; miktplKk;
1. fhz;l;yh JiwKfk; - fl;r; khtl;lk; (F[uhj;)
2. gujPg; JiwKfk; - [fj;rpq;g+H khtl;lk; (xbrh)
3. kq;fs+H JiwKfk; - njw;F fd;dlk; khtl;lk; (fHehlfh)
4. kHkNfhth JiwKfk; - njw;F Nfhth khtl;lk; (Nfhth)
5. [t`Hyhy; NeU JiwKfk; (etNrth) - etp Kk;ig (kfhu\;buh)
6. fhkuh[H JiwKfk; (vz;Z}H JiwKfk;) - vz;Z}H> jpUts;s+H khtl;lk;
(jkpo;ehL)
7. NghHl; gpNsH JiwKfk; - njw;F me;jkhd; (me;jkhd; epNfhghH JiwKfk;)
8. nfhr;rp JiwKfk; - nfhr;rpd; (Nfush)
9. nfhy;fj;jh JiwKfk; - nfhy;fj;jh
10. nrd;id - nrd;id (jkpo;ehL)
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11. t.c.rpjk;gudhH JiwKfk; (J}j;Jf;Fb JiwKfk;) - J}j;Jf;Fb (jkpo;ehL)

12. Kk;ig JiwKfk; - Kk;ig (kfhuh\;buh)
13. tprhfg;gl;bdk; - Me;jpu gpuNj\;
,e;jpah - ,uapy;Nt
1. ,e;jpahtpy; njhlHtz;b mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L - 1853 (Njrpa
kakhf;fg;gl;lJ: 1951)
2. ,e;jpahtpYs;s ,uapy;Nt ghijapd; ePsk; - 64>015 fpNyh kPl;lH (2009
fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb)
3. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015) ,uapy;Nt mikr;rH - RNu\; gpughfH gpuG
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s uapy;Ntghij
1. mfd;w topg;ghij - 1,676 mm
2. kPl;lH topg;ghij - 1 kPl;lH
3. FWfpa topg;ghij - 762mm, 610mm
,uapy;Ntapd; gpupTfSk; mjd; jiyikafKk;
1. njd;df ,uapy;Nt - nrd;id
2. kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt - Kk;ig
3. Nkw;F ,uapy;Nt - Kk;ig
4. fpof;F ,uapy;Nt - nfhy;fj;jh
5. tlf;F ,uapy;Nt - nly;yp
6. tl fpof;F ,uapy;Nt - Nfhuf;g+H
7. njd; fpof;F ,uapy;Nt - nfhy;fj;jh
8. tl fpof;F ,uapy;Nt vy;iy - fTfhj;jp
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9. njd; kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt - nrfe;juhghj;

10. nfhy;fj;jh nkl;Nuh ,uapy;Nt - nfhy;fj;jh
11. fpof;F kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt - `h[{g+H
12. tlNkw;F ,uapy;Nt - n[a;g+H
13. fpof;Ff; flw;fiu ,uapy;Nt - GtNd\;tH
14. tlf;F kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt - myfhghj;
15. njd;fpof;F kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt - gpyh];g+H
16. njd;Nkw;F ,uapy;Nt - `Pg;sp
17. Nkw;F kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt - [ghy;g+H
,e;jpah - tpkhd epiyak;

,e;jpahtpYs;s kpfg;ngupa tpkhd epiyak; - ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rHtNjr tpkhd
epiyak;
ngUikf;Fupa jq;fkapy; Njrpa tpUij 2015-y; ntd;w ,e;jpa tpkhd epiyak;
vJ? - jpy;yp rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak;
,e;jpahtpYs;s rHtNjr tpkhd epiyaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; miktplKk;
me;jkhd; epf;NfhghH jPTfs;
1. tPH rhtHf;fH rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - NghHl; gpNsH
Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;
2. tprhfg;gl;bdk; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - tprhfg;gl;bdk;
mrhk;
3. Nyhf;gpupah Nfhgpehj; gHNlhyp rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - fTfhj;jp
gPfhH
4. fah rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - fah
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jpy;yp
5. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - GJ nly;yp
Nfhth
6. Nfhth rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Nfhth
F[uhj;
7. rHjhH ty;ygha; gNly; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - mfkjhghj;
[k;K & fh\;kPH
8. =efH tpkhd epiyak; - =efH
fHehlfh
09. Nfk;gpfTlh rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - ngq;fs+U
10. kq;fs+H rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - kq;fs+H
Nfush
11. nfhr;rpd; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - nfhr;rp
12. Nfhopf;NfhL rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Nfhopf;NfhL
13. jpUtde;jGuk; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - jpUtde;jGuk;
kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
14. uh[h Ngh[; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Nghghy;
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,e;j Mq;fpy jkpo; mfuhjp MdJ> ePq;fs; Mq;fpy thHj;ijfisj; NjLk;

NghJ kl;Lk; cq;fSf;F gad;gLk; xU rhjhuz mg;spNfrdhf ,y;yhky;>
gonkhopfs;> nghJmwpT> jpwdha;T> jpUf;Fws;> Mj;jpr;#b> vd gytpj
jfty;fis cq;fSf;F ,ytrkhf mspf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,ytr mg;spNfrid
kfhuh\;buh
15. rj;ugjp rpth[p rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Kk;ig
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16. lhf;lH ghghrhfpg; mk;Ngj;fH rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - ehf;g+H

kzpg;g+H
17. ^ypfy; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - ,k;ghy;
xbrh
18. gp[{ gl;ehaf; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - GtNd];tH
gQ;rhg;
19. = FU uhk; jh]; [P rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - mkpHjru];
uh[];jhd;
20. n[a;g;g+H tpkhd epiyak; - n[a;g;g+H
jkpo;ehL
21. nrd;id gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyak; - nrd;id
22. Nfhak;Gj;J}H rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Nfhak;Gj;J}H
23. kJiu rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - kJiu
24. jpUr;rp rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - jpUr;rp
njYq;fhdh
25. uh[Pt; fhe;jp rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - i`juhghj;
cj;jug; gpuNjrk;
26. rTjhup ruz; rpq; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - yf;Ndh
27. yhy; gfJ}H rh];jpup tpkhd epiyak; - thuzhrp
Nkw;F tq;fk;
28. Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - nfhy;fj;jh
,e;jpah - gytpj njhopy;fSld; njhlHG nfhz;Ls;s ,e;jpa efuq;fs;

1. fhd;g+H (cj;jug; gpuNjrk;) - Njhy;> cs;shil> ,urhadq;fs;> krhyh> cuk;>
,U rf;fu thfdq;fs;> Nrhg;Gfs;> ghd; krhyh kw;Wk; nghwpapay; njhopy;fs;.
2. re;jpuhg+H (kfhuh\;buh) - epyf;fup> ,Uk;G jhJ> fhfpj kpd; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk;
rpnkz;l;
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3. Y}jpahdh (gQ;rhg;) - fk;gsp t];jpuq;fs;

4. Bhiwandi (kfhuh\;buh) - kpd; jwpfs;
5. tp[athlh (Me;jpu gpuNjrk;) - thfd ghfq;fs;
6. gpNuhrhghj; (cj;jug; gpuNjrk;) - fz;zhb tisay; gilg;Gfs;
7. gd;dh (kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;) - itu Ruq;fq;fs;
8. ghdpgl; (mupahdh) - [Tsp
9. Channapatna (fHehlfh) - ku nghk;ikfs; kw;Wk; lacquerware
10. nfhy;yk; (Nfush) - Ke;jpup
11. thuzhrp (cj;jug; gpuNjrk;) - ifj;jwp
12. nkhujhghj; (cj;jug; gpuNjrk;) - iftpidg;nghUl;fs;
13. gNuyp (cj;jug; gpuNjrk;) - iftpidg;nghUl;fs;> kur;rhkhd;fs; jahupg;G
14. [hk;n\l;g+H ([hHf;fz;l;) - ,Uk;G> v/F> thfd ghfq;fs;
15. ghfy;g+H (gPfhH) - rpy;f;];
16. jpUg;g+H (jkpo;ehL) - [Tsp kw;Wk; fhHnkd;l;];
17. uh[Ke;jpup (Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;) - [Tsp> fhfpjk;> vz;nza; kw;Wk; vupthA
19. nghfhNuh v/F efuk; ([hHf;fz;l;) - v/F kw;Wk; epyf;fup
20. ,e;NjhH (kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;) - Milj; njhopy;fs;
22. gpjhk;GH (kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;) - auto cluster, medicine, cotton yarn, auto
testing treck ect.
23. jpg;UfhH (mrhk;) - Njapiy njhopw;rhiyfs;
24. neha;lh (cj;jug; gpuNjrk;) - nkd;nghUs;
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25. fz;Z}H (Nfush) - ifj;jwp Vw;Wkjp
,e;jpah - ,e;jpahtpYs;s tq;fpfs;

,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;goikahd tq;fp - ];Nll; Ngq;f; M/g; ,e;jpah
,e;jpahtYs;s nghJj; Jiw tq;fpfs;
];Nll; Ngq;f; M/g; ,e;jpah kw;Wk; mjd; FOk tq;fpfs;:
1. ];Nll; ghq;f; Mg; i`juhghj;
2. ];Nll; ghq;f; Mg; jpUthq;$H
3. ];Nll; ghq;f; Mg; ghl;bahyh
4. ];Nll; ghq;f; Mg; gpfhdPH & n[a;g;g+H
5. ];Nll; ghq;f; Mg; ik#H
6. ];Nll; ghq;f; Mg; ,e;jpah
];Nll; ghq;f; Mg; nrsuh\;buh (2008 y; ,Ue;J ];Nll; ghq;f; ,e;jpahTld;
FOtpy; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ)
];Nll; ghq;f; Mg; ,e;J}H (Mf];l; 26> 2010 y; ,Ue;J ];Nll; ghq;f;
,e;jpahTld; FOtpy; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ)
Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;l ,ju tq;fpfs;:
1. myfhghj; tq;fp
2. Me;jpuh tq;fp
3. ghq;f; Mg; gNuhlh
4. ,e;jpad; tq;fp
5. ghq;f; Mg; kfhuh\;buh
6. fduh tq;fp
7. nrd;l;uy; ghq;f; Mg; ,e;jpah
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8. fhHg;gNu\d; tq;fp
9. Njdh tq;fp
10. ghq;f; Mg; ,e;jpah
11. ,e;jpad; XtHrP]; tq;fp
12. Xupaz;ly; Ngq;f; Mg; fhkH];
13. gQ;rhg; Ne\dy; tq;fp
14. rpz;bNfl; tq;fp
15. a+dpad; ghq;f; Mg; ,e;jpah
16. Aidnll; ghq;f; Mg; ,e;jpah
17. gQ;rhg; & rpe;j; tq;fp
18. a+rpX tq;fp
19. tp[ah tq;fp
kw;w nghJj;Jiw tq;fpfs;:
20. ghujPa k`psh tq;fp (19 etk;gH 2013)
21. IbgpI ghq;f; ypkpnll;
,e;jpa MWfs;
1. ,e;jpahtpd; ePskhd MW vJ? - fq;if
2. ,e;jpahtpd; ePskhd ,uz;lhtJ MW vJ? - Nfhjhtup MW
3. gpuk;kGj;jpuh ejp jpngj;jpa nkhopapy; vg;gb miof;fg;gLfpwJ? - ahHYq;
l;rhq;Ngh(Yarlung Tsangpo)
4. `puhFl; miz ve;j Mw;wpd; Nky; fl;lg;gl;lJ? - kfhejp MW.
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5. ve;j Ie;J MWfs; ,ize;J rpe;J ejp cUthfpwJ? - [Pyk;> nrdhg;> utp>
gpah]; kw;Wk; rl;ny[;.
6. jf;\pz; fq;fh (Dakshin ganga) vd;wiof;fg;gLk; MW - Nfhjhtup MW.
7. fpU\;zh ejpapd; Kjd;ikahd Jiz ejp? - Jq;fgj;jpiu ejp
8. ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa ejp vJ? - fq;if
9. rl;ny[; ejpapd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk; mizapd; ngaH vd;d? gf;uheq;fy;
10. Jq;fh MW> gj;jpuh MW vd;Dk; ,uz;L MWfspd; ,iztpdhy; cUthd
MW vJ? - Jq;fgj;jpiu MW
11. fq;if ejpapd; ePsk; - 2>525 fpNyh kPl;lH
12. Nfhjtup ejpapd; ePsk; - 1>465 fpNyh kPl;lH
13. fpU\;zh ejpapd; ePsk; - 1300 fpNyh kPl;lH
14. njd;dpe;jpa MWfspy; ,uz;lhtJ kpfg;ngupa MW - fpU\;zh
15. njd;dpe;jpa MWfspd; kpfg;ngupa MW - Nfhjhtup

1. njhiyNehf;fp Nghd;w fUtpfs; ,y;yhky; ntWk; fz;fshy; ghHf;ff;$ba
Nfhs;fs; - Gjd;> nts;sp> nrt;tha;> tpahod;> rdp
2. njhiyNehf;fpahy; kl;LNk ghHf;ff;$ba Nfhs;fs; - ANud]; kw;Wk; neg;ba+d;
3. tpbnts;sp vd miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs; vJ? - nts;sp
4. #upaf;FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s Nfhs;fs; vz;zpf;if - 8 (Gjd;> nts;sp> g+kp>
nrt;tha;> tpahod;> rdp> ANud];> neg;ba+d;)
5. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s rpWNfhs;fs; (Dwarf Planets) - Gs+l;Nlh> nru];>
Vup];> Nkf;Nkf;> `t;kPNa
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6. g+kpapypUe;J #upad; ----------- njhiytpy; cs;sJ. - RkhH 15 Nfhb fp.kP

7. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpy; jhNd xspUk; thd; nghUs; - #upad;
8. Jizf; Nfhs;fs; ,y;yhj Nfhs;fs; - Gjd;> nts;sp
9. g+kpapd; Jizf;Nfhs;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 1
10. nrt;thapd; Jizf;Nfhs;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 2
11. tpahod; Jizf;Nfhs;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 63
12. rdp Jizf;Nfhs;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 60
13. ANud]; Jizf;Nfhs;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 27
14. neg;ba+d; Jizf;Nfhs;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 13
15. g+kpapd; Jizf;Nfhs; - re;jpud;
1. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s jplf;Nfhs;fs; ahit? - Gjd;> nts;sp> g+kp>
nrt;tha;
2. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s thAf;Nfhs;fs; ahit? - tpahod;> rdp> ANud];>
neg;ba+d;
3. #upadplkpUe;J %d;whtJ Nfhshfg; mike;Js;s Nfhs; vJ? - g+kp
4. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpy; kpFe;j ntg;gk; nfhz;l Nfhs;fs; - nts;sp> Gjd;
5. #upaDf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s Nfhs; - Gjd;
6. #upaDf;F kpf njhiytpy; cs;s Nfhs; - neg;ba+d;
7. capHf;Nfhsk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ - g+kp
8. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpy; kpfg; ngupa Nfhs; - tpahod;
9. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpy; kpf rpwpa Nfhs; - Gjd;
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10. vy;yhf; Nfhs;fSk; #upaid ------------- apy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. - ePstl;lg;

ghij
11. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpd; ehafd; - #upad;
512.
12. ,e;jpahtpy; ahH ngaHfspy; FWq;Nfhs;fs; cs;sd? - thdtpay;
mwpQH itZghg;G> mZrf;jpj; Jiwapd; je;ij rhuhgha;> fzpjNkij
,uhkhD[k;
13. re;jpudpd; NtW ngaHfs; - epyT> epyh> kjp> jpq;fs;
14. FWq;Nfhs;fspd; ghij ---------------- - nrt;tha;f;Fk; tpahDf;Fk; ,ilNa
15. jw;Row;rpapy; fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;fhf RoYk; Nfhs;fs; - nts;sp kw;Wk;
ANud];
Gtpapay; - NguplH Nkyhz;ik

1. NguplHfspd; tiffs; - ,aw;if NguplH> kdpjHfshy; cUthf;fg;gLk;
NguplHfs;
2. g+kpapd; NkNyhl;by; Vw;gLk; mjpHNt -------- MFk; - epyeLf;fk;
3. epyeLf;fj;ij mwpa gad;gLk; fUtp - rP]N
; khfpuh/g;
4. epyeLf;fk; ve;jg; Gs;spapy; Muk;gpf;fpwNjh mt;tplk; ----------- vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - epyeLf;f ikak;
5. ,e;jpahtpy; epyeLf;fk; Vw;gLk; gFjpfis ---------------------- mjpHtiy
kz;lyq;fshfg; gpupf;fyhk; - ehd;F
6. vupkiyg; gutiyg;gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;s gad;gLk; fUtp - rha;Tkhdp (Tilt
Meter)
7. ,e;jpahtpy; Rdhkp vr;rupf;if ikak; vq;F epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ? - i`juhghj;
8. flw;Nfhspd; Mq;fpyr;nrhy; - Rdhkp (Tsunami)
9. Rdhkp vd;w nrhy; ----------- nkhopapypUe;J te;jJ - [g;ghdpa nkhop (Tsu Harbour, Nami - Waves)
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10. Rdhkp miyfs; kzpf;F ----------- Ntfj;jpy; gazpf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lit 320 fp.kP
11. #iwf;fhw;wpid mnkupf;f If;fpa ehl;by; ------------- vd miof;fpd;wdH Ltp];lH
12. twl;rp Vw;gl Kjd;ikahd fhuzk; - kiog;nghopT gw;whf;FiwT
13. nghJthf #iwf;fhw;W Vw;gLtJ - mnkupf;f If;fpa ehL
14. ghiwj; Jfs;fs; kio ePUld; NrHe;J efHtij --------- vd;fpNwhk; - NrW
topjy; (Debris flow) my;yJ kz; topjy;
15. gdpg;ghiw tPo;r;rpfs; caH --------------------- fspYk; kw;Wk; caukhd -----------fspYk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. - ml;rg;gFjp> kiyg;gFjp
Gtpapay; - kf;fs;njhif mlHj;jp kw;Wk; guty;

1. gpwg;G tpfpjk; vd;gJ - nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; 1000 kf;fSf;F xU
Mz;by; gpwf;Fk; kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
2. ,wg;G tpfpjk; vd;gJ - nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; 1000 kf;fspy; xU Mz;by;
Vw;gLk; ,wg;gpd; vz;zpf;if
3. gpwg;G tpfpjj;jpw;Fk; ,wg;G tpfpjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghL kf;fs;njhif tsHr;rp tpfpjk;
4. xU rJu fpNyhkPl;lUf;Fs; thOk; kf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNa ---------- vdg;gLfpwJ
- kf;fs; njhif mlHj;jp
5. cyfpy; kf;fs; mlHj;jp kpff; Fiwthf cs;s ehL - kq;Nfhypah
6. cyfpy; kf;fs; mlHj;jp kpff; mjpfkhf cs;s ehL - nkhdhNfh
7. xU ehl;bd; kf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia me;ehl;bd; ---------------- My; tFf;ff;
fpilg;gJ kf;fs; mlHj;jpahFk; - gug;gsT
8. Gtpapy; RkhH 90% kf;fs; ------------------ epyg;gug;gpNyNa tho;e;J
nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs; - 10%
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9. kf;fs;njhifg; guty; kw;Wk; mlHj;jpapidg; gy;NtW ------------ kw;Wk; kdpjf;

fhuzpfs; epHzapf;fpd;wd. - ,aw;if
10. ,wg;G tpfpjj;jpidtplg; gpwg;G tpfpjk; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpd;> kf;fs;njhif --------- - mjpfupfupf;Fk;
11. Gtpapy;> kf;fs; gutpf; fhzg;gLk; epiyapidNa --------------- vd;fpNwhk; kf;fs;njhifg; guty;
12. cyf kf;fs;njhif ----------k; Mz;by; 6 gpy;ypaid vl;baJ. - 1999
13. cyf kf;fs;njhifapy; ,e;jpah vj;jidahtJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ? ,uz;lhk;
14. gpwg;G tpfpjk; FiwthfTk;> ,wg;G tpfpjk; mjpfkhfTk; ,Ug;gpd;>
kf;fs;njhif ----------- - FiwAk;
15. -------- Nghd;w epiyahd muRs;s ehLfspy; kf;fs;njhif mlHj;jp mjpfkhf
,Uf;Fk;. - rpq;fg;G+H
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;

1. jkpo;ehl;by; ve;j ,lj;jpy; ilNdhru]; tpyq;fpd; Kl;ilfs;
mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;lJ - mupaY}H
2. tuyhW vj;jid fhyq;fl;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gLfwpJ - 2 gpupTfs; (tuyhw;Wf;
fhyk;> tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ijafhyk;)
3. gioa fw;fhyk; - Palaeolithic age (fp.K.10>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;)
4. Gjpa fw;fhyk; - Neolithic age (fp.K.10>000 - fpK.4>000)
5. nrk;Gf; fw;fhyk; - Chalcolithic age fp.K.3>000 - fp.K.1>500
6. ,Uk;Gf; fhyk; - Iron age (fp.K.1>500 - fp.K.600)
7. Mjp kdpjd; ve;j fw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp neUg;ig cz;lhf;fpdhd; rpf;fpKf;fp
8. g+kpapd; Njhw;wk; - 460 Nfhb Mz;LfSf;F Kd;
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9. kdpjdpd; Njhw;wk; - 40>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; (N`hNkh nrg;gpad;];)

10. Ntshz;ik Njhd;wpa fhyk; - RkhH 8>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;
11. efuq;fspd; Njhw;wk; - 4>7000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;
,e;jpahtpy; gioa fw;fhyf; fUtpfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s ,lq;fs;
12. kj;jpa gpuNjrk; - Nrhd; Mw;Wg;gLif> gpk;Ngl;fh> k;N`];th
13. uh[;jhd; - Y}dp Mw;Wr; rkntsp
14. fHehlfk; - ghfy;Nfhl;
15. Me;jpugpuNjrk; - fHD}y; Fiffs;> NuzpFz;lh
16. jkpo;ehL - tlkJiu> mj;jpuk;ghf;fk;> gyhyhtuk;> fhQ;rpGuk;> NtY}H>
jpUts;S}H
Gtpapay; - fhLfs; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Ffs;

1. jkpo;ehl;bd; efukakhjypd; msT 2001 kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb
Vwf;Fiwa ---------- MFk; - 44 tpOf;fhL
2. ,e;jpahtpy; jkpo;ehL efukakhjypy; --------------- ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ ,uz;lhk;
3. fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; jPikfs; - ntg;gk; mjpfupj;jy;> kz; mupg;G>
Fiwe;j kiog; nghopT> gy;NtW capupdq;fs; mope;J Nghjy;
4. tz;zk; g+Rk; J}upiffs; jahupf;f ---------------- mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd - fhl;Lg;gd;wp>
fPupg;gps;is
5. 100 fpuhk; gl;LE}y; jahupf;f ---------- gl;Lg;GOf;fs; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;wd - 1500
6. cyf Rw;Wr;#oy; jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - [Pd; 5
7. cyf XNrhd; jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - nrg;lk;gH 16k; ehs;
8. mjpfsT nraw;if ,urhad cuq;fis cgNahfpg;gjhy; ---------- juk;
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FiwfpwJ - kz;
9. cyf Gtp jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - Vg;uy; 22
10. capupdq;fs; xd;iw xd;W rhHe;J thOk; capupdr; #oiy -------------- vd;W
$WfpNwhk; - Rw;Wr;#oy;
11. jkpofj;jpy; ---------- tpOf;fhL epyg;gFjpapy; fhLfs; gutpapUf;fpd;wJ - 17
12. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s ruzhyaq;fs; - 13 gwitfs; ruzhyaq;fs;> 5 Njrpa
g+q;fhf;fs;> 7 tdtpyq;F ruzhyaq;fs;
13. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s %d;W capHf;Nfhs Nrkpg;Gg; ngl;lfg; gFjpfs; - ePyfpup>
kd;dhH tisFlh> mfj;jpa kiy
14. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s Njrpa g+q;fhf;fs; - godp kiy Njrpag; g+q;fh> fpz;b
Njrpag; g+q;fh> Kf;FHj;jp Njrpag; g+q;fh> KJkiy Njrpag; g+q;fh> kd;dhH
tisFlh fly;rhH Njrpag; g+q;fh
15. muf;F jahupf;f ---------------- g+r;rpfs; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;wd - 3>00>000

1. epyg;gFjpfs; nfhz;l g+kpapd; Nkw;gFjp ----------- vdg;gLk; - epyf;Nfhsk;
(Lithosphere)
2. ePH Njq;fpa gFjps; -------------------- MFk; - ePHf;Nfhsk; (Hydrosphere)
3. fhw;W glHe;j gFjp ---------------------- vdg;gLfpwJ. - tspkz;lyk; (Atmosphere)
4. epyf;Nfhsk;> ePHf;Nfhsk; kw;Wk; tspkz;lyk; vDk; %d;W Nfhsq;fspd; $l;L
tpisTjhd; --------- MFk; - capHf;Nfhsk; (Biosphere)
5. cyfpd; kpf caukhd gPlg+kp - jpngj; gPlg+kp
6. cyfpy; kpf caukhd kiyj;njhlH - ,kakiyj; njhlH
7. cyfpd; VO fz;lq;fs; - Mrpah> Mg;gpupf;fh> tlmnkupf;fh> njd; mnkupf;fh>
INuhg;gh> M];jpNuypah> mz;lhHbfh
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8. VO fz;lq;fspy; kpfg; ngupaJ - Mrpah

9. gug;gstpy; ,uz;lhtJ ngupa fz;lk; ----------- MFk; - Mg;gpupf;fh
10. cyfpy; kpf ePskhd ejp - iey; ejp (6695 fp.kP> Mg;gpupf;fh fz;lk;)
11. cyfpy; kpfg; ngupa ghiytdk; - rfhuh (Mg;gpupf;fh fz;lk;)
12. cyfpd; kpfg; ngupa gtsg; ghiw ------------------ - fpNul; ghupaH uPg;
13. ehd;F gf;fq;fshYk; ePuhy; #og;gl;l epyg;gFjp - jPT
14. g+kpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; RkhH -------------- ePH cs;sJ - 71 rjtPjk; (%d;wpy; ,uz;L
gq;F)
15. cyfpd; kpf ePskhd kiyj;njhlH - Mz;b]; kiyj;njhlH (njd; mnkupf;fh
fz;lk;)

1. tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; thAf;fs; - iel;u[d; 78%> Mf;rp[d; 28%> kw;w
thAf;fs; 1%
2. tspkz;lyj;jpd; ehd;F mLf;Ffs; - mbaLf;F (Troposphere)> gilaLf;F
(Stratosphere)> madpaLf;F (Ionosphere)> ntspaLf;F (Exposphere)
3. tspkz;lyj;ijg; gw;wp gbf;Fk; mwptpay; gpuptpd; ngaH - thdpiyapay;
(Meteorology)
4. tspkz;ly mOj;jj;ij mstplg; gad;gLk; fUtp - mOj;jkhdp (Barometer)
5. ---------------y; #upaf;fjpHfs; kpd;nrwpt+l;lg;gLfpd;wd - madpaLf;F
6. tspkz;lyj;jpd; kpf caukhd mLf;F --------------- MFk;. - ntspaLf;F
7. #upadplkpUe;J tUk; Gw Cjhf;fjpHfis tbfl;b nfLjy;fspUe;J
ghJfhf;Fk; mLf;F ------------- MFk;. - gilaLf;F
8. gilaLf;F ----------- vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ - rkntg;g mLf;F kw;Wk; XNrhd;
mLf;F
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9. cyfpy; cs;s Ie;J ngUq;fly;fs; - grpgpf; ngUq;fly;> ml;yhz;bf;

ngUq;fly;> ,e;jpa ngUq;fly;> MHbf; ngUq;fly; kw;Wk; mz;lhHbf; ngUq;fly;
10. cyfpd; KjyhtJ kpfg; ngupa ngUq;fly; - grpgpf; ngUq;fly;
11. cyfpd; ,uz;lhtJ ngUq;fly; - ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fly;
12. cyfpd; %d;whtJ ngUq;fly; - ,e;jpa ngUq;fly;
13. cyfpYs;s ngUq;fly;fspy; kpfr; rpwpaJ - MHbf; ngUq;fly;
14. cyfpd; Mokhd ngUq;fly; - grpgpf; ngUq;fly;
15. cyfpd; kpf Mokhd kupahdh mfop mike;Js;s ngUq;fly; ---------------- grpgpf; ngUq;fly;

1. khd;#d; (Monsoon) vd;w nrhy;yhdJ ---------- vd;w mNugpar; nrhy;ypypUe;J
ngwg;gl;lJ. - kTrpk; (Mausim) (nghUs;: gUtq;fs;)
2. gUtf; fhw;WfshdJ ------------- vdg; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. - njd;Nkw;Fg;
gUtf;fhw;Wfs; kw;Wk; tlfpof;Fg; gUtf;fhw;Wfs;
3. fhw;wpd; Ntfk; kw;Wk; tPRk; jpirapid mstpl ----------- vd;w fUtp
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. - fhw;Wkhdp (Anemometer)
4. fhw;W tPRk; jpirapidf; Fwpg;gjw;Ff; --------------- vd;w fUtp
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ - jpirfhl;b (Wind vane)
5. kiog; nghopT ------------- vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. - ntg;gr;ryd kio>
kiyj; jLg;G kio> Gay; kio
6. kio msit mstplg; gad;gLk; fUtp - kiokhdp (Pluviometer)
7. tiuglj;jpy; xNu msTila kio msit nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,lq;fis
,izf;Fk; fw;gidf; Nfhl;bw;Fr; ------- vd;W ngaH - rk kiof;NfhLfs;
(Isohytes)
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8. -------------- kiog; nghopthdJ 4 kzp kiog; nghopT vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ ntg;gr; ryd kiog; nghopT
9. thdpiy njhopw;rhiy (Weather factory) vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ -------------- ,b> kpd;dy;> Gay;
10. kpd;dy; xU nehbf;F -------------- Ntfj;jpy; gazpf;fpwJ. - 96>560 iky;
11. kpd;diyg; gw;wp gbf;Fk; mwptpayhdJ -------------- vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. kpd;dypay; (Fulminology)
12. cyfpy; xU Mz;Lf;F ---------- kpd;dy;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd - RkhH 16 kpy;ypad;
13. Nkfq;fspd; tiffs; ahit? - fPw;W Nkfq;fs;> gil Nkfq;fs;> jpus;
Nkfq;fs;> fhHgil Nkfq;fs;
14. ,bAld; $ba Gay; vd;gJ ----------------- Nkfq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ fhHjpus; Nkfq;fs;
15. kpd;dy; vd;gJ --------- - tspkz;lyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; kpd; rf;jp
1. fhyepiy vd;w nrhy; ------------- vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ fpiskh (Klima) (nghUs;: xOq;fpypUe;J tpyFjy;)
2. thdpiy vd;gJ - xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; 24 kzp Neuj;jpw;Fs; epyTk;
tspkz;lyj;jpd; epiyahFk;
3. fhyepiy vd;gJ - nghJthf ePz;l fhyj;jpy; kw;Wk; xU ngUk; gug;gstpy;
fhzg;gLk; thdpiyapd; ruhrup MFk;. (xU jpl;lkhd ruhrup fhyk; 30 Mz;Lfs;)
4. g+kpapd; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J ntg;gepiyahdJ xt;nthU 1000 kPl;lUf;F k; RkhH ---------------- vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; Fiwfpd;wJ. - 6.5 nry;rpa];
5. vy;epNdh vd;why; ];ghdpa nkhopapy; ------------- vd;W nghUs; - Foe;ij VR
(Christ Child)
6. #upadplkpUe;J tUk; #upaf; fjpHtPrNy ---------- vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ntg;gk;
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7. xU ehspy; epyTk; mjpf msT kw;Wk; Fiwe;j msT ntg;g epiyf;F

,ilNa cs;s NtWghNl ----------- vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ - ehs; ntg;gg; guty;
(Diurnal Range of Temperature)
8. xU tUlj;jpy; epyTk; ntg;gkhd khjj;jpw;Fk; Fspuhd khjj;jpw;Fk;
,ilNaahd NtWghNl ------------------ vdg;gLk; - Mz;L ntg;gg; guty; (Annual
Range of Temperature)
9. ntg;gepiyia msf;f cjTk; cgfuzj;jpd; ngaH - ntg;gkhdp
(Thermometer)
10. tiuglj;jpy; xNu msTila ntg;gepiyia nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,lq;fis
,izf;Fk; fw;gidf; Nfhl;bw;Fr; -------------- vd;W ngaH - rkntg;gf;NfhLfs;
(Isotherms)
11. ntg;gj;jpd; %d;W msitfs; - 1.nry;rpa];> 2./ghud;`Pl;> 3.nfy;tpd;
12. ,e;jpahtpy; njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W ----------------- epyTfpwJ - [Pd; Kjy;
nrg;lk;gH tiu
13. ,e;jpahtpy; tlfpof;F gUtf;fhw;W ---------------- epyTfpwJ - mf;NlhgH Kjy;
etk;gH tiu
14. ntg;g kz;lyj;jpy; -------------- Kf;fpag; gapuhFk; - ney;
15. Gtpg;gug;gpypUe;J caNu nry;yr; nry;y 165 kPl;lH cauj;jpw;F ---------- tPjk;
ntg;gk; Fiwe;Jf;nfhz;l nry;fpwJ - 1 nry;rpa];
Gtpapay; - kz;> jhJ kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;

1. ,aw;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; ve;j xU nghUSk; kdpjHfSf;F gadspg;gjhf
,Ug;gpd;> mJ --------- vdg;gLk;. - ts Mjhuk;
2. Gtpapd; fdpkr; Ruq;fq;fspUe;J xU Kiw ntl;b vLf;fg;gl;lij kPz;Lk;
ek;khy; ---------- ,ayhJ. - cUthf;fNth my;yJ jpUk;gg;ngwNth
3. xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;F ------------- kpf Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. vupnghUs; fdpktsk;
4. ANudpak; xU --------- fdpkkhFk;. - mZrf;jp
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5. -------- kz;lyk; #upa Mw;wiy kpf mjpf mstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;a VJthf
cs;sJ. - madkz;lyk;
6. GJg;gpj;jy; mbg;gilapy;> ts Mjhuq;fspd; ,U tiffs; - GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj
ts Mjhuq;fs;> GJg;gpf;ff;$ba ts Mjhuq;fs;
7. Mrpahtpd; Kf;fpa epyf;fup tay;fs; -------- kw;Wk; --------- tpy; cs;sJ. - rPdh>
,e;jpah
8. cyfpNyNa mjpfsT (30%) mZrf;jpia cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL ------------MFk; - mnkupf;f If;fpa ehL
9. mZrf;jp vupnghUis mjpfstpy; (75%) gad;gLj;Jk; ehL - gpuhd;R
10. ,e;jpahtpy; mZrf;jp epiyaq;fs; vq;F cs;sd? - nrd;id> ,uh[];jhd;>
fha;fh> jhuhg+H> fhf;uhg+H> eNuhuh
11. cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa ePHkpd;rf;jp epiyak; vq;F mike;Js;sJ? - rPdhtpy;
cs;s ahq;brp Mw;wpd; mUNf mike;jpUf;Fk; Kg;gs;sjhf;F mizapy; cs;sJ
12. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;ngupa ePHkpd;rf;jp epiyak; ------ mizapy; cs;sJ. gf;uheq;fy;
13. ------------- #upa rf;jpia Nrkpg;gjw;F Njitg;gLfpwJ. - xspkpd; Nthy;lh
kpd;fyk; (Photo voltic cells)
14. cyfpy; mjpf msT #upa Mw;wiy cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL ----------------- MFk;.
- n[Hkdp
15. fhw;whw;wy; cw;gj;jp nra;a --------- kpfTk; gad;gLfpwJ. - tpirg;nghwpcUis
(Turbine)
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nghJ mwpT
1)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
rspj; njhy;iy> Nfhio mfw;Wk;> khHGr;rsp ePf;Fk;> cly; gyk; jUk;

%ypif - J}Jtis
fpUkp ehrpdp> FspHr;rp jUk;. tapw;Wg; g+r;rpia ePf;Fk; %ypif Ntk;G
kQ;rs; fhkhiy Nehiaj; jPHf;Fk; %ypif - fPohney;yp
rsp> Nfhio mfw;Wk;> fha;r;ry; ePf;Fk; %ypif - Jsrp
tpaHit ngUf;Fk;> Nfhio mfw;Wk;> fha;r;ry; ePf;Fk; %ypif Xkty;yp.
tha;g; Gz;izf; Fzg;gLj;Jk;> FspHr;rpjUk; %ypif - ney;yp
fpUkp ehrpdp> moFgLj;jy; %ypif. - kQ;rs;
grpiaj; J}z;Lk;> nrupkhdkpd;ikia ePf;Fk; %ypif - gpuz;il
nrupkhdf; NfhshWfisj; jPHf;Fk; %ypif - ,Q;rp
njhz;ilf; fufug;ig ePf;Fk; %ypif - kpsF
11)
tpaHitg; ngUf;Fk;> Nfhio mfw;Wk;> fha;r;ry; ePf;Fk; %ypif
12)
fw;G+uty;yp
tapW njhlHghd Neha;fisj; jPHf;Fk; - trk;G
13)
FspHr;rp jUk;> fz;Neha;fs;> tapw;Wg;Gz; ePf;Fk; %ypif fw;whio
14)
neQ;Rr; rsp> nrhwp> rpuq;F> cly; mupg;G Nghd;wit ePf;Fk; %ypif
2)
3)
4)
5)
Fg;igNkdp
15)
Foe;ijfspd; rsp> kQ;rs; fhkhiy ePf;Fk; %ypif fhpryhq;fz;zp

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16)
gr;irakw;w jhNyhigl;L tifiar; rhHe;jit - g+Q;irfs;
17)
18)
g+Q;irfisg; gw;wpa jhtutpay; gpupT - ikfhy[p

nghJthf g+Q;irfs; vt;tif nry;fshy; Mdit - a+NfupNahl;Lfs;
19)
kl;Fz;zpfs;> xl;Lz;zpfs; vd ,uz;L tifahd NtWgl;l Cl;l

Kiwfis nfhz;lit - g+Q;irfs;
20)
kl;Fz;zpfs; ,we;j kw;Wk; mOfpa mq;ffg; nghUs;fspd; kPJ tho;fpd;w

g+Q;irf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - iuNrhg];> mfhupf];.
21)
22)
ikrPypaq;Fspd; fpisj;j> nky;ypa ,iofspd; ngaH g+Q;irfspd; nry; RtH vtw;why; Mdit - ifl;bd;
23)
24)
g+Q;irfshy; kdpjHfSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha; - Njky; Neha;

kug;gl;ilapy; thOk; G+Q;ifs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd -
25)
irNyhgpy;y];
Kb my;yJ khl;Lf; nfhk;G Nghd;w nghUspd; kPJ tsUk; G+Q;irfs; -
i`ghf;fs;
nfuhl;bNdhgpy;y];
26)
rpy g+Q;irfs; caHepiyj; jhtuq;fspd; NtHfNshL $l;Lapupahf
27)
tsHgit. ,e;j tif NtHfSf;F -------------- vd;W ngaH - ikNfhiurh

g+Q;irapd; clyk; vtw;why; Mdit - ikrPypak;
28)
<];l; Nghd;w g+Q;irfs; vt;tif caphpadq;fs; - xU nry; capup
29)
nghUshjhug; ngUke;jk; Njhd;wpa ehL mnkhpf;fh
30)
1929-y; mnkhpf;f [dhjpgjpahf ,Ue;jtH n`HgHl; `{tH
31)
rpjk;guk; eluh[H NfhtpYf;F nghw;$iu Nta;e;j murd; - guhe;jf Nrhod;
32)
KNrhypdpahy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Ml;rp epiyahd Ml;rp
33)
njhopyhsHfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l rpwe;j epthuzk; - njhopy; gl;lak;
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34)
rz;ilAk;> ifg;gw;WjYk; vd;w nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpatHfs; rHthjpfhhp
35)
flw;fiug; gFjpfspy; epyTk; fhyepiy rkkhd fhyepiy
36)
Nkw;fpe;jpa ,ilA+Wfshy; kiongWk; ,lk; - gQ;rhg;
37)
njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhw;W jpirf;F ,izahf mike;Js;s kiyfs; Muty;yp kiyfs;
38)
gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhLfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - ,iyAjpHf; fhLfs;
39)
NkhNdhirl; kzypy; fhzg;gLk; jhJ ANudpak;
40)
nraw;iff; Nfhs;> njhiyj; njhlHGj; Jiw Muha;r;rp kw;Wk;

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F nghWg;G tfpf;Fk; epWtdk; - ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp
epWtdk;
41)
Nfuhsitr; NrHe;j rpwe;j r%f rPHjpUj;jthjp - =ehuhaz FU
42)
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lhj;jpy; fhe;jp[p cgNahfpj;j Gjpa Af;jp Kiw

rj;jpahfpufk;
43)
n[Hkhdpa fg;gw;gil jfHf;fg;gl;l fly; NghH lhfH ghq;f;
44)
rpe;J rkntspapy; mfo;thuha;r;rpapid Nkw;nfhz;ltH
45)
If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; 184tJ cWg;G ehL
46)
epjp MNahf; Jizj; jiytH mutpe;j; gdfhpah
47)
fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 5000 kPl;lH cauj;j py; cUthfpd;w Nkfq;fs; - fPw;W

Nkfq;fs;
48)
,e;jpahtpy; ePskhd flw;fiuia nfhz;l khepyk; - F[uhj;
49)
egfhe;j rl;lH[p ntspapl;l khj ,jopd; ngaH kfhghg; ghy;a gpgh`h
50)
gdhurpy; kj;jpa ,e;Jg;gs;spia epWtpatH md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahH

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rH [hd; khH\y;
md;Nlhuh
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51)
Njrpa rHf;fiuj; njhopy; El;gf; fofk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - m[;kPH
52)
Nrhdhy; khd;rpq;fhy; gpugyg;gLj;jg;gl;l eldk; - xbrp
53)
A+g;uB];> ilfhP]; ejpfs; ghAk; ,lj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ehfhPfk; nkrgNlhkpa

ehfhPfk;
54)
kpf mjpfkhd ehLfSld; vy;iyiag; gq;fpLk; ehLfs; - u\;ah> rPdh
55)
,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf fhyk; fhydp Mjpf;fj;jpw;F Ml;gl;bUe;j khepyk; Nfhth
56)
,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; rpwpa kj;jpa Ml;rpg; gFjp ,yl;rj;jPT
57)
nfhy;ypkiyg; gFjpia Mz;l kd;dd; - Xhp
58)
njd;dhl;bd; [hd;rpuhzp vd fhe;jpabfshy; miof;fg;gl;ltH mQ;riy
59)
mk;khs;
fy;ghf;fj;jpy; mike;Js;s nkl;uh]; mZrf;jp epiyaj;j py; mZf;fU
60)
ciyapy; cgNahfg; gLj;jg;gLk; jzpg;ghd; - fdePH

Nghhpd; nfhs;ifg;gb Fwpg;gpl;l jdpj;jdpahd kjpg;Gfisg; ngWk; msT -
61)
Nfhz ce;jk;
i`l;u[d; mZf;nfhs;ifia toq;fpatH - NghH
62)
NubNah fjpHfis G+kpf;F jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; tspkz;ly glyk; vt;thW

miof;fg;gLfpwJ - maNdh];gpaH
63)
64)
Id;];Bd; Nehgy; ghpR vjw;fhf ngw;whH - xspkpd; tpisT

FspHrhjdg; ngl;bapy; nrytplg;gLk; kpd;jpwd; vt;tsT thl; - 500
65)
G+kpapypUe;J nraw;ifNfhs; nrd;w topiaj; Jy;ypakhf mwpa cjTtJ lhg;sH tpisT
66)
kPxypapay; vd;gJ - kpf mjpf mjpHntz; nfhz;l xyp miyfs;
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67)
tpz;ntsp Ma;Tepiyaq;fspy; kpd;rhuk; jahupf;f cjTtJ - #upa
68)
kpd;fyk;
nek;GNfhy; jj;Jtj;ijf; fz;lwpe;jtH - MHf;fpkpb];
69)
KjyhtJ Cry; fbfhuj;ij ntw;wpfukhf tbtikj;jtH fpwp];bad;

i`[d;];
70)
xU xsp Mz;L vd;gJ 9.46 X fp.kP.
71)
miwntg;gepiyapy; jputkhf ,Uf;Fk; jdpkk; - GNuhkpd;
72)
mjpf gug;Gfis ghHf;f cjtf;$ba Mb Ftp Mb
73)
fhe;j JUtq;fis fz;Lgpbj;jtH Nuh];
74)
,ytr fl;lhaf; fy;tp cupikr; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;j ehs; - Vg;uy; 1>
75)
2010
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76)
77)
ngUq;fly;fspy; kpfg; ngupaJ - gRgpf; ngUq;fly;

,e;jpah epyhtpw;F tpz;ntsp fyj;ij mDg;gpa Mz;L - 2008
78)
khepyq;fsitapy; cs;s NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdHfspd; vz;zpf;if 238
79)
80)
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; kf;fsit ngz; jiytH - kPuh FkhH

murhq;fj;jpd; rf;jp tha;e;j jiytH - FbauRj; jiytH
81)
GJ jpy;yp Njrpa jiyefuhf mwptpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1991
82)
me;jkhd;
83)
Kjyikr;riu epakdk; nra;gtH - khepy MSeH
84)
rl;lq;fs; tFf;ff; fhuzk; - nghJ ed;ikf;Nf
85)
86)
rKjha czHit Foe;ijfsplk; tsHg;gJ - FLk;gk; kw;Wk; gs;sp

tiug;glj;jpy; kQ;rs; epwk; Fwpg;gJ - gPlg+kpfs;
epNfhghH jPTfspd; jiyefuk; - NghHl; gpNsaH
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87)
,e;jpah Kjd; Kjypy; epytpw;F mDg;gpa tpz;ntsp fyj;jpd; ngaH -
88)
re;jpuhad; 1
kf;fsitf;F FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdHfspd;
vz;zpf;if 2
89)
cyfpd; Kjy; ,jakhw;W mWit rpfpr;ir nra;j kUj;JtH - lhf;lH

fpwp];bad; ngHdhHL
90)
Guj cw;gj;jpf;F Njitahd Cl;lr;rj;J - fe;jfk;
91)
fopT ePhpy; tsHf;fg;gLk; My;fh - ];igUypdh
92)
fUTwhf; fdpahjy; vd;gJ - kfue;jr; NrHf;if ,y;yhky; fdpfs;
93)
khkuj;jpd; ,U nrhw;ngaH - khQ;rp/nguh ,z;bfh
94)
kd mOj;jk; cly; mOj;jj;ij Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLk; khj;jpiu jahhpf;f

gad;gLk; jhtuk; - ghdf;]; [pd;nrq;f;
95)
Xl;]; jhtuj;jpy; gOg;G Gs;sp Neha; vjd; Fiwghl;lhy; Njhd;WfpwJ

khq;fdPR
96)
rHtNjr jhtu kugpay; hpNrhHr]; NghHL 1974-k; Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lk;
97)
- Nuhk;
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98)
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99)
,k;ANdhFNshGypidr; Rug;gJ B-ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;
100)
ithpahdpy; xNu xU epA+f;spf; mkpyk; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLtjhy; mJ vt;thW

miof;fg;gLfpwJ - N`g;sha;L itu];fs;
101)
ekJ clypd; kdntOr;rp gpujptpidfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; %isapd; gFjp

- i`Nghjyhk];
102)
fOj;Jg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; xU ehskpy;yh Rug;gp - ijuha;L Rug;gp

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103)
Neha;j; njhw;Wjiy vjpHf;Fk; Typk;Nghirl;Lfs; ve;j cWg;gpy; khWghL

milfpd;wd - ijk]; Rug;gp
104)
fhtpup ejp ve;j khepyj;jpy; cw;gj;jp MfpwJ - fHehlfh
105)
106)
ahidfSf;fhd ruzhyak; cs;s jkpof khtl;lk; - ePyfpup

Njrpa tdtpyq;F thuk; Kjd;Kjyhf ve;j Mz;Lj; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ 1955
107)
ney; cw;gj;jpapy; cyfpy; ,uz;lhkplk; ngWk; ehL - ,e;jpah
108)
fhw;whiy kpd; cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,lk; tfpf;Fk;

khepyk; - jkpo;ehL
109)
ePH gw;whf;Fiwiag; Nghf;f ,e;jpuh fhe;jp fhy;tha; ve;j khepyj;jpy;

ntl;lg;gl;lJ - uh[];jhd;
110)
rHtNjr xypk;gpf; rq;fj;jpd; jiyikafk; vq;Fs;sJ - yhNrd;

(Rtpl;rHyhe;J)
111)
,e;jpahtpd; ftHdH n[duyhf ,Ue;j xNu ,e;jpaH - uh[Nfhghyr;rhup
112)
NOKIA -d; jiyikafk; cs;s ehL gpd;yhe;J
113)
[Pt;]; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - gp.[p.Tl; `T];
114)
115)
fthd;rh vd;gJ ve;j ehl;bd; ehzak; - mq;Nfhyh

kad; ehfuPfj;jpd; RtLfs; ve;j ehl;by; cs;sJ - nkf;rpNfh
116)
mZ rf;jp %yk; kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; Kd;dzpapy; cs;s ehL mnkupf;fh
117)
mjpf mstpy; rHtNjr Neuk; nfhz;l ehL u\;ah
118)
cyf tuyhw;wpy; goikahd kukhf fUjg;gLtJ - NguPri

; r kuk;
119)
jpirNtfj;jpd; myF - kPl;lH
120)
fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ij mstplg; gad;gLk; fUtp mdpNkhkPl;lH
tpdhb
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121)
etPd fhy kpjit CHjpfs; vtw;why; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd mYkpdpa

cNyhff; fyit
122)
jkpo;ehl;by; xt;nthU tUlKk; Mf];l; - nrg;lk;gH khjq;fspy; njhq;fp

gwj;jy; tpisahl;L vq;F elj;jg;gLfpwJ Vyfphp kiy
123)
gwj;jy; rhHe;j tpisahl;by; ghuh#l; vtw;why; Mdit jdptif

ieyhd; (my;yJ) ghypa];lH
124)
Gtpf;Fk; #hpaDf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT thdpay; myF
125)
xU xsp Mz;bd; kjpg;G 7.46X 1012 fp.kP.
126)
XuyF gUkd; nfhz;l nghUspd; epiw mlHj;jp
127)
KjyhtJ Cry; fbfhuj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH fpwp];bad; i`[d;];
128)
Cry; fbfhuk; ve;j jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpd;wJ jdp

Cry;
129)
ghjurj;jpd; mlHj;jp ePhpd; mlHj;jpiag; Nghy; vj;jid klq;F 13.6

klq;F
130)
mlHj;jpapd; myF fpNyhfpuhk;
131)
xsp xU tpdhbapy; fle;J nry;Yk; J}uk; - %d;W ,yl;rk; fp.kP.
132)
jputj;jpd; fdmsit mstplg; gad;gLtJ msTrhb
133)
ePiutpl mlHj;jp mjpfkhd jputk; - ghjurk;
134)
mjpf epiwAila nghUl;fis msf;fg; gad;gLtJ Ftpz;lhy;> nkl;hpf;
kPl;lH3
ld;
135)
jw;fhyj;jpy; fhyj;ij Jy;ypakhf mstpl gad;gLtJ kpd;dZ

fbfhuk;> mZf; fbfhuk;
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136)
tpdhbf;Fk; Fiwthd fhy msit msf;f gad;gLj;JtJ kpy;yptpdhb>

ikf;Nuhtpdhb
137)
xU nkl;hpf; ld; vd;gJ 1000 fpNyhfpuhk;
138)
G+kpapd; epiwiag; Nghy; #hpad; vj;jid klq;F mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; 3>20>000 klq;F
139)
NuhNghtpd; %isahfr; nray;gLtJ kpd;dZr;rpy;Y
140)
nghpa ,Uk;Gr; rhkhd;fis J}f;Ftjw;F gad;gLtJ gSj;J}f;fpfs;
141)
xU kPl;lH vd;gJ 1000 kpy;ypkPl;lH
142)
fhe;jj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH khf;d];
143)
#hpadpd; epiw 1.99X1030 fpNyhfpuhk;
144)
,aw;if fhe;jk; vd;gJ khf;dill;
145)
Neuj;ijg; nghUj;J nghUspd; epiy khWtJ - ,af;fk;
146)
ePhpy; thOk; tpyq;Ffspy; kpfg;nghpa ePyj;jpkpq;fyj;jpd; ePsk; - 30 kPl;lH
147)
gSj;J}f;fpfspy; gad;gLj;JtJ rf;jp tha;e;j fhe;jq;fs;
148)
tPzhd nghUs;fspd; FtpaypypUe;J ,Uk;ig gphpj;njLf;fg; gad;gLtJ

kpd;fhe;jq;fs;
149)
gdNuhNfk;fs; vd;gJ vJ - MQ;rpNah];ngHk;
150)
ePyg;gRk;ghrp ve;j tFg;igr; rhHe;jJ - nkhdpuh
151)
152)
jhtu GNuhl;b];lh tFg;igr; rhHe;jJ vJ - My;fh

xU nry; caphpdq;fshfTk;> jhtuq;fshfNth my;yJ tpyq;FfshfNth
,y;yhjJ vJ - GNuhb];lh
153)
tpijapy;yh jpuhl;ir cUthff; fhuzkhd `hHNkhd; - [pg;guy;ypd;
154)
Gifapiy nkhirf; iturpy; fhzg;gLk; kuGg;nghUs; - MH.vd;.V.

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155)
jhtu nry;ypy; fhzg;glhj mikg;G - nrd;l;NuhNrhk;
156)
157)
<uy; tbtk; nfhz;l jhtuk; - khHfd;\pah

%lg;glhj tpijj; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf - irf;f];
158)
159)
Kjy;epiy fpisf;fhyprp]; Rthrpj;jy; eilngWtJ - irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy;

G+ mr;rpd; Edp vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ - G+j;jsk;
160)
,e;jpahtpy; gRikg; Gul;rpia tbtikj;j rpw;gp vd miof;fg;gLgtH vk;.v]; Rthkpehjd;
161)
kuGg; nghwpapay; Kiwapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ney; ufk; - itl;lkpd; A

cs;s jq;f mhprp
162)
ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpid Kjd; Kjyhf fz;L gpbj;jtH rhfpdp
163)
ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpd; fhyk; -
164)
165)
166)
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- fspkz;
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Nk[pf; kw;Wk; #dpaq;fisg; gw;wp $Wk; Ntjk; - mjHth
167)
168)
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169)
jdf;nfd nrhe;jkhf xU murpayikg;igf; nfhz;Ls;s ,e;jpa khepyk; [k;K fh\;kPH
170)
171)
mtru fhy epyik gpufld gLj;j ,Wjp mjpfhuk; cilaJ - [dhjpgjp

Mq;fpNyauhy; Nkiyg;gbfs; vd miof;fg;gl;l jkpof ,aw;if mikg;G Nkw;F njhlHr;rp kiy
172)
jahuhk;
2300 BC 1750 BC
1970- -
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173)
174)
175)
176)
.
-
177)
- 28,000
178)

179)
180)
181)
- B2
182)
183)
( )
184)
- AZT
185)
186)
187)
188)
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189)
2
- 10
190)
DPT T -
191)
- ,
192)
193)
, - 1885
194)
195)
196)
197)
198)
199)
200)
201)
202)
Man is by nature a political animal -
203)
204)
Freedom at Midnight -
205)
206)
207)
208)
209)
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210)
211)
212)
213)
214)
215)
216)
217)
218)
219)
220)
- 1951
221)
DBMS hp - Data Base Management System
222)
LCD hp - Liquid Crystal Display
223)
224)
225)
- +
226)
- +
227)
228)
- 2-
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229)
2002- -
230)
231)
CNC -
232)
233)
234)
235)
236)
237)
238)
,
-
239)
- -
240)
-
.
241)
242)
243)
- 80%
244)
245)
246)
247)
HIV -
248)
249)
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250)
- 3-4
251)
252)
253)
A- -
254)
Hcl
255)
256)
D -
257)
258)
B1 - -
259)
260)
261)
, -
262)
263)
264)
265)
- - 360
266)
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267)
268)
269)
270)
271)
272)
273)
274)
275)
276)
277)
278)
279)
280)
1999
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thHj;ijfisj; NjLk; NghJ kl;Lk; cq;fSf;F gad;gLk;
xU rhjhuz mg;spNfrdhf ,y;yhky;> gonkhopfs;>
nghJmwpT> jpwdha;T> jpUf;Fws;> Mj;jpr;#b> vd gytpj
jfty;fis cq;fSf;F ,ytrkhf mspf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,ytr
mg;spNfrid lTd;NyhL nra;a fPo;fz;l ypq;if fpspf;
nra;aTk;.
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281)
282)
283)
284)
285)
286)
287)
288)
289)
290)
- 5
291)
292)
293)
294)
295)
296)
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TNPSC
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297)
298)
299)
300)
301)
302)
303)
304)
305)
- -
306)
307)
308)
309)
310)
- -
311)
312)
313)

- 1980
314)
1990-92
-
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315)
316)
...
317)
VAT -
318)
319)
-
B12
320)
- 19 : 25
321)
... -
322)

- D
323)
324)
Hcl -
325)
326)
327)
- 21.0%
328)
329)
330)
331)
332)
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333)
334)
, ,
-
335)
336)
337)
338)
339)
340)
.
-
341)
342)

- 18 . .
343)
344)
345)
346)
347)
348)
349)
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350)
1.08
351)
352)
353)
- 100

354)
355)
356)
357)

- .. 1942
358)

- 1973
359)
.. 640- -
360)
- ...
361)
362)
363)
364)
365)

- .
366)
367)
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368)
Folktare
369)
370)
.... -
371)
372)
373)
374)
375)
376)
377)
378)
379)
380)
381)
382)
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383)
384)
385)
386)
387)
388)

- ()
389)
- 4
20
390)
391)
392)
393)
394)
395)
396)
397)
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398)
399)
400)
.. -
401)
402)
403)
404)
405)
406)
407)
408)
...
-
409)
410)
411)
412)
413)
414)
415)
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416)
417)
418)
419)
BCG
-
420)

- 1967
421)
422)
- 13.6
423)
424)
425)
426)
427)
428)
429)
430)
431)
432)
433)
434)
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435)
- -
436)
437)
438)
439)
440)
1983- -
441)
- 1916
442)
443)
444)
1944- -
445)
446)
447)
448)
449)
450)
451)
452)
453)
454)
455)
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456)
457)
458)
459)
460)
461)
462)
463)
464)
465)
- 2001
466)
..
467)
- 1857
468)
469)
470)
471)
472)
1, 2001
473)
- 1994
474)
2001-
-
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475)
476)
2001-
-
477)
+ +
-
478)
479)
480)
481)
- ...
482)
1946 -

483)
484)
485)
486)
,
-
487)
488)
489)
490)
491)
, , -
492)
493)
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494)
495)
496)
497)
498)
499)
500)
501)
- 5
502)
503)
504)
505)
506)
507)
508)
509)
510)
511)
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512)
513)
514)
515)
516)

1. 2002- - ...
2. -
3.
-
4. -
5.
6. -
7.
8. -
9. -
10. -
11. 1928- -
12. -
13.
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14. - Ag
15. - Mn
16. -
17. - 1959
18. -
19. -
20. - B
21. -
22. () 600
23.
24. - 12
25. -
26.
-
27. -
28. -
29. -
30. -
31. -
32. -
33. -
34.
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35.
-
36. -
37.
38. -
39.
- 7%
40. -
41. -
42. - 25
43. -
44. 1916
45. , , ,
-
46. -
47. -
48. , -
49. - 5
50. - 12
51. - BCG
52.
-
53.
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54. -
55.
-
56. - 1881
57. -
58. .... ( ) - 1964
59. 1999- - 42
60. - 1982
61.
62. - 1915
63. -

64. -
65. -

66.
- 3
67.
68. - 1957
69. -
70. -
71.

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72. -
73. SEBI -
74. Budget -
75. -
76. - 74
77. -
78.
79. -
80. -
81.
82.
83. -
84.
-
85. -
86. - 1895
87. -
88. -
89. -
90. -
91.
-
92. ... -
93.
- 123
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94. -
95. -
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101. -
102. -
103. 1983
104. -
105. - 1906
106. -
107. -
108. -
109. -
110. -
111.

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112.
-
113.

114. -
115.
-
116. -
117. -
118. A, B, O
119. - ..
120.
-
121.
-
122. - 3

123. - ,
124. - 17%
125. - 21
126. -
127.
128. -
129.
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130. -
131. -
132. -
133. -
134. -
135. -
136. -
137. -
138. -
139. -
140. -
141. 142.
143.
144. -
145. -
146. -
147. -
148.
. -
149.
150.
- , ,
151. -
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152. - 8
153. -
154. -
155. -
156. -
157. -
158.
159.

-
160.

161. .
-
162. - /
163. - 0
164.
165. -
166.
-
167. -
,
168. -
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169. -
170. -
171. -
E
172. -
173.
- 9-12
174. -
175.
176.
177. '
-
178. -
179. -
180. .. - 1945 24
181.

182. -
183. 1918 1931
- 12
184. -
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185. - 1492
186. -

187. -
188.
189. 1918
-
190. - 1919
191. -
192. - 1934
193. -
194. -
195. -
196.
197. -
198. - 1919
199. 1937
200. -
201.
202. -

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203. -
204. -
205. -
206.
- .
207. -
208.
- 1893
209.
210. -
211. -
212. -
213.
- 1906
214. -
215. -
216.
-
217.
- 1893
218. -
219.
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220. -
221. -
222. 1:8
223. -
224. -
225. - 65
226. .......
-
227. - 32
228. -
229. ( ) -
230.
231. - U - 238
232. -
233. -
234. - I -123
235.
- -
236. -
237. -
238. -
239.
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240. - 7
241. -
242.
243. -
244. -
245. -
246.
247. .
248. -
249.
-
250. -

251. -
252.
253.
-
254.
255. -
256. -
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257. -
258.
259. -
260. - 1938
261. -
262.
- 1935
263. -
264. -
265. -
266.
267. -
268. -
269. -
270. , , -
271. -
272. -
273. - .. 78
274. -
275.
276. - --
277. -
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278. -
279. -
280. -
281.
282. - 1/60
283. -
284. -
285.
- 1, 2004
286. -
287.
288. -
289. -
290. -
291. . -
292. -
293. -
294. -
295.
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296. -
297.
298. -
299. - .
300.
301. -
302. -
303.
-
304. -
305. -------- ------- ,
306. -
307. -
308. -------- -
309.
-
310.
-
311. KDM916 ? - 91.6%

312.
313. -
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314. -
315. -
316. -
317.
318. - 1937
319. -
320. -
321. -
322.
323.
324. -
325. -
326. -
327. -
328. -
329. -
330. -
331. -
332. ... -
333.
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334.
-
335. ,
336. -

337. -
338. - -

339.
- .
340. -
341. - ..

342.
343. 39-
344.
345.
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346. -
-
347.
2008-
348. -
349. -
350.
- -
351. 2001 30%

-
352.
-
353. -
354.
355.
356. -
357. -
358. - ..
359. -
360. -
361. -
362. -
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363.
364. -
365. -
366.
367. -
368. -
369. -
370. -
371. -
372. -
373. -
374.
375. -
376. -
377.
378. -
379.
380.
381. -
382. -
383. -
384.
385.
- 17%
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386. MRTP -
387. -
388.
389.
-
390.
391. IRBI -
392. - 62
393. -
394.
-
395.
396.
397. -
398. -
399.
400. -
401.
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402. -
403.
404.
405. - .. 1398
406. -
407. - 1600
408.
409. -
410.
411.
412. -
413. -
414. -
415. -
416. -
417. -
418. -
419. -
420. -

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421. -
422. 200 -
423. -
424. , 1929
425.
-
426. -
427. -
428.
429.
430. -
431. ,
432. - 250
433.
434. -
435. -
436. -
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437. - 26, 1950

438.
- ..
439.
2 11
17
440.
-
441.
- 6
442.
- 1935-
443. -
444.
445. -
446. 1907-
447. -
448.
- 09.08.1942
449. -
450. -
451. 1806
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452. -
453. -
454. -
455. -
456. 1998- ( )
457.
458.
-
459. -
460. -
461. -
462. 1998-
463. -
464. 1998-
465. 1998-
-
466. 1998 -
467. -
468. - +
469. 1996- -
470. -
471. -
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472. -
473. (IT) +
474. - 1971
475. -
476. -
477. -

478.
2001-
- 62.4
479.
480.
- +
481. -
482.
483. ... - +
484.
485. + + - U-235
486.
487. - 29 1999
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488.
-
489. -
490.
491. -
492.
-
493.
494. -
495.
496.
-
497.
498.
499.
500. -
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501. 2008-2009
- .1,50,000
502. - -
503. - 1969
504.
1930-
nghJ mwpT
1. gQ;rje;jpuk; vDk; E}iy vOjpatH ahH tp\;ZrHkh
2. Nrhsg; G+it Njrpa kyuhf nfhz;l ehL vJ n[Hkdp
3. jhtu tsHr;rpf;F cjTk; Kf;fpa `hHNkhd; vJ Mf;]p[d;
4. nta;ypq; RtH vq;F cs;sJ n[Uryk;
5. nrQ;rpYit rq;fj;jpd; jiyikafk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - n[dpth
6. jh\;fz;l;
xg;ge;jj;jpy;
ifnaOj;jpl;l
,e;jpag;
gpujkH
ahH
yhy; gfJ}H rh];jphp

7. irkd; FO ,e;jpahTf;F te;j Mz;L 1927
8. jpUthrfj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngaHj;jtH ahH [p.A.Nghg;
9. gf;uh eq;fy; miz ve;j Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ rl;y[;
10. mnkhpf;fh Rje;jpuk; mile;j jpdk; - [Piy 4> 1776
11. kapy; Jj;jj;jpd; Ntjpapay; ngaH jhkpu ry;Ngl;
12. ,e;jpa kWkyHr;rpapd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLgtH ahH uh[huhk;
Nkhfd;uha;
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13. jkpopd; Kjy; cyh ,yf;fpak; - jpUf;ifyha Qhd cyh

14. rkz guk;giuapy; 24tJ jPHj;jq;fuH tHj;jkhd kfhtPuH
15. Mrpahtpd; xsp vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltH Gj;jH
16. Njthuj; jpUKiwfspd; vz;zpf;if VO
17. Kjy; Gj;j rka khehl;bidf; $l;batH m[hj;rj;U
18. mq;;fq;fs; vdg;gLtJ ve;j rkaj;jpd; Gdpj E}y; - rkz rkak;
19. mWgj;J %d;W ehad;khHfspd; xNu xU ngz; ahH fhiuf;fhy;
mk;ikahH
20. NjtNeag; ghthzUf;Fj; jkpof muR toq;fpa gl;lk; - nre;jkpo;r;
nry;tH
21. fp.K.483-y; nfsjk Gj;jH kiwe;j ,lk; - Frpefuk;
22. rq;ffhyj;jpy; ,tHfSila gilnaLg;ghy; ghz;ba Ml;rp KbTf;F
te;jJ fsg;gpuHfs;
23. flhuk; ntd;whd; vd miof;fg;gLgtH - Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpud;
24. irt rkaf;FutH ehy;tUs; xUtH jpUQhdrk;ge;jH
25. MhpaHfspd; G+HtPfk; MHf;bf; gFjp vd;W $wpatH ghyfq;fhju
jpyfH
26. kfhtPuH gpwe;j ,lk; - Fz;lf;fpuhkk;
27. jf;Nfhyg; Nghhpy; nfhy;yg;gl;l Nrho murH Kjyhk; Mjpj;jd;
28. fpU\;z NjtuhaH kpfr; rpwe;jtuhff; fUjg;glf; fhuzk; - mtH
,yf;fpak;> fiyf;F Mw;wpa njhz;L.
29. hpf; Ntjj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;sit 1028 ghly;fs;
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30. fhtphp Mw;wpy; FWf;fpy; fy;yiziaf; fl;batH ahH fhpfhy

Nrhod;
31. rfhaj;hp kiyfs; Fwpg;gJ Nkw;F njhlHr;rp kiy
32. ,e;jpahtpd; &H vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;F jhNkhjH
33. njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; tPRk; fhw;iw> ,lJ Gwkhf jpUg;gptpLtJ vJ
Gtp Row;rp
34. Xfld; vd;w gFjpf;fhf rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhs;Sk; ,uz;L Mg;gphpf;f
ehLfs; vj;jpNahg;gpah kw;Wk; Nrhkhypah
35. ug;gH gaphpLtjw;F Vw;w ntg;gepiy vJ RkhH 35
36. lhy;buk; vd;git ve;j tif ml;rf;NfhLfs; - Fiwe;j mOj;jk;
37. gpr;rhtuj;jpy; khq;Nuht; fhLfs; gutpapUf;Fk; gFjp RkhH 11000
n`f;NlH fly;ePH gug;G
38. NfhlHfspd; G+Htpfg; gFjp Nfhj;jfphp
39. cyfpNyNa ,uz;lhtJ rpwpa ehL NkhdhNfh
40. NrhNdhud; ghiytdk; mike;Js;s fz;lk; - tl mnkhpf;fh
41. ngd;fq;fh> thHjh> rghp Mfpait vjd; Jiz ejpfs; - Nfhjhthp
42. tdf;fOij ruzhyak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - uhd; M/g; fl;r;
43. vJ cUkhwpa ghiw khHgps;
44. ,e;jpa
kf;fs;
njhifapy;
gl;bay;
,dj;jtHfspd;
rjtpfpjk;
16.48%
45. ,iyAjpH fhLfspd; ,d;ndhU ngaH gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhLfs;
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46. %yg;nghUl;fspd;
Njitia
mjpfg;gbahf
cUthf;FtJ
njhopw;Gul;rp
47. nghUs;fspd; Nghf;Ftuj;ij mjpfhpf;fr; nra;tJ ,uapy;Nt
48. Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff;FO Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L fp.gp.1600
49. gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff; FOit epWtpatH fhy;gHl;
50. ,uz;lhk; mgpdpg;Nghiu KbTf;F nfhz;L te;j cld;gbf;if gPfhH
51. rPdf; Fbauir cUthf;fpatH lhf;lH rd;ahz; nrl;
52. cyfk; KOtijAk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; jpwik n[Hkdpf;F kl;LNk
cs;sJ vdf; $wpatH nfa;rH ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypak;
53. nfa;rH
,uz;lhk;
tpy;ypak;
fg;gw;gilia
epWj;jpapUe;j
,lk;
n`yp Nfhyhe;J
54. gpuhd;R jpUk;gg; ngw tpUk;gpa ,lq;fs; - my;Nr]; kw;Wk; nyhiud;
55. M];jphpag;gl;lj;J ,sturH gpuhd;rp]; ngHbadhd;l;
56. n[Hkdpahy; %o;fbf;fg;gl;l mnkhpf;fhtpd; Gfo; ngw;w tzpf fg;gy;
- Y}rplhdpah
57. u\;ahtpy; rhH tk;r Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jtH nydpd;
58. n[Hkhdpa fg;gw;gil jfHf;fg;gl;l fly; NghH tlfly;
59. Kjy; cyfg;Nghiu KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jJ ghhp]; mikjp
khehL
60. rHtNjr rq;fk; mjpfhug;G+Htkhfj; Njhd;wpa ehs; - [dthp 20> 1920
61. ,e;J];jhd; fg;gy;fl;Lk; jsk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ tprhfg;gl;bdk;
62. gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; `hpahdh khepyq;fs; --------- dhy; kiog; nghopitg;
ngWfpd;wd Nkw;fj;jpa fhw;wpdhy;
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63. 2001 kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb ngz;fs; vOj;jwpT tpfpjk;

30% Fiwthf cs;s khtl;lq;fs; cs;s khepyk; - cj;jpug; gpuNjrk;
64. nghfhNuh ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiy mike;Js;s khepyk; - [hHfz;l;
65. ePyfphpkiy xU gFjpahf mike;Js;s njhlH Nkw;F njhlHr;rp
kiyj;njhlH
66. jkpo;ehl;bd; Gfo;ngw;w [Tspr;re;ij Nfhak;Gj;J}H
67. kzpKj;jhW mizf;fl;L mike;Js;s khtl;lk; - jpUney;Ntyp
68. njd;
miuNfhsj;jpy;
ml;rNfhl;Lf;F
njw;Nf
mike;Js;s
ePHg;gug;gpd; ngauhdJ njd; ngUq;fly;

69. xhp];]h flw;fiu ngUk;Gayhy; jhf;fg;gl;l ehs; - 29 mf;NlhgH>
1999.
70. flypdbapy; Vw;gLk; epyeLf;fj;jhy; cUthFk; ePz;l uhl;rj NguopT
miyfs; - flw;Nfhs;fshFk; (Rdhkp)
71. F[uhj;jpy; Gtp mjpHr;rp Vw;gl;l ehs; - [dthp 25> 2001
72. fhz;lhkpUfk; ve;j ruzhyaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ fhrpuq;fh
73. ,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;ifahd ug;gH ve;j khepyj;jpy; mjpfk; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ Nfush
74. ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j gug;gsT 32yl;rk; r.fp.kP.
75. Nfhs;fhw;W vit Nky; fhw;W
76. cyfj;jpd; jq;f efuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ N[hfd];gHf;
77. Jq;fgj;uh vjDld; fpis ejp fpU\;zh
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78. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa Filtiuf; Nfhapy; vJ vy;Nyhuh

79. jPf;Fr;rp jahhpf;f gad;gLtJ gh];gu];
80. tpz;Nfhspd; mirTfis tbtikj;jtH ahH nfg;sH
81. Mf;]p[d; glF vd;W $wg;gLtJ vJ - `PNkhFNshgpd;
82. ghf;irl;by; fhzg;gLtJ mYkpdpak;
83. Njhypd; epwj;Jf;fhd fhuzp vJ nkyhdpd;
84. kfhj;kh fhe;jp rj;ahfpuf Nghuhl;lj;ij vq;F Jtf;fp itj;jhH
rhk;guhd;
85. NghHr;Rfy; ehl;bd; jiyefuk; vJ yp];gd;
86. uh[uh[d; tpUJ ve;j Jiwf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ fiy
87. Njrpa xUq;fpizg;G jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - etk;gH 19
88. NtjtpahrH vOjpa E}y; vJ kfhghujk;
89. ,e;jpa ,irapd; cw;gj;jp ikakhff; fUjg;gLtJ rhkNtjk;
90. fHehlf ,irapd; mbg;gil uhfq;fs; - 72
91. jq;fg; NghHit ehL vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ M];jpNuypah
92. clypy;
Vw;gLk;
fhaj;ij
Ntfkhf
Fzg;gLj;Jk;
itl;lkpd;
itl;lkpd; Nf.
93. mk;khd; ve;j ehl;bd; jiyefuk; - N[hHlhd;
94. kj;jpa czT njhopy; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; vq;Fs;sJ ik#H
95. %d;W fhy;tha; jpl;lk; mike;Js;s khepyk; vJ gQ;rhg;
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96. clypy; ePz;l jir vq;Fs;sJ njhil

97. cyf Rfhjhu jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - Vg;uy; 7
98. ,e;jpahtpy;
Kjd;Kjypy;
gf;jp
,af;fj;i j
Njhw;Wtpj;jtH
uhkhD[H
99. tptrhapfs; jpdk; filgpbf;fg;gLk; ehs; - brk;gH 23
100. cyfpd; Kjy; mZf;fU ciy vq;F Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ rpfhNfh
101. Njrpa rpd;dkhf mNrhff; rf;fuk; vg;NghJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
1950> [dthp 26
102. ed;D}y; ve;j tifiar; rhHe;jJ - ,yf;fz E}y;
103. vjpHghuhj Kj;jk; vd;w E}ypd; MrphpaH ghujpjhrd;
104. fHehlf ,irapd; je;ij vdg;gLgtH Gue;jujhrH
105. Fr;rpg;Gb eldj;jpd; kw;nwhU ngaH ghftj Nksh ehlfk;
106. ghFepiy tpir vd;gJ ve;j xd;Wf;F NeH tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; Ntf thl;lk;
107. kpd;rhuk; ePHtPo;r;rpahy; vq;F jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ Nkl;^H
108. xU LCR Rw;wilg;gpy; (Circuit), vJ kpd;rhuk; kpd;dOj;jj;ij tpl
fl;lj;jpy; Ke;jr; nra;fpwJ kpd;Njf;fp
109. ePH jptiy Nfhs tbtkhf ,Uf;ff; fhuzk; - gug;G ,Otpir
110. kPnahyp miyfspd; mjpHT vz; - 20KHZ-f;F mjpfk;
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111. xU nghUspd; Ntfk; ,ul;bg;ghFk;NghJ mjd; ,af;f Mw;wy; ehd;F klq;fhFk;

112. xU nghUs; rPuhd jpirNtfj;jpy; nry;Yk;NghJ mjd; Ntf tsHr;rp
G+[;[pak;
113. ildNkhtpd; jj;Jtj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH ikf;Nfy; /ghuNl
114. gdpf;fl;bAld;
rhjhuz
cg;G
fyf;fg;gLk;NghJ
cUFepiy
FiwAk;
115. ve;j miyfs; fjpHfs; mZtpy; mZf;fU khw;wk; Vw;gLk;NghJ
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd fhkh fjpHfs;
116. xyp mjpNtfkhf nry;yf;$ba nghUs; - v/F
117. ePq;fs;
Kfk;
ghHf;Fk;
fz;zhbia
Nehf;fp
elf;Fk;
Ntfk;
tpdhbf;F 10 nr.kP. vd;why; vt;tsT Ntfj;jpy; gpk;gk; cq;fis

Nehf;fp tUk; - 10nr.kP./tpdhb
118. nfy;tpd; msT Kiwapy; kdpj clk;gpd; ruhrhp ntg;g epiy 310
119. 100
thl;
kpd;rhu
tpsf;F
xd;W>
XH
myF
kpd;rhu
Mw;wiy
EfHtjw;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Neuk; - 10 kzp

120. n[Hkhdpaj;Jld; rpwpjsT Md;bkdpiar; NrHj;jhy; fpilg;gJ
n-tif Fiwf; flj;jp

121. M];jpNuypag; gpujkhpd; mjpfhuG+Ht khspif jp yhl;[;
122. fUizf;nfhiyf;F rl;lG+Ht mq;fPfhuk; toq;fpa cyfpd; Kjy;
ehL M];jpNuypah
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123. ,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lj;jpd; kpfr; rpwpa ehL G+lhd;

124. fpNuf;f ehfhPfk; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; E}y;fs; - ,ypal;> xb]p
125. gz;ila Nuhkhdpa ehfhPfj;jpd; ika ,lk; - ,j;jhyp
126. iey; ejpapd; ed;nfhil vdg;gLtJ vfpg;jpa ehfhPfk;
127. cyfpd; gpugykhd rkaq;fs; gytw;wpd; jhafk; - Mrpah
128. I.eh.rig cUthtjw;F Kd;dhy; rHtNjr mikjpia ,yl;rpakhff;
nfhz;L nray;gl;l mikg;G yPf; M/g; Ne\d;];
129. njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfspd; $l;likg;G AESAN
130. hpf;Ntjj;jpy; mjpfk; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; flTs; - ,e;jpud;
131. ehye;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtH Kjyhk; Fkhu
Fg;jH
132. ntz;fy eluh[H rpiy cUthf;fg;gl;l fhyfl;lk; - NrhoH fhyk;
133. cgepljq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 108
134. ,uz;lhtJ rkz rkaf;$l;lj;Jf;F jiyik jhq;fpatH Njtj;jp
NrkrHkdh.
135. cyfk; cUz;il tbtkhdJ vd Kjypy; $wpa ,e;jpaH
thfgl;lH.
136. kdpj clypy; cs;s uj;jf;Foha;fspd; nkhj;j ePsk; - 50 Mapuk;
fp.kP.
137. Kfika fdrJuj;jpy; Maj;njhiy vz;zpf;if ahJ 12
138. kj;jpa jiuf;flypd; jpwTNfhy; vdg;gLtJ [pg;uhy;lH [yre;jp
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139. G+[;[paj;ij fz;Lgpbj;j ehL - ,e;jpah

140. gQ;rhg;gpy; ,Ue;J mhpahdh jdp khepykhf gphpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L
1966
141. ,e;jpahtpd; nll;uhapl; vd miof;fg;gLk; khepyk; vJ jkpofk;
142. rhHf; $l;likg;gpy; cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhj ehL vJ kpahd;kH
143. GA+l;Nld; ilahapf; mkpyk; vd;gJ vd;d rpdpf; mkpyk;
144. cyfpd; kpf ePskhd mizf;fl;L mike;Js;s ejp kfhejp
145. If;fpa ehLfs; epWtdj;jpd; rpd;dk; vJ Mypt; fpis
146. jkpo; rpWfij kd;dd; vd miof;fg;gLgtH Gyikg;gpj;jd;
147. rHtNjr fly; Mz;L filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ vg;NghJ 1998
148. tUle;NjhWk; jQ;rhT+hpy; eilngWk; ,ir tpoh jpahfuh[
Muhjid
149. `k;rj;tdp uhfj;ij cUthf;fpatH uhkrhkp jPl;rpjH
150. gQ;ruj;d fPHj;jidfis ,aw;wpatH jpahfuh[H
151. cyfj;jpd; kf;fs; njhifapy; %d;whtJ mjpf nrwpT cs;s ehL
tl mnkhpf;fh
152. fhw;whiyfSf;F ngaH ngw;wJ Kg;ge;jy;
153. &HNfyh
,Uk;G
v/F
njhopw;rhiy
ve;j
ehl;bd;
cjtpNahL
epWtg;gl;lJ Nkw;F n[Hkdp

154. jpUg;G+H ve;j Mw;wpd; fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ neha;ay;
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155. jkpo;ehl;by; rHf;fiu Miy fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - yhy;Fb

156. 2001-k;
Mz;L
kf;fs;
njhif
fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb
jkpo;ehl;by;
jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; kf;fs; njhif vj;jid tpOf;fhL 19%

157. ,e;jpa njhiyNgrp njhopw;rhiy vq;Nf cs;sJ Kk;ig kw;Wk;
ngq;fs+H
158. gpfhdPH
efuj;ij
Rw;wpa
gFjpfspy;
cs;s
fhyepiy
vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ ntg;g ghiytdk;

159. ,e;jpahtpy;
cs;s
khepyq;fspy;
mjpf
msT
fhpry;
kz;iz
nfhz;Ls;sJ kfhuh\;buh
160. ,e;jpah cyfpy; 7tJ nghpa gug;gsT nfhz;l ehL. mJ cyfg;
gug;gpy; vj;jid tpOf;fhL nfhz;Ls;sJ 2.4%
161. fhrp> n[ape;jpah kiyfs; fhzg;gLk; khepyk; - Nkfhyah
162. kpsfha; cw;gj;jpapy; cyfpy; nghpa ehL - ,e;jpah
163. fUk;G tpisr;rYf;F cfe;j ntg;gk; - 20 Kjy; 30
164. jpdrhp ntg;gtpahg;jp mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk; efuk; - nly;yp
165. jkpoff; flw;fiuapd; nkhj;j ePsk; - 1076 fp.kP.
166. FbauRj;
jiytH
----------
fiyf;Fk;
mjpfhuk;
ngw;Ws;shH
kf;fsit kl;Lk;
167. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ve;jg; gFjp ,e;jpa Fbkfdpd; mbg;gil
flikfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ gFjp IV-A
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168. RTI rl;lg;gb Nyhf;rghtpd; Kf;fpa mjpfhhp - rghehafH

169. [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPUf;F ve;j tpjp rpwg;G me;j];ij mspj;Js;sJ
tpjp 370
170. khepy
kdpj
chpikfs;
Mizaj;jpd;
jiytH
kw;Wk;
,ju
cWg;gpdHfis epakpg;gtH MSeH

171. murpay; mikg;G epHza rig jd;Dila murpay; gzpia epiwT
nra;j ehs; - 9brk;gH> 1948
172. epyj;jpd; msT kPjhd thpia ghpe;Jiu nra;j FO uh[; FO
173. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; ve;jg; gphpT Rje;jpuk; rkj;Jtk;
rNfhjuj;Jtk; gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ gphpT 38
174. ve;j Mz;L gQ;rhaj;J uh[; Kiw ,e;jpahtpy; njhlq;fg;g l;lJ
1959
175. ,e;jpa
murpay;
mikg;gpy;
muR
newpKiwf;
Nfhl;ghL
--------
\uj;jpy; NrHj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ 36-51

176. cs;shl;rp murhq;fk; vd;gJ ------ jd;ikahFk; - kf;fshl;rp ehLfs;
177. ,e;jpa murpay; rhrd kd;wj;jpd; jiytH ahH uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
178. jiyik
ePjpkd;wk;
KbT
vLf;Fk;
gpur;idf;Fhpa
NjH;jy;
NjHjy;fs; - [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; cg [dhjpgjp NjHjy;

179. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ve;j ml;ltiz khepyq;fspd; ngaHfs;
kw;Wk; epyg;gug;ig $WfpwJ KjyhtJ ml;ltiz
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180. ve;j ghpe;Jiuapd;gb kj;jpa fz;fhzpg;Gf; FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ

re;jhdk; FO
181. Rthrpj;jpd;NghJ
Mf;]pfuz
gh];ghpfuzk;
eilngWk;
gFjp
ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpd; cs; rt;T

182. fly; jhtuq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd nghUs; - mNahbd;
183. Ngf;fhp <]l
; ; vdg;gLtJ - ]f;fNuhikrp]; n]hptp]pNa
184. kpf
caukhd
ku
tiffs;
fhzg;gLk;
jhtu
gphpT
[pk;Ndh];ngHk;fs;
185. Ie;J cyff; nfhs;ifia mwpKfk; nra;jtH tpl;Nlf;fH
186. epA+f;spNahy];]py;
Gujq;fs;
187. nry;ypd;
mjpfkhff;
nrhunrhug;ghd
fhzg;gLtJ
vz;Nlhgpshr
MH.vd;.V.
tiy
ve;jr;
kw;Wk;
nraiy
rpwg;ghf nra;fpwJ GNuhl;Bd; cUthf;Fjy;

188. fpug;]; Row;rp eilngWk; ,lk; - ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah
189. FWf;F VWk; Kiw ve;j epiyapy; nray;gLfpwJ ghf;fpl;Bd;
190. jkpo;ehl;by; kQ;rs; fhkhiy Neha; rpfpr;irf;F ghuk;ghpa Kiwapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kUj;Jt jhtuk; - fPohney;yp
191. mfhH
cw;gj;jpapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
fly;tho;
My;fh
fpu]py;Nyhpah
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192. xU
fyg;Gaphpia
VjhtJ
xU
ngw;NwhNuhL
fyg;G
nra;tjw;Fg;
ngaH gpw;fyg;G
193. 2NADH2%yf;$wpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ATP %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if
6
194. ePyg;gr;irg;
ghrpfspy;
tspkz;ly
iel;u[id
epiyg;gLj;Jk;
nry;fs; - i`l;Nuhrp];l;
195. nfhOg;G
nghUl;fspy;
,Ue;J
FSf;Nfh];
NrHf;if
vd;gJ
FSf;NfhepNahn[dprp];
196. mtfl;Nuh vz; vd;gJ 6.023X1023
197. Ntf <D Nrhjid mZ ciy ,Uf;Fkplk; - fy;ghf;fk;
198. fjphpaf;fj;ijf; fz;lwpe;jtH n`d;wp ngf;Fnuy;
199. ePhpy; fiue;j fhHgd; il Mf;i]L mhpg;ig mjpfg;gLj;JfpwJ
200. ieyhd; xU ghypaikl;
201. xU fhul; ituk; vd;gJ 200 kp.fp.
202. uj;jk;
kw;Wk;
rpWePhpy;
rHf;fiuiar;
Nrhjpf;fr;
gad;gLtJ
ngdpbf;l; fiury;
203. b.tp.Mz;ldh nra;ag; gad;gLtJ mYkpdpak;
204. cyHe;j gdpf;fl;b vd;gJ jpz;k fhHgd; il Mf;i]L
205. miw ntg;g epiyapy; jput epiyapy; cs;s mNyhfk; - Br2
206. nguhf;]p ,izg;Gs;s mkpyk; vJ igNuh ry;/G+hpf; mkpyk;
207. NrHf;if rf gygb NrHkk; - GA+dh-S
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208. ,aw;if thA vd;gJ mypNgbf; i`l;Nuh fhHgd;fspd; fyit.

,jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa thA kPj;Njd;
209. fUk;G
rf;iff;
$io
<]l
; hy;
nehjpf;F
cl;gLj;Jk;NghJ
fpilf;Fk; ,Wjp tpisnghUs; - <jy; My;f`hy;

210. KDM 916 vd;why; vd;d 91.6% Rj;jkhd jq;fk;
211. rkPgj;jpy; nghJkf;fs; ghh;f;fj; jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;s
NfhGuk;
igrh NfhGuk;
212. [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiyf;Ff; fhuzkhd gphpl;b \; rl;lk; nusyl; rl;lk;
213. yhyhy[;gj;uha;
gphpl;b\;
jbabapdhy;
kuzkilaf;
fhuzkhapUe;jJ irkd; fkp\d;

214. 1940-y;
fhe;jp[p
Muk;gpj;j
rj;jpahf;fpufj;jpw;F
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lth; - Mr;rhh;a tpNdhghghNt
215. K];yPk;fs;
ghfp];jhd;
vd;w
jdpehL
cUthf
Kjd;Kjy;
Ntz;Lk;
vd;W
jPh;khdk; nra;j ,lk; - yh$h;

216. V\pahbf; mNrhrpNa\d; epWtpath; - RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p
217. ,e;jpa mr;rfr; rl;lj;jpd; (1910) fPo; Kjd; Kjy; jz;lidaplg;gl;L
khz;lNytpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lth; - jpyfh;
218. fpyhgj; ,af;fj;ijj; Jtf;fpath; - m-rNfhjuh;fs;
219. fhe;jp[p
Muk;gpj;j
rhk;guhd;
(gPfhh;)
,af;fk;
vjd;
xopg;gpw;Ff;
fhuzkha; ,Ue;jJ [kPd; Kiw

220. gujKdpth;
eldf;fiy
,aw;wpa
rpj;jpuk;
ehl;ba
vq;F
rh];jpu
E}y;
th;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?
fhz;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
gpufjP];tuh;
Myaj;jpy;
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221. [`hq;fPh; murhl;rpapd; NghJ ,Ue;j Gfo;ngw;w th;zf; fiyQh; Nfhth;jd;

222. Kfyhag;
Nguurh;fspy;
th;zf;
fiyapid
Cf;Ftpj;jth;
[`hq;fPh;
223. ,e;jpahtpy; mjpf msT kio nga;Ak; ,lk; - rpuGQ;rp
224. njhiyf;fhl;rpg; Gtp epiyaq;fs; gd;dhl;Lj;
Nfhs;fSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ - ,d;ly;nrl;
njhiyj;
njhlh;G
225. NjHjy; Mizah;fspd; epakdk; ve;j Mz;L ek; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;

xU jPh;khdkhf epiwNtw;wg;gl;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ? 1994
226. kfhghujj;jpy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb
nly;ypapd;
ngah;
vd;d?
,e;jpug;gpu];jk;
227. rpe;J rkntsp kf;fs; nkhop Ngrpdhh;fs; - jpuhtpl
228. rpf;fe;jh;-,-Mrhk; vd;gth; ahh; - mnyf;rhz;lh;
229. fh\;kPhpy; K];yPk; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpath; - \h kpHrh
230. NghHj;JfPrpah;fspd; khkdpjH vd Nghw;wg;gl;ltH my;Nghd;Nrh-bmy;GfHf;
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231. rj;jpaNkt [aNj vjpypUe;J ek; Njrpa rpd;dj;jpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ

Kz;lf cgepljk;
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232. HDI vd;gjpd; tphpthf;fk; - kdpj tsHr;rp FwpaPL

233. vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thA FOkk; vg;NghJ mikf;fg;gl;lJ
1956
234. nghJTilikf;
nfhs;if
mwptpf;fg;gl;l
jpl;lk;
,uz;lhtJ
jpl;lk;
235. ,e;jpuh Mth]; jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; - ,ytr tPl;L trjp nfhLj;jy;
236. nghUshjhu
rPHjpUj;jj;ij
,e;jpahtpy;
1991-k;
Mz;L
Kd;dhs;
epjpaikr;rH --------- mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH lhf;lH kd;Nkhfd; rpq;

237. jpl;lf;FO 1950-k; Mz;L vjd; %ykhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ epHthf
Mizapd; %ykhf
238. ,ul;ilg;gjpT fzf;Fg;gjptpay; Kiwiaf; fz;lgpbj;jtH Y}f;fh
Ngrpahyh
239. fUT+y ,Uf;if vd;why; - mikr;rHfs; cl;fhUk; ,lk;
240. Njrpa vOj;jwpT ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; - nray;ghl;L fy;tpawpT
241. ,e;jpa jpl;lf;FOtpd; Kjy; jiytH [t`Hyhy; NeU
242. me;epa nrythzpapd; ghJfhtyd; - hprHt; ghq;f; M/g; ,e;jpah
243. gjpndhd;whtJ
Ie;jhz;Lj;
jpl;lk;
typAWj;JtJ
tpiuthd
kw;Wk; vy;NyhiuAk; cs;slf;fpa tsHr;rp

244. Gjpa tptrhak; gw;wpa nghUj;jkhd tpsf;fk; vJ epyj;ijAk;
ciog;igAk; mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;
245. gjpndhd;whtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L
2007-2012
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246. Njrpa tUkhdj;ij tpQ;Qhd Kiwg;gb fzf;nfLg;G nra;jtH ahH

lhf;lH tp.Nf.MH.tP.uht;
247. rpe;J rkntsp kf;fs; tzq;fpa nja;tk; - gRgjp
248. mbg;gilf; fy;tpapd; thHjh jpl;lk; ahuhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ
kfhj;kh fhe;jp
249. Fg;jHfs; Ml;rpf; fhyj;ijf; fhl;bYk; rhjp mikg;G ,Ue;j fhyk; NrhoHfs;
250. jQ;ir rptd; Nfhapiyf; fl;ba uhruhrH xU Nrho kd;dH
251. rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1922
252. fq;if
nfhz;l
uhN[e;jpud;
253. nts;isaNd
NrhoGuk;
Nfhapiyf;
fl;batH
jPHkhdk;
ahuhy;
ntspNaW
Kjyhk;
tbtikj;J
jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ [t`Hyhy; NeU

254. 1923-y; eilngw;w ehgh xj;Jioahikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;ltH
- [t`Hyhy; NeU
255. nkl;uh]; fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;l Mz;L 1920
256. rpe;J rkntsp kf;fs; vz;zpd; ve;j klq;Ffisj; jq;fs; vilf;
fzf;fPl;by; gad;gLj;jpdH 16
257. Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; 72 NgH nfhz;l tzpff; FOit
rPdhTf;F mDg;gpa Mz;L 1077
258. rptdpd;
Nehf;fp
ve;j
tbtk;
,Uf;Fk;
NrhoHfhy
,ir>
Nahf>
fiyr;rpd;dq;fspy;
njd;jpir
rh];jpu
tbtk;
tpj;jfH
jl;rpzh%Hj;jp
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259. nly;yp
Ry;jhdpd;
gil
tPuHfspy;
ghjpf;F
Nkw;gl;NlhH
gpNsf;
Neha;f;F gypahapdH Kfk;kJ gpd; Jf;sf;

260. jd;Dila
8-tJ
tajpy;
fhykhd
rPf;fpa
FU
ahH
FU
`Hfp\d;
261. mf;gH fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j nkhfyha epHthfg; gphpTfs; - Rgh rHfhH
gHfhdh
262. tpz;ntspapd; Nky;Gwk; cs;s mLf;F IaNdh];gpaH
263. grhy;l; kw;Wk; fpuhidl; ,uz;Lk; ve;j tif ghiwiar; rhHe;jJ
jPg;ghiw
264. Kjy; kpd;rhu uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1925
265. rpthypf; Fd;Wfspd; njw;fpy; mike;Js;s gFjpapd; ngaH ghgH
266. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ikahd Mw;wy; %yk; vJ epyf;fhp
267. `PypNahnrd;l;hpf;
cs;sNghJ
kw;w
jj;Jtj;jpd;gb
Nfhs;fs;
#hpad;
#hpaidr;
kj;jpapy;
Rw;wp
epiyahf
tUfpd;wd.
,e;j
jj;Jtj;ij Kjd;Kjypy; $wpatH Nfhg;gHepf];

268. ,e;jpahtpy; ve;jg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; epyj;jb ePHtsk; cUthf VJthf
cs;sJ fq;if gpuk;kGj;jpuh gpuhe;jpak;
269. 1981-k; Mz;L kf;fs; njhiff; fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb ,e;jpa kf;fs;
njhifapy; Ntshz;ikj; Jiwiar; rhHe;Js;s kf;fspd; rjtpfpjk; 68 rjtpfpjk;
270. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gUj;jp Miy cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1863
271. njw;F Mrpa ehLfspy; kf;fs; mlHj;jp mjpfkhf cs;s ehL vJ ,e;jpah
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272. Fjpiu Fsk;G Nghd;w my;yJ tl;l tbtk; nfhz;l KUif ghhpd;
ngaH fq;fz tbt ghHfs;
273. kpf
mjpf
nfhs;jpwd;
nfhz;l
mZkpd;
epiyak;
jhuhg;G+H>
kfhuh\;buh
274. ,e;jpahtpy; 2001-k; Mz;L Gs;sp tptu fzf;fpd;gb kf;fs;njhif
tsHr;rp 1.9%
275. ,e;jpahtpy; khHr;1> 2001 md;W
,Ue;j kf;fs; njhif
1027
kpy;ypad;
276. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uk;Gj; jhJ gbTfs; fhzg;gLtJ igybah
277. mf;khh;f; epWtdk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
278. Nrhiu cil ,iyfSf;F vd;d ngah;? - ];NghNuhgpy;fs;
279. ,e;jf;
fz;lq;fs;
kz;GOtpd;
Gzh;tiutisaj;ij
Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd 14>15>16 kw;Wk; 17

280. kdpjdpd; ,jaj; Jbg;G xU epkplj;jpw;F 72
281. %isf; fha;r;rYf;Ff; fhuzkhd caphp gd;wp
282. eha;f; fbapdhy; cz;lhFk; Neha; - uhgP];
283. lh;dh; FwpaPL Neha;f;F fhuzkhd FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if
46
284. ,dr;nry; Njhw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhd nry; gphpjy; - Fd;wy; gphpT
285. rhWz;zp caphp G+Q;ir
286. nkz;ly; jdJ Muha;r;rpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa jhtuk; - gl;lhzpr; nrb
287. kQ;rs; fhkhiy Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;jg; gad;gLk; jhtuk; vJ?
fhpryhq;fz;zp
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288. kpfr; rpwpa kyUk; jhtuk; - cy;/gpah

289. ney; itf;Nfhy; fbdj; jd;ikAld; ,Uf;f fhuzk; - fw;nry;fs;
290. nkj;jpNywpa My;f`hy; vd;gJ 5% kPijy; My;f`hy; fye;j
<ijy; My;f`hy;
291. vth;
rpy;th;
vd;fpd;w
cNyhff;
fyit
];By;+FNuhkpak;
+mYkpdpak;
292. rhrdq;fspd; ,U tiffs;
fy;ntl;LfSk; nrg;NgLfSk;
293. ehuhazFU . khepyj;ij rhh;e;jth; Mthh; Nfush

294. tq;fhsg; gphptpidf;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jth; ahh;? fh;]d;
295. ehjph;\h xU ghurPf murh;
296. jpUtpilahl;lk; vd;why; - Nfhapy; trk; ,Uf;Fk; epyk;
297. nfhy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s Nghh;l; tpy;ypak; fy;Y}hp Jtf;fg;gl;l Mz;L
1800
298. Kjy; ,e;jpag; Nguuir epWtpath; - re;jpuFg;j nkshpah;
299. rj;ahh;j;j gpufh\; E}iy vOjpath; - jahde;j ru];tjp
300. gj;jpdp topghL ahuhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ? nrq;Fl;Ltd;
301. rkhdjhdj; je;ij vd;W Nghw;wg;gLk; gpujkh; ahh;? yhy; gfJ}h;
rh];jphp
302. Ntjj;Jf;F jpUk;Gf vd;gJ .. cila ePjp thf;fpakhFk; Rthkp jhade;j ru];tjp
303. = rq;fhpd; jj;Jtj;jpd; ngah; vd;d mj;itjk;
304. khh;yp gpuG ahh; - ,e;jpahTf;fhd muRr; nrayh;
305. ,d;Fyhg; [pe;jhghj; vd;w Nfh\j;ij vOg;gpath; - gfj; rpq;
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306. nry;tr; Ruz;ly; Nfhl;ghl;il je;jth; - jhjhgha; nesNuh[p

307. ,e;jpa Njrpa
nesNuh[p
fhq;fpu];
vdg;
ngahpl;lth;
ahh;
jhjhgha;
308. ve;j rl;lk; gh;khit ,e;jpahtpypUe;J gphpj;jJ - ,e;jpa muRr;

rl;lk; 1935
309. md;dpngrd;l; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;jpd; jiytuhf ve;j
Mz;L ,Ue;jhh; - 1917
310. Nrrhuj;jpy; cs;s k#jp ahuhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ n\h;\h
311. mNrhf kd;dh; murpd; Mjuitg; ngw;w kjk; - Gj;j kjk;
312. kpd; flj;Jj; jpwd; ,y;yhj xNu cNyhfk; - gp];kj;
313. nkd;ikahd cNyhfq;fs; - ypj;jpak;> Nrhbak;> nghl;lhrpak;
314. cNyhfq;fspd; murd; - ,Uk;G
315. kpfTk; J}a;ikahd ,Uk;G NjdpUk;G (Wrought iron)
316. jflhf khWk; jd;ik mjpfk; nfhz;lJ jq;fk;
317. G+kp Xl;by; mjpfk; fhzg;gLtJ mYkpdpak;
318. kpd; flj;Jj;jpwd; mjpfk; nfhz;l cNyhfk; - nts;sp
319. kpd;dpio nra;ag; gad;gLk; cNyhfk; - lq;];ld;
320. nry; ntsp jputj;jpy; mjpfKs;sJ Nrhbak;
321. `PNkhFNshgpdpy; cs;sJ - ,Uk;G
322. gr;iraj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; cNyhfk; - kf;dPrpak;
323. ,jak; RUq;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd cNyhf madp fhy;rpak;
324. ,jak; tphptiltjw;Fj; Njitahd cNyhf madp nghl;lhrpak;
325. kz;nzz;nza;f;Fs; itj;Jg; ghJfhf;fg;gLtJ Nrhbak;
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326. KDM916
jq;f
eiffspy;
jq;fj;ijg;
gw;w
itf;f
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ - fhl;kpak;
327. X fjpHfs; CLUthj cNyhfk; - fhhPak;
328. Ngl;lhpfspy; gad;gLtJ fhhPak;
329. kpfTk; Nyrhd cNyhfk; - ypj;jpak;
330. kpfTk; fdkhd cNyhfk; - M];kpak;
331. mZrf;jp
ciyapy;
vhpnghUshfg;
gsd;gLgit
ANudpak;>
Gs+Nlhdpak;.
332. ,Uk;Gf;F Kyhk; G+rg; gad;gLtJ Jj;jehfk;
333. Gw;WNeha; rpfpr;irf;Fg; gad;gLtJ Nfhghy;l;
334. G+kpNa Nguz;lj;jpd; ikak; vd;wtH NfhgHepf;f];
335. #hpa FLk;gj;ij fz;Lgpbj;jtH NfhgHepf;f];
336. #hpaidg; gw;wp gbg;gJ - `Pypahy[p
337. kpfTk; nkJthf RoYk; Nfhs; - nts;sp
338. gr;irf;Nfhs; vdg;gLtJ ANud];
339. Gtpiag; ghJfhf;Fk; ftrg;NghHit tspkz;lyk;
340. thdpiy khWghLfs; epfOk; mLf;F buNgh];gpaH
341. epytpy; mjpf msT cs;s fdpkk; - ill;lhdpak;
342. epyTf;Fk; #hpaDf;Fk; ,ilNa G+kp tUk;NghJ Vw;gLtJ re;jpu
fpufzk;
343. Kjd;ikj; jPh;f;f Nuif yz;lDf;F mUfpy; vjd; topNa nry;fpwJ
fphPd;tpr;
344. G+kj;jpa Nuifia ,UKiw flf;Fk; MW irhp (Zaire)
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345. Njf;F> re;jdk;> fhgp cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; khepyk; fHehlfk;

346. Mq;fpyj;ij Ml;rp nkhopahff; nfhz;l khepyk; - ehfhyhe;J
347. ,e;jpahtpd; mhprpf;fpz;zk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ rj;jP]f
; H
348. ejpfspNyNa nghpaJ> ePskhdJ fq;if
349. ,e;jpahtpy; mjpf khk;gok; Vw;Wkjp
nra;Ak; khepyk;
Me;jpu
gpuNjrk;
350. jl;rpz fq;if vd;wiof;fg;gLk; ejp Nfhjhthp
351. vtnu];l; rpfuj;jpy; Vwpa Kjy; ,e;jpaH kd;Nkhfd;rpq; N`hf;yp
352. ,kakiyapy; cs;s Gdpjj; jyq;fs; - `hpj;thH> hp\pNf\;
353. AIDS Nehia cUthf;Fk; HIV-f;F kdpj clw;$wpy; tpUe;jspf;Fk;
nry;fs; - T4ypk;Nghirl;
354. nyg;u]p vd;gJ ghf;Bhpay; Neha;
355. rLjp
khw;wj;ij
bNuhNrhgpyh
356. gUtkile;j
fz;lwpa
b.vr;.khHfd;
Mz;fSf;Fhpa
gad;gLj;jpa
Fzhjpraq;fis
caphp
cUthf;Fk;
`hHNkhd; - nl];l;Nlh];Buhd;
357. ];lhHr;rpd;
xj;j
mikg;igg;
ngw;wpUe;jhYk;
kdpjdhy;
vspjpy;
[Puzpf;f Kbahj fhHNghi`l;Nul; - nry;YNyh];

358. ,U nry; ngahpl;lioj;jy; Kiw vd;Dk; thrfj;ij Gide;jtH
ypd;Nda];
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359. vj;jid ,iz fpNudpay; euk;Gfs; \hHf; kPd; tifapy; cs;sJ

10
360. kdpjdpy;
eilngWk;
fhw;wpy;yh
Rthrj;jpd;
,Wjpg;
nghUs;
yhf;bf; mkpyk;
361. ghy;
ntspNaw;wg;gLtjw;F
ve;j
`hHNkhd;
fhuzkhFk;
Mf;]pNlhrpd;
362. kdpjHfspy;
FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
45
Mff;
fhzg;gLk;NghJ (22AA+XO) ,e;j Neha; (rpd;l;Nuhk;) Vw;gLfpd;wJ

lHdH]; rpd;l;Nuhk;
363. vapl;]; Vw;glf; fhuzkhf ,Ug;gJ itu];
364. ,d tuyhw;W tifg; gl;bay; vjd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ
nghJthd ghpzhk Njhd;wy;
365. rpWePufj;jpd; Njhw;w kw;Wk; Ntiy nra;Ak; mbg;gil myF
ne/g;uhd;
366. vWk;G tiffs; jq;fs; czit ve;j Kiwapy; fz;Lgpbf;fpd;wd
My;Ngf;Nlh Kiwahy;
367. ,e;jpahtpd; ntspehl;Lf; fldpd; kjpg;G (2001-y; cs;s tptug;gb) $98.4 gpy;ypad;
368. tWikia
mstpl jpl;lf;FO
ve;j msit
gad;gLj;JfpwJ
2400fp.fNyhhpfs;
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369. ,e;jpahtpd;
kf;fs;njhif
vt;tsT
(2001-k;
kf;fs;
njhif
fzf;Fg;gb) 102.7 Nfhb

370. KjyhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpy; Kjd;ik mspf;fg;gl;l Jiw ahJ
Ntshz;ik Jiw
371. Adpnr/g; ve;j Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ 1946
372. vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thA fkp\d; vg;NghJ cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
1956
373. jpl;lf;FOtpd; cgjiytH
ve;j
epiyapy; ,Ug;ghH
Nfgpndl;
ke;jphp me;j];jpy; ,Ug;ghH

374. cyf tHj;jf rq;fk; vg;NghJ Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ 1995
375. jkpo;ehl;by; ve;j khtl;lj;jpy; Mz; ngz; tpfpjk; 2001-k; Mz;L
Gs;sp tptug;gb mjpfkhf cs;sJ J}j;Jf;Fb
376. ahUila
fUj;jpd;gb
[dehaf
rkj;Jt
rKjhak;
vd;w
nrhy;
tpthpf;fg;gLfpwJ [t`Hyhy; NeU

377. ,e;jpahtpy; Nghl;bf;FO nray;ghl;Lf;F te;j ehs; - Nk> 2009
378. nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpf;Fk;
tpj;jpahrk; - Nja;khdk;
epfu
Njrpa
cw;gj;jpf;Fk;
cs;s
379. Nghl;br; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;j fkpl;b

uhftd; fkpl;b
380. mfd;w gzk; vd;gJ M3
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381. tujl;rizj; jLg;Gr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L 1961

382. ,dk; vd;Dk; Vkg;Giziar; RLtJ vJ rpdk;
383. tlnkhop ,yf;fz MrphpaHfSs; Kjd;ikahdtH ghzpdp
384. jkpo;f;fijg; ghlypd; Kd;Ndhbahff; fUjj; jf;ftH GfNoe;jpg;
GytH
385. xb\htpd; nrt;tpay; eld tbtk; vd;gJ xbrp
386. njd;dpe;jpahit Mf;fpukpj;j myhTjPd; fpy;[papd; jsgjp
khypf;fhG+H
387. jpy;ypia Mz;l filrp Ry;jhd; tk;rk; - Nyhb tk;rk;
388. jPd; ,yh`p vd;gjd; nghUs; - flTspd; kjk;
389. mf;ghpd; mitia myq;fhpj;j ,irf; fiyQH jhd;Nrd;
390. ,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf fhyk; fhydp Mjpf;fj;jpw;F Ml;gl;bUe;j
khepyk; - Nfhth.
391. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ngz;fs; gy;fiyf; fofj;ij epWtpatH
b.Nf.fhHNt
392. F[uhj;ij ntd;wjd; epidthf mf;gH fl;ba epidtplk; - Gye;j;
jHth]h
393. fdp\;fH
gphpe;jJ
fhyj;jpy;
Gj;j
kjk;
vt;thW
,Ue;jJ
,uz;lhfg;
394. E}whtJ tajpy; ghuj; uj;dh tpUJ ngw;w ,e;jpaH b.Nf.fhHNt

395. [k;K-fh\;kPH khepyj;jpd; mYty; nkhop cUJ
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396. ];gP\p];
gpshd;Nluk; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];
397.
398. -
399. - 1935
400. - 1951
401.
-
402.
1991
-
403. -
404.
- 1960
405.
30

406. 38%
407.

408. -
409. -
410. - 1951-56
411.
-
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412. -
413. -
414. ; -
415.
, 1950
416. -
.
417.
356
418.
419. -
420.
421. -
422. -
423. -
424.
-
425. -
426. 1991 ,
-
427. -
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428.

429. -
430.
-
431.

432.
433. -
434.
435.
-
436. -
437.

438. -
439.

440.
-
441. - .. 1398
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442. -
443. - 1600
444.
445.
446. 1940-
447. 1919-
448. ( )
-
449.
- .
450.
.
451. 2001- ... (U.N.O.) -
452. 2000

453. -
454. 2001- -
455. - ..
456. 2001-
- ..
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457. 1991
- 52%
458. -
459. -
460.

461. . -
462. -
463. -
464. -
465.
- .. 1911
466.
-
467. -
-
468. 1886, 1889, 1906
-
469. -
470. -
471. ..
472.
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473.
474.
..
475. 1921- -
476. -
477. -
478.
479. -
480. -

481. -
482. -
483. -
484. -
485. -
486. - 1757
487. - 1764
488. 1793
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489. 1858
490. -
491.
492.
- 11.2 /
493. -
494. -
495. -
496.
497. -
498. -
499. -
500. X -
501.
-
502. -
-
503.
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504. . -

505. ----------------- +
506.
-
507. -
508. - 95%
509.
. -----
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TNPSC GK

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nghJ mwpT

Gtpapay; - ,e;jpah MWfs;

- rl;B];fH> [hHfz;l;> xuprh

7. ,e;jpah Njrpa tdf;nfhs;ifia -------------- Mk; Mz;by; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. 1894

7. Njapiy kw;Wk; fhg;gp gapH mjpfkhf tpisAk; ,lk; ---------------- - kiyr;

nghJ mwpT - elg;G epfo;Tfs; - ahH..... ahH? - ,e;jpah

4. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa rpWghd;ikapdH ey Mizaj;jpd;

2. Ntshz; gapHfis czT gapHfs; kw;Wk; ------------- gapHfs; vd ,U

nghJ mwpT - kz;> jhJ kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;

Kaw;rpNa ----------- MFk; - kz;tsg;ghJfhg;G

nghJ mwpT - tpUJfSk; kupahijfSk;

mjpfstpy; njhiyf;fhl;rp %yk; ghHitaplg;gLk; tpUJ toq;Fk; tpohf;fspy;

3. ---------------- I khdhthupg; gapH vd;W jkpo;ehl;by; $WtH. - Gd;nra;

2. lhf;lH.rpd;fhtpw;Fg; gpwF ---------------- murpay; epHzarigapd; jiytuhfj;

nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - murpay; mikg;gpd; Kfg;Giu kw;Wk;

11. 1929Mk; Mz;L yh$upy; eilngw;w ,e;jpaNjrpaf; fhq;fpu]; khehl;L

kPwg;gLk;NghJ> Neupilahf kf;fs; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Ffs; njhlHe;J

4. I.eh rigapd; Kf;fpakhd Nfhl;ghLfspy; xd;W ---------------- MFk;. - kdpj

nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - kdpj cupik rhrdk;

- kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gJk;> Nkk;gLj;JtJk;

6. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs; Kiw

1.cNyhff; fdpkq;fs;> 2. cNyhfkpy;yhj fdpkq;fs;

15. ,e;jpah Mz;bw;F -------------- nkfhthl; mZkpd;rf;jpia cw;gj;jp

nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;

13. Ntiytha;g;G cWjpj; jpl;lk; -------------------- Kjy; eilKiwf;F nfhz;L

nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk; - Ie;jhz;L

,e;jpahtpy; ------------------ NghH eilngw;wJ? - %d;whk; fHehlfg; NghH

4. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; gFjp 2> gFjp 3,y; cj;jputhjk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s

11. njhopw;$l rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L - 1948

8. Ng&uhl;rpapd; epHthfj;ij -------------------- ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;whH. - nray;

6. xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpw;Fk; xU -------------- mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. - khtl;l

4. fPo;rig -------------------- vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - kf;fsit my;yJ Nyhf;

2. ,e;jpahtpd; ----------- > midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Fk; jiyikahdJ cr;rePjpkd;wk;

12. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpAk;> gpw ePjpgjpfSk; -------------- taJ

KuzhdJ vd;W mwpag;gl;lhy;> mj;jifa rl;lk; nry;yhJ vd;W mwptpf;fpd;w

12. -------------- mbg;gilapy; rl;lg; Nguit cWg;gpdHfs; vz;zpf;if

nghJ mwpT - tpUJfSk; kupahijfSk;

jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy; xypapy;yh (Cik glk;) jpiug;glk; vJ? - fPrf

ngUikf;Fupa jq;fkapy; Njrpa tpUij 2015-y; ntd;w ,e;jpa tpkhd

13. jpUtde;jGuk; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - jpUtde;jGuk;

1. JiwfSf;fhd khdpaf; Nfhupf;iffs; ---------------- ,d; gupe;Jiuapd;

------------ Mz;Lfs; MFk; - 5

7. ,e;jpahtpy; rl;lkd;w kw;Wk; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfisj; NjHe;njLf;Fk;

nghJ mwpT - tpisahl;Lfs; - ,e;jpa tPuHfSk;

8. fHzk; ky;Ny];tup> FQ;ruhzp Njtp - gS J}f;Fjy;

27. rjP\; N[h\p - JLg;G glF

nghJ mwpT - Rthrpj;jy;

6. <];l;bd; fhw;wpyh Rthrj;jpdhy; cz;lhtJ - vj;jdhy;

13. ,e;jpa NjHjy; MizaHfs; cr;r ePjpkd;w ------------------ ,izahd

rhHe;j nghUl;fspd; kPJ ------------- Kj;jpiuAk; nghwpf;fg;gLfpwJ - BIS>

czTg; nghUl;fs; tpahghuk; nra;ag;gLk; topKiwfs; gw;wpa

nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - Nyhf; mjhyj;> mtru epiy

11. mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; tpiuthfTk;> Fiwe;j nrytpYk; ePjp fpilg;gjw;fhff;

Njrpa fPjk; ([dfd kz)

1. Njrpa fPjj;ij vOjpatH ahH - ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$H

2. Njrpa fPjk; vk;nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;lJ - tq;fhs nkhop

8. NjrpafPjk; vj;jid tupfisf; nfhz;lJ - 13 tupfs;

,e;jpa kf;fs; njhiff; fzf;nfLg;G - 2011

4. 2011Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLggpd; jiytH ahH - re;jpunksyp

nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rpfs;

3. murpay; rhHe;j fUj;jpay; gythFk; mitfSs; --------------------- Nghd;wit

nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy

13. gpd;dH jpuhtplr; rq;fk; -------------- vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ - ePjpf;fl;rp