Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
welqe(Syllabus)
AwRb ,bvBUvRb ,dmdivm I mvjdvii Drm(weklZ AvBW Ges mvjdvBW) ;
bvBUvRbi mv_ dmdivm Ges AwRbi mv_ mvjdvii fZ I ivmvqwbK agi Zzjbv ;
chvq mviwYZ Aevb I MVbi wfwZ G mKj gji ivmvqwbK agi evLv ;
AvBWmg~n, avZz mvjdvBW ;
Avgvwbqv ,bvBwUK GwmWi I mvjwdDwiK GwmWi wk Drcv`b cwZ ;
NO2- ,NO3- ,SO32- I SO42- Avqbi iZc~Y wewqvmg~n ;
Kwlwevb bvBUvRb I dmdivmi hMi iZ ;
AvBW, mvjdvBW I mvjwdDwiK GwmWi iZ ;
cwieki Dci KwZcq bvBUvRb I mvjdvi hMi cfve|
Dk(Objectives)
1|
2|
3|
4|
5|
6|
1.1 f~wgKv(Introduction)
AvaywbK chvq mviwYZ Mc-V I VI Mc `ywUK Avevi `ywU Ki DcMc h_v: Mc-VA I Mc-VB Ges McVIA I Mc-VIB G fvM Kiv nqQ| GB Aavq Mc-VA(mevaywbK chvq mviwYZ Myc-15) I Mc-VIA
(mevaywbK chvq mviwYZ Mc-16) Gi imvqb weklKi bvBUvRb, dmdivm, AwRb mvjdvi mK wek`
AvjvPbv Kiv ne | Mc-VB I Mc-VIB Gi gjmg~nK d-eK gj ej G`iK c_Kfve d-eK
gjmg~ni imvqb Aavqi AvjvPbvi Af~ Kiv nqQ|
Nitrogen(bvBUvRb)
Phosphorus(dmdivm)
Arsenic (AvimwbK)
Antimony (GwUgwb)
Bismuth (wemgv_)
N
P
As
Sb
Bi
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5
8,
8,
8,
8,
5
18, 5
18, 18, 5
18, 32, 18, 5
2
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
0.075
0.110
0.121
0.141
0.148
0.171 (N3-)
0.212 (P3-)
0.222 (As3-)
0.076 (Sb3+)
0.103 (Bi3+)
1410
1070
972
840
778
(cvDwjj4.0)
AvqwbK
emva (nm)
-196
280
633
1750
1560
ZworFbvZKZv
cvigvYweK
emva (nm)
-210
44
817
630
271
( Tb 0 C )
Mvm
KwVb
KwVb
KwVb
KwVb
zUbvsK
( Tm0C )
7
15
33
51
83
MjbvsK
cvigvbweK
msLv (Z)
N
P
As
Sb
Bi
fZvev
Mc-VA gj
3.0
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.7
r.e
bo
ok
mviwY-1.2 j Kij `Lv hvq h, Mc-VA Gi gjjvi cvigvYweK msLv ewi mv_ G`i fZvev
cwiewZZ nq| ^vfvweK Zvcgvv I Pvc- bvBUvRb Mvmxq Aevq weivR Ki , dmdivm KwVb Aevq weivR
KijI DacvwZZ nq | dmdivm cieZx gj As , Sb I Bi ^vfvweK Zvcgvv I Pvc KwVb njI G`i
MjbvsK I zUbvsK gv^q ew cvq| Ze Bi Gi MjbvsK I zUbvsK ewi wgj bB| Bi ZR:wq gj
ej GgbwU NU| As I Sb Gi MjbvsK I zUbvsK AbKUv ewk nIqvi KviY njv- Giv AcavZz (avZz I AavZz
Dfq cKvi ag iqQ), avZz agi KviY Giv Kjvm Rvwj Ges evKvi cwjgvixq KvVvgv MVb Ki|
nb
i
ok
.
co
/ta
cvigvYweK msLv ewi mv_ mv_ Mc-VA Gi gjjvi ewn:kwi GKwU Ki kwi hy nq| ZvB
cvigvYweK msLv ewi mv_ Mc-VA Gi gjjvi cvigvYweK I AvqwbK evmva ew cvq (mviwY-1.2)| McVA Gi gjjvi cigvYyi AvKvii DPg njv: N < P < As < Sb < Bi
3| AvqbxKiY kw t mviwY-1.2 G Mc-VA Gi gjjvi cvigvYweK msLv ewi mv_ Zv`i c_g AvqbxKiY
.fa
ce
bo
kw nvmi welqwU `Lvbv nqQ| G, AvqbxKiY kwi wbgg njv: N > P > As > Sb > Bi |
cvigvYweK msLv ewi mv_ Mc-VA Gi gjjvi cvigvYweK evmva Z_v cigvYyi AvKvi ew cvq ej
AvqbxKiY kwi gv^q nvm cvq| cigvYyi AvKvi ew cj wbDwKqvm _K ewn:kwii BjKUbi `yiZ ew
cvq Ges BjKUbi cwZ wbDwKqvmi AvKlY nvm cvq| ewn:kwii BjKUbi cwZ wbDwKqvmi AvKlY nvm
cj Zv _K BjKUb AcmviY KiZ A kw eq nq ; dj AvqbxKiY kw nvm cvq|
3
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
4| ZworFbvZKZv t
mviwY-1.2 G Mc-VA Gi gjjvi cvigvYweK msLv ewi mv_ Zv`i ZworFbvZKZv nvmi welqwU `Lvbv
nqQ| G ZworFbvZKZvi wbgg njv: N > P > As > Sb > Bi | Kvb gji ZworFbvZKZv Zvi
cigvYyi AvKvi I ewn:kwii BjKUb webvmi Dci wbfikxj| mghvRx eb kqviKZ BjKUb RvoK
AcvKZ QvU AvKvii cigvYy AwaK nvi Zvi abvZK PvRhy wbDwKqvmi w`K AvKlY KiZ cvi| ZvB cigvYyi
AvKvi nvm cj ZworFbvZKZv nvm cvq| hnZz Mc-VA Gi gjjvi ewn:kwii BjKUb webvb GKB wK
cigvYyi AvKvi wfb Ges cvigvYweK msLv ewi mv_ Zv`i cigvYyi AvKvi nvm cvq; ZvB cvigvYweK msLv ewi
mv_ Zv`i ZworFbvZKZv nvm cvq|
[ Mc-VAGi gjjvi ga bvBUvRb I dmdivm nj AavZz ; AvimwbK I AvwUgwb njv AcavZz Ges
wemgv_ njv avZz| bvBUvRb I dmdivm AavZz ej GB Aavqi Mc-VA Gi gj wnmve kyaygv bvBUvRb I
dmdivm mK wevwiZ AvjvPbv Kiv ne|]
C
N2(g) + O2(g) 3000
2NO(g)
DP Zvcgvvq bvBUvRb Mvm Zxe ZworabvZK avZz Al, Ca, Mg, Li BZvw`i mv_ wewqv Ki bvBUvBW MVb
Ki| Gme avZz bvBUvBW ZworhvRx ev AvqwbK hM| G`i ga bvBUvRbi RviY msLv njv -3 |
C
P4(s) + O2(g) 25
P4O6(s)
Avevi, As, Sb I Bi mvaviY Zvcgvvq wbwq | Giv Dvevq AwRbi mv_ AvBW MVb Ki|
2p
2s
N + N
N
N N N
2[ N ] (mwq bvBUvRb)
N N 3000
0
4
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
C
P4(s) + O2(g) 25
P4O6(s)
bvBUvRb cigvYyi gZ dmdivmi ewn:kwi p-AiweUvjmg~n Aac~Y Ges mylg Aevq _vKjI P-cigvYyi
hvRZvi 3q kwi(M-kj) nIqvq P-cigvYyi AvKvi N-cigvYy Acv AbKUv eo|
3p
3s
2
1
1
1
15P [Ne]10 3s 3p x 3p y 3p z
[ P-cigvYy
P-cigvYyi hvRZv kwii AvKvi eo nIqvi KviY `ywU dmdivm cigvYyi 3p1x 3p1x AiweUvjqi gyLvgywL
Awagbi viv wmMgv() eb MVbi ci Aewk 3p1y I 3p1z AiweUvjjv cii cvwkq Awagb NUvZ cvi
bv| dj dmdivm bvBUvRbi gZ PP w-eb MVb KiZ cvi bv| G, cZK P-cigvYy Zvi 3wU
3p AiweUvji mv_ Aci 3wU P-cigvYyi 3p -AiweUvji cvwq Awagb NwUq 3wU -eb MVbi gvag P4-AYy
MVb Ki| P4-AYyi AvKwZ mylg PZzjKxq ; GZ P-P-P eb Kvb 600 | P4 AYyZ P-cigvYymg~n cii P-P
GKK eb hy _vKvq Ges P-P-P eb Kvbi cwigvb Kg nIqvq KviY Gi ebjvZ AwaK cxob(stress)
we`gvb _vK| dj P4 AYy AbKUv AwwZkxj nq| kZ dmdivm P4 AYyjv cii cvq wewQb Aevq _K
cii `yej fviIqvj ej viv Ave _vK| GB KviY kZ dmdivm P-P eb wehvRb Gvjwc(209kJmol-1)
N2-AYy (N-N eb wehvRb Gvjwc 945kJmol-1) Acv ek Kg nq Ges kZ dmdivm ek mwq nq|
1.3.4 jvwnZ dmdivm kZ dmdivm Acv Kg mwq Ges Kvjv dmdivm AbKUv wbwq
r.e
bo
ok
P4-AYyi AvKwZ mylg PZzjKxq ; GZ P-P-P eb Kvb 600 | P4 AYyZ P-cigvYymg~n cii P-P GKK eb
hy _vKvq Ges P-P-P eb Kvbi cwigvb Kg nIqvq KviY Gi ebjvZ AwaK cxob(stress) we`gvb _vK|
dj P4 AYy AbKUv AwwZkxj nq| kZ dmdivm P4 AYyjv cii cvq wewQb Aevq _K cii `yej
fviIqvj ej viv Ave _vK| GBme KviYB kZ dmdivm ek mwq nq|
Aciw`K, jvwnZ I Kvjv dmdivm njv dmdivmi vqx icf`| MVbi w`K _K jvwnZ dmdivm njv
dmdivmi GKwU DP cwjgvi(Pn) |
/ta
[ P- cigvYy ]
nb
i
600
bo
ok
.
co
jvwnZ I Kvjv dmdivm P-cigvYymg~n ixf~Z MvVwbK webvm(Layer Structure) hy _vK ej G`i
AvbweK KvVvgvZ P-P-P eb Kvb 600 Acv eo nq| dj G`i AYyZ ebjvi Dci cxobi gvb AbKUv
nvm cvq| ixf~Z cwjgvi MVb I ebjvi Dci cxobi gvb Kg nIqvi KviY jvwnZ dmdivm Kg mwq nq
Ges Kvjv dmdivm AZ mywZ I wbwq nq|
.fa
(2)
bvBUvRb cigvYyi AvKvi dmdivm Acv QvU nIqv(N-Gi cvigvYweK evmva 0.075 nm Ges P-Gi
cvigvYweK evmva 0.110 nm )|
bvBUvRbi hvRZv BjKUb 2q kwi _vKv Ges dmdivmi hvRZv BjKUb 3q kwi _vKv |
(1)
ce
5
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
bvBUvRbi AYy(N2) w-ebhy, mij iwLK nIqv Ges ebjvZ cxob hy bv _vKv| Aciw`K,
dmdivm AYy(P4) P-P GKK eb wewk nIqv Ges P-P-P eb Kvbi cwigvb Kg (600) nIqvq KviY
ebjvZ AwaK cxob we`gvb _vKv|
bvBUvRbi ZworFbvZKZv(3.0) dmdivm (2.1) Acv ewk nIqv |
bvBUvRbi hvRZv kj d -AiweUvj bv _vKv Ges dmdivmi hvRZv kj d -AiweUvj we`gvb _vKv|
bvBUvRbi wbR cigvYy , Kveb I AwRbi mv_ mywZ w-eb I w-eb MVb KiZ cviv |
hgb : N N , N C , C N , N N , C N O , NO2 , H 2 N NH 2
3d
3p
3s
15P
15P
[Ne] 3s 3p 3p 3p 3d
1
1
x
1
y
1
z
3d
3p
3s
[ hvRZv = 3 ]
[ hvRZv = 5 ]
N(1s 2 2s 2 2p 3 ) 3e N 3 (1s 2 2s 2 2p 8 )
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
gjjv +3 I +5 RviYvev c`kb Ki| Mc-VA Gi h me gji ewn:kwi duvKv d -AiweUvj iqQ
Zviv DP ZworFbvZK gji mv_ mghvRx hM MVbi mgq +5 RviYvev c`kb Ki| hgb:PCl3, PCl5 ;
AsCl3, AsCl5, SbCl5 BZvw`|
[ mviwY-1.3 t Mc-VA Gi gjjvi +3 I +5 RviYvev c`kY ]
VA Gi gj +3 RviYvev
+ 5 RviYvev
NCl3
N2O5, HNO3
N
PCl3
PCl5 , P2O5, H3PO4
P
AsCl3
AsCl5 , As2O5, H3 AsO4
As
SbCl3
SbCl5 ,Sb2O5
Sb
BiCl3
Bi2O5
Bi
Avevi, Mc-VA Gi gjjv cigvYyi evwn:kwii 3wU AhyMj BjKUbi mvnvh Ab gji mv_ 3wU
mghvRx eb MVbi ci cZKi ewn: s -AiweUvj GK Rvov wb:m BjKUb Rvo (lone pair) _K hvq|
Mc-VA Gi gjjv D wb:m BjKUb Rvo viv Kvb jyB GwmWi(GK Rvov BjKUb Mnb mg Ggb
ivmvqwbK mv) mv_ mwbek eb MVb Ki +5 RviYvev c`kY Ki| hgb: N2O5 I HNO3 hvM `ywUZ N
cigvby AwRb cigvYyi mv_ mwbek eb MVbi gvag +5 RviYvev c`kY Ki|
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
N Gi RviY msLv
bvBUvRbi mv_ AwRbi ZworFbvZKZvi cv_K Ges wewfb msLK mwbek eb MVbi myhvM _vKvi KviY
bvBUvRbi RviY gvbi GB aiYi cwieZbkxjZv `Lv hvq|
ok
.fa
ce
bo
ok
.
co
/ta
nb
i
r.e
bo
Mc- VA Gi gjjvi mKjB mghvRx nvjvBW MVb Ki| G`i mevB UvB nvjvBW MVb KijI P, As, Sb
UvB nvjvBW MVbi cvkvcvwk cUv nvjvBW I MVb Ki|
[ mviwY-1.4 t Mc-VA Gi gjjvi UvB nvjvBW I cUvnvjvBW ]
cUvnvjvBW
VA Gi gj UvB nvjvBW
NCl3
N
PCl3
PCl5
P
AsCl3
AsCl5
As
SbCl3
SbCl5
Sb
BiCl3
Bi
Mc- VA Gi gjjvi cvigvYweK msLv ewi mv_ mv_ Zv`i UvB nvjvBWmg~ni mghvRx cKwZ nvm cZ
_vK Ges GKB mv_ ZworhvRx Z_v AvqwbK cKwZ ew cZ _vK| ZvB G`i UvB KvivBWjvi ga NCl3
mevwaK mghvRx Ges BiCl3 mevwaK AvqwbK| G Myci gjjvi cvigvYweK msLv ewi mv_ mv_ G`i
cigvYyi AvKvi ew cvq Ges ZworFbvZKZv nvm cvq ; dj UvB nvjvBWmg~ni mghvRx ebi cvjvwiwU evoZ
_vK Ges AvqwbK cKwZ ew cvq|
Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com
7
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
Aciw`K P, As, Sb -cgvYyi ewn:kwi duvKv d -AiweUvji DcwZ _vKvi KviY Giv DwRZ Aevq Zv`i
ewn:ii s -AiweUvj we`gvb BjKUb hyMj f 1wU BjKUb ewn: duvKv d -AiweUvj vbvi Ki ; GZ
G`i ewn:kwi 5wU AhyMj BjKUbi mw nq hviv Kvwib cigvYyi mv_ kqvi Ask bq| dj PCl5,
AsCl5, SbCl5 MwVZ nq| hgb:
15P
[ hvRZv = 3 ]
*
15P
[ hvRZv = 5 ]
1.3.11 dmdivm PCl5 I PCl3 MVb KijI bvBUvRb aygv NCl3 MVb Ki, NCl5 MVb
KiZ cvi bv
Gic NUvi g~j KviY njv: (1) P cgvYyi ewn:kwi duvKv d -AiweUvji DcwwZ Ges
( 2) N-cigvYyZ d -AiweUvji AbycwwZ|
P-cgvYyi ewn:kwi 3s -AiweUvj 2wU BjKUb hyMjvevq Ges 3p-AiweUvj 3wU BjKUb AhyMj Aevq
iqQ ; ewn:kwi 3d _vKjI GZ Kvb BjKUb bB|
15P
15P
2
1
1
1
0
[Ne]10 3s 3p x 3p y 3p z 3d
1
1
1
1
1
[Ne]10 3s 3p x 3p y 3p z 3d
[ hvRZv = 3 ]
[ hvRZv = 5 ]
mvaviY Aevq P cigvYy Zvi ewn:kwii 3wU AhyMj BjKUb 3wU Kvwib cigvYyi mv_ kqvi Ki 3wU
P Cl mghvRx eb MVbi gvag PCl3 AYy MVb Ki| Avevi P cgvYyi ewnkwi duvKv d -AiweUvji
DcwZ _vKvi KviY GwU DwRZ Aevq Gi ewn:ii 3s -AiweUvj we`gvb BjKUb hyMj f 1wU BjKUb
ewn: duvKv 3d -AiweUvj vbvi Ki ; GZ Gi ewn:kwi 5wU AhyMj BjKUbi mw nq | P cgvYyi Zvi GB
5wU AhyMj viv 5wU Kvwib cigvYyi mv_ kqvi Ki PCl5 AYy MVb Ki|
N-cigvYyi ewn:kwi 5wU BjKUb _vKjI GZ Kvb d -AiweUvj bv _vKvq Gi 2s -AiweUvji BjKUb hyMj
f DP kwi vbvii gvag AhyMjvwqZ nq 5 mghvRZv c`kbi Kvb myhvM bB| GB KviY
bvBUvRb NCl5 MVb KiZ cvi bv| bvBUvRb aygv Gi ewn:kwii 2p-AiweUvj we`gvb 3wU AhyMj
BjKUb 3wU Kvwib cigvYyi mv_ kqvi Ki NCl3 MVb Ki|
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
7N
1
1
1
1s 2s 2p x 2p y 2p z
[ hvRZv =3]
PCl3 3H - OH
H 3 PO3 3HCl [ `Z ]
Gic NUvi g~j KviY njv:
(1)
P (2.1) Acv N Gi ZworFbvZKZv(3.0) ewk nIqv ,
(2) N-cigvYyZ d -AiweUvji AbycwwZ Ges P-cigvYyZ d -AiweUvji DcwwZ Ges
(3)
P Cl ebi cvjvi nIqv|
N I Cl Gi ZworFbvZKZv (3.0) mgvb nIqvi KviY N Cl eb Kvb cvjvwiwU _vK bv| ZvB NCl3 Gi
Av`weklY cvwbi cvjvi AYyi AvKlY N Cl wehvwRZ nq bv| G cvwbi AYy O -cigvYy nZ wb.m
BjKUb Rvo Cl-cigvYyZ cek Kij O Cl eb MwVZ nq Ges GKB mv_ N Cl eb f Gi eb Rvo
BjKUb N-cigvYyZ cek Ki, N-cigvYy Zvi wb:m BjKUb Rvo cvwbi AYy H -cigvYyK `vb Ki
N H eb MVb Ki , cvwbi GKwU H O eb f Gi eb Rvo BjKUb O -cigvYy BjKUb NvUwZ c~iY
Ki| dj NH 3 I HOCl Drcb nq| m~Y cwqvwU RwUj ej Zv axi msNwUZ nq Z_v NCl3 axi
Av`wekwlZ nq|
Cl 2 N Cl
NCl3 H 2 O
H O H
NHCl2 HOCl
+2H2O
( NH3 + 2HOCl )
P I Cl Gi gva h_ ZworFbvZKZvi cv_K ( P=2.1,Cl =3.0) _vKvq PCl3 Gi P Cl eb cvjvwiwU
_vK| ZvB PCl3 Gi Av`weklY cvwbi cvjvi AYyi AvKlY mnRB P Cl eb wehvwRZ nq Ges `Z
Av`weklY NU H 3 PO3 I HCl Zix nq| ZvQvov, PCl3 Gi P-cigvYyZ duvKv d -AiweUvj _vKvq O P eb
MVb mnR nq Z_v PCl3 Gi Av`weklY `Z NU|
3
H O H
P(OH)Cl 2 HCl
ok
+2H2O
r.e
bo
PCl3 H 2 O
Cl 2 P Cl
[ P(OH)3 + 2HCl ]
nb
i
Cl 2 N Cl
NHCl2 HOCl
ce
NCl3 H 2 O
bo
ok
.
co
/ta
Mc- VA Gi gjjvi UvB nvjvBW Av`wekwlZ nIqvi kZ njv nq Mc- VA Gi gj A_ev Gi mv_ hy
nvjvRb cigvYyi Kvb GKwUZ duvKv d -AiweUvj ev BjKUbi AK NvUwZ _vKZ ne| NF3 Gi N ev FcigvYyi KvbwUZB d -AiweUvj ev BjKUbi AK NvUwZ bB ej NF3 Av` wekwlZ nq bv | wK NCl3 Gi
Cl-cigvYyZ d -AiweUvj we`gvb _vKvq cvwbi O-cigvYy Ges NCl3Gi Cl-cigvYyi mv_ Avqx mwbek eb
MVb Ki O Cl eb MVbi gvag NCl3 Av`wekwlZ nq|
.fa
H O H
+2H2O
( NH3 + 2HOCl )
9
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
10
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
AbKUv g`y viKagx ; AsH3 I SbH3 gvUI viKagx bq| NH3 cvq mKj cKvi(Zxe I g`y) GwmWi wewqv
Ki Avgvwbqvg jeY Zix Ki ; Aciw`K, PH3 aygv KwZcq Zxe GwmWi mv_ wewqv Ki dmdvwbqvg jeY
Zix Ki| PH3 g`y GwmWi mv_ Kvbic wewqv Ki bv| GZ NH3 h PH3 Acv AwaK viKagxZvi cgvb
cvIqv hvq|
2NH3 H 2 CO 3
( NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 ; PH3 H 2 CO3
No Reaction
N-cigvby z`&vKvi I AwaK ZworFbvZK(ZworFbvZKZv 3.0) nIqvq NH3 G NH ebi ebRvo BjKUb
gvSvgvwS Aevb _K N-cigvYyi w`K mi hvq ; dj N-cigvYy z` FbvZK PvR jvf Ki Ges NH eb
cvjvwiwU ARb Ki | NH3 Gi N cigvYyZ BjKUbi chvZv I NbZ AwaK nIqvi KviY NH3 mnRB cvUb
(H+) MnY Ki cvUbxq viK A_ev Ab Kvb ivmvqwbK mvK mnR GKRvov BjUb `vb Ki jyB viK wnmve
wqv Ki|
+ H+ NH4+
H3P
+ H+ PH4+
H3N
[ mnR NU]
[mnR NU bv]
[ NH3 AYyZ BjKUb webvm ]
r.e
bo
ok
Mc-VA Gi gjjvi ga wemgv_(Bi) Qvov evwK mevB eicx gj| mviwY-1.6 G G`i icf`jv `Lvbv
nqQ|
[ mviwY-1.6 t bvBUvRbi i~cf`((allotropes) ]
VA Gi gj
icf`mg~n (allotropes)
N
-bvBURb(wKDweK Kjvm) ; -bvBURb(nvMvbvj Kjvm) |
P
kZ dmdivm(P4) ; jvj dmdivm(Pn) ; Kvjv dmdivm(Pn) |
aymi AvimwbK ;
njy` AvimwbK ; Kvjv AvimwbK
As
Sb
avZe GwUgwb ;
- GwUgwb ;
weviK GwUgwb |
nb
i
co
/ta
bvBUvRb I dmdivm GKB Mci gj ej G`i ga fZ I ivmvqwbK ag mv`k _vKv ^vfvweK| mv`k QvovI
bvBUvRb I dmdivmi ga AbK Awgj ev emv`k iqQ| wbg bvBUvRb I dmdivmi ga fZ I
ivmvqwbK ag mv`k I emv`kmg~n DjL Ki Zv`i Zzjbv Kiv njv t
ok
.
.fa
ce
bo
K) fZ ag mv`kmg~n t
11
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
(2) N I P Dfqi cigvYyi ewn:kwii 5wUKi BjKUb iqQ Ges p-AiweUvjmg~n Aac~Y Aevq AvQ|
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
7N 1s 2s 2p x 2p y 2p z
15P[Ne] 3s 3p x 3p y 3p z
(3) N I P DfqB cwieZbkxj hvRbx I RviYvev c`kb Ki|
RviYvev -3
N
NH3
P
PH3
-2
-1
N2H4 NH2OH
P2H4
-
0
N2
P4
+2
NO
-
+3
+4
+5
N2O3 N2O4 N2O5
PCl3 H4P2O6 PCl5
emv`kmg~n t
K Zvcgvv I Pvc N Mvm njI P dmdivm KwVb Aevq weivR Ki|
mvaviY Aevq bvBUvRbi AYy w-cigvYyK(N2) wK dmdivmi Aby Pvi-cigvYyK(P4)|
bvBUvRbi MjbvsK(-2100C) I zUbvsK(-1900C)dmdivm Acv(MjbvsK:440C,zUbvsK:
2800C) AbK Kg|
L) ivmvqwbK ag emv`kmg~n t
1) KZvcgvvq bvBUvRb ek wwZkxj Ges wbwq| Aciw`K- dmdivm weklKi kZ dmdivm
ek mwq|
2) bvBUvRbi AYyZ `ywU bvBUvRb cigvYy cii wZbwU mghvRx eb hy _vK Ges bvBUvRb
AYyi AvKwZ mij iwLK| Aciw`K, ^Z dmdivm AYyZ 4wU P cigvYy cii 600 Kvb GKwU
Ki mghvRx eb hy nq PZzjKxq KvVvgv MVb Ki Aevb Ki|
N2 AYy N N
P4 AYy
3) bvBUvRb AYy LyeB wwZkxj ej GwU mvaviY Aevq evq~ AwRbi mv_ Kvbic wewqv Ki
bv| Aciw`K, mvaviY Zvcgvvq dmdivm evq~i AwRbi mv_ wewqv Ki AvBW MVb Ki|
3000 0 C
250 C
2NO(g) ; P4(s) + O2(g)
P4O6(s)
N2(g) + O2(g)
4) bvBUvRb wbic I Aagx AvBW(NO, N2O5 ) MVb KijI dmdivm a~gv Aagx AvBW
(P2O3, P2O5 ) MVb Ki|
5) N I P DfqB nvBWvBW MVb KijI NH3, PH3 Acv AwaK vqx I Awelv Ges NH3 , PH3
Acv AwaK viKagx| bvBUvRbi nvBWvRwqK GwmW( N 3 H ) bvg AviI GKwU Aagx
nvBWvBW iqQ |
6) dmdivm Kvwibi mv_ PCl 3 I PCl 5 mghvRx hM MVb KiZ cvijI bvBUvRb Kvwibi mv_
aygv NCl3 mghvRx MVb Ki ; NCl5 MVb KiZ cvi bv |
12
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
bvBUvRb
1.5.0 bvBUvRbi Drm, wbvkb I eenvi
1.5.1 bvBUvRb Avwevi
1772 wLv wUk wPwKrmK Wwbqj iv`vidvW bvBUvRb Avwevi Kib| wZwb GK noxious air ev fixed
air bvg w`qwQjb| 1775.Lxv wevbx Antoine Lavoisier bvBUvRbK gwjK c`v_ wnmve wPwZ Kib
Ges wbwq agi KviY Gi bvg `b "mephetic air" ev "azote" ; hvi A_ wbvY(lifeless)| 1790 Lxv
wevbx Pvc&Uj D gjwUi bvg `b bvBUvRb bvBUvRb kwU Latin Nitrogenium _K bqv nqQ ;
hvi A_ mwcUvi( NaNO3 ) MVbKvix ( MxK-nitron A_ saltpetre Ges genes A_ forming ) |
r.e
bo
ok
nb
i
[ wP:1.2 bvBUvRb P ]
bvBUvRb Pi eYbv t
/ta
ok
.
co
bo
C
N 2 (g) O 2 (g) 3000
2NO(g) ;
ce
C
2NO(g) O 2 (g) 50
NO2 (g)
.fa
13
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
2) gvbyl KZK Kwg msebi gvag t
wk KviLvbvq evq~ I cvKwZK Mvm nZ bvBUvRb mvi hgb: BDwiqv, wWGwc BZvw` Drcv`bi gvag evq~
bvBUvRbK msewZ Ki Dw` ewi Rb gvwUZ cqvM Kiv nq|
CH 4 (g) Air( N 2 O 2 )(g)
CO 2 (g) N 2 (g) H 2 (g)
, 200atm
N 2 (g) 3H 2 (g) Fe
,500
C
2NH3 (g) ;
0
gib I cPb
[ wP:1.3 bvBUvRb P ]
Dw` I cvwYi gZzi ci G`i `ni cvwUb c_g bvBUvmvdvBs evKUwiqvi cfve wehvwRZ nq NH 3 Mvm
cwibZ nq| D NH 3 Mvm bvBUvmvgvbvm(Nitrosomonas)Rxevbyi cfve RvwiZ nq bvBUvm GwmW ( HNO2 )
cwibZ nq| bvBUvm GwmW cybivq bvBwUdvBs Rxevbyi cfve RvwiZ nq bvBwUK GwmW iycvwiZ nq | Drcb bvBwUK
GwmWi GKvsk gvwUi viKagx c`v_i mv_ wewqv Ki bvBUU jeY MVb Ki,hv gvwUZ wgk hvq| bvBUU jeY
I bvBwUK GwmWi Aci Ask wW-bvBwUdvBs Rxevbyi(anaerobic bacteria) cfve wehvwRZ nq N2, N2O I
NO Mvm cwibZ nq evq~gj wgk hvq| dj evq~gj bvBUvRbi NvUwZ c~iY nq Ges N2 Mvmi cwigvb
(78%) wi _vK|
14
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
C
N 2 (g) O 2 (g) 3000
2NO(g) ;
0
C
2NO(g) O2 (g) 50
2NO2 (g)
4NO2 (g) 2H 2 O(l) O 2 (g)
4HNO3 (aq)
0
2NH3 (g) ;
0
1.5.5.1 bvBUvRbi iZ
1) cvwYK~ji kvm-ckvm bvBUvRbi h_ f~wgKv iqQ| bvBUvRb evq~i AwRbK jNy Ki Z_v kvm-
nb
i
5)
6)
7)
8)
ok
4)
r.e
bo
2)
3)
ckv m Avgiv h evq~ eenvi Kwi ZvZ 21% AwRbi mv_ wbwq cKwZi 78% bvBUvRb Mvm we`gvb
_K evq~Z AwRbi cwigvbK nvm Ki Avgv`i i cevn cwiwgZ cwigvb AwRb kvlY mvnvh
Ki| ^vfvweK Aevq GKRb gvbyl 21% Gi AwaK AwRbhy evq~Z kvm-ckvm wbj Zvi kixii
AwRbi mieivn eo hve Ges `Z kmbi gvag `ni Zvcgvv eo hve |
wbwq cwiek mw Ki e`ywZK evj Gi vwqZ ewZ, AviMbi weK wnmve bvBUvRb Mvm eeZ nq|
evq~i AwRb viv RvwiZ nq web nIqvi mvebv iqQ Ggb Lv`e (hgb: Avjy,gq`v,wPwb w`q Zix
wPc&m, wezU) bvBUvRb Mvm fwZ evq~wbivax cvK fi msiY Kiv nq|
wk KviLvbvq wewfb ivmvqwbK `ei hgb: Avgvwbqv Mvm, BDwiqv mvi, bvBwUK GwmW BZvw`i evwbwRK
Drcv`b evq~i bvBUvRb eeZ nq|
BjKUwbK hvsk hgb: WvqvW, UvbwRi, AvB.wm. BZvw` ZixZ bvBUvRb Mvm eeZ nq|
gwiPvnxb Bvr(stainless steel) Drcv`b bvBUvRb Mvm eeZ nq|
Mvm vgvUvMvwdZ evnK Mvm wnmve bvBUvRb eeZ nq|
Zij bvBUvRb (bp : 195.8 C) wngvqK wnmve, i I wicvWvKwUe Kvl(vg I wW^K) msiK
wnmve eeZ nq|
/ta
1.6.0 bvBUvRbi ag
1.6.1 fZ ag t mvaviY Aevq bvBUvRb eYnxb Mvm wnmve weivR Ki| -bvBUvRb(wKDweK Kjvm)I -
.fa
ce
bo
ok
.
co
bvBUvRb(nvMvbvj Kjvm) bvg bvBUvRbi `ywU icf` (allotropy) AvQ| evq~gjxq Pvc bvBUvRb Mvm
77 K (195.8 C) Zijxf~Z nq Ges 63 K (210.0 C) Zvcgvvq RgvU ea KwVb Aev cv nq| Zij
bvBUvRb `LZ AbKUv cvwbi gZ wK cvwbi Pq AbKUv fvix|
1.6.2 ivmvqwbK agt bvBUvRb GKwU AbZg AavZz| Gi ZworFbvZKZv 3.04| N-cigvYyi ewn:kwi 5wU
BjKUb iqQ| GZ p-AiweUvjmg~n Aac~Y Ges mylg Aevq AvQ|
2
2
1
1
1
7N 1s 2s 2p x 2p y 2p z
bvBUvRbi AvYweK msKZ N2 ; bvBUvRb AYyZ N-cigvYy `ywU cii w eb (NN) hy _vK|
N-cigvYyi hvRZvi 2q kwi( L -kj) nIqvq Gi cigvYyi AvKvi ek QvU| ZvB z`vKvi `ywU N-cigvYy
Zv`i mylg Aac~Y p-AiweUvjmg~ni (1wU cvwq I `ywU cvwkq) AwagY (Overlaping) NwUq 3wU mghvRx
Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com
15
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
eb(1wU -eb I 2wU -eb) hy nq N2 AYy NUb Ki| mylgZv I NN eb `N (0.1098nm) z`
nIqvi KviY bvBUvRb-bvBUvRb w-eb(NN) AZ mywZ I `p nq|
NN
N + N
N2 AYy mij iwLK, mywZ I `p nIqvi KviY Gi eb wehvRb Gb_vwc AwZ DP (945kJmol-1)| ZvB
bvBUvRb Mvm AZ vqx I wbwq| wbwqZvi w`K _K wbwq Mvmjvi ciB bvBUvRbi vb| bvBUvRb
AYyi eb wehvRb Gb_vwc AwZ DP ej bvBUvRb MvmK cvq 30000C Zvcgvvq D Kij Gi AYymg~ni
eb wehvwRZ nq mwq cvigvbweK bvBUvRb cwibZ nq| ZvB bvBUvRbi me wewqv AwZ DP Zvcgvvq
msNwUZ nq| hgb : bvBUvRb I AwRbi wgkYK 30000C Zvcgvvq D Kij wewqv NU NO Mvm Zix
nq|
0
C
N2(g) + O2(g) 3000
2NO(g)
DP Zvcgvvq bvBUvRb Mvm Zxe ZworabvZK avZz Al,Ca,Mg, Li BZvw`i mv_ wewqv Ki bvBUvBW MVb
Ki| Gme avZz bvBUvBW ZworhvRx ev AvqwbK hM ej Giv cvwb viv Av` wekwlZ nq avZz nvBWvBW I NH3
Mvm Zix Ki| hgb:
N N O
- +
+
[ N N O N N O ]
1.7.1.2 N2O Gi cwZt Avgvwbqvg bvBUvBUK 2500C Zvcgvvq D Kij GwU Zvc wehvwRZ nq bvBUvm
AvBW Mvm Drcb nq|
16
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
_vK| wb:kvm N2O Mvmi cwigvb ewk nj gvbyl nvmZ nvmZ Avb nq hvq ; GbwK gvivI hZ cvi| N2O
Mvm gvbylK nvmvq ej GK jvwds Mvm ej| wZxq wek hy k cK nvwmq Nvqj Kivi Rb jvwds Mvm
eeZ nqwQj|
1.7.1.4 N2O Gi ivmvqwbK ag t
mvaviY Aevq N2O ek wbwq I ckg| Dvevq GwU wehvwRZ nq N2 I cvigvbweK AwRb Zix Ki Ges
RviK wnmve wqv Ki| hgb: N2O Rj Kveb,mvjdvi I dmdivmK RvwiZ Ki AvBW cwibZ Ki Ges
wbR weRvwiZ nq N2 Mvm cwibZ nq|
N = O ]
1.7.2.1 NO Gi MVb t NO [ N = O
/ta
nb
i
r.e
bo
ok
(K) NO Gi RviY ag t Dvevq NO RviK wnmve wqv Ki| hgb: NO Rj Kveb,mvjdvi I dmdivm
BZvw` AavZzK Ges D Kcvi,gvMbwmqvg BZvw` avZzK RvwiZ Ki AvBW cwibZ Ki Ges wbR weRvwiZ
nq N2 Mvm cwibZ nq|
.fa
ce
bo
ok
.
co
(L) NO Gi weRviY ag t Av` NO Mvm weRviK wnmve wqv Ki| hgb: AvqvwWbi jNy Rjxq `eY NO Mvm
Pvjbv Kij GwU AvqvwWbK weRvwiZ Ki HI G cwibZ Ki Ges wbR AvqvwWb viv RvwiZ nq HNO3 G
cwibZ nq|
2NO(g) + 4H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) + 6[H]
3I2(s) + 6[H] 6HI(aq)
bxU wewqv t 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l) + 3I2(s) 2HNO3(aq) + 6HI(aq)
(M) NO Gi RwUj hM MVb: NO Mvm K Zvcgvvq FeSO4 Gi Rjxq `eY kvwlZ nq cUvAvKzqv bvBUvmv
diU(II)mvjdUi ev`vgx eYi RwUj hM MVb Ki|
17
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
FeSO4(aq) + 5H2O(l) + NO(g) [Fe(H2O)5.NO]SO4 (ev`vgx )
1.7.3.2 N2O3Gi cwZ: mg cwigvb bvBwUK AvBW I bvBUvRb WvB AvBWi wgkYK 21 C Ki
Zvcgvvi wbP kxZj Kij N2O3 Mvm Zix nq|
NO + NO2
N2O3
gag Mvp (50%) bvBwUK GwmWK Avimwbqvm AvBWi mv_ D Kij N2O3 Mvm Zix nq|
HNO3(aq) + H2O(l) + As2O3(s) N2O3(g) + 2H2AsO4(aq)
1.7.3.3 N2O3Gi ag: mvaviY Zvcgvvq N2O3 ev`vgx eYi NO I NO2 Gi wgkY wnmve weivR Ki| D
wgkYK 21 C Zvcgvvi wbP kxZj Kij bxj eYi N2O3 Zij Zix nq|
N2O3 GKwU A agx AvBW | GwU cvwbZ `exf~Z nq bvBUvm GwmW Zix Ki ej GK bvBUvm Gb&nvBWvBW
ej|
N2O3(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO2(aq)
HNO2 GKwU Avqx GwmW | ZvrwbKfve eenvi bv Kiv nj GwU wehvwRZ nq bvBwUK GwmW I bvBwUK
AvBW cwibZ nq|
3HNO2(aq)
HNO3(aq) +2NO(g) + H2O(l)
N2O3 vii mv_ wewqv Ki vqx bvBUvBU jeY Zix Ki ; GZ cgvwbZ nq q N2O3 GKwU Aagx AvBW|
N2O3(g) + 2NaOH(aq) 2NaNO2(aq) + H2O(l)
NO2
1.7.4.2 NO2 Gi cwZ t NO MvmK evq~i msk Avbj GwU evq~i AwRb viv RvwiZ nq NO2 Mvm
Zix nq|
2NO(g) + O2(air) 2NO2(g)
cixvMvi jW bvBUUK ZvcwehvwRZ Ki A_ev Kcvi K~wP I Vvv Mvp bvBwUK GwmWi wewqv viv NO2 Mvm
Zix Kiv nq| NO2 K bvBUvRb cvi AvBWI ejv nq|
18
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
GK kxZj Kij Gi `ywU Ki Aby hy nq WvB bvBUvRb UUvvBW (N2O4) MVb Ki| N2O4 njv eYnxb Zij
c`v_| 1400C Zvcgvvi wbP NO2 I N2O4 mvgvevq weivR Ki|
Zvc
+ Zvc
2NO2(g)
(e`vgx Mvm)
N2O4(l)
(eYnxb Zij)
(2NO2)
(N2O4)
(N2O4)
11.2 C Zvcgvvq N2O4 RgvU ea KwVb c`v_ cwibZ nq| NO2 MvmK 150 C D Kij GwU wehvwRZ
nq NO2 I O2 Zix Ki|
2NO2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g) ; H = 114 kJ/mol
1.7.4.4 NO2 Gi Gi A ag t NO2 GKwU Aagx AvBW | ZvB GwU Vvv cwbZ `exf~Z nq bvBwUK
GwmW I bvBUvm GwmW Zix Ki| GRb NO2 K bvBwUK I bvBUvm GwmWi wgk AvbnvBWvBW ej|
2NO2(g) + H2O HNO3(aq) + HNO2(aq)
Avevi, NO2 vii mv_ wewqv Ki jeY I cvwb Zix Ki| GZ cgvwbZ nq NO2 Aagx |
2NO2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) NaNO3(aq) + NaNO2(aq) + H2O(l)
1.7.4.5 NO2 Gi Gi RviY ag t NO2 GKwU RviYagx AvBW| Dvevq GwU Fe,Cu,Pb BZvw` avZzK
RvwiZ Ki AvBW cwibZ Ki|
r.e
bo
ok
ZvQvov, NO2 KvebK RvwiZ Ki CO2 Ges H2S K RvwiZ Ki G _K S wegy Ki|
/ta
nb
i
1.7.4.6 NO2 Gi eenvi t NO2 Abv` avZz bvBUU ZixZ eeZ nq|
MO(s) + 3NO2(g) 2M(NO3)2(g) + NO(g) [ M=Cu,Pb, Fe BZvw` ]
hgb t CuO(s) + 3NO2(g) 2Cu(NO3)2(g) + NO(g)
co
.fa
ce
bo
ok
.
19
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
1.7.5.2 N2O5 Gi cwZ t cixvMvi Mvp bvBwUK GwmWK P2O5 viv wbiw`Z Ki N2O5 Zix Kiv nq|
cixvMvi GKwU KvPi wiUU Mvp HNO3 I P2O5 wgkY wbq cwbMvn ewmq Dvc w`q cvZb Kiv nq| MvnK
dv cvwZZ Zij wnmve Kgjv eYi N2O5 Rgv nq| wiUU Aekl ic gUv dmdwiK GwmW co _vK|
2HNO3 (conc.) + P2O5(s) 2HPO3(l) + N2O5(l)
1.7.5.3 N2O5 Gi ag t KwVb Aevq N2O5 GKwU eYnxb KjvmvKvi c`v_| K Zvcgvvq GwU njy` eYi
Zij Aevq weivR Ki| K Zvcgvvq Zij N2O5 axi axi weqvwRZ I DacvwZZ nq NO2 I O2 Mvm Zix
Ki| 50C Zvcgvvq Zij N2O5 D weqvRb `Z I weviYmn NU|
29 0 C
N2O5(l)
2NO2(g) +O2(g)
N2O5 GKwU weij hMi D`vniY hv Aevi cwZ Acvjvi mghvRx I AvqwbK cKwZi jeY (bvBUvwbqvg
bvBUU) Dfqic _vKZ cvi|
N2O5 (Acvjvi Zij)
1.7.5.4 N2O5 Gi A ag t N2O5 GKwU Aagx AvBW | ZvB GwU cvwb Mvmx Zij | GwU cvwb kvlY Ki
bvBwUK GwmW Zix Ki| GRb N2O5 K bvBwUK AvbnvBWvBW ej|
N2O5(s) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq)
ZvQvov , N2O5 vii mv_ wewqv Ki jeY I cvwb Zix Ki| GZ cgvwbZ nq N2O5 Aagx|
N2O5(l) + 2NaOH(aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
1.7.5.5 N2O5 Gi RviY ag t N2O5GKwU RviYagx AvBW| Dvevq GwU P4 , I2 BZvw`K RvwiZ Ki
AvBW cwibZ Ki Ges wbR weRvwiZ nq N2 Mvm cwibZ nq|
1.7.5.6 N2O5 Gi eenvi t KwVb N2O5 G bvBUvwbqvg KvUvqb (NO2+) I bvBUU Avqb(NO3) we`gvb
iqQ ej Gi KvUvqbK avZz ev Avgvwbqvg Avqb viv cwZvwcZ Ki bvBUU jeY Zix Kiv hvq|
NH3
2| nvBWvwRb(Hydrazine)
N2H4
3| nvBWvRwqKGwmW(Hydrazoicacid)
HN3
ev nvBWvRb AvRvBW
bvBUvRbi nvBWvBWjvi ewe` eenvi iqQ| bvBUvRb mvi Drcv`b Avgvwbqvi ic~Y Dcv`vb|
nvBWvwRb I cwZvwcZ nvBWvwRbmg~n weKviK I iKU I wgmvBj Rvjvbx wnmve eeZ nq| nvBWvRwqK GwmWi
fvix avZzi jeY weviY msNUK(detonator) wnmve eeZ nq|
20
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
1070
[ wP t Fritz Haber]
Fe O , Cr O
r.e
bo
ok
3
3
2
CO2(g) + 2H2(g)
(CO+H2) + H2O(steam) 2
emi Rvgvb KwgKvj Kvvbx Zij evq~ _K Drcb N2 Mvm Ges em cwZZ Drcb H2 Mvmi 1 t 3 AbycvZ
wgkY Zix Ki nevi cwZZ 1913 mvj mec_g Avgvwbqvi evwbwRK Drcv`b i Kib| Avgvwbqvi
evwbwRK Drcv`b Dvebi Rb 1918mvj wdR neviK Ges 1931mvj Kvj em&K bvej cyivi c`vb Kiv nq|
eZgvb nevi-em& cwZK cwiewZZ Ki evsjv`kmn wewfb `k KuvPvgvj wnmve evq~ , xg I cvKwZK Mvm ev
Light petrolium gas(LPG) eenvi Ki Avgvwbqvi evwbwRK Drcv`b Kiv nq | G, cvKwZK Mvm ev
LPG (light petrolium gas) Gi mv_ xg I cqvRbxq cwigvb evq~ wgwkZ Ki 7000C Zvcgvvq D wbKj
cfveKi Dci w`q Pvjbv Ki CO, H2 I N2 Mvm wgkY Zix Kiv nq| Drcvw`Z Mvm wgkYK AvqiY AvBW
cfveKi Dci w`q Pvjbv Kij Gi mg CO RvwiZ nq CO2 G cwibZ nq | CO2 hy wgkYK Dchy Kvb
g`y vixq (Na2CO3) `eYi gaw`q Pvjbv Ki CO2 gy Ki Avgvwbqv msklYi Rb N2 I H2Mvmi 1t3
AbycvZ wgkY Zix Kiv nq|
Ni , 700 0 C
CO(g) + 3H2(g)
CH4(g) + H2O(steam)
Ni , 700 0 C
2CH4(g) + Air[O2(g) + 4N2(g)]
2CO(g) + 4H2(g) + 4N2(g)
Fe O
/ta
nb
i
3
CO2(g) + [ 3H2(g) + N2(g) ]
[CO(g) + 2H2(g) + N2(g) ] + H2O(steam) 2
(K) g~jbxwZ t Rvgvb imvqbwe` wdR nevi N2 I H2 Mvmi ga wbgv msLvbycvwZK mgxKiYvbyhvqx wewqv
ok
.
bo
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
co
.fa
ce
jbxq h, NH3 Mvm msklYi D wewqvwU1) Dfqg~Lx (wewqvwU GKB mgq myL I cvr Dfq w`K Pj) ,
2) Zvcvrcv`x ( cwZ gvj NH3 Mvm Drcv`bi Rb 92.4 wKjvRyj Zvc wbMZ nq) ,
3) Mvmxq Ges GZ AvqZbi msKzPb NU ; KviY 4 gvj wewqK (1 gvj N2 I 3 gvj H2) 2 gvj Drcv`
(NH3 ) MVb Ki| GKB Zvcgvv I Pvc Mvmmg~ni gvjvi AvqZb mgvb|
Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com
21
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
myZivs ivmvqwbK mvgvev mwKZ jv-kvZwjqii bxwZ (Le Chatelier's principle)Abyhvqx D wewqvwUi
wbg Zvcgvvq Ges DP Pvc Gi mvgvevi Aevb Wvb mi wMq Avgvwbqvi Drcv`bi nvi ew Kie|
wK wbg Zvcgvvq wewqvwUi myL I cvr Dfq wewqvi nvi LyeB Kg nIqvq Gi mvgvevq cQZ AbK mgq
jvM| dj wbg Zvcgvvq LyeB wbg nvi Avgvwbqv Mvm Drcb nq Ges Avgvwbqvi evwbwRK Drcv`b AjvfRbK
nq | ZvB immvqbwe`Mb nevi cwZZ mevP cwigvb Avgvwbqv msklYi Rb Dchy cfveK eenvi Ki
wewqv cwieki Zvcgvv I Pvc Dchy cwigvb ew Ki AZvbyK~j kZvejx (Optimum Conditions) wbaviY
Kib|
nevi cwZZ N2 I H2 Mvm nZ mevP cwigvb NH3 Drcv`bi kZvejx t
1| Dchy cfveKi eenvi t imvqbwe`Mb Avgvwbqv msklYi Dfqg~Lx wewqvwUi `Z mvgvev ARbi
j Dchy cfveK wnmve jvnvi ov (Iron dust) Ges cfveK mnvqK wnmve gwjeWbvg (Mo) ev
Al2O3 ov eenvi Kib| eeZ cfveK myL I cvr Dfq wewqvi mwqb kwK mgvb nvi nvm
Ki `Z ivmvqwbK mvgvev ARb mnvqZv Ki| mvgvevq Kkj cvrg~Lx wewqvi MwZ Z_v NH3
Gi weqvRb nvi nvm Ki NH3 Drcv`bi nvi evovbv nq|
2|
3| wewqv cwiekK AZvbyK~j Zvcgvvq ivLv t AZvbyK~j Zvcgvv njv Dchy Pvc I cfveKi DcwwZZ
wewqv cwieki Ggb GKwU Zvcgvv hvZ mevP cwigvb Drcv` cvIqv hvq| cixvj djvdj
weklY Ki `Lv hvq h Dchy Pvc I cfveKi DcwwZZ wewqv cwieki Zvcgvv 4000C nZ
5500C G wi ivLj mevP cwigvb NH3 Drcv`b me nq| ZvB wewqv cwieki AZvbyK~j Zvcgvv
4000C - 5500C wbaviY Kiv nq|
4| wewqv cwiek AZvbyK~j Pvc eRvq ivLv t D wewqvwUZ AvqZbi nvm NU (gvU 4 AvqZb wewqK
2 AvqZb Drcv` cwibZ nq) ej wewqvwU hZB myL w`K AMmi nZ _vK ZvZ wewqv cwieki Pvc
nvm cZ _vK| ZvB, jv-kvZwjqii bxwZ Abyhvqx G wewqv cwieki Pvc ew Kij D Pvc
wewqKi AvqZbK nvm Ki wewqvwUi mvgvevi AevbK Wvb mive; dj NH3Drcv`b ew cve|
cixvj djvdj weklY Ki `Lv hvq 2000C Zvcgvvq Ges
750atm wewqKmg~ni cvq100% wewqv Ki NH3Z icvwiZ
nq| wK 750 atm Pvc cqvMKvix hcvwZi vcb eq AbK ewk
ej NH3 Drcv`b cwqvwU evwbwRKfve AjvfRbK nq ci|
Ze AZvb~j Zvcgvvq m eq vwcZ clY hi mvnvh 200
atm Pvc cqvM Kij NH3 Drcv`b cwqvwU jvfRbK nq| ZvB
G AZvb~j Pvc wnmve 200 atm cqvM Kiv nq|
5| Drcb NH3 K wewqv cwiek _K `Z mwiq bqv t wewqv cKv _K Drcb NH3 MvmK `yZ mwiq
wbj Dvc NH3 Gi wehvRb Z_v cvrg~Lx wewqvi nvi nvm cvq | GfveI NH3 Gi Drcv`b ew
cvq| G AcwiewZZ wewqKmn (N2+ H2) Drcb NH3 MvmK wewqv cKv _K `Z mwiq
wbq kxZKi ga w`q Pvjbv Kiv nq ; dj NH3 Mvm Zijxf~Z nq wgkY _K Avjv`v nq Ges
AcwiewZZ wewqKjv Mvmxq Aevq kxZK _K ewiq Avm| AcwiewZZ wewqKjvK cyb:eenvi
(re-cycle) Kij NH3 Drcv`bi gvv Aviv eo hvq|
(L) nevi cwZi eYbv t
1| cvKwZK Mvm ev LPG (light petrolium gas) Gi mv_ xg I cqvRbxq cwigvb evq~ wgwkZ Ki
7000C Zvcgvvq D wbKj cfveKi Dci w`q Pvjbv Ki CO, H2 I N2 Mvm wgkY Zix Kiv nq|
2| Drcvw`Z Mvm wgkYK AvqiY AvBW cfveKi Dci w`q Pvjbv Kij Gi mg CO RvwiZ nq CO2
G cwibZ nq |
3| CO2hy wgkYK Dchy Kvb g`y vixq (Na2CO3) `eYi ga w`q Pvjbv Ki CO2gy Ki Avgvwbqv
msklYi Rb N2 I H2 Mvmi 1 t 3 AbycvZ wgkY Zix Kiv nq|
4| N2 I H2 Mvmi 1 t 3 AbycvZ wgkYK Kcmvii mvnvh 200atm Pvc msKzwPZ Ki xj wbwgZ
wewqv cKv wbP w`K _K mieivn Kiv nq| wewqv cKv my jvnv I gwjeWbvgi ov cfveK
22
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
eWmg~n Qwoq ivLv nq | cvkvcvwk Zvc wewbgqK bji gvag AwZZ xg Pvjbv Ki wewqv cKvi
Afii Zvcgvv 4000C-5000C G wi ivLv nq| wewqv cKv cfveK DcwwZZ AZvbyK~j
Zvcgvv I Pvc mieivnKZ N2 I H2 Mvmi 15-20% wewqv Ki NH3Mvm cwiewZZ nq|
6| wewqv cKvi Pzov _K Drcb NH3 MvmK AcwiewZZ N2 I H2 Mvmmn `Z mwiq kxZKi ga w`q
Pvjbv Kiv nq ; dj NH3 Mvm Zijxf~Z nq wgkY _K Avjv`v nq MvnK Uv Rgv nq Ges AcwiewZZ
N2 I H2 Mvmxq Aevq kxZK _K ewiq Avm|
7| kxZK _K ewiq Avmv AcwiewZZ N2 I H2 MvmK cyb:eenvii Rb cv Ki bji gvag clY
h cvVvbv nq| cwqvwUZ AcwiewZZ N2 I H2 MvmK evi evi cyb:eenvi(wimvBKj) Ki eeZ N2
I H2 Gi mvgMxK Kbfvikbi gvv 98% G DbxZ Kiv hvq|
xg
cvKwZK Mvm
evq~
Ni-cfveK
7000C
Fe2O3
5000C
Ni-cfveK
7000C
Na2CO3
`eY
(N2 I H2 Mvm )
(AcwiewZZ N2 I H2 Mvm)
Kcmvi
200 atm
wewqv cKv
4000C-5000C
Fe-P~Y
Mo /Al2O3
200 atm
cv
kxZK
Zij NH3
r.e
bo
ok
nb
i
g~jbxwZ t cixvMvi Avgvwbqvg KvivBWi mv_ KzBK jvBg(CaO) ev KwjPzb [Ca(OH)2] wgwkq cv wgkYK
NH3
ok
.
co
/ta
.fa
ce
bo
23
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
Kvi mvnvq wKQzUv mvgbi w`K Kvr Ki AvUKvbv nq| wbMg bji kl cvwU GKwU Pzbc~Y UvIqvii wbP w`K
hy Kiv nq| cixvbji wgkYK eybmb evbvii mvnvh D Kij Dcii wewqv Abyhvqx Av` NH3 Mvm Zix
nq|
Av` Avgvwbqv Mvmi KiY t cixvMvi Av` (cvwbevhy) NH3 MvmK mvaviYZ Pzb viv cvwbg~
Ki Kiv nq|
[ NH3(g) + H2O(g) ] + CaO(s) NH3(g) + Ca(OH)2(s)
DjL h, Avgvwbqv viKagx nvBWvBW ej Av` Avgvwbqv MvmK Aagx wbi`K hgb: Mvp H2SO4 ev P2O5
viv Kiv hvq bv| G viKagx Avgvwbqv Aagx wbi`Ki mv_ ckgb wewqvi gvag jeY MVb Ki |
dj NH3 Mvm hM wnmve Ave nq hvq|
hgb: Av` NH3 MvmK Mvp H2SO4 viv KiZ Mj NH3 mvjwdDwiK GwmWi mv_ ckgb wewqvi
gvag Avgvwbqvg mvjdU MVb Ki|
[ 2NH3(g) + H2O(g) ] + Mvp H2SO4 (l) (NH4)2SO4(s) + H2O(g)
GKBfve, Av` NH3 MvmK P2O5 viv KiZ Mj NH3 ckgb wewqvi gvag
Avgvwbqvg dmdU MVb Ki|
[ 6NH3(g) + 3H2O(g) ] + P2O5(s) 2(NH4)3PO4(s)
Aviv jbxq h, Av` NH3 MvmK wbi`bKvix c`v_ ,CaCl2 viv Kiv hvq bv |
Gi KviY njv NH3 Gi N-cigvYyZ GK Rvov wb:m BjKUb _vKvi Kij GwU wjMv
wnmve wqv Ki| Av` NH3 MvmK CaCl2 viv KiZ Mj NH3 , CaCl2 Gi
mv_ wjMv wnmve hy nq Avg&wgb Kvjwmqvg KvivBW MVb Ki|
[ 8NH3(g)+ H2O(g)] + CaCl2(s) [Ca(NH3)8]Cl2 (s) + H2O(g)
1.8.5 Avgvwbqvi ag
1.8.5.1 Avgvwbqvi fZag t Avgvwbqv GKwU Zxe SvSvjv Mhy eYnxb Mvm| Gi zUbvsK 33.870C
1.8.5.2 Avgvwbqvi `veZv t mvaviY Aevq GwU cvwbZ ek `eYxq| Gi Rjxq `eY cvq
35-40% NH3 `exf~Z _vK| mvavib Aevq cvwbZ NH3 Mvm Pvjbv Kij NH3 cvwbi
mv_ wewqv Ki g`y viK Avgvwbqvg nvBWvBW (NH4OH) MVb Ki| ZvB NH3 Gi
Rjxq `eYK Avgvwbqvg nvBWvBW (NH4OH) ej|
NH3 (g) + H2O(l)
NH4OH(aq) ;
NH4OH(aq)
NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
NH4OH GKwU g`y viK| Rjxq `eY Gi gv 0.4% AvqwbZ Aevq _vK| NH3 Gi
m Rjxq `eYK wjKvi Avgvwbqv ev Avgvwbqv wwiU ej| wjKvi Avgvwbqvq 35[ NH3-Kwg dvqviv ]
40% NH3 `exf~Z _vK|
1.8.5.3 Avgvwbqvi viKagxZv t Avgvwbqv GKwU viKagx nvBWvBW | hgb: Gi Rjxq `eY jvj
wjUgvmK bxj Ki | GwU GwmWi mv_ wewqv Ki jeY Zix Ki|
NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) ; OH-(aq) + jvj wjUgvm bxj wjUgvm
NH3(g) + HCl(aq) NH4Cl(aq)
A-viKi cvUbxq aviYv Abyhvqx GwU GKwU cvUb(H+) MnY Ki NH4+ Avqb MVb Ki viKZ cKvk Ki|
NH3(g) + H+(aq) NH4+(aq) [ NH3 Gi cvUb MnY ]
A-viKi jyB(Lewis) avibvbymvi NH3 GKwU jyB viK ; KviY GwU Kvb ivmvqwbK
mvK GK Rvov BjKUb `vb KiZ cvi|
H3N
+ H+ NH4+
24
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
ok
nb
i
r.e
bo
(L) wmjfvi KvivBWi mv_ AwZwi cwigvb Avgvwbqv `eY hvM Kij `eYxq WvB Avg&wgb wmjfvi KvivBW
Zix nq| ZvB Avgvwbqv `eY KwVb wmjfvi KvivBW `exf~Z nq|
AgCl(s) + 2NH4OH(aq) [Ag(NH3)2]Cl(aq) + 2H2O(l)
bo
ok
.
co
/ta
(M) wR mvjdUi `eY axi axi AwZwi cwigvb Avgvwbqv `eY hvM Kij c_g wR nvBWvBWi
mv`v Aa:c co ; ci D Aa:c AwZwi Avgvwbqv `eY `exf~Z nq UUv Avg&wgb wR mvjdU
Zix Ki|
ZnSO4(aq) + 2NH4OH(aq) Zn(OH)2(s) + (NH4)2SO4(aq)
Zn(OH)2(s) + (NH4)2SO4(aq) + 2NH4OH(aq) [Zn(NH3)4]SO4(aq) + 4H2O(l)
.fa
ce
(K) NH3 mbvKiYi cixv t NH3 Zxe SvSvjv Mhy eYnxb Mvm| NH3-Mvm nvBWvKvwiK GwmW wm
KuvP` cek Kivj Avgvwbqvg KvivBWi mv`v auvqv Zix nq|
NH3(g) + HCl(aq) NH4Cl(s)(mv`v auvqv )
Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com
25
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
(L) NH3 mbvKiYi wm cixv t bmjvi weKviK (Nessler's Reagent) NH3 Mvm Pvjbv Kij Avwgbv
gviwKDwiK AvqvWvBWi e`vgx Aa:c Zix nq|
2NH3(g) + 2K2[HgI4](aq) 4KI(aq) + NH4I(aq) + NH2[Hg2I3](s)
(e`vgx Aa:c)
(L) NH4+ Avqb mbvKiYi wm cixv t NH4+-jeYi `eYi mv_ bmjvi weKviK hvM Kij
Avwgbv gviwKDwiK AvqvWvBWi ev`vgx Aa:c Zix nq| ev`vgx eYi
GB Aa:cK wgjb viKi AvqvWvBW ej|
26
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
7| Kwg wm ev iqb wk Avgvwbqv eeZ nq|
8| AvRvBW bvgK weviK `e ZixZ Avgvwbqv eeZ nq|
msKZ
1| bvBUvm GwmW
HNO2
2| bvBwUK GwmW
HNO3
MVb(Structure)
ok
nb
i
r.e
bo
cixvMvi KNO3 ev, NaNO3K eKh wbq Gi mv_ Mvp H2SO4 hy Ki cvZb Ki bvBwUK GwmW Zix
Kiv nq|
250 0 C
NaNO3(s) + H2SO4(conc) NaHSO4(s) + HNO3(g)
/ta
co
eZgvb cvq mKj wk KviLvbvq Rvgvb Kvwg DBjng AmIqv (Wilhelm Ostwald) Gi Avgvwbqv RviY
cwZZ bvBwUK GwmWi evwbwRK Drcv`b Kiv nq| c~e evKjv AvBW DvweZ e`ywZK AvK cwZZ bvBwUK
GwmW Zix Kiv nZv| we`yZi DP g~ji KviY e`ywZK AvK cwZ GKwU AjvfRbK cwZ|
ok
.
.fa
ce
bo
KuvPvgvj t (1) Avgvwbqv Mvm (2) aywjevwj I Kveb WvB AvBW gy evq~ I (3) g`y cvwb |
g~jbxwZ t wk KviLvbvq nevi cwZZ Drcvw`Z we Avgvwbqv MvmK 9000C Zvcgvvq cvjvwUbvg-ivwWqvg
msKi(Pt-90% + Rh-10%) cfveKi DcwwZZ evq~i AwRb viv RvwiZ Ki NO Mvm Zix Kiv nq| Drcb
NO Mvm I AcwiewZZ evq~i wgkYK 500C Zvcgvvq kxZj Kij NO Mvm evq~i AwRb viv RvwiZ nq
NO2 Mvm cwibZ nq| AZci, NO2 MvmK cvwbZ kvlY Kivbv nq| dj bvBwUK GwmW I NO Mvm Zix
nq| NO MvmK cybivq eenvii Rb RviY ciY Kiv nq|
Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com
27
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
Pt-Rh
900 C
4NH3(g) + 5O2(air)
0 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
0
4NO(g) + 5O2(air) 50
C 4NO2(g)
3NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
G, eeZ NH3 Mvmi m~Y RviYi Rb AwZwi cwigvb evq~ (AvqZb wnmve NH3 Mvmi 9 b evq~)
eenvi Kiv nq Ges NH3 Mvmi RviY Drcb NO Mvm I AcwiewZZ evq~i wgkYK `Z mwiq 500C Zvcgvvq
kxZj Kij Drcb H2O ev Zijxf~Z nq wgkY _K c_K nq|
cwZi eYbv t ky evq~K Zvc-wewbgqKvix(Heat-exchanger)Gi ga w`q Pvjbv Ki c~eZ Ki 4-10 evq~ Pvc
evq~ QvKbxi ga w`q Pvjbv Ki aywjevwj gy Kiv nq| nevi cwZZ ZixKZ 1-AvqZb we Avgvwbqv Mvmi
mv_ 9-AvqZb c~eZ I aywj evwjgy evq~ wgwkZ Ki Avjywgwbqvg avZy wbwgZ wmwjvi AvKwZi wewqv
cKv(Reactor) Pvjbv Kiv nq| wewqv cKv KqK mvwi cvwUbvg-ivwWqvg msKi wbwgZ Zvi Rvwj
Avbyf~wgKfve mvRvbv _vK| wewqv cKv wUK e`ywZK Kqji mvnvh 800 - 9000C Zvcgvvq D ivLv
nq| GLvb NH3 evq~i AwRb viv cvq m~Yic RvwiZ nq NO Mvm Zix Ki| Drcb NO Mvm I
AcwiewZZ evq~i wgkYK wewqv cKv Dci w`K _K `Z mwiq Zvc-wewbgqKvix Gi ga w`q Pvjbv Ki RviY
wbq hvIqv nq| Zvc-wewbgqKvix cKvi ga w`q D wgkY cevwnZ nIqvi mgq Zvc eRbi gvag
eeZ evq~K c~e Z Ki 500C Zvcgvvq kxZj nq| RviY Drcb Mvm wgkY nUvr mcmvwiZ nq Aviv
kxZj nq | dj wgkY we`gvb H2O ev Zijxf~Z nq wgkY _K c_K nq Ges NO Mvm AcwiewZZ evq~i
AwRb viv RvwiZ nq NO2 Mvm cwibZ nq| RviY nZ NO2 KvqvR Mvfjc~Y kvlY UvIqvii wbP w`K
_K Pvjbv Kiv nq Ges GKB mgq kvlY UvIqvii P~ov _K Sbvi gvag my cvwbi aviv cevwnZ Kiv nq|
GLvb NO2 Mvm cvwbZ kvwlZ nq HNO3 I NO Mvm cwibZ nq| NO MvmK cybivq eenvii Rb RviY
ciY Kiv nq|
NO
evq~
H2O
Pt-Rh
9000C
kvlY
evq~ QvKbx
kvlY UvIqvi
wewqv
cKv
RviY 500C
ZvcwewbgqK
HNO3
NH3
c~eZ evq~
[ wP t 1.7 AmIqv cwZZ bvBwUK GwmWi wkvrcv`bi cevn wP ]
wekvab t kvlY UvIqvii Zjv _K jNy HNO3 GwmWK msMn Ki AvswkK cvZb Kij 68%HNO3 I
32%H2O Gi mgzUb wgkY Zix nq| D mgyUb wgkYK P2O5 mnhvM cvZb Kij we HNO3 GwmW
cvIqv hvq|
28
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
njv aygvqgvb ev wdDwgs bvBwUK GwmW| aygvqgvb bvBwUK GwmWi Nbgvv 16M| GwU kwkvjx RviK
wgkY wnmve eeZ nq|
4HNO3(l)
2H2O(g) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g) (270C)
Vvv I Mvp bvBwUK GwmW Zn, Fe, Mg, Al, Cu BZvw` avZzK RvwiZ Ki bvBUU jeY cwibZ Ki Ges
cvkvcvwk Gme avZz viv wbR weRvwiZ nq NO2 Mvm cwibZ nq|
ok
r.e
bo
nb
i
hgb:
ok
.
co
/ta
Kkj t
.fa
ce
bo
Cu mwqZv wmwiR nvBWvRbi wbP Aevb Ki ej GwU HNO3 _K Zn, Fe, Mg Gi Abyic nvBWvRbK
cwZwcZ KiZ cvi bv | ZvB Cu Gi wewqvwUi Kkj wKQzUv wfb|
Cu Gi wewqvwUi Kkj t
2HNO3(Mvp) 2NO2(g) + H2O(l) + [O]
Cu(s) + [O] CuO(s)
CuO(s) + 2HNO3(Mvp) Cu(NO)2(aq) + H2O(l)
Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com
29
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
bxU wewqv: Cu(s) + 4HNO3(Mvp) Cu(NO)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Kkj t
Cu Gi wewqvwUi Kkj t
2HNO3(Mvp)) 2NO(g) + H2O(l) + 3[O]
Cu(s) + [O] CuO(s) ......................................................3
CuO(s) + 2HNO3(Mvp)) Cu(NO)2(aq) + H2O(l) ..........3
bxU wewqv: 3Cu(s) + 8HNO3(Mvp)) 3Cu(NO)2(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l)
Cu Gi wewqvwUi Kkj t
2HNO3(Mvp) 2N2O (g) + H2O(l) + 4[O]
Cu(s) + [O] CuO(s) ......................................................4
CuO(s) + 2HNO3(Mvp)) Cu(NO)2(aq) + H2O(l) ..........4
bxU wewqv: 4Cu(s) + 10HNO3(aq) 4Cu(NO3)2(aq) + N2O(g) + 5H2O(l)
30
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
bxU wewqv: 5Cu(s) + 2HNO3(vap) 5CuO(s) + N2(g) + H2O(l)
(2) bvBwUK GwmW I AavZzi wewqv t
AavZe gj hgb : S, P,C, I2 BZvw`K Mvp HNO3 RvwiZ Ki mevP RviYvevi Aw GwmW cwibZ Ki|
2HNO3(conc.) 2NO2(g) + H2O(l) + [O] .................3
S(s) + 3[O] SO3(g)
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
bxU wewqv: S(s) + 6HNO3(conc.) H2SO4(aq) + 6NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
2HNO3(conc.) 2NO2(g) + H2O(l) + [O] .................5
2P(s) + 5[O] P2O5(l)
P2O5(l) + 3H2O(l) 2H3PO4(aq)
bxU wewqv: 2P(s) + 10HNO3(conc.) 2H3PO4(aq) + 10NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
ev, P(s) + 5HNO3(conc.) H3PO4(aq) + 5NO2(g) + H2O(l)
2HNO3(conc.) 2NO2(g) + H2O(l) + [O] .................5
I2(s) + 5[O] I2O5(l)
I2O5(l) + H2O(l) 2HIO3(aq)
bxU wewqv: I2(s) + 10HNO3(conc.) 2HIO3(aq) + 10NO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
(3mol)
ok
.
(1mol)
co
/ta
nb
i
r.e
bo
ok
Mvp I Z bvBwUK GwmW GKwU kwkvjx `veK| GRb gahyM Avie wevbxMY bvBwUK GwmWK AvKvqv
diwUm(kwkvjx cvwb) bvgKiY Ki wQjb| wewfb avZz `exf~Z KiZ bvBwUK GwmW eeZ nq| Ze wKQz
AwfRvZ avZz hgb: Au,Pt,Ag BZvw` Mvp ev Z bvBwUK GwmWi KvbwUZB `exf~Z nq bv| imvqbwe`MY Gme
AwfRvZ avZzK `exf~Z Kivi Rb bvBwUK GwmWi mv_ 1 t 3 gvj AbycvZ nvBWvKvwiK GwmW wgwkq GKwU Zxe
RviK wgkY Zix Kib| Mvp bvBwUK GwmW I Mvp nvBWvKvwiK GwmWi 1 t 3 gvj AbycvZ wgkYB njv ivR ev
AvKvqv iwRqv | ivR GKwU Zxe RviK wgkY| ivRK Mig Kij Gi HNO3 , HCl RvwiZ Ki G _K
cvigvbweK KvwiY wegy Ki | GB cvigvbweK KvwiY AwfRvZ avZzi mv_ wewqv Ki Mvp HCl G `eYxq avZz
KvivBW cwibZ Ki|
HNO3 + 3HCl NOCl + 2H2O + 2[Cl]
.fa
ce
bo
31
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
AuCl3 + HCl HAuCl4(Kviv AwiK GwmW )
(L) cvwUbvgi ivR `exf~Z nIqvi evLv t cvwUbg avZzK ivR wbq Zvc w`j cvwUbvg c_g HNO3 KZK
HCl Gi RviY Drcb cvigvbweK KvwiYi mv_ wewqv Ki cvwUwbK KvivBW(PtCl4) Zix Ki| AZci, PtCl4
AwZwi HCl Gi mv_ wewqv Ki `eYxq KvivcvwUwbK GwmW MVb Ki| dj cvwUbvg ivR `exf~Z nq|
wewqv t
0-5 0C Zvcgvvq LwbR GwmWi DcwwZZ bvBUvm GwmW Avwgb(NH2 ) g~jKK WvqvRvwbqvg( N N)
g~jK cwibZ Ki|
0 50 C
hgb: C6H5-NH2 + HCl + HNO2 C6H5- N 2Cl- + 2H2O
32
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
NO2 MvmK AwRb wgwkZ cvwbZ `exf~Z Kij ev N2O5 K cvwbZ `exf~Z Kij bvBwUK GwmW Zix nq|
4NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) +O2g 4HNO3(aq) ; N2O5(l) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq)
bvBwUK GwmWi mv_ avZzz, avZz AvBW ev avZz KvebUi wewqv viv bvBUU jeY Zix nq| hgb:
Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
FeO(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Fe(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + CO2(g)
mvwWqvg bvBUU t
mvwWqvg bvBUU wPwj mwcUvi(Chile saltpeter) ev mvWv bvBUvi bvg cwiwPZ| Lwb _K AvnwiZ Awe
mvwWqvg bvBUUK KvwjwP (caliche) ejv nq| `wY AvgwiKvi wPwjZ cw_exi mePq eo KvwjwP Lwb iqQ|
KvwjwP _K mvwWqvg bvBUU, mvwWqvg mvjdU I AvqvwWb wbvlY Kiv nq| wk KviLvbvq mvWv Avmi mv_
bvBwUK GwmWi wewqv NwUq mvwWqvg bvBUU Zix Kiv nq|
Na2CO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
mvwWqg bvBUU bvBUvRb mvi, Lv` msiK, Mvb cvEWvi, KuvP,Gbvgj BZvw` ZixZ eeZ nq|
Avgvwbqvg bvBUU t K Zvcgvvq NH4NO3 GKwU mv`v `vbv`vi KwVb c`v_|
wk KviLvbvq Mvp bvBwUKGwmW Avgvwbqv Mvm Pvjbv Ki Zij Avgvwbqvg bvBUU
Zix Kiv nq| Zij Avgvwbqvg bvBUUK wbhwZ Zvcgvvq Dvc Mvp Ki c
Ki kxZj Kij `vbv`vi NH4NO3 cvIqv hvq|
HNO3(aq) + NH3(g) NH4NO3(aq)
[ Avgvwbqvg bvBUU ]
ok
Avgvwbqvg bvBUU AwwZkxj hvM| AveiYhy `vbv`vi NH4NO3 Kwl bvBUvRb mvi, BcvfvBRW
weviK, jvwds Mvm BZvw` ZixZ eeZ nq|
r.e
bo
bvBUUmg~ni wewqv t
/ta
nb
i
bo
ok
.
co
(L) gvSvix ev Kg mwq avZzi bvBUUmg~nK D Kij Giv Zvc wehvwRZ nq avZz AvBW, bvBUvRb
WvBAvBW I AwRb Mvm Zix Ki| hgb:
.fa
ce
(M) Avgvwbqvg bvBUU GKwU fvbceb hM | GK D Kij Zv wehvwRZ nq bvBUvm AvBW I cvwb Drcb
Ki|
33
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
(L) bvBUU Avqb mbvKiYi wm cixv / `eY bvBUU Avqb mbvKiY(ejq cixv) t
GKwU cixvbj bvBUU jeYi `eY wbq Gi mv_ wb cwigvb m` cZ divm mvjdU `eY hvM Ki fvjfve
wgwkq D wgkY Aci GKwU cixv bj nZ Mvp H2SO4 cixv
bji Mv eq A A Ki hvM Kiv nj `yB Ziji mshvM j
cUv AvKzqv bvBUvmv divmmvjdUi ev`vgx ejq ev wis Zix
(Mvp H2SO4)
nq|
ev`vgx ejq
2
4
dmdivm(Phosphorous)
1.10.0 cwiwPwZ
1674 mvj Rvgb Kwg ev(Brand)dmdivm Avwevi Kib Ges 1775 mvj divmx imvqbwe` jveqwmqi
gjwUi bvg `b dmdivm| dmdivm bvgwU MxK k dm div(phos phero) Z_v Avjv aviYKvix nZ bqv
nqQ| kZ dmdivmK evq~Z iL w`j GwU Rj Avjv Qovq ej Gic bvgKiY Kiv nqQ|
C
P4(s) + O2(g) 25
P4O6(s)
bvBUvRb cigvYyi gZ dmdivmi ewn:kwi p-AiweUvjmg~n Aac~Y Ges mylg Aevq _vKjI P-cigvYyi
hvRZv i 3q kwi(M-kj) nIqvq P-cigvYyi AvKvi N-cigvby Acv AbKUv eo|
34
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
3d
3p
3s
15P
[ hvRZv = 3 ]
3d
3p
3s
*
1
1
1
1
1
15P [Ne] 3s 3p x 3p y 3p z 3d
[ P-cigvYy
P-cigvYyi AvKvi eo nIqvi KviY `ywU dmdivm cigvYyi 3p1x 3p1x AiweUvjqi gyLvgywL Awagbi viv
wmMgv() eb MVbi ci Aewk 3p1y I 3p1z AiweUvjjv cii cvwkq Awagb NUvZ cvi bv| dj
dmdivm bvBUvRbi gZ PP w-eb MVb KiZ cvi bv| G cZK P-cigvYy Zvi 3wU 3p AiweUvji
mv_ Aci 3wU P-cigvYyi 3p -AiweUvji cvwq Awagb NwUq 3wU -eb MVbi gvag P4-AYy MVb Ki|
P4-AYyi AvKwZ mylg PZzjKxq ; GZ P-P-P eb Kvb 600 | P4 AbyZ P-cigvYymg~n cii P-P GKK eb
hy _vKvq Ges P-P-P eb Kvbi cwigvb Kg nIqvq KviY Gi ebjvZ AwaK cxob(stress) we`gvb _vK|
dj P4 AYy AbKUv AwwZkxj nq| kZ dmdivm P4 AYyjv cii cvq wewQb Aevq _K cii `yej
fviIqvj ej viv Ave _vK| GB KviY kZ dmdivm P-P eb weqvRb Gvjwc(209kJmol-1) N2-AYy (NN eb weqvRb Gvjwc 945kJmol-1) Acv ek Kg nq Ges kZ dmdivm ek mwq nq|
Aciw`K, jvwnZ I Kvj dmdivm njv dmdivmi vqx icf`| MVbi w`K _K jvwnZ dmdivm njv
dmdivmi GKwU DP cwjgvi(Pn)|
600
[ P- cigvby ]
.fa
ce
bo
ok
.
co
mv`v dmdivm
/ta
nb
i
r.e
bo
ok
jvwnZ I Kvj dmdivm P-cigvYymg~n ixf~Z MvVwbK webvm (Layer Structure) hy _vK ej G`i AvbweK
KvVvgvZ P-P-P eb Kvb 600 Acv eo nq| dj G`i AYyZ ebjvi Dci cxobi gvb AbKUv nvm
cvq| ixf~Z cwjgvi MVi I ebjvi Dci cxobi gvb Kg nIqvi KviY jvwnZ dmdivm Kg mwq nq Ges
Kvj dmdivm AZ mywZ I wbwq nq|
jvj dmdivm
35
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
250 0 C, I 2 , N 2
kZ dmdivm(P4)
jvwnZ dmdivm(Pn)
jvwnZ dmdivmi kZ dmdivm icvi t
jvwnZ dmdivmK wbwq cwiek hgb: bvBUvRb Mvm 5500C Zvcgvvq D Kij dmdivm ev Zix nq|
Drcb dmdivm evK `Z kxZj Kij P4 AYy MVbi gvag kZ dmdivm Zix nq |
550 0 C, N 2
`
Z kZ dmdivm(P )
jvwnZ dmdivm(Pn)
dmdivm(P)ev
4
kxZjKiY
1200 0 C
6CaSiO3 + 2P2O5
2Ca3(PO4)2 + 6SiO2
36
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
ok
r.e
bo
nb
i
1.10.8.1 P2O5 Gi A ag t
/ta
(K) P2O5 Vvv cvwbi mv_ wewqv Ki gUv dmdwiK GwmW Zix Ki|
P2O5(s) + H2O(l) 2HPO3(l)
co
ce
bo
ok
.
(L) P2O5 Mig cvwbi mv_ wewqv Ki A_v dmdwiK GwmW Zix Ki|
ZvB dmdivm cUv AvBWK dmdwiK AvbnvBWvBW ejv nq|
.fa
(M) P2O5, NaOH Gi Vvv I Mig `eYi mv_ wewqv Ki h_vg mvwWqvg gUv dmdU I mvwWqvg dmdU
Zix Ki|
P2O5(s) + 2NaOH(aq) 2NaPO3(l) + H2O(l) [ kxZj Aevq ]
P2O5(s) + 6NaOH(aq) 2Na3PO4(s) + 3H2O(l) [ Mig Aevq ]
Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com
37
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
1.10.8.3 P2O5 Gi eenvi t P2O5 wbi`K wnmve, dmdwiK GwmW I N2O5 ZixZ eeZ nq|
WvB dmwdb t nvBWvwRbi Abyic WvB dmwdb(P2H4) njv dmdivmi GKwU nvBWvBW| dmwdb Zixi mgq
cvkvcvwk mgvb cwigvb WvB dmwdb Zix nq|
38
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
dmdvwbK GwmW GKwU gag kwi w-viKxq GwmW| GwU wbR Ges Gi jeYmg~n weRviK wnmve wqv Ki|
Zix nq|
P2O5 (s) + 3H2O(l) 2H3PO4(aq)
[ wP: 1.13 H3PO4 Abyi MVb ]
wk dmdivBU AvKwiKi mv_ AaNb H2SO4 hy Ki wgkYK dzwUq dmdwiK GwmW I Kvjwmqvg mvjdU
Zix Kiv nq| AZci Drcb wgkYK cwimveY Ki cv cwimyZK Dvc Mvp Ki dmdwiK GwmWi wmivcx Zij
(85% H3PO4 ) Zix Kiv nq|
nb
i
r.e
bo
ok
Kwl bvBUvRb I dmdivm hMi iZ Acwimxg| meyR Dw` Kvivwdji DcwwZZ mvjvKmsklYi
gvag mKiv Zix Ki Zvi `ni ew I weKvk NUvq| Avi GB Kvivwdj njv bvBUvRb MwVZ GKwU RwUj|
Avevi dmdivm Dw` `ni KvK `p I gReyZ KiZ Ges g~ji ewZ f~wgKv ivL| Dw` g~ji mvnvh gvwU
nZ bvBUvRbK bvBUU I Avgvwbqvg jeY wnmve Ges dmdivmK dmdU jeY wnmve kvlY Ki Zvi Pvwn`v
wgUvq| GKB RwgZ eve evi Pvlvev`i KviY gvwUZ bvBUvRb I dmdivm jeYi NvUwZ `Lv `q| dj gvwUi
DeiZv nvm cvq| ZvB Kwl KvR gvwUi DeiZv ivq gvwUZ ivmvqwbK mvi wnmve bvBUvRb I dmdivm hM
ecKfve cqvM Kiv nq| wbg ivmvqwbK mvi wnmve eeZ nq Ggb KqKwU bvBUvRb I dmdivm hMi
cwiwPwZ aiZzjv njv|
bvBUvRb mvi
.fa
ce
bo
ok
.
co
/ta
bvBUvRb hMi ga cavbZ BDwiqv bvBUvRb mvi wnmve eeZ nq| evsjv`k cjvk BDwiqv mvi KviLvbvNvovkvj ; wRqv mvi KviLvbv-AvM ; hgybv mvi KviLvbv-Rvgvjcyi ; PMvg BDwiqv mvi KviLvbv-PMvg I
cvKwZK Mvm mvi KviLvbv-dzM G cvKwZK Mvm _K cPzi cwigvb BDwiqv mvi Zix Kiv nq| Gme KviLvbvq
cvKwZK Mvm, evq~ I wgi cfveKxq widwgs viv N2, H2 I CO2 Mvm Zix Kiv nq| N2 I H2 nZ nevi
cwZZ NH3 msklY Ki NH3 Gi mv_ CO2 wewqv NwUq BDwiqv Zix Kiv nq|
39
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
dmdivm mvi
dmdivm mvijvi ga wmj mycvi dmdU(SSP) I wUcj mycvi dmdU(TSP) AbZg| ivmvqwbK fve
wmj mycvi dmdU(SSP) njv gbv Kvjwmqvg dmdU gbvnvBWU I wRcmvgi wgkY| Gi msKZ t [Ca
(H2PO4)2.H2O + CaSO4.2H2O ] | SSP mvi 16-20% P2O5 _vK|
PzY-wePzY iK dmdU ev dmdvivBU AvKwiKi mv_ Mvp H2SO4 Gi wewqv viv SSP mvi Zix Kiv nq|
gj
Oxygen(AwRb)
Sulphur(mvjdvi)
Selenium (mwjwbqvg)
Tellurium (Ujvwiqvg)
Polonium (cjvwbqvg)
cZxK
BjKUb msLv / kj
O
S
2, 6
2, 8, 6
Se
Te
Po
2, 8, 18, 6
2, 8, 18, 18, 6
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6
16S
34Se
52Te
84Po
1s2 2s22p4
[Ne]10 3s23p4
[Ar]18 3d10 4s24p4
[Kr]36 4d10 4f 0 5s2 5p4
[Xe]54 4f 14 5d10 5f 0 6s26p4
40
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
Mc-VIA Gi gjjvi BjKUb webvm jbxq h,
1| G`i cZKi cigvbyi ewn:kwi 6wU Ki BjKUb iqQ ;
2| G`i cigvbyi ewn:kwii mvaviY BjKUb webvm : ns2np4 [ n=2 6 )
3| Giv mevB P-eK gj|
0.074
0.104
685
990
962
0.114
0.137
0.152
0.140
0.184
0.198
0.221
0.230
1323
1007
948
876
820
(cvDwjj4.0
)
AvqbxKiY kw
(kJ mol-1)
-183
444
ZworFbvZKZv
AvqwbK
emva (nm)
-219
113(rh)
217
450
254
cvigvbweK
emva (nm)
MjbvsK
Mvm
KwVb
KwVb
KwVb
KwVb
( Tb 0 C )
fZvev
8
16
34
52
84
zUbvsK
cvigvbweK
msLv (Z)
O
S
Se
Te
Po
( Tm0C )
gj
3.5
2.44
2.4
2.1
2.0
Mc-VIA Gi gjjvi ga AwRb AbKUv evwZgx gj| K ZvcgvZvq AwRb Mvm njI evwK gj
jv KwVb| cvigvbweK msLv ewi mv_ mv_ Mc-VIA Gi gjjvi cigvbyi AvKvi , MjbvsK I zUbvsK ew
cvq| Avevi G`i cvigvbweK msLv ewi mv_ mv_ AvqwbKiY kw I ZworFbvZKZv nvm cvq| AwRb evwZg
nIqvi KviY Gi ZworFbvZKZv AbK ewk(3.5) Ges hvRbx wi(2)|
r.e
bo
2-
2+
ok
CaO
bo
ok
.
co
/ta
nb
i
jbxq h, Mc-VIAGi gjjvi ga AwRb Qvov evwK gjmg~ni ZworFbvZKZv Kg ej Giv aygv Zxe
Zwor abvZK gji mv_ AvqwbK hM MVb Ki|
(L) mghvRx hM MVb t Mc-VIAGi gjjvi cigvYyi ewn:kwi `ywU wb:m BjKUb iqQ| Giv Ab
cigvYyi mv_ G `ywU wb:m BjKUb kqvi Ki wbwq gji gZ AK c~YZvi gvag mghvRZv 2 c`kb Ki
mghvRx hM MVb Ki| hgb:
2p
2
2
2
1
1
8O 1s 2s 2p x 2p y 2p z /
2s
H H O H H O H
.fa
H + O +
ce
41
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
Mc-VIAGi gjjvi ga AwRb Qvov evwKjvi cigvYyi ewn:kwi duvKv d-AiwUvj _Kvq Giv
mghvRZv 2 c`kbi cvkvcvwk 4 I 6 mghvRZv c`kb Ki| hgb: mvjdvi 2, 4 I 6 mghvRZv `Lvq|
16S
16S
[ S-cigvYyi 2 mghvRZv ]
3d
3p
3s
3d
[Ne]10 3s1 3p1x 3p1y 3p1z 3d1xy 3d1yz [ hvRbx 6] / 3p
[ S-cigvYyi 6 mghvRZv ]
3s
H2S, SF4, SF6 hM wZbwUZ mvjdvi h_vg 2, 4 I 6 mghvRZv c`kY Ki|
16S
1.12.3.2 cvigvbweK msLv ewi mv_ mv_ Mc-VIAGi gjjvi mwqZv nvm cvq t
Mc-VIAGi gjjvi cvigvbweK msLv ewi mv_ mv_ G`i mwqZv nvm cvq| hgb vi avZz I grviavZzmg~n A Zvc AwRbi mv_ wewqv Ki AvBW MVb Ki| wK D avZzmg~n mvjdvii mv_ Abyic
mvjdvBW MVbKvj AwaK Zvcgvvi cqvRb nq| Gme avZz mvaviYZ mjbvBW I UjyivBW MVb Ki bv|
cvigvbweK msLv ewi mv_ Mc-VIAGi gjjvi ZworFbvZKZv nvm cvIqvi KviYB Gic NU|
1s 2 2s 2 2p 2x 2p1y 2p1z
2p
2s
Aciw`K, mvjdvii hvRZv i 3q kwi nIqvq Gi cigvbyi AvKvi AwRb Acv eo Ges ZworFbvZKZv
(2.44)AwRb Acv Kg| mvjdvii ewnkwi `ywU wb:m BjKUb _vKvq GwU Ab gji mv_ 2wU BjKUb
kqvi Ki ev Ab gj nZ 2wU BjKUb MnY Ki AK c~YZvi gvag 2 hvRZv I RviYvev c`kY Ki| Ze
S-cgvYyi ewnkwi duvKv d -AiweUvji DcwZ _vKvi KviY wewfb Aevq Gi ewn:ii 3p Ges 3s -AiweUvj
we`gvb BjKUb hyMj f ewn: duvKv 3d -AiweUvj vbvwiZ nq ; GZ wewfb Aevq mvjdvii ewn:kwi
4wU ev 6wU AhyMj BjKUbi mw nq Ges mvjdvi 4 I 6 hvRZv I RviYvev c`kY Ki| H2S, SF4, SF6
hM wZbwUZ mvjdvi h_vg 2, 4 I 6 mghvRZv c`kY Ki|
16S
16S
16S
3p
[Ne] 3s 2 3p 2x 3p1y 3p1z [ hvRbx 2] /
3s
3d
3p
3s
3d
3p
3s
AZGe, AwRb cigvYyi AwaK ZworFbvZKv I Ges GZ d -AiweUvji AbycwwZi KviY Gi hvRbx I
RviYvev wi | Aciw`K, mvjdvi cigvbyi ZworFbvZKZv Kg Ges GZ d -AiweUvji DcwwZi KviY Gi
hvRbx I RviYvev cwieZbkxj |
42
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
**
AwK&Rbi hvRbx(2) I RviYvev (+2) wi ejB GwU OF6 MVb KiZ cvi bv|
1.12.3.5 cvigvbweK msLv ewi mv_ mv_ Mc-VIAGi gjjvi nvBWvBWi wwZkxjZv nvm
cvq, AagxZv I weRviYagxZv ew cvq|
Mc-VIAGi gjjv -2 RviY msLv wewk nvBWvBW MVb Ki| hgb : H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te, H2Po |
cvigvbweK msLv ewi mv_ mv_ Mc-VIAGi gjjvi nvBWvBWmg~ni wwZkxjZv gv^q nvm cvq| G`i
ga GKgv H2O B wwZkxj| mvaviY Zvcgvvq H2O eY I Mnxb Zij(cvwb) njI Abvb nvBWvBWjv Zxe
Mhy welv Mvm| hgb H2S cPv wWgi Mhy welv Mvm| mvaviY Zvcgvvq H2O Abymg~n nvBWvRb ebi
gvag hy nq eo AvKvii AvbweK Q Zix Ki ej mvaviY Zvcgvvq H2O Zij Aevq weivR Ki| wK
Abvb nvBWvBWmg~n Kvb nvBWvRb eb _vK bv ej Giv mvaviY Aevq Mvm wnmve weivR Ki|
Avevi, cvigvbweK msLv ewi mv_ mv_ Mc-VIAGi gjjvi nvBWvBWmg~ni AagxZv I weRviY gZv ew
cvq| hgb H2O ckg I weRvK bv njI H2S Aagx I weRviK| cvigvbweK msLv ewi mv_ mv_ Mc-VIAGi
gjjvi nvBWvBWmg~ni vwqZ nvmi gvag mwqZv ewi KviY Gic NU|
1.12.3.6 mvaviY Zvcgvvq H2O Zij njI H2S Mvmxq Aevq weivR Ki t
co
/ta
nb
i
nvBWvRb eb
r.e
bo
ok
AwRbi hvRZv i 2q kwi nIqvq Gi cigvbyi AvKvi QvU Ges ZworFbvZKZv A^vfvweK iKgi
ewk(3.5)| nvBWvRb I AwRbi ZworFbvZKZvi cv_K AwaK nIqvq HO mghvRx ebi eb Rvo
BjKUb gvSvgvwS Aevb _K mi AwRb cigvYyi w`K cwie nq ; dj HO eb cvjvwiwU ARb Ki
Ges H2O Aby cvjvi nq| K Zvcgvvq H2O Gi cvjvi AYymg~n cii nvBWvRb ebi gvag hy nq
QvKvi Aevb Ki| GB KviY mvaviY Aevq H2O Zij Aevq weivR Ki|
ok
.
.fa
ce
bo
Aciw`K, mvjdvi cigvYyi hvRZv i 3q kwi nIqvq Gi cigvYyi AvKvi AbKUv eo Ges ZworFbvZKZv
AwRb Acv Kg (2.44)| nvBWvRb I mvjdvii ZworFbvZKZvi cv_K AwaK bv nIqvq HS mghvRx
ebi cvjvwiwU LyeB Kg | ZvB mvaviY Zvcggvvq H2S Gi AYymg~ni ga Avqx WvBcvj-WvBcvj eb
Z_v fviIqvj ej wqv Ki Ges H2S AYymg~n cvq gyvevq weivR Ki| GB KviYB mvaviY Aevq H2O
Zij Aevq weivR KijI H2S Mvm Aevq weivR Ki|
Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com
43
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
44
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
AwRb(Oxygen)
1.13.0 AwRbi Aevb t AwRbi cavb Drm njv evq~gj| evq~ gji gvU AvqZbi 21% AwRb
Mvm| cvwbZ A cwigvb AwRb `exf~Z Aevq iqQ| ZvQvov f~-ZKi gvU fii 89% AwRb hM viv
Zix| wewfb AvBW, KvebU, mvjdU, bvBUU, dmdU, wmwjKU, vP, mjyjvR, cvwUb, wbDwKK GwmW BZvw`
hMmg~ni meB AwRbi hM|
O + O
O
O O
O O2
AwRbi MjbvsK I zUbvsK h_vg -219 C I -1830C| AwRb AZ mwq gj ej wbwq gj Qvov
cvq mKj gji mv_ hM MVb Ki|
1.13.2 AwRbi Drcv`b t wk Zij evq~K AvswkK cvZb Ki AwRbi evwbwRK Drcv`b Kiv
nq| wj cwZZ evq~K Zij Ki AvswkK cvZb Kij cvZb Kjvg -1960C Zvcgvvq bvBUvRb Mvm Ges 1830C Zvcgvvq AwRb Mvm cvIqv hvq| Drcb AwRb MvmK DP Pvc wmwjvi fi eenvii Rb
mieivn Kiv nq|
1.13.3 AwRbi eenvi t AwRb GKwU AwZe iZc~Y gj| Rxe`ni kmb wqvq AwRb eeZ
nq| kmb cwqvq Drcb Zvckw w`qB Rxe mRxe I Kgg nq|
Re spiration
C 6 H12O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O Heat
IqjwWs ev SvjvBqi KviLvbvq avZz KvUv, Rvov jvMvbvi KvR eeZ DP Zvcgvv mwKvix Aw-AvwmwUwjb ev
Aw-nvBWvRb wkLv Zixi KvR AwRb Mvm eeZ nq| gyg~l ivMx, Wyeyix, ceZvivnx, Lwb kwgK`i Kwgfve
kvm-ckv m Pvjvbvi Rb AwRb Mvm eeZ nq|
1.13.4 AwRbi hM t AwRb GKwU mwq gj| wbwq Mvm Qvov cvq mKj gji mv_ AwRb hM
MVb Ki| f~-ZKi gvU fii 89% AwRb hM viv Zix| wewfb avZe I AavZe AvBW, KvebU, mvjdU,
bvBUU, dmdU I wmwjKUmg~n AwRbi hM| vP, mjyjvR, cvwUb, wbDwKK GwmW, AvjKvnj,
AvjwWnvBW, wKUvb, dvwU GwmW, dbj BZvw` Re hMmg~ni meB AwRbi hM|
1.13.5 AvBWmg~n t AwRbi mv_ Ab gji wewqvq Drcb w-gj hMmg~nK AvBW ej|
hgb:
C O2
CO 2 ;
2Na 2 O
S O2
SO 2 ; 4Na O 2
ok
r.e
bo
h_v :
1.13.5.1 AvBWmg~ni kYx webvmt AvBWmg~nK cavbZ `ywU kYxZ fvM Kiv hvq|
/ta
nb
i
co
G Qvov cvi AvBW, mycvi AvBW, mve AvBW, cwj AvBW I hwMK ev wgk AvBW bvgi AvBW iqQ|
ok
.
1.13.5.2 avZz AvBW : avZzi mv_ AwRbi wewqvq Drcb AvBWK avZz AvBW ej| hgb: CaO,
bo
ce
1.13.5.3 AavZz AvBW : AavZzi mv_ AwRbi wewqvq Drcb AvBWK AavZz AvBW ej| hgb:
.fa
45
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
1.13.5.4 Axq ev GwmwWK AvBW : h mKj AvBW cvwbi mv_ wewqv Ki GwmW ev A Zix Ki Ges
vii mv_ wewqv Ki jeY I cvwb Zix Ki Zv`iK Axq ev GwmwWK AvBW ej| mvaviYZ AavZzi
AvBWmg~n Axq ev Aagx AvBW wnmve wqv Ki|
hgb : CO2, NO2, N2O3, N2O5, SO2, SO3, P2O5 BZvw` Axq ev GwmwWK AvBWi D`vniY|
(1) NO2 Gi AagxZv : NO2 cvwbi mv_ wewqv Ki bvBwUK GwmW I bvBUvm GwmW Ges vii mv_
wewqv Ki jeY I cvwb Zix Ki| GZ cgvwbZ nq NO2 Aagx |
2NO2(g) + H2O HNO3(aq) + HNO2(aq)
2NO2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) NaNO3(aq) + NaNO2(aq) + H2O(l)
(2) N2O5 Gi AagxZv t N2O5 cvwbi mv_ wewqv Ki bvBwUK GwmW Ges vii mv_ wewqv Ki jeY I
cvwb Zix Ki| GZ cgvwbZ nq N2O5 Aagx|
N2O5(s) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq)
N2O5(l) + 2NaOH(aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
(3) SO2Gi AagxZv t SO2 cvwbi mv_ wewqv Ki mvjwdDivm GwmW Ges vii mv_ wewqv Ki jeY I
cvwb Zix Ki| GZ cgvwbZ nq SO2 Aagx|
SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)
SO2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)
(4) SO3Gi AagxZv t SO3 cwbi mv_ wewqv Ki mvjwdDwiK GwmW Ges vii mv_ wewqv Ki jeY I
cvwb Zix Ki| GZ cgvwbZ nq SO3 Aagx|
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
SO3(g) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
(5) P2O5 Gi AagxZv t P2O5 Vvv cvwbi mv_ wewqv Ki gUv dmdwiK Ges Mig cvwbi mv_ wewqv
Ki A_v dmdwiK GwmW Zix Ki|
P2O5(s) + H2O(l) 2HPO3(l)
1.13.5.5 viKxq ev ewmK AvBW t h mKj AvBW cvwbi mv_ wewqv Ki viK Zix Ki Ges
GwmWi mv_ wewqv Ki jeY I cvwb Zix Ki Zv`iK viKxq ev ewmK AvBW ej| mvaviYZ avZzi
AvBWmg~n viKxq ev ewmK AvBW wnmve wqv Ki|
hgb : CaO, Na2O, MgO, K2O BZvw` viKxq ev ewmK AvBWi D`vniY|
viKxq AvBWi ewk njv- G`i AbK cvwbi mv_ wewqv Ki vi Zix Ki Ges GwmWi mv_ wewqv
Ki jeY I cvwb Zix Ki|
Na2O + H2O 2NaOH(vi) ; Na2O + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
; CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O
h mKj AvBW Kvb wewqvq GwmW Ges Kvb wewqvq viK wnmve
wqv Ki A_vr h mKj AvBW cwieki cwZ GwmW I viK Dfqic wewqv Ki Zv`iK Dfqagx
AvBW ej| hgb: Al2O3, ZnO, PbO, SnO BZvw` Dfqagx AvBWi D`vniY|
46
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
(1) Al2O3 Gi Dfqagx AvBW wnmve wqv t Al2O3, HCl-GwmWK ckwgZ Ki jeY I cvwb Zix
Ki| G Al2O3 viK wnmve wqv Ki|
6HCl + Al2O3 2AlCl3 + 3H2O [ Al2O3 viK ]
Avevi-Al2O3, vi NaOH K ckwgZ Ki jeY I cvwb Zix Ki| G Al2O3 GwmW wnmve wqv Ki|
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O [ Al2O3 GwmW ]
(2) ZnO Gi Dfqagx AvBW wnmve wqv t ZnO, HCl-GwmWK ckwgZ Ki jeY I cvwb Zix Ki|
G ZnO viK wnmve wqv Ki|
2HCl + ZnO ZnCl2 + H2O [ ZnOviK ]
Avevi- ZnO vi NaOH K ckwgZ Ki jeY I cvwb Zix Ki| G ZnO GwmW wnmve wqv Ki|
ZnO + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2O [ZnO GwmW ]
(3) PbO Gi Dfqagx AvBW wnmve wqv t PbO , HCl-GwmWK ckwgZ Ki jeY I cvwb Zix Ki|
G PbO viK wnmve wqv Ki|
2HCl + PbO PbCl2 + H2O [ PbO viK ]
Avevi- PbO vi NaOH K ckwgZ Ki jeY I cvwb Zix Ki| G PbO GwmW wnmve wqv Ki|
PbO + 2NaOH 2Na2PbO2 + H2O [ PbO GwmW ]
Z_v hviv Kvb GwmwWK ev viK ag `Lvq bv Zv`iK wbic ev ckg AvBW ej| hgb: CO, N2O, NO,
H2O BZvw` ckg ev wbic AvBWi D`vniY|
1.13.6.0 cviAvBW t h mKj AvBW mvaviY Axq ev viKxq AvBW Acv AwaK cwigvb AwRb
hy _vK Ges LwbR GwmWi mv_ wewqv Ki nvBWvRb cviAvBW Zix Ki Zv`iK cvi AvBW ej| hgb:
Na2O2, BaO2 BZvw` |
BaO2 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2O2
1.13.6.1 cwjAvBW t h mKj AvBW mvaviY Axq ev viKxq AvBW Acv AwaK cwigvb AwRb
hy _vK Ges LwbR GwmWi mv_ wewqv Ki nvBWvRb cviAvBW Zix Ki bv Zv`iK cwj AvBW ej|
hgb: MnO2, PbO2 BZvw` |
PbO2 + 4HCl PbCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
r.e
bo
ok
/ta
nb
i
h mKj AvBW GKB gji `ywU wfb RviYvevq weivRgvb AvBWi mg^q
MwVZ nq Zv`iK wgk AvBW ev hwMK AvBW ej| hgb: divmv dwiK AvBW (Fe3O4) GKwU wgk ev
hwMK AvBW| GwU divm AvBW (FeO) I dwiK AvBW(Fe2O3) Gi mg^q MwVZ|
Fe3O4 = FeO.Fe2O3 ; iW AvvBW (Pb3O4)wgk AvBW | Pb3O4= 2PbO.PbO2
co
.fa
ce
bo
ok
.
47
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
5 | PbO2 jW mqK Kvl ZixZ eeZ nq|
6 | avZz wbvkb CaO I SiO2 weMvjK wnmve eeZ nq|
7 | CaO `vjvb-KvVvi PzbKvg, KwjPzb Drcv`b, cvb LvIqvi KvR, mvWv-jvBg ZixZ, wbi`K wnmve
eeZ nq|
8 | ZnO PvqwbR nvqvBU is, PgivMi gjg ev xg I cmvab KvR dm&cvDWvi wnmve Ges `uvZi wPwKrmvq
eZ nq|
9 | AavZzi AvBWjvi ga CO2Gi ewe` eenvi iqQ| CO2 WvB AvBm ZixZ, mjf cwZZ
mvWvAvm ZixZ, Kvgj cvwbq ev mvWv IqvUvi hgb-ccwm, mfbAvc, vBU BZvw` ZixZ , Avb
wbfvbvi KvR eeZ nq|
10 | SO3 I P2O5 wbi`K wnmve eeZ nq|
11 | H2O2 Gi 30% cvwbq `eY (cvinvBWj) RviK, weiK I RxevbybvkK wnmve wqv Ki|
12 | nvBWvRbi iZc~Y AvBW njv cvwb(H2O)| Avgv`i GB my`i cw_ex I Gi RxeK~ji mw I Rxeb
aviYi g~j iqQ cvwb|
mvjdvi (Sulfur)
1.14.0 cwiwPwZ t
[Crown-shaped S8 Aby ]
48
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
1.14.1 mvjdvii Drm t hyiv, B`vbwmqv, Rvcvb, wmwmwj,gvwKv cfwZ `k AvMqwMwi Aji LwbZ
ev f~-Mf gwjK mvjdvi cvIqv hvq| mvaviYZ cKwZKfve hM wnmve weivRgvb mvjdvi Drmjv njv (K) mvjdvBW LwbR t AvqibwcivBU-FeS2, wmbevi(cinnabar)-HgS,
Mvjbv(galena) PbS, wRsKe (sphalerite) -ZnS,
Kcvi wcivBU-CuFeS2 ,webvBU (stibnite)-Sb2S3 BZvw`|
(L) mvjdU LwbR t wRcmvg(gypsum)-CaSO4.2H2O , eivBU(barite)-BaSO4 ,
Bcmg jeY-MgSO4.7H2O BZvw`|
r.e
bo
ok
Kvb gji cKwZZ wewfb fZvevq weivR Kivi agK eicZv ej| h me gj ecZv ag `Lvq Zv`iK
eicx gj ej| Kvb eicx gji GK GKwU fZvevK Gi GK GKwU icf` ev allotrope ej | mvjdvi
GKwU eicx gj| Gi 30 wUiI ewk KwVb icf` AvQ|
0
2300C
nvjKv njy` 180 C Mvp Kgjv
Zij mvjdvi
Zij mvjdvi
0
gbvwKwbK 113 C
mvjdvi
0
iw^K 95.6 C
mvjdvi
.fa
ce
bo
ok
.
co
/ta
nb
i
KvjP KwVb
mvjdvi
49
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
1.14.5 mvjdvii ag t
mvjdvi nvjKv njya KwVb c`v_| gwjK mvjdvi g`y Mhy| mvjdvi cvwbZ A`eYxq wK Kveb WvB mvjdvBW
`eYxq| mvjdvi evq~Z bxj wkLvmn Rj SO2 Mvm Zix Ki| mvjdvi cwieZmkxj WvRbx I RviY msLv c`kb
Ki| Gi mvaviY RviY msLv njv 2, +2, +4 Ges +6. mvjdvi wmwq
Mvm Qvov cvq mKj gji mv_ mywZ hM MVb Ki| mvjdvii GKwU ewZg ag
njv 200 0C Gi Dci GK hZB D KiZ _vKj cwjgvi MVbi KviY Gi
mv`Zv(viscosity) ew cZ _vK| 2000C Gi Dci mvjdvi KvjP jvj eY aviY
Ki| AwZ DP Zvcgvvq mvjdvii cwjgvi MVb f hvq ej cybivq Gi mv`Zv
nvm cvq| MwjZ mvjdviK `Z kxZj Kij bgbxq A`vbv`vi mvjdvi cvIqv hvq|
mvjdvii MjbvsK 115.21C.
mvjdvii cavb `ywU AvBW njv : mvjdvi WvB AvBW(SO2) I mvjdvi UvB AvBW (SO3)| mvjdvii Abvb
AvBWjv njv mvjdvi gbvvBW(SO),mvjdvi mmKzBvBW(S2O3), WvB mvjdvi nvvBW(S2O7) , mvjdvi
UUvvBW(SO4) |
H2SO4
Cu
SO2
50
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
1.14.6.4 mvjdvi WvB AvBWi ag t SO2 GKwU eYnxb welv Mvm| GwU cvwbZ `exf~Z nq
mvjwdDivm GwmW Zix Ki ej GK mvjwdDivm AbnvBWvBW ej| SO2 evq~ Acv 2.5 b fvix | (evq~i Av:
NbZ 14.4, SO2 Gi Av: NbZ =64/2=32)| SO2 Aagx ; GwU RviK, weRviK I weiK wnmve wqv Ki|
SO2 Gi Abyi AvKwZ euvKvbv(bent) , GwU GKwU AK mmvwiZ hM, KviY Gi AbyZ mvjdvi cigvbyi Pvi w`K
5 Rvov BjKUb iqQ|
1| SO2 Gi Aag t SO2 cvwbZ `exf~Z nq mvjwdDivm GwmW Drcb Ki| ZvB SO2 Rjxq `eY bxj
wjUgvmK jvj Ki| ZvQvov, SO2 vii mv_ wewqv Ki jeY I cvwb Zix Ki| SO2 Gi Gme wewqv Gi
AZK cgvb Ki|
SO2 + H2O 2H+ + SO32- ; 2H+ + bxj wjUgvm jvj wjUgvm
SO2 + 2NaOH Na2SO3 + H2O
2| SO2 Gi weRviYag t
Av` SO2 Z_v SO2 Gi Rjxq `eY weRviK wnmve wqv Ki| hgb: Av` SO2 KvwiYK weRvwiZ Ki nvBWvRb
KvivBW Ges dwiK KvBWK weRvwiZ Ki divm KvivBW cwibZ Ki|
SO2 + 2H2O + Cl2 2HCl + H2SO4
SO2 + 2H2O + 2FeCl3 2HCl + H2SO4 + 2FeCl2
3| SO2 Gi RviYag t
Zxe weRviKi mv_ wewqvi mgq SO2 RviK wnmve KvR Ki| hgb : SO2 nvBWvRb mvjdvBWK RvwiZ Ki
G _K mvjdvi wegy Ki|
SO2 + 2H2S 3S + 2H2O
4| SO2 Gi weiY ag t
SO2 cvwb wm iwOb eK weRvwiZ Ki eYnxb Ki Z_v weiwZ Ki| GLvb SO2 I cvwbi wewqvq Drcb
cvigvbweK nvBWvRb weRviY wqvq AskMnY Ki| ZvB SO2 Gi weiY wqv mb Kivi Rb cwb AvekK |
r.e
bo
ok
/ta
nb
i
KvMRi g ev cv Zixi KviLvbvq SO2 weiK Z_v wewPs GRU wnmve eeZ nq| jbxq h, SO2 KZK
weiwZ eK `xN mgq hveZ Lvjv Aevq evq~Z iL w`j Zv cybivq evq~i AwRb viv RvwiZ nq eYhy nq
co| GKviY, SO2 viv weiwZ KvMRi Zix eBc cyivb nj AbKUv ev`vgx is aviY Ki|
co
ce
bo
ok
.
mvjwdDwiK GwmW Drcv`b SO2 GKwU gaeZx hM wnmve KvR Ki| SO2 KvMR wk weiK wnmve eeZ
nq| Zv Qvov ci GjvKvq cvwb kvabvMvi KvwiY viv cwikvwaZ cvwb(KvwibUW cvwb) nZ AwZwi KvwiY `yi
KiZ SO2 eeZ nq|
SO2 + Cl2 SO2Cl2 (sulfuryl chloride)
.fa
SO2 Gi Rxevbybvkb ag iqQ ej GwU mnbxq gvvq E220 bvg wcRvifwUf wnmve k~ dj, bvmcvwZ BZvw`
msiY I IqvBb ZixZ eeZ nq| mnR Zijxf~Z nq Ges evxfebi wjbZvc ewk ej SO2 evwoNi eei
wiwdRviUi wngvqK Zij wnmve eeZ nq|
Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com
51
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
( SO3)
cwZ t SO2 I O2 Mvm wgkYK 400-5000C Zvcgvvq D cvwUbvg AvmemUm cfveKi Dci w`q Pvjbv
Kij SO3 Gi mv`v auvqv Zix nq| Drcb MvmK eid kxZj wgkYi mvnvh Vvv Kij SO3 Gi m~Pvjv
Kjvm cvIqv hvq|
Pt,4000 C
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
ag t SO3 GKwU Aagx AvBW| GwU cwbZ `exf~Z nq mvjwdDwiK GwmW Zix Ki ej GK mvjwdDwiK
AbnvBWvBW ej| GwU viKi mv_ wewqv Ki mvjdU MVb Ki|
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
SO3(g) + CaO(s) CaSO4(aq)
SO3(g) + NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
SO3 , H2SO4 G `exf~Z nq cvBivmvjwdDwiK GwmW(H2S2O7) ev Iwjqvg MVb Ki| IwjqvgK Lvjv Aevq
iL w`j G _K SO3 Gi mv`v auvqv ei nZ _vK| GRb Iwjqvgi AviK bvg njv wdDwgs ev aygvqgvb
mvjwdDwiK GwmW|
SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) H2S2O7(l)
[ H2S2O7 = H2SO4.SO3 ]
SO3 Gi RviY ag t SO3 GKwU kwkvjx RviYgx AvBW| GwU Mvp H2SO4 Gi Abyic RviY ag `Lvq| hgb SO3 nvBWvRb AvqvWvBW K RvwiZ Ki G _K AvqvwWb wegy Ki|
nvBWvRb mvjdvBW(H2S)
1.15.0 cwiwPwZ
nvBWvRb mvjdvBW mvjdvii GKwU iZc~Y nvBWvBW| GwU eYnxb I cuPv wWgi Mwewk, SvSvjv welv Mvm|
Gi wewfb bvg iqQ ; hgb- mvjwdDiUW nvBWvRb, nvBWv mvjwdDwiK GwmW, mvjdb(sulfane), wmDqvi
Mvm(sewer gas), iUb GBM Mvm | Gi NbZ 1.363 g/L, gvjvi fi 34.082 g/mol , Mjbvq I zUbvsK
h_vg -82.30 C I -60.28 C| GwU cvwbZ A cwigvb `eYxq [ 0.4 g/100 mL (20 C) 0.25 g/100
mL (40 C)]|
AvbweK MVbt Abyi AvKwZ euvKv(bent),H-S-H ebKvb 92.10 ; S-H eb `N 133.6pm
1.15.1 H2S Gi cw Z
avZe mvjdvBWi mv_ cvwb ev RviYagx bq Ggb GwmWi jNy `eYi wewqvq H2S Zix nq| hgb :
Al2S3(s) + H2O(l) H2S(g) + Al2O3(s)
FeS(s) + HCl(aq) H2S(g) + FeCl2(aq)
FeS(s) + H2SO4(dil.) H2S(g) + FeSO4(aq)
jYxq h,avZe mvjdvBWi mv_ Mvp H2SO4 ev HNO3 Gi wewqv viv H2S Zix Kiv hvq bv | Gi KviY njv
Mvp H2SO4 ev HNO3 RviK wnmve wqv Ki| Mvp H2SO4 ev HNO3 DcwwZZ wewqvq Drcb H2S
weRviK wnmve wqv Ki; dj H2S RvwiZ nq mvjdvi cwibZ nq ; H2S Gi cwieZ mvjdvi Aa:w nq|
52
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
hgb- FeS Gi mv_ Mvp H2SO4 Gi wewqvq Drcb H2S MvmK AwZwi Mvp H2SO4 RvwiZ Ki mvjdvi
cwibZ Ki| dj H2S Gi cwieZ SO2 Mvm I mvjdvi Aa:w nq|
FeS(s) + H2SO4(conc.) H2S(g) + FeSO4(aq)
H2SO4(conc.) SO2(g) + H2O(l) + [O]
H2S(g) + [O] H2O(l) + S(s)
bxU wewqv t FeS(s) + 2H2SO4(conc.) FeSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s)
GKBfve, FeS Gi mv_ HNO3Gi wewqvq Drcb H2S MvmK AwZwi HNO3 RvwiZ Ki mvjdvi cwibZ
Ki| dj H2S Gi cwieZ NO2 Mvm I mvjdvi Aa:w nq|
FeS(s) + 2HNO3(conc.) H2S(g) + Fe(NO3)2 (aq)
2HNO3(conc.) 2NO2(g) + H2O(l) + [O]
H2S(g) + [O] H2O(l) + S(s)
bxU wewqv t FeS(s) + 4HNO3(conc.) Fe(NO3)2 (aq) + 2H2O(l) +2NO2(g) + S(s)
wKc hi MVb t wKc hwU wZbwU Lvovfve mwZ MvjKi mg^q MwVZ
w_mj dvbj
cKK&
ok
(e Aev)
r.e
bo
H2S Mvm
FeS evi
.fa
ce
bo
ok
.
co
/ta
nb
i
jNy H2SO4
gvag jNy H2SO4 viv wbPi MvjKwU c~Y Ki gvSi MvjKi FeS evimg~n
wbgwZ Kiv gv wewqv i nq | wewqvq Drcb H2S Mvm gvSi MvjK [wP t 1.17 Kipp's apparatus ]
Rgv nZ _vK Ges Mvmi Pvc ew cj Zv wbMg bj w`q ewiq Avm| GLb eenviKvix H2S Mvm eenvi kl
wbMg bji cKK&wU Nywiq e Ki w`j gvSi MvjKwUZ Drcb H2S Mvm Rgv nq cwigvb ew cZ _vK|
H2S Mvmi cwigvb ewi mv_ PvcI ew cZ _vK| GK mgq DP Pvc gvSi MvjKi H2SO4 wbPi MvjK
bg hvq Ges bj w`q Dcii MvjK cek Ki| dj FeS evi I H2SO4 msk enZ nq Ges wewqv e
nq hvq| Avevi,cKK&wU Nywiq H2S Mvm cevn,bqv gv gvSi MvjK H2S Mvmi Pvc nvm cvq ; dj Dcii
MvjK _K H2SO4 wbPi MvjK c~Y Ki gvSi MvjK cek Ki FeS evi Gi msk Avm Ges cybivq
wewqv i nq| Gfve wKc h H2S Mvmi mieivn wbj wewqv PjZ _vK Ges mieivn e Kij wewqv
_g hvq|
53
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
54
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
wgkY S Avqbi Nbgvvi h gvb cvIqv hvq ZvZ aygv Mc-II Gi KvUvqbhy mvjdvBW Aatw nq wK
Mc-IIIB Gi KvUvqbjv `eY `exf~Z Aevq _K hvq|
2-
[H ]2 [S2 ]
1.110 22
[H 2S]
hLb wewqv wgkY S2- Avqbi Nbgvv eo D mvjdvBmg~ni `veZv bdji gvbK AwZg Ki ZLbB Giv
Aatw nq|
ok
2| Kcvi(II)jeYi mv_ H2S Gi Aa:cY wewqv t Kcvi(II)jeYi `eYK jNy HCl GwmW hvM Axq Ki
GZ H2S Mvm Pvjbv Kij Kcvi(II)mvjdvBWi Kvjv Aa:c co|
H
Cu2+(aq) + H2S(g) CuS(s) +2H+(aq)
H
hgb: CuSO4(aq) + H2S(g) CuS(s) +2H2SO4 (aq)
/ta
nb
i
r.e
bo
3| wRsK jeYi mv_ H2S Gi Aa:cY wewqv t wRsK jeYi `eYK NH4Cl I NH4OH hvM vixq Ki
GZ H2S Mvm Pvjbv Kij wRsK mvjdvBWi mv`v Aa:c co|
Zn2+(aq) +2NH4OH + H2S(g) ZnS(s) +2NH4+(aq) +H2O(l)
hgb: ZnSO4(aq) +2NH4OH + H2S(g) ZnS(s) + (NH4)2SO4(aq) +H2O(l)
ok
.
co
H2S Mvmi SuvSvjv I cuPv wWgi M iqQ| jW AvwmUU `eY H2S Mvm Pvjbv Kij jW mvjdvBWi
Kvjv Aatc co| A_ev, H2S Mvm jWAvwmUU wm KvMR cek Kivj Zv Kvjv eY aviY Ki|
Pb(CH3COO)2(aq) + H2S(g) PbS(s) +2CH3COOH(aq)
ce
bo
.fa
55
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
wm cixv t mvjdvBW jeYK NaOH `eY hvM `exf~Z I vixq Ki GZ KqK duvUv bvBUv cmvBW `eY
hvM Kij ebx ev Mvjvcx eYi `eY Zix nq|
S2-(s) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2S(aq) + 2OH(aq)
Na2S(aq) + Na2[Fe(NO)(CN)5] Na4[Fe(NOS)(CN)5] (ebx)
[ mvwWqvg cUv mvqvbv mvjdv bvBUvmv diU(II) ]
mvjwdDwiK GwmW(H2SO4)
1.16.1 cwiwPwZ
mvjwdDwiK GwmW GKwU kwkvjx qKviK LwbR GwmW| Zxe cvwb Mvmx I mwq ej GwU evq~i Rjxq ev I
Abvb Dcv`vb viv Avv nq Ges wevevq _vK bv| we H2SO4 mQ ,eYnxb I Mwenxb AvVvjv Zij|
GwU cwbZ h Kvb Nbgvvq `eYxq| Gi NbZ 1.84 g/cm3 , MjbvsK I zUbvsK h_vg 10 C I 337 C|
cvZb
CuSO45H2O
CuO + H2SO4 + 4H2O
BDivwcqvb Avj& KwgMY H2SO4K Aqj Ae wfwUIj ev wwiU Ae wfwUIj ejZb| Latin k vitreus
(glass) nZ vitriol kwU D~Z| hv viv KuvP m`k Av` mvjdU jeYmg~nK evSvq| Avj& KwgMYi eeZ
wfwUIjmg~ni iZ wePvi ZrKvj wfwUIjK `vkwbKi cv_i(philosopher's stone) ejv nZv|
FeS2 + 3O2(air)
FeSO4 + SO2 ;
56
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
4HNO3(g)
4NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
Drcb Mvm wgkYK wewqv cKv cvwbZ `exf~Z Kij NO2 I H2O Gi wewqvq bvBUvm GwmW I bvBwUK
GwmW Zix nq| bvBwUK GwmWi mv_ wKQz SO2 bvBUvwmj mvjwdDwiK GwmW(fvqvjU GwmW) Zix Ki| ci
bvBUvm GwmW SO2 I bvBUvwmj mvjwdDwiK GwmWK RvwiZ Ki H2SO4, NO2 I NO G cwibZ Ki|
2NO2 + H2O HNO2 + HNO3
SO2(aq) + HNO3 NOHSO4
NOHSO4 + HNO2 H2SO4 + NO2 + NO
SO2(aq) + 2HNO2 H2SO4 + 2NO
wewqv cKv _K ei nq Avmv NO MvmK cybivq evq~ viv RvwiZ Ki NO2 G cwibZ Ki c~bivq eenvi
Kiv nq|
2NO(g) + O2(air) 2NO2(g)
mvweK cwqvwUZ NO2 Mvm GKevi kvwlZ nq Ges cybivq Drcvw`Z nq ej NO2 K P^vi cwZZ cfveK
wnmve weePbv Kiv nq Ges mvweK wewqvwUK wbgic `Lvbv nq|
NO2
2SO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + O2(g)
2H2SO4(aq)
cwZi eYbv t
1) wcivBU evYvi gwjK mvjdvi A_ev mvjdvi wewk LwbR Z_v wcivBU AvKwiKmg~nK evq~ cevn cvovbv
nq| GZ SO2 Mvm Zix nq|
r.e
bo
ok
2) bvBUvi Ifb bvBUvi ev wPwj mwcUviK Mvp H2SO4 Gi mv_ D Ki NO2 Mvm Zix Kiv nq|
AvaywbKKvj NH3 MvmK cvwUbvg cfveKi DcwwZZ evq~ viv RvwiZ Ki c_g NO Mvm I ci D
NO Mvm I evq~i wgkYK kxZj Ki NO2 Mvm cwibZ Kiv nq|
.fa
ce
bo
ok
.
co
/ta
nb
i
3) wcivBU evYi I bvBUvi Pzjx _K cv evmn 450-6500C Zvcgvvq Z Mvm(SO2 , NO2, evq~ I A
HNO3) wgkYK Mvevi UvIqvi(C) Gi wbP w`K _K Dci w`K Pvjbv Kiv nq| Mvfvi UvIqviwU GKwU
jW I GwmW cd BU I wmgU w`q Zix PKvbvKvi 10-17 dzU PIov 25-50 dzU DPz | Gi Afi
KvqvR I BUi Mfj w`q Zix cvwKs w`q c~Y Ki ivLv nq| Mvfvi UvIqvi cevwnZ D Mvm wgkY
cvwKs Gi duvK w`q Dci DVvi mgq wbP w`K cZbiZ jW P^vi(W)_K Avmv jNy H2SO4 (65%) I
M-jymvK UvIqvi(D)_K Avmv bvBUvwmj mvjwdDwiK(NOHSO4)GwmWi msk Avm Ges 701100C Zvcgvvq kxZj nq| cvkvcvwk Mvm wgkYi Dvc NOHSO4cvwb wekwlZ nq H2SO4, NO2
I NO Mvm Zix Ki| kxZj cwiek NO Mvm evq~ viv RvwiZ nq NO2 Mvm cwibZ nq|
2NOHSO4 + H2O
2H2SO4 + NO2 + NO ;
2NO(g) + O2 (air) 2NO2(g)
2NO2 + H2O HNO2 + HNO3
NOHSO4 + HNO2 H2SO4 + NO2 + NO
Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com
57
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
Mvfvi UvIqvi jWP^vi _K Avmv jNy H2SO4 cvwb nvwiq Nb nq Ges NOHSO4 wewk nq H2SO4
Zix Ki ej mvgMxKfve GZ 78% H2SO4 Zix nq|
NOHSO4
H2O
H2SO4
M-jymvK Uv&Iqvi(C)
jW P^vi(W)
jW P^vi(W)
jW P^vi(W)
Mvfvi Uv&Iqvi(D)
eR Mvm
78% H2SO4
(SO2,NO2,evq~ )
58
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
jbxq h, H2SO4 Gi evwbwRK Drcv`b SO2 Gi RviY viv SO3 Zixi wewqvwU1) Dfqg~Lx (wewqvwU GKB mgq myL I cvr Dfq w`K Pj) ,
2) Zvcvrcv`x ( cwZ gvj SO3 Mvm Drcv`bi Rb 197 wKjvRyj Zvc wbMZ nq) Ges
3) Mvmxq ; GZ AvqZbi msKzPb NU( 3 gvj wewqK 2 gvj Drcv` MVb Ki)|
myZivs jv-kvZwjqii bxwZ Abyhvqx D wewqvwUi wbg Zvcgvvq Ges DP Pvc Gi mvgvevi Aevb
Wvb mi wMq SO3 Drcv`bi nvi ew Kie| wK wbg Zvcgvvq wewqvwUi myL I cvr Dfq wewqvi nvi
LyeB Kg nIqvq Gi mvgvevq cQZ AbK mgq jvM| dj wbg Zvcgvvq LyeB wbg nvi SO3 Mvm Drcb nq
Ges H2SO4 evwbwRK Drcv`b AjvfRbK nq | ZvB immvqbwe`Mb k cwZZ mevP cwigvb H2SO4
Drcv`bi Rb Dchy cfveK eenvi Ki wewqv cwieki Zvcgvv I Pvc Dchy cwigvb ew Ki wbgv
AZvbyK~j kZvejx wbaviY Kib|
1|
Dchy cfveKi eenvi t imvqbwe`Mb SO3 Mvm Drcv`bi Dfqg~Lx wewqvwUi `Z mvgvev ARbi j
Dchy cfveK wnmve cvwUbvg ev V2O5 cfveK eenvi Kib| Ze cvwUbvg `vgx I mnRB cfveKwel viv
Av nq ej V2O5 KB Dchy cfveK wnmve eenvi Kiv nq| V2O5 Gi cfveb wqvi Kkj wbgic2SO2 + 4V5+ + 2O2- 2SO3 + 4V4+
4V4+ + O2 4V5+ + 2O2V O5
2SO3
2SO2 + O2 2
cfveKK cfveKwel nZ gy ivLv t mvjdvi evYvi nZ cv SO2 I evq~ wgkY we`gvb ayjvevwj ,mvjdvi
KYv I AvimwbK AvBW cfveK wel wnmve wqv Ki | ZvB SO2 I evq~ wgkYK Dchy cwqv viv
cfveKwel gy Kiv nq|
3|
wewqv cwiek AZvbyK~j Zvcgvv I Pvc eRvq ivLv t cixvj djvdj weklY Ki `Lv hvq h V2O5
cfveKi DcwwZZ wewqv cwieki AZvbyK~j Pvc 2atm.Ges AZvbyK~j Zvcgvv 4500C eRvq ivLj
mieivnKZ SO2 Gi 95% RvwiZ nq SO3 G cwibZ nq|
4|
Drcb SO3 K wewqv cwiek _K `Z mwiq bqv t wewqv cKv _K Drcb SO3 MvmK `yZ mwiq
wbj Dvc SO3 Gi wehvRb Z_v cvrg~Lx wewqvi nvi nvm cvq | GfveI SO3 Gi Drcv`b ew cvq|
G, Drcb SO3 K hZ `Z me cfveK cKv _K mwiq wbq GKvwaK kvlY UvIqvi 98%
H2SO4 viv kvwlZ Ki SO3 Gi wehvRb iva Ki Drcv`b ew Kiv nq|
5|
AcwiewZZ SO2 K wimvBKj ev cyb:eenvi Kiv t AcwiewZZ SO2 MvmK cfveK cKv cybivq ciY
Kij SO2 Gi cyb:eenvii gvag Drcv`bi cwigvb Aviv eo hvq|
ok
.
co
/ta
nb
i
r.e
bo
ok
2|
ce
.fa
bo
cwZi eYbv t myY cwZwUK mvaviYfve wbgv avcmg~ni gvag eYbv Kiv hvq|
59
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
H2SO4
evq~
(S8)
kxZK
evYvi
wdvi
WvBqvi
(Vvv cvwb)
evq~
98%
H2SO4
98%
H2SO4
Iwjqvg
KbfviUvi
kvlY
cvwb
kvlY
(98%H2SO4)
SO3
Iwjqvg
[ wP: 1.19 k cwZZ H2SO4Drcv`b ]
(1) SO2 Mvm Zix t MwjZ mvjdviK jvn wbwgZ wmwjvi AvKwZi NyYvqgvb evYvi chv cwigvb evq~ cevn
`nb Ki SO2 Mvm cZ Kiv nq| Drcb SO2 Mvm fRvj wnmve aywjKYv, gy mvjdvi, AvimwbK hM BZvw`
wgwkZ _vK|
(2) wewqv wgkY _K cfveK wel AcmviYt Drcb SO2 Mvm cybivq cqvRbxq cwigvb evq~ wgwkq aywj
P^vi cvwb c Ki aZ I kxZj Kiv nq| GZ SO2 Mvm we`gvb aywjevwj,mvjdvi KYv,AvimwbK AvBW
cvwb viv wm nq c_K nq| kxZj I aywjevwjgy SO2 Mvm wgkYK KvqvUR c~Y Wvwqs UvIqvi Mvp H2SO4 Gi
avivi wecixZ Pvjbv Ki Kiv nq| AZci I kxZj Mvm wgkYK c_g KvK Kqjv c~Y wdvi I ci
Fe(OH)3 hy Avmem dvBevihy wdvii gvag Aewk aywjevwj, cfveK wel I H2SO4 ev gy Kiv nq|
mekl wewqv wgkY fRvj gy nqQ wKbv Zv wUj e kwkvjx AvjvK iwk dj cixv Kiv nq | cqvRb
eva cybivq wdvi Kiv nq|
(3) SO2 Gi cfveKxq RviY t 4500C Zvcgvvq c~eZ wewqv wgkYK wmwjvi AvKwZi 2-4wU cfveK eW
wewk KbfviUvi 2atm. Pvc cek Kivbv nq| Zvc wewbgqK ev evq~ cevni gvag KbfviUvii Afii
Zcgvv 4500C-5000C G eRvq ivLv nq| cfveK eWmg~n V2O5 ev Pt-hy Avmem ivLv _vK| GLvb
mieivnKZ SO2 Mvmi 97-99% O2 viv RvwiZ nq SO3 Mvm cwibZ nq|
(4) SO3 kvlY I Iwjqvg Drcv`b t KbfviUvi _K cv Mvm wgkYK chvqg KvqvURc~Y `ywU kvlY
UvIqvi Zjvi w`K _K Dci w`K 98%H2SO4 Gi my avivi wecixZ Pvjbv Kiv nq| GLvb wKQz SO3 cvwb viv
kvwlZ nq H2SO4 Zix Ki Ges Aewk SO3, H2SO4 Gi mv_ hy nq H2S2O7(Iwjqvg) Zix Ki| Drcb
Iwjqvg UvIqvii Zjvq Rgv nq|
(5) Iwjqvgi jNyKiY t Drcb IwjqvgK kvlY UvIqvi _K msMn Ki Gi mv_ cqvRbxq cwigvb we
cvwb hvM Ki 98%H2SO4 Gi cwibZ Kiv nq | GLvb _K wKQz 98%H2SO4 cybivq kvlY UvIqvi eenvi
Kiv nq| evi evi Iwjqvgi jNyKiY I 98%H2SO4 Gi cyb:eenvii dj H2SO4 Gi cwigvb gvMZ ew cZ
_vK|
60
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
Iwjqvg t cvBivmvjwdDwiK GwmW ev aygvqgvb mvjwdDwiK GwmWK Iwjqvg ej| Iwjqvg `LZ Zj m`k
ev`vgx avqvhy| 98%H2SO4 G AwZwi gvvq SO3 Mvm Pvjbv Kij c_g we H2SO4 I ci
cvBivmvjwdDwiK GwmW (H2S2O7) Z_v Iwjqvg Zix nq|
(98%H2SO4+2%H2O) + SO3(g) 100%H2SO4(l) [ SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4]
100%H2SO4 + SO3(g) H2S2O7(oleum)
Iwjqvgi eenvi t Iwjqvgi mv_ cvwb hy Ki wewfb Nbgvvq mvjwdDwiK GwmW (hgb-100%H2SO4,
98%H2SO4 BZvw`) Zix Kiv nq| Iwjqvg mvjdvbwUs weKviK, wbi`K I RviK wnmve eeZ nq|
ok
r.e
bo
H2SO4Gi Nbgvv
10%, (1.1M)
33.53%(4.2M
62.18%(9.6M)
73.61%(12.3M)
98%(Approx.18M)
1.16.7 H2SO4 Gi ag
K| fZ ag t we H2SO4 ^Q, eYnxb,Mnxb Zjm`k Nb c`v_| Mvp H2SO4 cvwbMvnx c`v_ | cvwbi cwZ
co
/ta
nb
i
Gi h_ Avmw iqQ | GwU cvwbZ h Kvb gvvq `eYxq ; H2SO4 cvwbZ `exf~Z nIqvi mgq cPzi Zvc wbMZ
nq| GB KviY cvwbZ axi axi H2SO4 Xj jNy `eY Zix Kiv nq wK H2SO4 nUvr Ki cvwb Xvjv hvq bv|
H2SO4 G AvAby nvBWvRb eb we`gvb _vK ej Mvp H2SO4 (98.7%)Gi zUbvsK 3380C |
ok
.
L| ivmvqwbK ag t H2SO4 GKwU Zxe GwmW, RviK , wbi`K (dehydrating agent) I mvjdvbwUs weKviK
.fa
ce
bo
[ Note : One should always add the acid to the water rather than the water to the acid, because of the
relative densities of these two liquids. Water is less dense than sulfuric acid, and will tend to float on top
of it. Thus, if water is added to the concentrated sulfuric acid, it can boil and splatter dangerously. ]
Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com
61
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
H2SO4 cvwbZ `exf~Z nq nvBWvRb Avqb ( hv cwbZ nvBWvwbqvg Avqb wnmve weivR Ki) Ges evBmvjdU
Avqb I mvjdU Avqb Zix Ki|
H2SO4 + H2O H3O+ + HSO 4
HSO 4 + H2O H3O+ + SO 24
2| H2SO4 Gi GwmW ev A ag t H2SO4 GKwU Zxe GwmW | GwU h Kvb Nbgvvq cvwbZ myYi c
wehvwRZ nq H+ I SO 24 Avqb Zix Ki| ZvB H2SO4 bxj wjUgvmK jvj Ki|
H2SO4(aq) H+(aq) + SO 24 (aq) ; H+(aq) + bxj wjUgvm jvj wjUgvm
jNy H2SO4 Gi nvBWvRb cigvbyK mwqZv wmwiR nvBWvRbi Pq mwq avZz hgb- Na, Ca,Mg, Al, Zn
viv cwZvwcZ Kij avZe jeY I H2 Mvm Zix nq|
Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Na(s) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2(g)
H2SO4 viK ckwgZ Ki jeY I cvwb Zix Ki | hgbNaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O (l)
avZz KvebUi mv_ H2SO4 wewqv Ki mvjdU jeY, CO2 Mvm I cvwb Zix Ki| hgbNa2CO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
[ sulfuric acid + metal metal sulfate + hydrogen gas
sulfuric acid + carbonate metal sulfate + carbon dioxide gas + water
sulfuric acid + base salt + water
sulfuric acid + ammonia ammonium sulfate ]
3| H2SO4 Gi RviY ag t Mvp H2SO4 Dchy weRviK c`v_i DcwwZZ RviK wnmve wqv Ki| hgbmwqZv wmwiR nvBWvRbi Pq Kg mwq avZz hgb- Cu, Hg, Ag BZvw` avZzK RvwiZ Ki mvjdU jeY
cwibZ Ki Ges cvkvcvwk Gme avZz viv wbR weRvwiZ nq SO2 Mvm cwibZ nq|
H2SO4(conc.) SO2(g) + H2O (l) + [O]
Cu(s) +[O] CuO(s)
CuO(s) + H2SO4(conc.) CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
Cu(s) + 2H2SO4(conc.) CuSO4(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Mvp H2SO4 weRviYagx nvBWvwmW hgb- H2S, HBr, HI K RvwiZ Ki h_vg mvjdvi,e&vwgb I AvqvwWb
wegy Ki|
H2S(g) + H2SO4(conc.) SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + S(s)
2HI(g) + H2SO4(conc.) SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + I2(s)
4| H2SO4 Gi wbi`b ag t Mvp H2SO4Gi cvwbi cwZ cej Avmw iqQ| ZvB Mvp H2SO4
wbi`K(Dehydrating agent)wnmve wqv Ki| Mvp H2SO4 nvBWvRb I nvBWwj g~jKhy hMi msk
Gj GwU D hM nZ cvwb kvlY Ki wbiw`Z Ki| hgbwPwb ev MyKvRi mv_ Mvp H2SO4 hvM Kij H2SO4 wPwbi Aby nZ H I OH-g~jKK cvwb wnmve kvlY
Ki wbiw`Z Ki| dj gy Kvebi mw nq Ges wPwb cyo Kvjv nq ; Mvp H2SO4 wKQzUv jNy nq|
C12H22O11(cane sugar) + H2SO4(conc.) 12C(s) + [11H2O(l)+H2SO4]
GKBfve,KvMR,KvV BZvw` mjyjvR RvZxq c`v_i Dci Mvp H2SO4 coj H2SO4G`iK wbiw`Z Ki Kvjv
cvov(gy Kvebhy) eZ cwibZ Ki|
(C6 H10O5)n(s) + H2SO4(conc.) 6nC(s) + [5nH2O(l)+H2SO4]
[ When concentrated sulfuric acid is spilled on paper; the cellulose reacts to give a burnt appearance, the carbon
appears much as soot would in a fire. A more dramatic reaction occurs when H2SO4 is added to a tablespoon
of white sugar in a beaker; a rigid column of black, porous carbon will quickly emerge. The carbon will smell
strongly of caramel.]
62
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
B_vbj I AwZwi cwigvb Mvp H2SO4 K 1650C Zvcgvvq D Kij H2SO4 B_vbjK wbiw`Z Ki Bw_b
Mvm cwibZ Ki|
0C
CH -CH OH(l) + H SO (conc.) 165
CH =CH (g) + [ H O + H SO ]
3
5| H2SO4 Gi mvjdvbwUs weKviK wnmve wqv t aygvqgvb H2SO4 mvjdvbwUs weKviK(-SO3H g~jK
mieivnKvix ) wnmve wqv Ki| hgb- ebwRb I aygvqgvb H2SO4 K D Kij ebwRb ejq BjKUbvKlx
cwZvcb wewqvi gvag ebwRb mvjdvwbK GwmW Zix nq|
SO 3
C6H6 + HO-SO3H
C6H5-SO3H + H2O
wRcmvg(CaSO4.2H2O ) ,
1| mv`K mvjdU jeYK D Kij GwU axi axi Kjvm cvwbgy nq Abv` mvjdU jeY cwibZ nq| mekl
DP Zvcgvvq Na, K I NH4+ -mvjdU jeY Qvov Abvb mvjdU jeYmg~n ZvcwehvwRZ nq avZz AvBW, SO2
Mvm I O2 Mvm Zix Ki|
0C
0C
-7H2O
cvwim cvvi ev mv`v wmgUt wRcmvgK 1200C Zvcgvvq D Kij Gi cwZ `yB Aby nZ 3 Aby cvwb
AcmvwiZ nq 2CaSO4.H2O Gi mv`v cvDWvi Zix nq| 2CaSO4.H2O Gi mv`v cvDWviK cvwim cvvi
ej|
0C
2(CaSO4.2H2O)(s) 120
2CaSO4.H2O(powder) + 3H2O(l)
cvwim cvvi mv`v wmgU wnmve dvi gvRvBKi KvR, fvR wbgvb, gvws KviLvbvq QvP wbgvb, fvv nvoi
Rvov jvMvbvi Rb cvvi evR Kivi KR eeZ nq|
FeSO (s)
FeO(s) + SO (g) + O (g)
FeSO4.7H2O (s)
4
2
2
nb
i
-7H2O
r.e
bo
ok
nq dwiK AvBW, mvjdviWvB AvBW I AwRb Zix Ki| Abv` dwiK AvBWK Ryqjvi eR ej|
Ryqjvi eR t meyR wfwUIjK D Kij Zv c_g Abv` FeSO4 Zix nq| ci Zv AwaK Dvc ZvcwehvwRZ
/ta
Na2SO4 + 2C
Na2S + 2CO2
Na2S + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2S
ce
.fa
bo
ok
.
co
GKwU KvV Kqjvi MZ wKQz mvjdU jeY I Gi wb cwigvb Na2CO3 Gi wgkY wbq 2/3 duvUv cvwb viv wk
Ki eybmb xc wkLvi weRviY gj dzrbji mvnvh D Kiv nq Ges cv AeklK cixvbj wbq Gi mv_
KqK dvUv jNy H2SO4 hvM Kij cPv wWgi M wewk eYnxb Mvm wbMZ nq hv jW AvwmUU `eY wm
KvMRK Kvj Ki|
Na SO + CO - jeY
SO -jeY + Na CO
63
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
2-
(L) mvjdU jeY ev SO4 Avqb mbvKiYi wm cixv / `eY SO42- Avqb mbvKiYt
(1) GKwU cixv bj mvjdU jeYi `eY wbq Gi mv_ ewiqvg bvBUU `eY hvM Kij ewiqvg mvjdUi
mv`v fvix Aa:c co hv HCl GwmW A`eYxq|
SO42-(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NO3-(aq)
(2) GKwU cixv bj mvjdU jeYi `eY wbq Gi mv_ jW AvwmUU `eY hvM Kij jW mvjdUi mv`v
fvix Aa:c co |
SO42- (aq) + (CH3COO)2Pb (aq) PbSO4(s) + 2CH3COO- (aq)
64
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
evqy `ylY bvBUvRbi DjLhvM hMmg~n njv N2O, NO, NO2 I NH3 ; Kwl KvR eeZ bvBUvRb mvii
wKQz Ask I cvYxi gjgy we`gvb BDwiqvi wehvRb Ges gZ Rxe-Ri `ni cPbi dj cwZwbqZ evZvm
NH3, I bvBUvRbi AvBW (NOx) wgkQ| dmj KvUvi ci Lvjv gvV h evqvgvm co _vK Zv cvovbvi
dj CO2, CH4, N2O Ges NOx Mvm wbtmwiZ nq| Abygvb Kiv nq h Avgv`i `k eQi evqvgvm cvovbvi
dj 695.4 Gg Kveb Ges 9.7Gg bvBUvRb wbtmwiZ nq| evq~ `ylYi dj gv_v ev_v , kvmZi c`vn,nvcvwb
I Abvb ^v mgmv `Lv `q| NOx Mvm GwmW ew NUvbvi GKwU KviY| DavKvk ev vUvwqvi RU wegvb
PjvPji mgq wbMZ NO Mvm evqvgji IRvb ii wZ mvab Ki| NO Mvm IRvbi weqvRb wewqvK
cfvweZ Ki Zivw^Z Ki ;dj IRvb i nvjKv nq Ges m~hi AwZebx iwk mnR cw_exZ cQZ cvi|
O3(g) O2(g) + [O]
NO(g) + O3(g) NO2(g) + O2(g)
NO2(g) + [O] NO(g) + O2(g)
co
/ta
nb
i
r.e
bo
ok
bvBUvRb I mvjdvii AwGwmW wekl Ki bvBwUK I mvjwdDwiK GwmW wgwkZ ewvcvZK GwmW ew ej| GwmW
ewi cvwbi pH gvv 3.0 - 6.5 ch nq _vK| KjKviLvbv I hvwK hvbevnb Rxevk Rvjvbx hgb-cvKwZK
Mvm, cUvj, wWRj, Kiwmb, Kqjvi `nb wbMZ Mvm wgkY ; Dby cwZZ Lwb _K Kqjv I mvjdvi AvniY
; cUvwjqvg widvBbvix I BUi fvUvi wPgbx w`q wbMZ dz-Mvm ; BvZ wk ; mvjdvi I avZz mvjdvBW wfwK
wk KviLvbvi wbMZ avqv BZvw`i KviY cwZ ermi evq~gj KqK j NbdzU SO2 Mvm Rgv nq| ZvQvov
KwlKvR eeZ bvBUvRb mvii wKQz Ask I cvYxi gjgy we`gvb BDwiqvi wehvRb Ges gZ Rxe-Ri `ni
cPbi dj cwZwbqZ evZvm bvBUvRbi AvBW (NOx) wgkQ| dmj KvUvi ci Lvjv gvV h evqvgvm co
_vK Zv cvovbvi dj CO2, CH4, N2O Ges NOx Mvm wbtmwiZ nq| evq~ `~lYM GjvKvi evq~gj Rjxq
evi mv_ wgwkZ SO2 I NOx Mvm wgkY AbyNUKxq ev AvjvK ivmvqwbK wqvq RvwiZ nq Ges ewi cvwbZ
kvwlZ nq GwmW cwibZ nq Ges GwmW ewic f~wgZ cwZZ nq|
SO3(g) ;
SO2(g) + O2(g) Catalyst
SO2(g) + NO2(g) SO3(g) + NO(g)
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)
.fa
ce
bo
ok
.
2NO2(g)
2NO(g) + O2(g) Catalyst
2NO2(g) + H2O(l) HNO3(aq) + HNO2(aq)
2NO2(g) + H2O(l) + O2(g) HNO3(aq)
65
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
SO2 I NO2
Mvm wgwkZ gN
SO2
NO2
SO2
HNO3, H2SO4
HNO2, H2SO3
NO2
GwmW iBb
(CO + H2)
0
cvwb Mvm
eenvi: wg_vbj cwZZ, avZz wbvkb I Agvwbqv msklY nvBWvRb Mvmi Drm wnmve IqvUvi Mvm
eenvi Kiv nq|
(2) cwWDmvi Mvm t `yB gvj Kveb gbvvBW I GK gvj bvBUvRb Mvmi wgkYK cwWDmvi Mvm ej|
jvwnZ Z KvKi mv_ evqyi AwRb I bvBUvRb hy nq cwWDmvi Mvm Drcb Ki|
2C + N2 + O2
(2CO + N2)
cwWDmvi Mvm
eenvi: Avgvwbqv msklb bvBUvRb Mvmi Drm wnme eenvi Kiv nq|
(3) NO2, NO3, SO32 Ges SO42 Avqbmg~ni KqKwU iZc~Y wewqv t
NO2- Gi wewqv t
(i) 2I-(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2NO2(aq) I2(s) + 2H2O(l) + 2NO(g)
66
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
(ii) Fe (aq) + 2H (aq) + NO2- (aq) Fe3+(aq) + H2O(l) + NO(g)
(iii) MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2-(aq) + 6H+(aq) 2Mn++ + 5NO3- (aq) + 3HO(l)
(iv) C6H5NH2 + 2HCl + NaNO2 C6H5N2Cl + NaCl + NaCl + H2O
2+
NO3 Gi wewqv t
(i) 2NaNO3(s)
2NaNO2(s) + O2(g)
(ii) 2PbNO3(s)
2PbO(s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2(g)
SO32 Gi wewqv t
Cl2(aq) + SO32- (aq) + H2O(l) 2Cl-(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq)
SO42 Gi wewqv t
(i) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
(ii) 2FeSO4(s)
Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
H
iv) Cu2+ + H2S
CuS + 2H+
v)
nb
i
/ta
(xv) 2Pb(NO3)2
2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
ce
bo
(xviii) 2HgO
2Hg + O2
ok
.
(xvii) 2Hg(NO3)2
2HgO + 4NO2 + O2
co
(xvi) NH4NO3
N2O + 2H2O.
r.e
bo
ok
.fa
(xix) 2Zn(NO3)2
2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2
67
Mc-V I VI Gi gjmg~ni
(xxii) ZnSO4 + H2S + NaOH ?
ZnSO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + Zn(OH)2
Zn(OH)2 + NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O
Na2ZnO2 + 2H2S ZnS + Na2S + 2H2O
ZnSO4 + 3NaOH + 2H2S Na2SO4 + ZnS + Na2S + 2H2O