HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

BI GING

BO HIU V IU KHIN KT NI

Chuyn ngnh: K thut Vin thng

BIN SON
1. ThS. GVC Hong Trng Minh (Ch bin)
2.

ThS. Nguyn Thanh Tr

3. Dng Thanh T
4. Phm Anh Th

H Ni - 4/2013

LI NI U
H tng truyn thng trong nhng nm gn y v ang trong giai on bin
chuyn mnh m v a dng trn c kha cnh k thut v cng ngh. Vi xu hng
hi t cc cng ngh mng, hng lot cc gii php iu khin kt ni mi c a
ra nhm thch ng vi cc iu kin mng v nng cao cht lng dch v cho
ngi s dng.
Mt trong cc vn quan trng nht lin quan ti cc kt ni trong mng c
t ra l vn bo hiu v iu khin kt ni. Vn ny khng ch lin quan trc
tip ti hiu nng h thng m cn l c s pht trin cho cc ng dng trn cc h
tng cng ngh. V vy, ni dung ca cun ti liu ging dy ny nhm cung cp
cc kin thc then cht lin quan ti cc hot ng bo hiu v iu khin trong m
hnh mng truyn thng mi. Bn cnh cc mc tiu hc thut, ti liu s khi qut
cc gii php v ang c s dng trong h thng mng vin thng hin nay.
Hn na, ti liu s gip ngi c c c gc nhn h thng v kin trc iu
khin mng nhm phn tch c cc im mnh, im yu ca tng gii php c
th pht trin trong mi trng thc tin.
B cc ca bi ging c phn b theo 5 chng vi cc phn vng mng t
kin trc mng vin thng truyn thng ti mng hi t trn nn IP. Cc khi nim
c bn ca l thuyt iu khin, m hnh kin trc v phn loi bo hiu c trnh
by u tin v khp li bi cc gii php thc thi trong cc chng tip theo. Trong
qu trnh vit ti liu, nhm bin son nhn c s gip ca rt nhiu thy
c ng nghip. Nhm bin son xin chn thnh cm n v lun ghi nhn s gp
ca cc thy c, cc bn sinh vin cun bi ging ngy cng hon thin.
H Ni, 20 thng 12 nm 2013
T/M nhm bin son

Hong Trng Minh

ii

MC LC
LI NI U ............................................................................................... i
MC LC .................................................................................................... ii
THUT NG VIT TT ............................................................................ v
DANH MC CC HNH V ................................................................... viii
DANH MC CC BNG............................................................................ x
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V BO HIU V IU KHIN KT
NI................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 GII THIU CHUNG ................................................................................... 1
1.2 NGUYN TC IU KHIN H THNG ................................................. 2
1.2.1 Cc vn chung ca iu khin ............................................................ 2
1.2.2 Cch tip cn iu khin h thng vin thng ......................................... 4
1.3 CC THUC TNH CA H THNG IU KHIN ................................. 8
1.4 CC GII PHP IU KHIN H THNG VIN THNG .................... 12
1.4.1 iu khin cung cp QoS ...................................................................... 12
1.4.2 Tip cn RACS v RASF ...................................................................... 16
1.4.3 iu khin cu trc ............................................................................... 19
1.3.3 iu khin trng thi ............................................................................. 21
1.5 KIN TRC V PHN LOI BO HIU ................................................ 22
1.5.1 Phn loi bo hiu ................................................................................. 22
1.5.2 Mt s c tnh ca bo hiu ................................................................. 24
1.5.3 Chc nng bo hiu trong m hnh OSI ................................................ 25
1.6 KT LUN CHNG ............................................................................... 28

CHNG 2: BO HIU TRONG MNG C NH ............................ 30

2.1 KIN TRC MNG HI T THEO HNG MY CH CUC GI .... 30
2.1.1 M hnh kin trc mng ........................................................................ 33
2.1.2 Cc gii php kt ni............................................................................. 36
2.1.3 Chc nng mt bng bo hiu v iu khin ......................................... 39
2.2 H THNG BO HIU S 7 .................................................................... 41

iii
2.2.1 M hnh kin trc chc nng ................................................................. 41
2.2.2 Thnh phn mng bo hiu s 7 ............................................................ 43
2.2.3 X l nh tuyn v th tc thit lp cuc gi ....................................... 44
2.3 B GIAO THC BO HIU H.323 ........................................................... 51
2.3.1 Thnh phn mng bo hiu H.323 ......................................................... 51
2.3.2 Cc giao thc bo hiu cuc gi trong H.323 ........................................ 54
2.3.3 Nguyn tc hot ng ca th tc bo hiu cuc gi ............................. 56
2.4 GIAO THC KHI TO PHIN SIP ........................................................ 57
2.4.1 Thnh phn mng bo hiu SIP ............................................................. 59
2.4.2 Kin trc chc nng .............................................................................. 60
2.4.3 Bn tin SIP v giao thc SDP................................................................ 61
2.4.4 Th tc trao i thng tin ca SIP ......................................................... 63
2.5 GIAO THC IU KHIN CNG PHNG TIN MEGACO ............... 67
2.5.1 Kin trc chc nng bo hiu Megaco/H.248 ........................................ 67
2.5.2 Cc lnh v th tc trao i thng tin .................................................... 69
2.6 GIAO THC IU KHIN CUC GI C LP KNH MANG BICC 75
2.7 KT LUN CHNG ............................................................................... 79

CHNG 3: BO HIU TRONG MNG THNG TIN DI NG ..... 81

3.1 BO HIU TRONG MNG DI NG T BO ....................................... 81
3.1.1 Cc th h pht trin mng di ng t bo ............................................. 81
3.1.2 Kin trc bo hiu cho h thng GSM .................................................. 85
3.1.3 Mng thng minh .................................................................................. 91
3.2 BO HIU TI MNG TRUY NHP ....................................................... 94
3.2.1 X l cuc gi ti giao din Iub ............................................................ 96
3.2.2 Bo hiu ti giao din Iur v Iu ............................................................. 99
3.3 TH TC BO HIU TRONG MNG LI ............................................ 102
3.3.1 Thit lp cuc gi vi ISUP/BICC ...................................................... 102
3.3.2 Bo hiu trn giao din Gn .................................................................. 106
3.3.3 Bo hiu x l chuyn vng ................................................................ 108

iv
3.4 KT LUN CHNG ............................................................................. 111

CHNG 4: BO HIU TRONG PHN H A PHNG TIN IP

IMS............................................................................................................ 113
4.1 KIN TRC PHN H A PHNG TIN IP ...................................... 113
4.1.1 M hnh kin trc IMS ........................................................................ 114
4.1.2 Cc thnh phn chc nng .................................................................. 116
4.1.3 Cc giao thc ca IMS ........................................................................ 122
4.2 HOT NG CA SIP TRONG IMS...................................................... 123
4.2.1 c tnh k thut ................................................................................. 123
4.2.2 Cc th tc bo hiu SIP trong IMS .................................................... 124
4.3 CC GIAO THC BO HIU KHC TRONG IMS............................... 128
4.3.1 Giao thc Diameter ............................................................................. 128
4.3.2 Giao thc COPS.................................................................................. 130
4.3.3 Nn bo hiu trong IMS ...................................................................... 131
4.4 KT LUN CHNG ............................................................................. 133

CHNG 5: BO HIU V IU KHIN KT NI LIN MNG 135

5.1 XU HNG PHT TRIN KIN TRC MNG .................................... 135
5.1.1 Hi t mng c nh v di ng .......................................................... 135
5.1.2 Cu trc FMC da trn IMS................................................................ 136
5.1.3 M hnh tham chiu IMS trong FMC .................................................. 137
5.2 GIAO THC TRUYN TI BO HIU SIGTRAN ................................ 143
5.3 KT NI LIN MNG IMS-CS .............................................................. 151
5.4 KT LUN CHNG ............................................................................. 153
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................... 155

THUT NG VIT TT
AAA

Authentication Authorization
Accounting

Nhn thc trao quyn v thanh ton

ACK

Acknowledgement

Bo nhn

AMPS

Advanced Mobile Phone

Service

H thng cc dch v in thoi di

ng tin tin

API

Application Programable
Interface

Giao din lp trnh ng dng m

AS/FS

Application Server/ Feature

Server

My ch ng dng/c tnh

ATM

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

K thut truyn ti khng ng b

BSS

Bussiness Support System

H thng tr gip kinh doanh

CAC

Call Admission Control

K thut iu khin chp nhn cuc

gi

CBQ

Class Based Queuing

Hng i da trn phn lp dch v

COPS

Common Open Policy Service

Giao thc dch v chnh sch m

chung

CoS

Class Of Service

Phn lp dch v

Carrier Sense Multiple Access

CSMA/CA with Collision Avoidance

a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang/

trnh xung t

Carrier Sense Multiple Access

CSMA/CD With Collision Detection

Giao thc a truy nhp cm nhn sng

mang/ d tm xung t

DECT

Digital European Cordless

Telecommunications

H thng vin thng khng dy s ca

Chu u

ETSI

European
Telecommunications
Standards Institute

Vin Tiu chun Vin thng Chu u

FIFO

First In First Out

Vo trc ra trc

FSM

Finite State Machine

My hu hn trng thi

GII

Global Information
Infrastructure

Cu trc thng tin ton cu

GSM

Global System for Mobile

communications

H thng thng tin di ng ton cu

IAD

Intergated Access Device

Thit b truy nhp tch hp

vi

IAM

Initial Adress Message

Bn tin a ch khi to

IETF

Internet Engineering Task

Force

T chc c nhim k thut internet

IMS

IP Multimedia Subsystem

Phn h a phng tin

IN

Inteligent Network

Mng thng minh

IP

Internet Protocol

Giao thc Internet

ISDN

Integrated Service Digital

Network

Mng dch v tch hp s

ISUP

ISDN User Part

Phn ngi s dng cho mng ISDN

ITU

International
Telecommunication Union

Lin minh Vin thng Quc t

LLC

Logical Link Control

iu khin lin kt d liu

LTI

Linear and Time-Invariant

Tuyn tnh v bt bin theo thi gian

LTR

Logic Transfromational Rule

Lut nh x logic

MAC

Media Access Control

iu khin truy nhp phng tin

MAN

Metropolitan Area Network

Mng th

MG

Media Gateway

Cng a phng tin

MGC

Media Gateway Controller

B iu khin cng a phng tin

MIME

Multipurpose Internet Mail

Extentions

M rng th in t internet a mc
ch

MPLS

Multi Protocol Label Switch

Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

MTUP

Mobile Telephone User Part

Phn ngi s dng cho mng in

thoi di ng.

NGN

Next Generation Network

Mng th h k tip

NUM

Network Utility Maximization

Bi ton ti u hiu nng mng

OSI

Open System Interconnection

M hnh kt ni h thng m

PLMN

Public Land Mobile Network

Mng di ng mt t

PLMR

Public Land Mobile Radio

V tuyn di ng mt t cng cng

PMD

People Making Decision

Quyt nh ca ngi iu hnh

QoS

Quality of Service

Cht lng dch v

RAB

Radio Access Bearer

Knh mang truy nhp v tuyn

RACS

The Resource and Admission

Control Sub-System1

Phn h iu khin chp nhn v ti

nguyn

vii

RAS

Register, Administrator and

Signalling

ng k, qun l v bo hiu

RASF

Resource and Admission

Control Functions

Chc nng iu khin v chp nhn

ti nguyn

RED

Random Early Detection

Thut ton loi b gi sm

RSVP

Resource ReserVation
Protocol

Giao thc d phng ti nguyn

SCF

Service Control Function

Chc nng iu khin dch v

SIO

Service Information Octet

Trng thng tin dch v

SIP

Session Initiation Protocol

Giao thc khi to phin

SLA

Service Level Agreement

Tha thun cung cp dch v

SP

Signalling Point

im bo hiu

SPC

Stored Program Control

iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn

SPDF

Service-Based Policy Decision Chc nng quyt nh chnh sch dch

Function
v

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin truyn dn

TDM

Time Division Mode

Phng thc chia thi gian

TUP

Telephone User Part

Phn ngi s dng cho mng thoi

UTRAN

UMTS Terestrial Radio

Access Network

Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t

UMTS

VoIP

Voice over Internet Protocol

Truyn thoi theo giao thc internet

WAN

Wide Area Network

Mng din rng

WFQ

Weight Fair Queuing

Hng i trng s cng bng

viii

DANH MC CC HNH V
Hnh 1.1: M hnh chung ca mt h thng iu khin ............................................ 2
Hnh 1.2: Cu trc logic ca tha thun cung cp cht lng dch v .................... 13
Hnh 1.3: Cc k thut cung cp QoS cho mng vin thng ................................... 13
Hnh 1.4: Cc m hnh cung cp dch v ............................................................... 15
Hnh 1.5: Kin trc ca phn h RACS ................................................................. 17
Hnh 1.6: Kin trc ca phn h RACF ................................................................. 18
Hnh 1.7: Phn loi cc k thut bo hiu .............................................................. 23
Hnh 1.8: M hnh tham chiu kt ni h thng m OSI ........................................ 26
Hnh 2.1: Cc chc nng GII v mi quan h ........................................................ 33
Hnh 2.2: Kin trc mng NGN theo ETSI ............................................................ 35
Hnh 2.3: Cc thnh phn chnh trong mng th h k tip .................................... 36
Hnh 2.4: Kt ni MGC vi cc thnh phn khc ca NGN ................................... 40
Hnh 2.5: Chc nng ca b iu khin cng a phng tin MGC ....................... 40
Hnh 2.6: Kin trc SS7 v m hnh tham chiu OSI ............................................. 42
Hnh 2.7: M im theo tiu chun ANSI v ITU .................................................. 44
Hnh 2.8: Cu hnh nt v lin kt mng SS7......................................................... 45
Hnh 2.9: Trng thng tin lp 3 ca bn tin bo hiu ........................................... 46
Hnh 2.10: Lu bo hiu cho cuc gi ISDN .................................................... 51
Hnh 2.11: Cc thnh phn mng H.323 ............................................................... 52
Hnh 2.13: Chc nng ca mt Gatekeeper ............................................................ 54
Hnh 2.14: M hnh kt ni bo hiu trong H.323 .................................................. 55
Hnh 2.15: Tin trnh x l bo hiu mt cuc gi n gin trong H.323............... 56
Hnh 2.16: Cu trc ca h thng SIP .................................................................... 59
Hnh 2.17: Kin trc iu khin ca MEGACO ..................................................... 68
Hnh 2.18: Giao thc MEGACO trong m hnh OSI ............................................. 69
Hnh 2.19: M t cuc gi MEGACO ................................................................... 71
Hnh 2.20: Lu cc bn tin x l cuc gi qua giao thc MEGACO/H248 ....... 73
Hnh 2.21: Kin trc giao thc BICC..................................................................... 76

ix
Hnh 2.22: Cu trc cc nt mng BICC ................................................................ 77
Hnh 2.23: Cu trc chc nng nt dch v ............................................................ 78
Hnh 2.24: Cu trc chc nng nt dn xp dch v ............................................... 78
Hnh 2.25: M hnh giao thc ca BICCC ............................................................. 79
Hnh 3.1: L trnh pht trin cc th h mng di ng ........................................... 84
Hnh 3.2: Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng GSM ............................................. 85
Hnh 3.3: Phn lp chc nng ca SS7 trong mng GSM ...................................... 86
Hnh 3.4: V tr cc giao din trong h thng GSM ................................................ 88
Hnh 3.5: Cc th tc chuyn vng qua MAP/E..................................................... 89
Hnh 3.6: Cc iu hnh ca MAP trong trng hp cuc gi t mng PSTN ....... 90
Hnh 3.7: iu hnh MAP lin quan ti dch v bn tin ngn SMS ....................... 91
Hnh 3.8: M hnh khi nim mng IN .................................................................. 93
Hnh 3.9: Cu trc ca UMTS ............................................................................... 94
Hnh 3.10: Th tc trao i thng tin bo hiu qua Iub .......................................... 98
Hnh 3.11: Kin trc giao thc mng UMTS ......................................................... 99
Hnh 3.12: Mt bng d liu/ iu khin ca Iur .................................................. 100
Hnh 3.13: Mt bng d liu/ iu khin ca Iu-CS ............................................. 101
Hnh 3.14: Mt bng d liu/ iu khin ca Iu-PS.............................................. 102
Hnh 3.15: Tin trnh cuc gi ISUP.................................................................... 103
Hnh 3.16: Cc giao thc trn giao din E ........................................................... 103
Hnh 3.17: Lu cuc gi BICC (1/5)............................................................... 104
Hnh 3.18: Lu cuc gi BICC (2/5)............................................................... 104
Hnh 3.19: Lu cuc gi BICC (3/5)............................................................... 105
Hnh 3.20: Lu cuc gi BICC (4/5)............................................................... 105
Hnh 3.21: Lu cuc gi BICC (5/5)............................................................... 106
Hnh 3.22: Giao din Gn cho ng hm IP ........................................................ 107
Hnh 3.23: Cc chc nng ca GTP trong UMTS ................................................ 108
Hnh 3.24: Cc giao din UMTS gia hai UTRAN .............................................. 109
Hnh 3.25: Chuyn giao ni 3G-MSC .................................................................. 110

x
Hnh 4.1: V tr v mi quan h ca IMS ............................................................. 113
Hnh 4.2: Truy nhp vi IMS............................................................................... 114
Hnh 4.3: Kin trc phn lp ca phn h IMS .................................................... 115
Hnh 4.4: Lung bn tin bo hiu ng k ........................................................... 125
Hnh 4.5: Lung bn tin bo hiu thit lp phin ................................................. 126
Hnh 4.6: Lung bn tin ngi dng A ly thng tin hin din ngi dng B ...... 127
Hnh 4.7: Kin trc SigComp .............................................................................. 132
Hnh 5.1: Cu trc hi t FMC trn nn IMS ....................................................... 137
Hnh 5.2: M hnh tham chiu cu trc FMC da trn IMS ................................. 138
Hnh 5.3: im hi t v chc nng FMC ........................................................... 140
Hnh 5.4: Kin trc giao thc SIGTRAN ............................................................ 143
Hnh 5.5 : B giao thc SIGTRAN ...................................................................... 144
Hnh 5.6: V tr chc nng v hot ng ca M2UA ............................................ 146
Hnh 5.7: V tr chc nng v hot ng ca M2PA............................................. 147
Hnh 5.8: V tr chc nng v hot ng ca M3UA ............................................ 149
Hnh 5.9: V tr chc nng v hot ng ca SUA ............................................... 150
Hnh 5.10: Kin trc kt ni lin mng IMS-CS .................................................. 151
Hnh 5.11: Bn tin thit lp cuc gi gia ngi dng IMS gi ngi dng CS ... 152

DANH MC CC BNG
Bng 3.1: Cc giao din v giao thc c bn ca h thng GSM ........................... 87

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V BO HIU V IU KHIN

KT NI
Tm tt: Ni dung ca chng khi qut cc vn chung lin quan ti bo hiu
v iu khin kt ni bao gm cc khi nim, m hnh, nguyn l chung v phn
loi cc kiu bo hiu trong mng truyn thng hin nay. Bn cnh cc kin thc c
s v iu khin v bo hiu, trong chng s a ra cc chc nng ca hot ng
bo hiu v iu khin kt ni trn kha cnh m hnh tham chiu.

1.1 GII THIU CHUNG

H thng vin thng ngy nay tr thnh mt phn quan trng khng th thiu
ca h tng truyn thng trong x hi. S pht trin a dng cc dch v to ra
hng lot cc sc p mi khng ch i vi nh cung cp dch v m cn tc ng
trc tip ti cc nh khai thc v trin khai h tng. Bn cnh kh nng p ng cc
yu cu cung cp dch v bng cc gii php k thut v cng ngh kt ni mi,
mc tiu ti u mng bng cc phng php iu khin hin i cng c t ra
nh l vn then cht ca cc n lc ci thin hiu nng mng. V vy, cc vn
ct li ca iu khin v bo hiu cn c tng minh nhm lt t bn cht ca
cc gii php k thut v cng ngh hin ang ng dng trong h thng vin thng.
Bo hiu c nh ngha l mt c ch cho cc phn t mng trao i thng tin
gia chng thit lp ng dn truyn thng. H thng bo hiu l mt tp cc
phng php hoc th tc cho cc thc th mng trao i thng tin thit lp
truyn thng. Bo hiu c coi l mt phn ca c ch iu khin mng trn kha
cnh phc v qu trnh kt ni truyn thng. Bn cnh mc tiu kt ni, cc yu cu
m bo cht lng dch v v hiu nng mng c thc thi bi cc c ch iu
khin kt ni. V vy, bo hiu v iu khin kt ni l chc nng then cht ca tt
c cc mi trng mng.
Chc nng bo hiu trong mng truyn thng c mi quan h ti c ch nh
tuyn trc tip hoc gin tip do nh tuyn cho bit ni nhn cc bn tin bo hiu.

2
Chc nng bo hiu c thc hin trn nhiu lp ca kin trc mng. Thng
thng cc giao thc bo hiu thuc lp phin ca m hnh OSI (Open System
Interconnection) phc v cho cc nhim v iu khin v kt ni truyn thng.
Ngoi ra, bo hiu cn c s dng yu cu nhn thc ngi dng hay thu thp
thng tin ti nguyn kh dng phc v cho cc kt ni hoc iu khin lp ng
dng.

1.2 NGUYN TC IU KHIN H THNG

1.2.1 Cc vn chung ca iu khin
Di gc l thuyt iu khin chung, mng vin thng l mt h thng k
thut c thit k nhm t c mt s mc tiu nht nh. Hai mc tiu quan
trng nht l thch ng v bn vng (n nh). Thch ng cho php mt h thng
tip tc t c mt s mc tiu hiu nng di iu kin thay i mi trng iu
hnh nh ti hay li thnh phn mng. Bn vng ngn nga h thng trt hoc
chuyn ti trng thi khng iu khin c do nh hng ca cc u vo. L
thuyt iu khin cung cp cc b cng c mnh xy dng cc h thng tng
thch v bn vng. V d, bng cng c m hnh ha ton hc cc hnh vi ca mt
h thng cho thy s tri ngc gia tng thch v bn vng, h thng c tng
thch ln cng d bt n nh. Nhm tip cn h thng vin thng di gc l
thuyt iu khin, mc ny khi qut cc khi nim v thnh phn chung ca l
thuyt iu khin.

Hnh 1.1: M hnh chung ca mt h thng iu khin

3
Mt h thng iu khin c hi tip c minh ha trn hnh 1.1. Gi thit
chung cho cc thnh phn ca h thng l lin tc, tuyn tnh v bt bin thi gian.
a mt tn hiu u vo u, h thng p ng u ra y c b sung tn hiu nhiu
lon khng iu khin c w. Mc tiu iu khin l duy tr u ra ti mt s gi
tr tham chiu r ngay c khi c nhiu bng mt b iu khin. B iu khin so snh
gi tr tn hiu tham kho vi tn hiu u ra o c b (c th xut hin li o
lng). B iu khin chn mt tn hiu iu khin u nhm m bo u ra tng
lai ph hp vi u vo tham chiu bt k li o hoc cc dao ng.
Nh vy, ton b h thng v thnh phn b iu khin u c trng bi mt
u vo v mt u ra vi u ra ph thuc vo u vo. H thng iu khin c
chia thnh hai loi: h thng khng iu khin m v h thng iu khin ng. H
thng phc tp bao gm nhiu bc iu khin quy v cn c m hnh ha
nhm tng minh cc bc v xc nh c hiu qu iu khin.
a, Vn m hnh ha
M hnh ha mt h thng c bt u t vic phn tch v xc nh c tnh
hot ng ca h thng v cc thnh phn thit b. Trong gm qu trnh xc nh
bn cht vt l ca cc thnh phn, cc gii hn hot ng v kiu hot ng ca h
thng (tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn). Cc thnh phn ca h thng c m t trong
khi nim n lc (effort) v lung (flow). N lc th hin mt u vo h thng gy
ra mt hiu ng phn nh bng khi nim lung. Tch ca chng l cng sut v
tng cng sut trong mt khong thi gian gi l nng lng (enery). Trong h
thng vin thng v my tnh, lng d liu ti mt ngun cn gi i l n lc v
tc d liu cn gi i tng ng l lung. Cc thnh phn h thng c th l
thnh phn ch ng hay b ng. Cc phn t ch ng to ra cng sut cc
lung chuyn qua h thng trong khi cc phn t b ng ch tiu tn nng lng
nhng khng to ra cng sut. Nhim v phn b cng sut trong thi gian hot
ng ca h thng c gi l iu hnh ng. C th, ngun d liu l thnh phn
ch ng v b m l thnh phn b ng ca mt mng.

4
Sau qu trnh xc nh c tnh ca cc thnh phn trong h thng l t chc xy
dng cc lut rng buc. Lut rng buc ch ra cc phng php gii cho mc tiu
iu khin v ti u h thng.
H thng iu khin t c mc tiu khi trng thi iu hnh t cn bng l
tng (Zero). Trong trng hp xc nh c li iu hnh, cp iu khin ph
thuc rt ln vo tnh tng thch ca lut iu khin c p dng. Cc biu thc
ton hc th hin iu hnh ca h thng l vn cui cng ca bi ton m hnh
ha h thng.
b, Biu din ton hc
C ba cch thng dng biu din mt h thng bng ton hc gm: Bin trng
thi, p ng xung v hm truyn t. Gi thit h thng tun theo m hnh bt bin
thi gian v tuyn tnh LTI (Linear and Time-Invariant). Nu h thng c mt u
ra y(t) ti thi im t ca mt u vo u(t), th ta c u ra y(t-T) vi u vo u(t-T).
V vy, nu y(t)=G(u(t)), th y(t-T)=G(u(t-T)). H thng tuyn tnh l h thng c
tnh cht xp chng nn nu u vo u1 dn ti u ra y1, u vo u2 dn ti u ra
y2 th u vo (k1u1+k2u2) dn ti u ra (k1y1+k2y2). V vy, nu y1=G(u1) v
y2=G(u2) ta c k1y1+k2y2 = G(k1u1+k2u2). i vi h thng LTI, ta lun chn t khi
to bng 0 v u vo tn hiu bng Zero khi t<0.

1.2.2 Cch tip cn iu khin h thng vin thng

Di gc tip cn h thng, hu ht m hnh ton hc y cho h thng
vin thng c biu din di mt cu trc logic iu khin phn tn phc hp
x l cc s kin v lu lng ngu nhin. Chc nng iu khin v phng thc
hot ng ca cc phn t mng a ra di dng kt hp nhm gii quyt mc tiu
ti u ngun ti nguyn mng. V vy, mc tiu chnh ca bi ton iu khin h
thng vin thng l a ra cc quyt nh tt nht trc s thay i ca lu lng
mng hay yu cu ca ngi dng vi iu kin m bo c tnh bn vng ca h
iu khin.

5
H thng vin thng hin nay s dng hai phng php chuyn mch: chuyn
mch knh cho cc ng dng in thoi truyn thng v chuyn mch gi cho cc
ng dng phi thoi. Xu th hin nay cho thy k thut chuyn mch gi hin ang
tip tc chim u th do hiu qu s dng ti nguyn so vi cc h thng s dng
k thut chuyn mch knh. Cc h thng vin thng ny hot ng trn c s ca
giao thc Internet (IP). Mt h thng vin thng c th biu din nh mt h thng
phc hp, phn tn qua cc min ln cung cp h tng cho chuyn pht v phn
phi thng tin t ngun ti ch. Cc c ch iu hnh t ng c thc hin bi
cc chng trnh v thut ton ghi sn. Hot ng iu hnh ph thuc ch yu vo
mt s thit b nhm hiu chnh m hnh iu hnh v cu trc lin kt ni cng nh
cc gii php quyt nh ca ngi iu hnh tc ng vo phng thc hot ng
ca mng. Tt c cc thnh phn c th coi nh mt phc h iu khin ca
mng truyn thng. Hiu qu s dng ti nguyn mng c xc nh qua s lng
gi tin chuyn pht thnh cng ti ch bng cc tuyn ng i ti u di cc yu
cu cung cp cht lng dch v ti ng dng.
Khi nim v iu khin rt rng v thng c hiu bi hai thut ng l iu
khin v qun l. T chc qun l cho mng vin thng thng ch ra cp cao nht
l quyt nh ca ngi iu hnh PMD (People Making Decision). Mt h thng
vin thng thng dng thng cho thy c nhiu phng php iu khin trong
mng vin thng v quyt nh cui thuc v PMD. V vy, c th tn ti nhiu m
hnh iu khin trong mng vin thng, vic pht trin mt m hnh iu khin no
phi da trn cu trc biu din ca m hnh iu khin bng cc m hnh. c
tnh ch cht ca cc h thng phc nh cc mng vin thng l khng th biu
din bng mt m hnh ton hc n nht. Cc h thng ny c biu din bi cc
m hnh khc nhau. Mi m hnh tng xng vi l thuyt h thng ch phn nh
c mt s c tnh ca h thng v d nh: c tnh tng qut ca h thng (tnh
ton vn, n nh, gim st, iu khin, m, ng, tin cy ); c tnh cu trc
(cu thnh, kt ni, phc tp, phn cp, mm do); c tnh chc nng (chu
ng, hiu nng, hiu sut, chnh xc, kinh t).

6
S d tn ti s lng ln cc m hnh nh vy l do s phc tp v s ca
biu din tng qut cng nh l thiu kh nng hnh thc ha nhiu tin trnh x l
trong cc h thng phc. N to ra cc kh khn trn c kha cnh phn tch v tng
hp cc m hnh ton hc cng nh tm kim gii php la chn tiu chun iu
khin thch hp. V vy, cc phng php iu khin tnh hung c ng dng cho
h thng phc v quyt nh cui cng thuc v ngi iu hnh PMD. PMD chu
trch nhim quyt nh ton b hoc hoc mt phn iu khin h thng. thc
hin iu ngi iu hnh s dng kinh nghim, trc gic trn c s cc th tc
t ng iu hnh v x l trc tip hoc thng qua h thng tr gip iu hnh.
Ct li ca cc phng php iu khin tnh hung l m hnh k hiu. M hnh
k hiu l m hnh biu din cc phn t ca mt ngn ng s dng PMD. Thng
thng, n l mt tp hp ca cc k hiu nghe-nhn, du hiu v hnh v ch ra cc
tnh hung hin thi, hoc tip theo ca h thng. Tnh cht ring bit ca iu
khin tnh hung to ra s khc bit gia cc phng php. Cc phn tch di y
ch ra cc c im c bn ca iu khin tnh hung trong h thng vin thng.
1. iu khin tnh hung lun yu cu mt lng nht nh cc d liu ban u
da trn thng tin v mt i tng iu khin, cc lut hot ng v tip cn
cho iu khin. Cc n lc ny ch c ngha khi khng s dng c cc
phng php khc c tnh ha i tng cng nh th tc iu khin. V d,
iu khin tnh hung mt i tng l khng cn thit khi ta c th biu din
i tng bng mt h phng trnh vi phn. Nhng s rt c ngha khi y
c hng nghn h phng trnh biu din mt h thng.
2. S la chn ngn ng m t tnh hung hin thi ca i tng l rt quan
trng. Mt ngn ng phi phn nh c cc tham s chnh v cc mi quan h
phn loi cc c tnh v to ra cc bc iu khin n l.
3. Ngn ng nh ngha tnh hung khng ch phn nh tt c thc t s hc v cc
mi quan h s dng c tnh ha i tng iu khin m cn lng ha cc
hiu bit khng th hnh thc bng ton hc.

7
4. Phn loi cc tnh hung v t hp vo trong cc lp di cc quyt nh iu
khin n bc thng mang tnh tru tng v ch quan. iu ny cho thy
thng tin v tnh hung v quyt nh iu khin c a ra bi h chuyn gia.
Tuy nhin, s hiu bit ca chuyn gia trong giai on u c th khng p ng
c cc tnh hung hin thi i vi mt h thng ln.
5. Hng dn v lut iu khin ng vai tr quan trng trong cc quyt nh iu
khin. Cc lut ny c tn l lut nh x logic LTR (Logic Transfromational
Rule) c khi to bi cc chuyn gia v nh ngha li trong cc x l iu
hnh h thng.
6. Cc h thng iu khin tnh hung khng nhm mc tiu iu khin ti u m
ch hng ti hiu qu khng xu hn i vi c ch iu hnh nhn cng. iu
ny c c l do c th a ra cc quyt nh khch quan trong c trng hp
bnh thng hay ti hn nn cn c gi l phng php kinh nghim.
7. Hn na, cc quyt nh tng bc khng xc nh chin lc iu khin cho
cc i tng iu khin thi gian thc. Cc i tng ny cn c cc quyt
nh quy c c quyt nh cui cng.
Cc vn trn cho thy cc h thng vin thng s dng tip cn iu khin
tnh hung v cn c cc tiu chun ph hp nh gi nh tnh hoc nh lng
cc yu cu iu khin. Thm vo , s phn loi cc h thng vin thng thnh
cc min mng (cc b, vng v din rng) nn iu khin thng thuc lp cao
ca kin trc. V d, mt s bi ton iu khin c thc hin qua hm mc tiu
chun ha nh nh tuyn hay iu khin chng tc nghn cng vn l cc iu
khin tnh hung v khng ch ra trc tip bi ton ti u. V vy, cc h thng vin
thng hin i cn pht trin cc phng php iu khin da trn cc th tc iu
khin nh l mt h thng qun l mng, ti u ha nh tuyn v cc chc nng
ring bit ca cc phn t mng.

1.3 CC THUC TNH CA H THNG IU KHIN

Mt h thng iu khin cn tha mn mt s iu kin: iu khin c, nhn
dng, bn vng v bt bin. Cc phng php thng k mu di gi thit gim st
cc bin ngu nhin, tin trnh ngu nhin v cc trng ngu nhin cng nh cc
tham s mu cho cc gi tr khc nhau ca cc ca s tng quan.
a, Thuc tnh iu khin
iu khin c l thuc tnh ca mt h thng khi chuyn t trng thi ny sang
trng thi khc trong mt khong thi gian yu cu. Thuc tnh ny c th hin
khi bt k mt thnh phn no ca trng thi xi(t) trong h thng S(t,x,u) c truy
nhp cho hot ng iu khin (nh hng bi u(t)). m bo kh nng iu
khin c, cc iu kin lc phi c tha mn. Thuc tnh ny c th biu
din bng kh nng chuyn giao gia cc trng thi di iu kin ti nguyn hn
ch. c tnh iu khin c tn ti khi cc iu kin sau tn ti: gim st c,
nhn dng c, bn vng v bt bin.
Kh nng gim st c ca h thng l khi h thng m bo kh nng thu thp

thng tin v mi thnh phn ca vector trng thi x T (t ) x1 , x2 ,..., xn . Nu mt php

o c th thc hin khng c li th biu thc tt nh sau c th tn ti.
y(t ) Hx(t )

(1.1)

Trong , H l h s tng (hoc gim) di php o x(t). Nu c li trong php

o hoc nhiu trong knh gim st v(t) th biu thc 1.1 thnh biu thc ngu nhin
nh di y.
y(t ) Hx(t ) v(t )

(1.2)

Cc gi tr ca y(t) t biu thc 1.7 c th dng trc tip cho iu khin. Nu

phng trnh gim st l ngu nhin th y(t) l tin trnh ngu nhin. s dng
trong mt thut ton iu khin, ta cn xc nh trng thi x(t ) . Trong cc iu kin
thc, biu thc 1.2 l mu t cc kt qu nh gi:

y T (t ) y1 , y 2 ,..., y n

(1.3)

V vy, biu thc gim st tr thnh ri rc v th hin qua biu thc sau
yk Hxk vk

(1.4)

Chui ri rc ca biu thc gim st cn x l qua cc th tc nh gi v cc kt

qu s c s dng trong thut ton iu khin ti phn tip theo.
b, Thuc tnh nhn dng
Nhn dng c l kh nng xy dng cc m hnh ton hc cho mt h thng v
thu thp thng tin c tnh ca h thng m phng trn c s kt qu gim st. Ni
cch khc, l kh nng trnh cc tin nghim khng chc chn v cc c tnh
ca h thng ca mt m hnh h thng bng cc x l kt qu gim st. V d,
phn tn, gi tr trung bnh, khong thi gian tng quan l khng bit trong nhiu
trng hp thc t. Trong trng hp vn nhn dng ph thuc vo mt hoc
mt vi tham s th cc tham s ny cn phi o lng. C hai phng php nh
gi: nh gi mu v nh gi quy.
nh gi mu c th thu c t cng thc tnh ton gi tr trung bnh,
n

xcp i 1 xi p ( xi )dx . Nu cc xc sut ca tt c cc s kin bng nhau

( p ( x j ) p ( xi ) 1 / n ) , ta c gi tr trung bnh ca mu:

xcp

1 n
xk
n k 1

(1.5)

Vi n l kch thc mu. Cng phng php tip cn, ta c th tnh ton phn
tn ca mu bng biu thc.
2

1 n
( xk x )2
n 1 k 1

(1.6)

Trong biu thc trn, phn 2 xc nh lch bnh phng trung bnh.

10
V vy, cc nh gi mu thu c sau mt s chu k thi gian nhn c
thng k chnh xc v thc hin tnh ton. Trong mt s trng hp, tr qu ln
trong qu trnh thu thp mu dn ti khng s dng c cho iu khin.
nh gi quy gi thit vn x l thng k mu trong thi gian thc theo
tng bc. Mi bc quy gn lin vi vic thu nhn gi tr mu hin thi yk. Gi
tr ny so snh vi gi tr trc ( yk y k 1 ) v b sung gi tr thu c vi trng
s 1/ . Gi tr thu c th hin qua biu thc sau:
xk xk 1

( yk xk 1 )

(1.7)

Theo l thuyt phn hoch, c hai cng thc (1.5) v (1.6) u c th s dng
cho iu khin. Vic s dng cng thc (1.5) cho iu khin t ng c th dn ti
tr p ng, hay tr quyt nh trong trng hp s dng phng php iu khin
tnh hung. Cc nh gi quy l tnh ton cho tng bc iu khin v cho php
quyt nh trong thi gian thc. Hin nhin, c hai phng php u c mt s rng
buc nht nh nh sau: i vi cc thng k mu, khi c to bi mt s m
phng ri rc (gim st ri rc)
yk Hxk vk , k 1, 2,...., n

(1.8)

Nu H=1, ta c
yk xk vk

(1.9)

Biu thc trn c th biu din mt tnh hung gim st in thoi in hnh vi
tin trnh ngu nhin x(k) biu din cuc gi vi nhiu trng Gassian v(k). Gim st
ngu nhin cho c hai tin trnh, s ngu nhin ca i tng gim st c th c vi
kha cnh khc nhau v chui thng k c th to theo nhiu cch khc nhau.
ly thng k mu cn c mt s bc: xc lp lp ca i tng gim st (gi tr
ngu nhin hay tin trnh ngu nhin); v to mu theo la chn theo cng thc
(1.8). Nu gi thit x(t) l mt chui ngu nhin, ta c cc gi tr hng s
( x(t) const ) trong thi gian gim st T t1, t2 ,..., tn . Nhng gi tr ca x(t) v x(k) l

11
khng bit (vn m bo tnh ngu nhin). Cc gi tr nhn c ca yk l yk yk .
i vi bt k t chc tin trnh mu no th gi tr yk l c lp do khng tng
quan vi nhiu. Chui mu thu c yk xk vk , k 1, 2,..., n c x l bi cng
thc (1.5) ly cc gi tr trung bnh.
tm thng k mu cho tin trnh x(t), ta cn chn hai tham s chnh: chu k
gim st T0 v tc mu f d 1 / d vi gi tr d l khong thi gian gia hai ln
ly mu. Vic la chn tham s ny ph thuc vo vic s dng cc thng k
y1 , y2 ,..., yn .

Nu thng k c s dng cho nh gi mu c gi tr trung bnh

n

xcp n1 K 1 xK th khong thi gian gia cc gi tr ra cn chn c lp vi cc gi

tr ln cn. iu c ngha h s tng quan tin ti gi tr Zero.

rij

( x x )( x x )
(x x ) (x x
i

i 1

cp

cp

cp

j 1

(1.10)

2
cp )

c, Thuc tnh bn vng v bt bin

Thut ng bn vng c s dng xc nh cc c tnh c cc h thng phc
tp nh h thng iu khin vin thng v cc h thng iu khin n gin. Trong
trng hp cc h thng phc tp, yu t bn vng gm nhiu thnh phn. u tin
l tin cy khi xc nh kh nng thc thi cc hm yu cu trong mt khong thi
gian. Thnh phn th hai sng st xc nh c tnh thc thi hm yu cu di
mt s iu kin cho trc. Thnh phn th ba bo v nhiu l bt bin vi cc
loi nhiu. Bn vng c th hiu theo ngha hp l n nh ca h thng. Mt h
thng c th chuyn ti trng thi bt n nh khi tham s hoc hot ng u vo
khng ng. Cc h thng bn vng a ra cc p ng gii hn vi cc u vo
gii hn. iu c ngha l tn ti iu kin rng buc gi tr u ra theo u vo.
dy(t ) / dx(t )

(1.11)

12
H thng bn vng hon ton khi n nh vi bt k u vo no. n nh h
thng c th c nhn nhn t mt s kha cnh khc nhau: n nh lyapunov,
n nh xc sut, n nh trung bnh v n nh thc t.
c tnh bt bin ca h thng l kh nng duy tr mt s trng thi u ra khi c
mt s hot ng khc bit ti u vo. V d gim st mt h thng
y(t ) H (t ) x(t ) S (t )

(1.12)

Trng hp h thng bt bin nu bt k mt hot ng u vo v(t) no u

khng dn ti cc p ng khng mong mun y(t ) y .

1.4 CC GII PHP IU KHIN H THNG VIN THNG

1.4.1 iu khin cung cp QoS
Cung cp QoS cho cc dch v mng lun l vn then cht ca cc h thng
truyn thng v thng gn lin vi cc gii php qun l mng. Cc thut ton
iu khin h thng vin thng phi tnh ti hng lot cc c tnh nh: trng thi
phn tn ca mng trn c kha cnh khng gian v thi gian; tr khc nhau gia
cc vng iu khin kt ni trng thi v cc phn t mng; nguyn tc iu khin
manager/agent c thc hin di tng tc ca cc i tng iu khin tch
bit; tng tc gia cc phn t mng c thc hin qua mt tp giao thc phn
cp x l tun t d liu iu khin.
Ch rng hin nay cha c mt h thng iu khin hon chnh no cho cc
mng vin thng, c bit l mng din rng MAN v WAN. Vn cung cp cht
lng dch v mng c thng qua cc tha thun v hp ng lu lng theo mt
s tham s QoS sau: thng lng lng mng, tin cy, tn tht gi, tr v bin
ng tr (Rec Y.1540). Cc tham s ny c th hin qua tha thun cung cp dch
SLA (Service Level Agreement) cn gi l hp ng lu lng gia ngi s dng
v nh cung cp dch v. Khi nim QoS c th nh ngha nh t l tng th ca
cc c tnh dch v xc nh mc tha mn ngi dng t mt dch v nht
nh. Thng thng, QoS c c trng bi tr kt ni, thng lng d liu v

13
cht lng kt ni. Tha thun SLA c th c thc hin trc cc phin truyn
thng thc t hoc theo mt s chu k thi gian v c dng iu khin cc
dch v mng. V vy, cc thut ton iu khin chnh thng gm iu khin tnh
hung, cn ti u thay v iu khin tt nh thng qua cc tip cn xc sut. Qua
cc phn tch trn, mt kin trc logic a ra gm ba mt bng: iu khin, d liu
v qun l c ch ra trn hnh 1.2. Cc tip cn chung bao gm cc phng php
v k thut s dng cung cp QoS c ch ra trn hnh 1.3.

Hnh 1.2: Cu trc logic ca tha thun cung cp cht lng dch v

Hnh 1.3: Cc k thut cung cp QoS cho mng vin thng

Cc k thut cho mt bng iu khin. Cc k thut ny lin quan trc tip ti
cc ng dn d liu ca ngi dng gm 3 k thut chnh. (i) K thut iu khin
chp nhn cuc gi CAC (Call Admission Control) iu khin cc yu cu lung
lu lng mi ph hp vi trng thi ti nguyn mng. CAC xc nh cc kt qu
lu lng trong iu kin tc nghn hoc suy gim cp cht lng cho cc dch
v trong h thng hin thi. (ii) K thut nh tuyn QoS cung cp s la chn
tuyn tha mn yu cu cht lng dch v ca mt lung d liu c th. Thng

14
thng, ch mt hoc hai iu kin rng buc c a ra lm c s tnh ton
tuyn. (iii) K thut d tr ti nguyn thng c s dng trong cc mng IP da
trn giao thc d tr ti nguyn nhm dnh trc ti nguyn cho lung lu lng.
K thut cho mt bng d liu. l mt nhm k thut lin quan trc tip ti
cc lung lu lng ngi s dng. Mt s k thut in hnh nh qun l b m,
trnh tc nghn, lp lch v xp hng, phn loi v chia ct lu lng. K thut qun
l b m lm gim cc gi tin iu khin i ti hng i truyn dn. Mc tiu
quan trng nht l ti thiu ha dnh trung bnh hng i ti tc cao nhm
tng hiu dng knh. Bn cnh , k thut qun l b m nhm phn b cng
bng khng gian m gia cc lung lu lng khc nhau. Gii php hin nay s
dng c ch qun l b m tch cc gii quyt cc kh nng tc nghn v d nh
thut ton loi b gi sm RED (Random Early Detection). Khi RED c p dng,
chui gi tin b ct b da trn di trung bnh nhm trnh cc kh nng t chi
phc v. K thut trnh tc nghn h tr mc ti mng thp hn mt cht thng
lng mng thng qua gii php ct ti lu lng.
Tip cn nh du gi tin c s dng nh ngha mt mc dch v c th
cho cc gi tin khc nhau. Vic nh du gi tin thng c thc hin ti cc u
vo b nh tuyn qua th tc gn mt s gi tr vo trng chc nng c bit ca
tiu gi tin.
Mc tiu chnh ca cc k thut lp lch v xp hng l la chn mt gi tin c
th t b m a vo knh truyn. Ty thuc vo hm mc tiu x l gi tin ti
u ra m c ch x l da trn mt s lut c th nh: vo trc ra trc FIFO
(First In First Out), hng i trng s cng bng WFQ (Weight Fair Queuing) hay
hng i da trn phn lp dch v CBQ (Class Based Queuing)...
Mc tiu ca x l chia ct lu lng l iu khin tc v kch thc cc
lung d liu ti u vo mng. Lu lng ban u c chuyn qua cc b m c
cu trc c bit cho php d on cc c tnh lung lu lng. Hai thut ton
ph bin s dng cho chia ct lu lng l thut ton thng d (leaky bucket) v

15
thng th (token bucket). Thut ton thng d thc hin iu chnh tc cho cc
lung lu lng u vo, khi b m (thng) y th cc gi vt qu s b loi b.
Tri ngc vi thut ton trn, thut ton thng th khng iu chnh tc ra v
cng khng loi b gi. Tc u vo v u ra s cn bng khi c cc th bi
trong cc b m tng ng. Cc th c to ra vi cc tc xc nh v nm
di y thng. Cc gi tin c chuyn i ph thuc vo tham s tc to th v
kch thc thng.
Cc k thut lin quan ti mt bng qun l. Mt bng qun l QoS gm cc k
thut chu trch nhim duy tr, qun l v iu khin mng tng thch vi lu
lng ngi s dng. Mt trong cc k thut l o kim kim tra cc tham s
lung d liu thc t so snh vi gi tr yu cu trong SLA. Sau khi phn tch cc
kt qu, cc c ch iu khin lung lu lng c p dng trong tng iu kin
c th ca mng. Giao thc d phng ti nguyn RSVP (Resource reservation
Protocol) l giao thc ng vai tr trung tm nhm ci thin cc c ch k thut trn
cho nhim v d phng v qun l ti nguyn. cung cp cht lng dch v theo
yu cu trong tng giai on chuyn pht gi tin, RSVP c tch hp vi cc c
ch nh tuyn iu khin lu lng. Cc c ch ny gm: iu khin truy nhp,
phn loi lu lng, d liu v lp k hoch hng i Hin c 3 m hnh cung
cp dch v trong cc h thng vin thng gm: m hnh n lc ti a, tch hp dch
v v phn bit dch v (hnh 1.4).

Hnh 1.4: Cc m hnh cung cp dch v

M hnh tch hp dch v (IntServ) s dng cc ngun ti nguyn d phng tch
hp cho mt nhm lung lu lng nht nh v c th gy nh hng xu ti cc
lung cn li nht l khi ti nguyn d phng khng c s dng. Tuy nhin, m
hnh ny m bo cht ch cht lng dch v theo yu cu. Thm vo , m hnh

16
khng c cc b cng c c bit cung cp QoS cho cc lung ln (Macro) v
gii hn trong min ng dng tch hp dch v. M hnh ny gn kt cht ch vi
kh nng p ng ti lu lng ca b nh tuyn cng nh yu cu thay i phn
mm ca b nh tuyn nhn din cc ng dng mng.
Cc m hnh phn bit dch v (DifServ) hng ti mc tiu phn bit dch v
cung cp cho cc lp lu lng ghp. Mc tiu ca m hnh l a ra cc nguyn
tc cung cp QoS cho cc lung lu lng ln trn c s mi quan h ca cc lp
dch v.
M hnh n lc ti a hng ti mc tiu phn b cng bng cc ti nguyn. M
hnh ny khng h tr cc c ch iu khin ngun ti nguyn mng cng nh thut
ton phn b. Bn cnh , m hnh cho php xy ra tc nghn nu lu lng ln
v khng m bo chuyn pht gi tin thnh cng. Tuy nhin, m hnh rt hiu qu
khi trong mng khng c yu cu chuyn pht lu lng thi gian thc.

1.4.2 Tip cn RACS v RASF

Phn h iu khin chp nhn v ti nguyn

RACS (The Resource and

Admission Control Sub-System) thc hin cc chc nng iu khin cho mng truy
nhp v cc nt bin thuc mc thc thi li. Mc thc thi li l mt phn ca mng
vi phng thc nh tuyn s dng giao thc IP. Mng truy nhp l thnh phn
mng s dng tp trung v phn b lu lng ti ngi dng u cui. iu
khin ti nguyn trong mng truy nhp tng ng vi iu khin lp lin kt d
liu thuc lp 2 ca m hnh kt ni h thng m OSI. Trong khi nim ca RACS,
iu khin ti nguyn khng xem xt ti mc li mng. iu khin trc tip ti
nguyn c thc hin bi mt vi phn t mng xc nh lu lng ti mc lin
kt (mc 2) cng nh l cc phn t mng t ti bin mng truyn ti. Thnh phn
A-RACF thc hin cc chc nng iu khin lin quan trc tip ti ngun ti
nguyn ca mng truy nhp. Thnh phn chc nng quyt nh chnh sch dch v
SPDF (Service-Based Policy Decision Function) thc thi iu khin da trn cc

17
chnh sch i vi dch v trn bin ca mc li mng. Kin trc RACF c ch ra
trn hnh 1.5 khng nhn bt k mt thng tin v cu hnh no t mc li mng.

Hnh 1.5: Kin trc ca phn h RACS

Qun l QoS c thc hin trn m hnh y theo nguyn l Ponselle. Trong
trng hp ny, thnh phn iu khin gm c A-RACF v SPDF gi cc lnh ti
thit b truyn ti. y khng c s mu thun trong cc nh ngha ca ITU v
ETSI a ra do u l t chc xy dng tiu chun. Tuy nhin, mt s im khc
bit cng cn c ch ra v phn tch nh di y.
Th nht, l mt phn t mng thc hin nhim v iu khin, i ngc vi
RACS, kin trc RACF xem xt tin trnh qun l cho tt c cc phn mng cung
cp QoS theo yu cu.
Bn cnh , kin trc RACF cung cp nhiu kch bn qun l ngun ti nguyn
mng hn kin trc RACS.
ITU xc nh kin trc qun l QoS trong h thng tiu chun. tng chnh
ca kin trc qun l QoS c xy dng trn nguyn tc c lp gia lp truyn
ti v lp dch v. V d, khi thoi c truyn qua giao thc IP trong mng
internet, lu lng thoi c truyn sau khi cc th tc bo hiu c hon tt
gia cc phn t ca mng bo hiu. Mt phn lu lng bo hiu c chuyn qua
mng cng vi mc u tin tng t nh d liu do ti mc mng khng c c cu
yu cu v m bo QoS. gii quyt vn ny, ITU xut phn bit mc

18
truyn ti v mc ng dng c lp nhau. Cng vi khi nim c lp gia cc
mc, ngun ti nguyn mng yu cu c cung cp bi mc mng sau khi nhn
c lnh t mc ng dng. Theo , mc ng dng chu trch nhim trao i cc
bn tin bo hiu gia cc ng dng. Mc truyn ti chu trch nhim v tin cy
cho c lung lu lng iu khin v cc gi tin d liu. Chc nng iu khin ca
mc truyn ti phc v cc kt ni gia cc mc ng dng v truyn ti. Chc nng
ny cho php c c cung cp da trn phn tch trng thi ti nguyn v chnh
sch truy nhp c thit lp bi nh khai thc ti ngi s dng. Ngoi ra, chc
nng ny iu khin cc thit b mng cung cp cc dch v yu cu. Chc nng
ca RACF xc nh ti nguyn kh dng v thc hin iu khin c th hin trn
hnh 1.6.

Hnh 1.6: Kin trc ca phn h RACF

Chc nng iu khin dch v SCF (Service Control Function) chu trch nhim
truyn dn d liu bo hiu trong thi gian thit lp phin truyn thng. Chc nng
ny yu cu mc QoS trong phn t c bit ca RACF. Phn t ny xc nh ti
nguyn kh dng ca mng p ng yu cu QoS v iu khin thit b thc hin
nhim v. Chc nng ca d liu cho mng gn thm h tr h s gn mc QoS
cho ngi dng. Trong th tc nhn dng cuc gi, chc nng ny kim tra yu cu
truy nhp ti nguyn ca ngi dng. Kin trc chc nng ny c thit k c lp
vi pha ngi s dng do RACF c th ng dng cho c mng truy nhp v mng
li. RACF gm hai khi chc nng, khi th nht chu trch nhim thc thi cc
chnh sch v lut yu cu PD-FE v khi chc nng th hai iu khin ti nguyn

19
lp truyn ti TRC-FE. Khi PD-FE xc nh kh nng cung cp dch v thng qua
mt s th tc kim tra d liu sau: h s ngi dng trong mng truy nhp, mc
tha thun dch v, chnh sch, mc u tin v yu cu ti nguyn mng. Sau khi
nhn c yu cu, PD-FE gi thng tin truyn ti lu lng ti thit b mng
yu cu cung cp ti nguyn. Thng tin ny gm mt s ni dung nh: cc lnh
iu khin gateway; nh du cc gi tin ca lung lu lng; d liu a ch lp
mng v a ch cng cho chc nng chuyn i a ch; iu khin cc tc
truyn dn; phng thc lc lu lng; th t ca d liu truyn.
PD-FE a ra cc quyt nh iu khin thit b ca mng truy nhp da trn mt
phn t chc nng gi l PE-FE. PE-FE c t ti bin mng cung cp cc
lut nht nh cho cc lung lu lng. Trong mng truyn thng thi gian thc,
cc chc nng ca phn t ca phn t PE-FE c th thc hin bi mt s thit b
sau: Thit b bin iu khin phin SBC (Session Boundary Control); h thng kt
cui modem cp; cc b nh tuyn bin. V vy, chc nng to quyt nh PD-FE
iu khin cht lng dch v ca mng nh phn t PE-FE c t trn bin
mng. Phn t chc nng iu khin ti nguyn ca giao thc truyn ti TRC-FE d
tm trng thi ca ti nguyn mng. TRC-FE to ra cc quyt nh v cung cp dch
v da trn c s d liu kh dng ti nguyn mng. Phn t chc nng TRC-FE
hng ti iu khin ngun ti nguyn mng truy nhp da trn giao thc truyn ti
s dng. Khi PD-FE iu khin ngun ti nguyn lp mng truyn ti c lp vi
giao thc truyn ti.

1.4.3 iu khin cu trc

c tnh cu trc h thng c phn nh thng qua cc tnh cht c th. Cc
tnh cht c th ca mt h thng vin thng gm cc h thng ca trung tm
truyn thng v cc kt ni gia chng, tng ng vi nh ngha v h thng l
mt tp cc phn t c kt ni vi nhau.
Cu trc mng c nh ngha ti mt s mc khc nhau nh: mc vt l (nt
v lin kt), mc lin kt d liu (knh) v mc mng (nh tuyn). Cc cu trc

20
ny c th tnh hoc ng, thay i di cc iu kin lu lng hoc phng thc
iu khin. Thng thng, cu trc vt l c gi nh l khng bin i theo thi
gian. Nhng cc ngun ti nguyn vt l khc nhau (min tn s, thi gian) yu cu
ng dng phn b ng cc ngun ti nguyn. N lin quan trc tip ti ti nguyn
nh truy nhp khng gian thi gian, m ha khng gian thi gian, ti s dng
tn s, antena thch ng Cu trc mng cho mc knh c th tnh hoc ng ty
thuc vo yu cu lu lng ca thit b kt cui. Cu trc mng trn mc mng
thng ng k c phng php nh tuyn tnh hoc ng u cho thy s bin
ng ca lu lng. V vy, mng vin thng hin i cn c ng x nh mt
mng c cu trc ng. Cc th tc iu khin khc nhau c s dng cho cc cu
trc ng nh vy. Cc th tc ny to thnh chui nhim v khc nhau t u
ngun pht thng tin ti ni nhn thng tin trong mng.
Cc phng php chnh s dng ci thin cc th tc iu khin cho mt cu
trc mng l cc phng php s dng phn mm iu khin da trn ngng t
nhin. im mnh ca ngng t nhin l s thay i cu trc iu khin sau khi
t c mt vi im ngng nh trc. Cc tiu gi tin ng vai tr quan
trng trong gii php iu khin ny, khi cc a ch ngun v ch c xc nh,
mt s d liu khc cho php thc hin mt s chc nng x l trong qu trnh cc
gi tin trn tuyn. Cng thi gian , Cc phng php ti u c thc hin. Cc
phng php ny cung cp cc ci thin hoc ti u cu trc mng theo mt vi tiu
ch.
Vi mc tiu ti u cu trc mng, vn c nhn nhn khi s cn thit ca
trong ti u iu khin ca mt cu trc mng tng ln, dn ti cc phng php
iu khin da trn phn mm khng a ra c cc mc cung cp QoS theo yu
cu. V d nh, s tc nghn c chai, tr ln cng nh mc tn tht gi tin cao. Cc
c ch nh tuyn m bo QoS thng thuc bi ton NP- Complete v khng ng
dng c trong mng thi gian thc. V vy, mt s th tc ti u c pht trin
tm kim tuyn ti u. V d giao thc OSPF s dng tin trnh tm ng ti u
theo trng s gii quyt mt nhim v ti u trong lp phn b cc ti nguyn.

21
Thut ton tm kim c gii theo tng bc, trong mi bc k tip c xy
dng trn c s kt qu ca bc pha trc v c coi nh mt nhim v ca bi
ton quy hoch ng.
Ti u cc th tc ng trong iu khin cu trc h thng vin thng. Vi cc
iu kin rng buc cho cc mc QoS, trnh ri vo lp bi ton NP-comlete khi
phn b li lu lng, ta s dng thut ton quy gim thiu tc nghn trong
mng. tng chnh ca thut ton nh sau: s dng chin lc iu khin tp
trung cho ton b hoc mt phn mng.

1.4.4 iu khin trng thi

Cc trng thi chc nng ca h thng vin thng c phn nh bi cc m
hnh cho tng mng c th. Cc trng thi x(t) c th thay i theo thi gian ty
thuc vo mt s yu t. Cc trng thi mong mun c th c thit lp bi cc
th tc iu khin cho c cc yu t nh hng hay cc trng thi. Hm iu khin
cho mt i tng c th xc nh mt c cu iu khin cho i tng gm: gim
st trng thi, iu khin s thay i trng thi, ch dn cho iu khin thay i
trng thi. V vy, c ch ny tnh ton khng ch trng thi hin thi x(t) m
c tnh ton tc thay i trng thi dx(t)/dt. y c ba min chc nng ca iu
khin.
(i)

Gim st hot ng ca mt i tng xc nh s thiu ht v ti

nguyn hin c, phc v cho qu trnh iu khin. Thng c hai trng
thi ca mt i tng c s dng trong iu khin ti nguyn l cho
php v ngn cn. M hnh iu khin ti nguyn c s dng gm m
hnh khi nim v m hnh ri rc.

(ii)

Ti lu lng hoc mc s dng ca phn t xc nh hiu sut ca

phn t hay kh dng ca cc ti nguyn. Cc trng thi ca i tng
ny thng l: khng ti (idle), ti nh (active) v ti nng (bn).

22
(iii)

Trng thi qun tr m t kh nng s dng cc ngun ti nguyn. Trng

thi ny c chia thnh 3 giai on: truy nhp ti nguyn b kha
(blocked), phng thc tt hoc ngng.

Cc trng thi ca i tng iu khin c cc c tnh khc nhau c m t

qua cc thuc tnh. Cc thuc tnh ny dng c tnh ha hot ng v s dng
ca mt i tng trong h thng iu khin lin quan ti cc phng php iu
khin tnh hung.

1.5 KIN TRC V PHN LOI BO HIU

Bo hiu c s dng gia ngi dng v mng hoc gia cc phn t mng
trao i cc thng tin iu khin khc nhau nh: m t lu lng, dch v v nhn
dng knh. Ni cch khc, bo hiu c s dng thit lp, gim st v gii
phng cc kt ni ng. Bao gm cc kt ni vt l, o v kt ni logic. Cc kt ni
tnh c cu hnh hoc x l nhn cng v c th khng s dng bo hiu. Ngoi
ra, bo hiu cung cp cc phng tin d tr ti nguyn. Bo hiu cung cp
phng tin trao i cc thng tin lin quan ti kt ni trong, trc hoc sau khi
cc hot ng truyn ti thng tin din ra.

1.5.1 Phn loi bo hiu

Cc k thut bo hiu c th c phn loi theo mt s cch khc nhau. Mc
ny tp trung vo cc phng php k thut bo hiu khc nhau trn c s mng
vin thng v mng truyn thng d liu.
Bo hiu trong bng v bo hiu ngoi bng: Trong mng truyn thng d
liu, bo hiu trong bng lin quan ti vic s dng cng knh o mng thng tin
bo hiu v thng tin d liu. Bo hiu ngoi bng l thng tin bo hiu v d liu
c mang trn hai knh o khc nhau. Trong mng vin thng truyn thng, bo
hiu trong bng l bo hiu s dng tn s trong bng tn thoi (300 Hz 3400 Hz).
Bo hiu ngoi bng l bo hiu s dng bng tn ln hn bng tn thoi (<4000
Hz). C bo hiu trong bng v bo hiu ngoi bng u c im hn ch ring. Bo

23
hiu trong bng d b nh hng bi m ha thoi c th dn ti gin on khng
mong mun. Bo hiu ngoi bng cn b sung cc thit b in t h tr x l
bo hiu.
Bo hiu trong knh v bo hiu knh chung: C bo hiu trong bng v bo
hiu ngoi bng trong mng vin thng u c th cng loi l bo hiu trong knh.
Trong bo hiu trong knh, knh vt l mang c thng tin bo hiu cng nh l
thoi/d liu. Bo hiu knh chung s dng knh tch bit mang thng tin bo
hiu cho mt s kt ni. Bo hiu trong knh v bo hiu knh chung trong mng
vin thng tng t nh bo hiu trong bng v bo hiu ngoi bng trong cc
mng truyn thng d liu.

Hnh 1.7: Phn loi cc k thut bo hiu

Bo hiu knh gn kt v khng gn kt: Trong mng vin thng, bo hiu
knh chung c chia thnh hai loi: bo hiu knh gn kt v bo hiu knh khng
gn kt. Trong bo hiu knh chung gn kt, cc knh bo hiu v ng dn d
liu cng i qua mt phn t mng. Tuy nhin, khc vi bo hiu trong knh, cc
knh bo hiu ny khng cng chia s knh vt l vi lung d liu. Trong bo hiu
knh chung knh khng gn kt, khng c s tng ng gia cc knh bo hiu v
cc ng dn d liu. Trong mng truyn thng d liu, ngha ca bo hiu knh
gn kt v bo hiu knh khng gn kt ph thuc vo cng ngh mng. V d,
Mng truyn ti bt ng b ATM h tr c hai loi bo hiu. Trong bo hiu knh
gn kt, tt c bn tin bo hiu cho mi lung o c trao i qua kt ni o c

24
nh (VCI=5) ca lung o . Trong bo hiu knh khng gn kt, cc bn tin bo
hiu cho tt c cc lung c trao i trn mt lung o v kt ni o c nh
(VPI=0, VCI=5).
T cc k thut gii thch trn y da trn nn mt k thut khc c tn gi
metasignalling thng c ni n trong nhiu tiu chun bo hiu khc nhau.
Metasignalling ch ra qu trnh x l thit lp cc knh bo hiu bng cc th tc
bo hiu. Knh bo hiu cng c thit lp thit lp cc knh cho truyn ti d
liu.

1.5.2 Mt s c tnh ca bo hiu

Nhm a ra gc nhn tng qut v bo hiu trong h thng vin thng hin i,
ta xem xt mt s c tnh ca bo hiu gm: bn tin xc nhn, bo v b nh thi,
tha thun tham s, nhn dng kt ni/cuc gi, m hnh my hu hn trng thi,m
ha v gii m bn tin.
o Cc bn tin xc nhn c yu cu do c tnh khng tin cy t nhin ca ng
truyn thng. Nhm tng tin cy cho phin truyn thng, mt s c ch bo
hiu bt tay handshakes c s dng trong cc trng hp phng tin
truyn thng khng m bo tin cy.
o B nh thi c s dng trnh hin tng tr thng tin qu ln do bn tin
bo hiu tn tht hoc gin on. B nh thi c khi to ngay sau khi bn
tin c truyn i, trong trng hp bn tin bo hiu b mt hoc b loi b, b
nh thi s qu hn v bn tin c truyn li. Nu bn tin n c ch an
ton v c xc nhn, b nh thi ngng m. Vic la chn chnh xc gi tr
nh thi rt quan trng, nu gi tr qu nh th b nh thi s thng xuyn
qu hn. Nu la chn gi tr nh thi ln s chng li mc tiu gi thi gian v
thng c chn khong gp hai ln tr truyn lan vng gia hai u cui.
o Tha thun tham s truyn l la chn tham s thc t t mt tp tham s
chung. c tnh v phm vi ca tha thun tham s ph thuc vo s lng ln

25
bt tay. Th tc bt tay ba bc cung cp nhiu phm vi tha thun hn so vi
bt tay hai bc.
o M hnh my hu hn trng thi FSM (Finite State Machine) c s dng
m hnh ha cc th tc bo hiu thng qua cc trng thi hu hn. Mt m hnh
in hnh gm 3 trng thi c bn: thit lp, truyn d liu v gii phng cng
vi cc bn tin bo hiu chuyn dch gia chng.
o Trong cc mng truyn thng d liu, bo hiu thng c m ha trong
khun dng TLV (Type-Length-Value). Cc khi thng tin trong bn tin c th
c m ha theo kiu TLV th hin loi bn tin, di bn tin v cc ni
dung thc ca bn tin.
Phng thc truyn bn tin bo hiu c th chia thnh hai loi: im ti im v
im ti a im. Phng thc truyn bo hiu im ti im l phng thc n
gin, ph bin nht v c dng cho hai im u cui. i vi cc ng dng a
ng hoc qung b, phng thc bo hiu im ti a im c s dng thit
lp cc kt ni t im gc ti cc nt l. Phng thc ny tit kim c lng
bng thng bo hiu ph thuc vo su v rng ca cy. Cc im hn ch gm:
kh thit lp, qun l v gii phng kt ni bo hiu; truyn thng n hng v
kh thit lp thng tin t nt l ti nt gc nhm khi to bo hiu.

1.5.3 Chc nng bo hiu trong m hnh OSI

Do khi nim bo hiu v iu khin kt ni l mt khi nim rng nn c th
nhn nhn t nhiu kha cnh khc nhau ca mng. Mc ny s cung cp mt s c
tnh c bn ca bo hiu theo kin trc m hnh tham chiu OSI. M hnh kt ni h
thng m OSI (ISO/IEC 7498-1) l m hnh khi nim c tnh v tiu chun
ha cc chc nng ni ca mt h thng truyn thng bng cch phn chia thnh
cc lp tru tng. M hnh OSI nhm cc chc nng truyn thng tng t vo
mt trong 7 lp logic (hnh 1.8).
Lp Vt l: Cc mch vt l to ra lp vt l ca m hnh OSI. Lp vt l m t cc
tn hiu in, quang s dng cho truyn thng v ch lin quan ti cc c tnh vt

26
l ca tn hiu in hoc quang gm: in p, dng in, kiu phng tin, c tnh
vt l ca u ni, ng b... Bo hiu v iu khin kt ni s dng lp vt l
tng t nh cc lung d liu thc hin cc tc v. Mt s nhim v bo hiu
ti thit b u cui c th s dng chnh cc tham s vt l ca ng truyn dn
lm phng tin bo hiu v iu khin. V d nh bo hiu mch vng ng dy
thu bao s dng dng in xoay chiu cp chung cho thu bao in thoi.

Hnh 1.8: M hnh tham chiu kt ni h thng m OSI

Lp lin kt d liu: Lp lin kt d liu cung cp mt lin kt tin cy gia cc nt
c kt ni trc tip bng cch pht hin v c kh nng hiu chnh li c th xy ra
ti lp vt l. Lp lin kt d liu c chia thnh hai phn lp: iu khin truy
nhp phng tin MAC (Media Access Control) v iu khin lin kt d liu LLC
(Logical Link Control). Phn lp MAC c th cha cc giao thc iu khin truy
nhp vi cc thut ton iu khin khc nhau. V d, giao thc a truy nhp cm
nhn sng mang/ d tm xung t CSMA/CD hay a truy nhp cm nhn sng
mang/ trnh xung t CSMA/CA. Phn lp LLC chu trch nhim cho cc khung
ng b, kim tra li v iu khin lung. Cc khe thi gian c bit hoc phn u
hoc kt thc khung c s dng mang cc thng tin bo hiu v iu khin.
Lp mng: Lp mng trong m hnh OSI chu trch nhim qun l thng tin a ch
logic trong cc gi tin v chuyn pht cc gi tin ti a ch chnh xc. Cc a
ch lp mng l mt phn khng th thiu trong hot ng ca cc giao thc bo

27
hiu nhm iu khin kt ni, chuyn pht bn tin bo hiu v thit lp cc tham s
bo hiu v iu khin. Chc nng bo hiu trong mng vin thng thng gn lin
vi cc c ch nh tuyn do nh tuyn lun l bc u tin trong qu trnh thit
lp kt ni. Trong mng truyn thng d liu, chc nng bo hiu ti lp mng
thng l mt phn ca chc nng nh tuyn v cc giai on thit lp, truyn v
gii phng kt ni c thc hin ng thi.
Lp truyn ti: Lp truyn ti x l cc chc nng truyn ti nh l chuyn pht tin
cy hoc khng tin cy d liu ti ch. Trong mng my tnh, thit b gi i chu
trch nhim chia d liu thnh cc gi nh hn nhm pht li khi b tn tht. Cc
gi tn tht c pht hin bi cc bn tin xc nhn ACK t pha thit b thu. Bin
cnh , lp truyn ti cung cp ty chn a ch dch v cho cc dch v v ng
dng lp trn. Cc thng tin iu khin v bo hiu cng da trn ch s cng
a ra cc quyt nh iu khin dch v. Cc c ch iu khin ca s lung thng
tin c ng dng trc tip trn giao thc TCP rt ph bin trong cc mi trng
mng truyn thng. Thng thng, bi ton ti u hiu nng mng NUM (Network
Utility Maximization) c ti u ti lp truyn ti cng vi cc tham s lp di
c t ra nh mt vn then cht trong iu khin.
Lp phin: Lp phin chu trch nhim thit lp, qun l v gii phng cc phin
kt ni gia cc ng dng ti cc im cui ca truyn thng. Trong giai on thit
lp, dch v v cc lut p dng cho d liu cho phin truyn thng gia cc thit b
c a ra. Khi cc thit b u cui tha thun c lut truyn, giai on truyn
d liu c tin hnh. Gii phng phin kt ni dnh ti nguyn cho cc kt ni
khc c thc hin khi phin truyn kt thc. Nh vy, phn ln cc tc v iu
khin v bo hiu nm ti lp phin nn cc giao thc bo hiu thng c coi
thuc lp phin ca m hnh OSI.
Lp trnh din: Lp trnh din nm ngay di lp ng dng, khi nhn c d liu
t lp ng dng cn c gi i qua mng, lp trnh din m bo khun dng
truyn thch hp cho thng tin d liu cho pha bn nhn c thnh cng. Cc

28
chc nng to khun dng d liu ti lp trnh din c th gm nn, m ha v m
bo rng cc tp m k t th hin ng ti pha bn nhn.
Lp ng dng: Lp ng dng l lp cao nht trong m hnh OSI. D liu lu lng
thc thng c pht sinh t lp ng dng. Lp ng dng l lp tng tc gn
nht vi ngi s dng thng qua cc phn mm ng dng. Cc chc nng ca lp
ng dng thng gm: nhn din thnh phn truyn thng, xc nh ngun ti
nguyn kh dng v ng b truyn thng. Mt s tc v iu khin v bo hiu
nhm qun l ti nguyn cho cc ng dng c thc hin ti lp ny.
Qua tm tt cc chc nng ca m hnh OSI trn y cho thy, cc tc v bo
hiu v iu khin hin din hu ht ti cc lp ca m hnh. Tuy nhin, t gc
mng th cc vn bo hiu ch yu tp trung ti lp phin ca m hnh OSI thng
qua cc giao thc. Vn iu khin ti nguyn cc b thng c x l ti cc
phn lp thp nh lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu. Cc vn iu khin ti u h
thng thng c tin hnh ti lp mng v lp truyn ti ca m hnh OSI.

1.6 KT LUN CHNG

Ni dung chng 1 tp trung vo vn nn tng ca iu khin h thng cng
nh khi qut chung v bo hiu trong mng truyn thng. T cc nguyn tc chung
ca iu khin ti tip cn iu khin trong mng vin thng cho thy vn iu
khin cc h thng ln nh h thng vin thng l rt phc tp. Tip cn iu khin
h thng vin thng hin nay thng da trn mt phn iu khin t ng v quyt
nh cao nht t ngi iu hnh. Cc thuc tnh c bn ca h thng iu khin
cng c trnh by nhm gip ngi c c c kin thc trong phn tch cc
phng php iu khin. C th hn, cc gii php chnh iu khin mng vin
thng cng c a ra vi cc phn tch trn nhiu kha cnh khc nhau. Phn cui
ca chng gii thiu khi qut cc vn lin quan ti kin trc v phn loi bo
hiu l nn tng ban u cho cc chng tip theo.
Cc ni dung n tp chnh trong chng
-

Cc phng php tip cn v thuc tnh iu khin h thng vin thng;

29
-

Cc gii php iu khin h thng vin thng;

Tip cn RACF v RASF;
Kin trc v phn loi chc nng bo hiu.

30

CHNG 2: BO HIU TRONG MNG C NH

Tm tt: Ni dung ca chng tp trung vo cc giao thc bo hiu s dng cho
mng c nh bao gm h thng bo hiu s 7 cho mng chuyn mch in thoi
cng cng, cc giao thc bo hiu chnh theo m hnh hi t mng PSTN v
Internet. Cc giao thc c trnh by ngn gn thng qua kin trc, thnh phn
chc nng v nguyn tc hot ng c bn.

2.1 KIN TRC MNG HI T THEO HNG MY CH CUC

GI
Vo khong thp nin 60 ca th k 20, xut hin sn phm tng i in t s
l s kt hp gia cng ngh in t vi k thut my tnh. Tng i in t s
cng cng c iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn SPC (Stored Program
Control) to ra nn tng pht trin mng vin thng s khng ch phc v cho
dch v thoi m cn cho cc mng dch v tch hp s ISDN (Integrated Service
Digital Network). Vo thp nin 90 (1996) khi mng Internet tr thnh bng n
trong th gii cng ngh thng tin tc ng mnh m n cng nghip vin thng
v xu hng hi t cc mng my tnh, truyn thng v iu khin. H tng mng
vin thng tr thnh tm im trong h tng x hi vi vai tr truyn ti thng
tin. Mt mng c th truyn bng rng vi cc loi hnh dch v thoi v phi thoi,
tc cao v m bo c cht lng dch v QoS tr thnh cp thit trn nn
tng ca mt k thut mi - k thut truyn ti khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous
Transfer Mode). Mng chuyn mch knh cng cng PSTN v IP dn hi t ti
cng mt mc tiu nhm hng ti mt h tng mng tc cao c kh nng tng
thch vi cc ng dng a phng tin tng tc v m bo cht lng dch v. S
khc bit ny bt u t nhng nm 1980, PSTN chuyn hng tip cn sang
phng thc truyn ti bt ng b ATM h tr a phng tin v QoS, sau
chuyn hng sang cng ngh kt hp vi IP thc hin chuyn mch nhn a
giao thc MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switch) hin nay. Trong khi Internet a
ra mt tip cn khc vi PSTN qua gii php trin khai kin trc phn lp dch v

31
CoS (Class Of Service) v hng ti m bo cht lng dch v QoS thng qua
m hnh tch hp dch v IntServ v phn bit dch v DiffServ. Cc chin lc ca
Internet theo hng tng thch vi IP, cc h tng lp 2 tch cc v mng truyn
ti quang.
S hnh thnh cu trc hi t c tip cn t hai gc : gia h tng mng c
nh v internet; h tng mng c nh v mng di ng. Vi hai khi nim v hi
t bao gm: hi t mng l tip cn s dng chung h tng truyn thng v hi t
dch v ti cc lp cao hn ca h thng. Di gc hi t mng, s thay i
cng ngh c ch trng vo cc h thng chuyn mch, vi yu cu mm do
ln nhm tng thch v p ng cc yu cu tng trng lu lng t pha khch
hng. V vy, c ch iu khin cc h thng chuyn mch c pht trin theo
hng phn lp v module ho nhm nng cao hiu nng chuyn mch v m bo
QoS t u cui ti u cui.
c trng c bn ca mng hi t c phn nh qua mt hnh thi mng mi
vi tn gi l mng th h k tip NGN (Next Generation Network). nh ngha
thng c s dng cho NGN l mt mng hi t c h tng thng tin duy nht
da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi v c iu khin tp trung bi chuyn mch
mm (Softswitch). NGN cn c qun l tp trung v cho php trin khai nhanh
chng cc dch v mi. NGN cn c bit n vi cc tn gi khc nh: mng a
dch v - cung cp nhiu loi hnh dch v trn cng mt h thng mng; mng hi
t - h tr c lu lng thoi v s liu, c c nh v di ng; mng phn lp phn thnh nhiu lp chc nng.
Khuyn ngh Y.2001 ca lin minh vin thng quc t ITU-T a ra nh ngha:
Mng th h k tip (NGN) l mng chuyn mch gi c kh nng cung cp cc
dch v vin thng v to ra ng dng bng thng rng, cc cng ngh truyn ti
m bo cht lng dch v v trong cc chc nng dch v c lp vi cc cng
ngh truyn ti lin quan. NGN cho php truy nhp khng gii hn ti mng v l
mi trng cnh tranh gia cc nh cung cp dch v trn cc kiu dch v cung

32
cp. NGN h tr tnh di ng ton cu cho cc dch v cung cp ti ngi s dng
sao cho ng nht v m bo.
Hng tip cn my ch cuc gi CS c hnh thnh trong qu trnh chuyn
i cc h tng mng chuyn mch knh sang chuyn mch gi trong mng PSTN.
thc hin qu trnh chuyn i v truyn thoi trn nn IP, mt gii php c th
thc thi l to ra mt thit b lai c th chuyn mch thoi c dng knh v gi vi
s tch hp ca phn mm x l cuc gi. iu ny c thc hin bng cch tch
ring chc nng x l cuc gi khi chc nng chuyn mch vt l. Thit b B
iu khin cng a phng tin MGC (Media Gateway Controller) c coi l
thnh phn mu cht trong gii php k thut chuyn mch mm (Softswitch). Thc
cht ca khi nim chuyn mch mm chnh l phn mm thc hin chc nng x
l cuc gi trong h thng chuyn mch c kh nng chuyn ti nhiu loi thng tin
vi cc giao thc khc nhau (chc nng x l cuc gi bao gm nh tuyn cuc gi
v qun l, xc nh v thc thi cc c tnh cuc gi). Theo thut ng chuyn mch
mm th chc nng chuyn mch vt l c thc hin bi cng a phng tin
MG (Media Gateway), cn x l cuc gi l chc nng ca b iu khin cng a
phng tin MGC.
Trong chuyn mch truyn thng, phn cng chuyn mch lun i km vi phn
mm iu khin ca cng mt nh cung cp. iu ny lm tng tnh c quyn
trong vic cung cp cc h thng chuyn mch, khng cung cp mt mi trng
kin to dch v mi, lm gii hn kh nng pht trin cc dch v mi ca cc nh
qun tr mng. Khc phc iu ny, chuyn mch mm a ra giao din lp trnh
ng dng m API (Application Programable Interface), cho php tng thch phn
mm iu khin v phn cng ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau. iu ny cho php
cc nh cung cp phn mm v phn cng c c ting ni chung v tp trung vo
lnh vc ca mnh. Vi cc giao din lp trnh m, chuyn mch mm c th d
dng c nng cp, thay th v tng thch vi ng dng ca cc nh cung cp
khc nhau.

33

2.1.1 M hnh kin trc mng

Do NGN c tip cn t nhiu kha cnh khc nhau, nn cc m hnh cu trc
mng cng c xy dng trn nhiu quan im khc nhau. Di y s khi qut
mt s hng tip cn chnh do cc t chc vin thng ln ca th gii a ra.
M hnh NGN ca ITU-T : Cu trc mng th h k tip NGN nm trong m hnh
cu trc thng tin ton cu GII (Global Information Infrastructure) do ITU-T a ra.
M hnh ny gm 3 lp chc nng: (i) cc chc nng ng dng, (ii) cc chc nng
trung gian (iu khin dch v, qun l) v (iii) cc chc nng c s (chc nng
mng, chc nng lu tr v x l, chc nng giao tip ngi-my).
Truyn thng
v ni mng
thng tin

Cu trc

Giao din
chng
trnh ng
dng

Cung cp dch v
x l v lu tr
thng tin phn tn

Cc chc nng ng dng

Cc chc nng trung gian

Giao din
chng
trnh c
s

Cung cp
dch v
truyn thng
chung

Cc chc nng c s

Cc chc
nng
giao tip
ngimy

Cc chc
nng
x l v
lu tr

Chc nng
iu khin
Chc nng
truyn ti

Chc nng iu khin

Chc nng truyn ti

Hnh 2.1: Cc chc nng GII v mi quan h

M hnh NGN ca IETF: T chc c nhim k thut internet IETF (Internet
Engineering Task Force) quan nim cu trc h tng mng thng tin ton cu cn c
mng truyn ti s dng giao thc IP vi bt c cng ngh lp no. Ngha l IP cn
c kh nng truyn ti kt hp vi cc mng truy nhp v ng trc s dng cc
giao thc kt ni khc nhau. i vi mng truy nhp, IETF c IP trn mng cp v
IP trn mi trng v tuyn. i vi mng ng trc, IETF c hai giao thc chnh
l IP trn ATM v IP vi giao thc im ni im PPP trn nn mng phn cp s
ng b SONET/SDH. IETF cng l t chc a ra nhiu tiu chun v chc nng

34
chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS l s kt hp lai ghp gia cng ngh IP v
cng ngh ATM.
M hnh NGN ca 3GPP: T chc d n thnh vin th h th 3 3GPP (3rd
Generation Partnership Project) v 3GPP2 tip cn NGN bng gii php hi t gia
mng c nh v mng di ng nhm h tr truyn thng a phng tin hi t gia
thoi, video, audio vi d liu v hi t truy nhp gia 2G, 3G v 4G vi mng
khng dy. Phn h a phng tin IP IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) l mt kin
trc chun v c tnh m nhm mc ch chuyn tip cc dch v a phng tin
qua cc mng di ng v IP, s dng cng mt loi giao thc chun cho c cc dch
v di ng cng nh IP c nh. c thit k da trn giao thc khi to phin
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), IMS nh ngha cc giao din mt bng iu khin
chun to ra cc ng dng mi. IMS phin bn u tin c thit k ring cho
mng di ng nhm tm cch trin khai cc ng dng IP trn mng di ng th h 3
(3G). Cc phin bn k tip ca IMS c nh ngha c lp vi phn truy
nhp. Thit k ca IMS cho php phi hp hot ng gia cc dch v v ng dng
IP cng nh gia cc thu bao. IMS c bit ti u ho cho cc ng dng SIP v a
phng tin. Ngoi ra, IMS cho php pht trin nhanh chng v linh hot cc dch
v mi, cng vi kh nng hi t c nh vi di ng. Phn h mng li a phng
tin IP bao gm tt c cc thnh phn mng li cung cp cc dch v a phng
tin IP. Cc thnh phn ny lin quan n mng bo hiu v mng mang nh xc
nh 3GPP TS 23.002 "Network Architecture". Dch v a phng tin IP c
da trn kh nng iu khin phin, cc mng mang a phng tin, cc tin ch
ca min chuyn mch gi do IETF xc nh. cc u cui c th truy nhp c
lp vi vn hnh v bo dng qua mng Internet, phn h a phng tin IP c
gng tng thch vi cc chun Internet do IETF a ra.
Phn h mng li a phng tin IP cho php cc nh vn hnh mng di ng
mt t PLMN (Public Landline Mobile Network) sn sng phc v cc dch v a
phng tin cho khch hng ca h bng cch xy dng cc ng dng, dch v vi
cc giao thc Internet. Mc ch chnh y l dch v c pht trin bi cc

35
nh khai thc mng PLMN v cc nh cung cp th ba khc. IMS cho php truy
nhp thoi, hnh nh, video, bn tin, d liu v web da trn cc cng ngh cho
ngi dng u cui khng dy, v c th phi hp s pht trin ca Internet vi s
pht trin ca truyn thng di ng. Hin nay, IMS l s la chn ti u cho vic
phn pht dch v hi t v a phng tin, IMS cho php cung cp cc dch v IP
trn c mng di ng v c nh. Cc kho st gn y v ngnh cng nghip vin
thng u cho thy mi quan tm c bit n m hnh kin trc ny.
M hnh NGN ca ETSI: Quan im ca Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u v
c bit l nhm tiu chun TISPAN (Telecommunications and Internet converged
Services and Protocols for Advanced Networking) c nhiu ng gp tch cc
trong vn chun ha NGN. TISPAN tp trung vo phn hi t mng c nh v
Internet v khi pht mt k hoch n gin p ng c nhng yu cu cp
thit ca th trng gm: m bo cung cp tt c cc dch v h tr bi phn h a
phng tin IMS ca 3GPP n ngi s dng bng rng v nhng dch v IMS
la chn cho cc khch hng PSTN/ISDN kt ni n NGN; cung cp phn ln
dch v PSTN/ISDN hin c ca mt nh khai thc mng n thit b v nhng giao
din k tha h tr cc kch bn thay th PSTN/ISDN; m rng IMS ca 3GPP
bao trm cc vng m 3GPP khng th ph n c, c bit l nhng dch v
nh chn cuc gi, cuc gi khn cp, v.v.

Hnh 2.2: Kin trc mng NGN theo ETSI

36
Theo kin trc ca TISPAN, mng truy nhp c xem nh l thnh phn
mng gia cc thit b ca khch hng v l thnh phn mng u tin h tr
nhng tng tc iu khin dch v. pht trin tnh c lp mng truy nhp v
xc tin m hnh hi t FMC (Fixed Mobile Convergence), TISPAN chn h tr
cc mng truy nhp bng rng c nh hin thi v yu cu mng truy nhp kt ni
IP (IP-CAN) c h tr. V c bn, kin trc mng NGN ca ETSI cng gm cc
lp tng t nh kin trc mng NGN ca ITU-T. Trong kin trc ny, phn h a
phng tin IP nm gia v lin kt cc lp truyn ti (mng truy nhp thng qua
phn h iu khin ti nguyn v mng li) v lp dch v. Kin trc NGN tng
quan theo ETSI c cc c im sau: k tha t cc mng hin c nh PSTN,
ISDN, Internet, PLMN...; xy dng thm cc phn h v giao thc mi vi mc
ch b sung thm cc loi hnh dch v, cung cp dch v a phng tin v hi t
mng (phn h IMS); mng truyn ti c gi ha hon ton vi cng ngh c
s dng l IP.

2.1.2 Cc gii php kt ni

Nhm m t cc gii php kt ni trong mng NGN, ta xem xt t gc thnh
phn chc nng ca cc phn t vt l trong mng. Cc phn t chnh ca NGN
c th hin trn hnh 2.3.

Hnh 2.3: Cc thnh phn chnh trong mng th h k tip

37
Cc thit b chnh c trnh by trong phn ny gm: (i) cng phng tin MG
(Media gateway), (ii) b iu khin cng phng tin MGC (Media Gateway
Controller), (iii) cng bo hiu SG (Signalling Gateway), (iv) my ch phng tin
MS (Media Server) v (v) my ch ng dng/c tnh AS/FS (Application Server/
Feature Server).
(i) Cng phng tin MG
Cng phng tin (MG) l thit b chuyn i giao thc v truyn ti nh dng
thng tin d liu t loi mng ny sang mt mng khc, thng thng l t dng
chuyn mch knh sang dng gi. Thc t, MG chuyn i gia cc d liu m
truyn trong mng IP sang m ho truyn trong mng chuyn mch knh v ngc
li. MG thc hin vic m ho, gii m v nn d liu di s iu khin ca
chuyn mch mm. Ngoi ra, MG cn tp hp d liu cho vic tnh cc v h
thng chm sc khch hng (kh nng cung cp h s, h tr nhanh cuc gi c
trong thi gian thc v phi thi gian thc) hay pht hin ngng d liu nu yu
cu. MG h tr cc giao thc nh tuyn chnh trong mng IP nh giao thc nh
tuyn tm ng ngn nht trc tin OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) hay giao
thc nh tuyn cng bin BGP (Border Gateway Protocol).... Yu cu chnh i
vi MG l phi cung cp cht lng truyn thng tin tt, c th l phi m bo tr
v t l mt gi thp. Mt yu cu gn nh bt buc i vi MG l tnh m cho
php kt ni MG vi cc phn t mng khc nh MGC s dng cc giao thc iu
khin tiu chun. Vic s dng cc giao thc chun cho php nh iu hnh t ph
thuc nht vo cc nh cung cp v thun tin trong vic thay th cc phn t mng.
Trong thit b Media Gateway thng s dng cc giao thc nhn thc h tr
tnh nng bo mt cho cc knh truyn truyn thng. Cui cng, MG cn m bo
linh hot v tin cy.
b, B iu khin cng phng tin
B iu khin cng phng tin MGC l thnh phn chnh ca h thng chuyn
mch mm. MGC a ra cc quy lut x l cuc gi, cn MG v SG s thc hin

38
cc quy lut . MGC iu khin SG thit lp v kt thc cuc gi. Ngoi ra, MGC
cn giao tip vi h thng iu hnh OS (Operating System) v h thng tr gip
kinh doanh BSS (Bussiness Support System).
MGC chnh l cu ni iu khin v bo hiu gia cc mng c c tnh khc
nhau cho mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN, h thng bo hiu s 7
SS7 (Signalling System No7) v mng IP. MGC chu trch nhim qun l lu lng
thoi v d liu qua cc mng khc nhau. MGC cng c gi l Call Agent do
chc nng iu khin cc bn tin x l cuc gi. Call Agent thc hin iu khin
cuc gi trn cc kha cnh gm m hnh cuc gi, chuyn giao tn hiu v iu
khin cng phng tin. Ngoi ra, MGC cung cp giao din ph hp vi my ch
ng dng iu khin dch v v chnh sch. Truyn thng gia cc MGC c
thc hin bi cc giao thc tiu chun, Call Agent cng cho php cc u cui IP
kt ni trc tip s dng cc giao thc in hnh. Yu cu chnh i vi cc MGC l
tnh m cho php s dng cc giao thc chun v giao din lp trnh ng dng
m. Tnh nng ny m bo tnh c lp ca cc nh cung cp i vi s pht trin
ca dch v v cho php s dng dch v ba bn.
c, Cng bo hiu
Cng bo hiu SG l cu ni bo hiu gia SS7 vi mng IP di s iu khin
ca MGC. SG ngvai tr tng t nh mt nt mng ca SS7 x l thng tin
bo hiu v chuyn giao thng tin bo hiu. Cng bo hiu m nhim cc chc
nng sau: cung cp vic lin kt bo hiu gia mng chuyn mch knh v mng
gi; nu trn cng mt knh cha c thng tin thoi v bo hiu, SG c tch hp
trc tip trn MG; nu SS7 hot ng theo ch ta lin kt th SG l thit b c
lp.
d, My ch phng tin
My ch phng tin MS l thnh phn ty chn ca h thng chuyn mch
mm c s dng x l cc thng tin c bit. MS cung cp chc nng tng
tc gia ngi gi v cc ng dng thng qua thit b truyn thng nh: tr li t

39
ng, pht thng bo... MS phn pht dch v thoi v video trn mng gi, nh cu
hi ngh (nu dch v ny khng c MG h tr), thng bo (cc thng bo n
gin do MG gi), h tr mng thng minh IN v mt s tng tc ngi dng.
Chc nng MS c th c tch hp trong MGC hoc ti cng phng tin MG.
e, My ch ng dng/c tnh
My ch c tnh FS l mt my ch cha mt lot dch v ca doanh nghip
nn cn c gi l my ch ng dng thng mi. My ch c tnh xc nh tnh
hp l v h tr cc thng s dch v thng thng cho h thng chuyn mch.
Gia MGC v FS c th s dng cc giao thc chun hoc giao din chng trnh
ng dng m API. V hu ht cc AS/FS t qun l cc dch v v truyn thng qua
mng IP nn chng khng rng buc nhiu vi h thng chuyn mch mm v vic
phn chia hay nhm cc thnh phn ng dng. Mt s tnh nng c bn ca my
ch ng dng gm: xc thc v bo mt; truyn thng; cung cp d liu; qun l v
iu khin dch v...

2.1.3 Chc nng mt bng bo hiu v iu khin

Nh trn trnh by, thnh phn chnh ca chuyn mch mm l b iu khin
cng phng tin MGC v cc thnh phn h tr khc nh: Cng bo hiu SG,
cng a phng tin MG, my ch a phng tin MS v cc my ch ng dng.
Trong , cng a phng tin MG l thnh phn nm trn lp phng tin, cng
bo hiu SG l thnh phn trn cng lp vi MGC, MS v AS nm trn lp ng
dng. S kt ni v giao thc bo hiu v iu khin gia cc thnh phn trn
c m t trn hnh 2.4. Trong cc thit b thuc mng IP l cc b nh tuyn
(Router), cc chuyn mch thuc mng ng trc truyn ti cc gi tin i.
Mng Non-IP l cc mng c cc u cui khng phi thuc mng IP v cc mng
truy nhp khc nh mng v tuyn khng dy. Cc thit b u cui khng thuc
mng IP nh: thit b u cui ISDN, thit b truy nhp tch hp IAD (Intergated
Access Device) cho mng ng dy thu bao s DSL (Digital Subcriber Line),
v..v.

40

Hnh 2.4: Kt ni MGC vi cc thnh phn khc ca NGN

Cc chc nng chnh ca MGC c th hin hnh 2.5. CA-F v IW-F l hai
chc nng con ca MGC-F. CA-F c kch hot khi MGC-F thc hin iu khin
cuc gi. IW-F c kch hot khi MGC-F thc hin cc bo hiu gia cc mng
bo hiu khc nhau. Thc th chc nng qun l lin iu hnh c nhim v lin lc
v trao i thng tin gia cc MGC.

Hnh 2.5: Chc nng ca b iu khin cng a phng tin MGC

Cc chc nng chnh ca MGC c th tm tt nh sau: (i) iu khin cuc gi,
duy tr trng thi mi cuc gi trn mt MG; (ii) iu khin v h tr hot ng cho
MG v SG; (iii) trao i cc bn tin c bn gia hai MG-F; (iv) x l bn tin bo
hiu s 7; (v) x l bn tin iu khin QoS; (vi) chc nng nh tuyn; (vii) tng
tc vi AS/AF; (viii) qun l ti nguyn mng thng qua MG.

41
Cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin ca MGC c s dng gm: (i) thit lp
cuc gi; (ii) iu khin cng a phng tin; (iii) truyn thng tin d liu; (iv) iu
khin cng bo hiu.

2.2 H THNG BO HIU S 7

SS7 l mt h thng bo hiu knh chung c trin khai ph bin v rng khp
trn cc mng vin thng truyn thng. SS7 c s dng vi chc nng bo hiu
cho nhiu loi hnh dch v gm: dch v d liu, video, thoi, audio, hay truyn
thoi theo giao thc internet VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol). Cc chc nng v
dch v c bn do SS7 cung cp gm:
o Thit lp v gii phng cc kt ni chuyn mch knh trn mng c nh cng
nh mng t bo.
o Cung cp c cc dch b sung trong mng tin tin nh hin th s thu
bao ch gi, t ng gi li
o Qun l tnh nng di ng trong mng t bo cho php thu bao thay i v tr
a l trong khi vn duy tr s kt ni vi mng.
o Thc hin c dch v nhn tin ngn SMS (Short Message) v dch v nhn
tin nng cao thng qua c ch truyn ti ni dung ca bn tin.
o H tr cc dch v ca mng thng minh IN (Inteligent Network) v cc
mng s a d liu tch hp ISDN.

2.2.1 M hnh kin trc chc nng

M hnh kin trc chc nng ca h thng bo hiu s 7 c tham chiu ti m
hnh OSI gm 4 lp. Cc dch v t lp 1 n lp 3 ca OSI c cung cp bi cc
phn chuyn ti bn tin MTP (Message Transport Part) v phn iu khin kt ni
bo hiu SCCP (Signalling Connection Control Part). T lp 4 n lp 7 tng ng
vi mc 4 - phn ngi dng trong SS7 nh hnh v 2.7. Mi giao thc s dng
trong SS7 u c nhng ng dng ring bit v c s dng tng ng vi mng
m n cung cp dch v. Tu thuc vo SS7 s dng cho mng t bo hay mng
thng minh, tu thuc vo vic truyn ti qua IP hay iu khin cho mng bng

42
rng ATM thay v mng ghp knh theo thi gian TDM (Time Division Mode) m
s phi hp s dng cc giao thc trong SS7 l khc nhau.

Hnh 2.6: Kin trc SS7 v m hnh tham chiu OSI

Kin trc h thng bo hiu s 7 c chia thnh hai phn chnh: phn truyn
bn tin MTP v phn ngi dng UP (User Part). MTP l h thng vn chuyn
chung truyn cc bn tin bo hiu gia hai im bo hiu SP (Signalling Point).
MTP truyn cc bn tin bo hiu gia cc phn ngi dng UP khc nhau v hon
ton c lp vi ni dung cc bn tin c truyn. MTP chu trch nhim chuyn
chnh xc bn tin t mt UP ny ti mt UP khc. iu ny c ngha l bn tin bo
hiu c chuyn s c kim tra chnh xc trc khi chuyn cho UP. Phn ngi
s dng thc cht l mt s nh ngha phn ngi s dng khc nhau tu thuc vo
kiu s dng ca h thng bo hiu. UP l phn to ra v phn tch bn tin bo hiu.
Chng s dng MTP chuyn thng tin bo hiu n mt UP khc cng loi. Hin
ang tn ti mt s UP trn mng li: TUP (Telephone User Part): phn ngi s
dng cho mng thoi; DUP (Data User Part): phn ngi s dng cho mng s
liu; ISUP (ISDN User Part): phn ngi s dng cho mng ISDN; MTUP (Mobile
Telephone User Part): phn ngi s dng cho mng in thoi di ng.
V l thuyt, h thng CCS7 c ba phng thc hot ng da trn s lin kt
gia ng truyn bo hiu v knh thoi (d liu gm: gn kt, ta gn kt v tch
bit. Trong phng thc bo hiu lin kt, cc knh thoi v knh bo hiu lin

43
quan nm trn cng tuyn ng truyn ni gia hai im bo hiu k nhau.
Phng thc bo hiu bn gn kt (Quasi-associated) cc thng tin bo hiu lin
quan n cuc gi c truyn trn hai hoc nhiu chm knh bo hiu cc tng
i qu giang v i qua mt hoc nhiu STP khc ti im bo hiu ch ca thng
tin bo hiu. Cc im bo hiu m thng tin bo hiu i qua c gi l im
chuyn tip bo hiu STP (Signalling transfer point). Phng thc bo hiu tch
bit hon ton (Fully dissociated) ny rt t c s dng trong thc t.

2.2.2 Thnh phn mng bo hiu s 7

Trong mng bo hiu s 7, thng tin truyn i di dng cc n v bo hiu
SU(Signalling Unit) ging nh cc gi d liu trong mng chuyn mch gi. Phn
chuyn giao bn tin MTP thc hin vic truyn cc n v bo hiu SU. Cu trc
ca SU lin quan cht ch ti hot ng ca MTP v c 3 loi n v bo hiu
chnh: (i) n v bo hiu bn tin MSU (Message Signal Unit) cha d liu trao i
gia cc phn ngi dng hoc thng tin qun l mng; (ii) n v bo hiu trng
thi ng lin kt (Link Status Signal Unit) mang thng tin v tnh trng knh bo
hiu c s dng qun l tnh trng cc knh bo hiu; (iii) n v bo hiu
in y (Fill-in Signal Unit) c s dng pht hin li ng truyn trn cc
knh bo hiu trong trng hp khng cn n v bn tin MSU no trao i
thng tin trn ng truyn.
Cc thnh phn phn lp MTP gm 3 lp: lin kt d liu bo hiu, lin kt bo
hiu v mng bo hiu.
Lp lin kt d liu bo hiu thc cht l lp ng truyn vt l, lp ny khng
quan tm ti ni dung thng tin ang mang m ch quan tm ti tnh cht v tnh
trng knh truyn. Knh bo hiu l ng truyn dn hai chiu v c th l s hay
tng t. Lp lin kt d liu bo hiu xc nh cc tnh cht vt l v c im
chc nng ca knh bo hiu.

44
Cc chc nng lp lin kt bo hiu l iu khin vic nhn v gi cc bn tin
bo hiu gia cc im bo hiu mt cch tin cy v chnh xc khng c li v
khng b trng lp. V mt chc nng, lp lin kt bo hiu thc hin cc nhim v:
ng b c hiu v nh dng gii hn cc bn tin; pht hin v sa cc bn tin li;
ng b ban u; iu khin ngng hot ng b x l khi xy ra s c v iu
khin lung d liu lp 2.
Lp mng bo hiu trong phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP c chia thnh hai
phn chc nng chnh: Phn x l bn tin bo hiu v qun l mng bo hiu. Phn
x l bn tin bo hiu gm hai chc nng: nhn dng v phn phi bn tin bo hiu;
nh tuyn bn tin bo hiu. Phn qun l mng bo hiu gm 3 phn qun l: lu
lng bo hiu; knh bo hiu; tuyn bo hiu. Ngoi ra cn c chc nng kim th
v bo dng mng bo hiu. Cc chc nng nh tuyn v th tc thit lp cuc
gi qua h thng bo hiu s 7 c trnh by trong mc tip theo.

2.2.3 X l nh tuyn v th tc thit lp cuc gi

H thng bo hiu s 7 l ct li ca mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng
PSTN. Bn cnh cc chc nng iu khin v bo hiu cho cc cuc gi, SS7 cn
c s dng cho cc dch v mng thng minh IN cho cc ng dng d liu. Cc
a ch node trong SS7 c gi l cc m im (point code), chng l cc a ch
logic v c nhn dng ti lp 3 ca chng giao thc SS7. C hai dng m im
c s dng trn th gii hin nay tun theo chun ca ANSI v ITU c m t
trn hnh 2.7.
(a)
(b)
Hnh 2.7: M im theo tiu chun ANSI v ITU
M im bo hiu theo tiu chun ca ANSI c di 24 bit v c chia thnh
3 trng chc nng 8 bit gm: S hiu mng, nhm v thnh vin. Cch nh a
ch theo ANSI tng t nh cch nh a ch IP. Trng 8 bit u tin nhn dng
bi nh cung cp mng SS7, trng th hai nhn dng im m bo hiu SSP v

45
trng chc nng th 3 ch ra cc thnh vin kt ni ti im m bo hiu. M im
bo hiu theo ITU c di 14 bit v chia thnh 3 trng chc nng: trng th
nht gm 3 bit nhn dng vng, trng th hai gm 8 bit nhn dng mng v
trng th 3 gm 3 bit l nhn dng im bo hiu SSP.

Hnh 2.8: Cu hnh nt v lin kt mng SS7

Hnh 2.8 m t mt mng SS7 in hnh gm cc kiu node trong mng SS7
nh: im chuyn mch dch v SSP, im chuyn tip dch v STP v im iu
khin dch v SCP. Su dng lin kt c nh ngha trong mng SS7 gm:
o Lin kt truy nhp (A-link) kt ni cc SSP ti STP, hoc SCP ti STP.
o Lin kt cu ni (B-link) kt ni cc STP khng cng lp.
o Lin kt cho (C-link) kt ni cho cc STP cng lp.
o Lin kt trc giao (D-link) kt ni cc SSP ti cc STP ca vng khc.
o Lin kt m rng (E-link) s dng kt ni mt SSP ti STP ca vng
khc.
o Lin kt (F-link) s dng kt ni trc tip hai nhm SSP.
nh tuyn cc bn tin bo hiu trong mng SS7 c thc hin theo phng
php tng chng (hop-by-hop) v da trn mt tp lut nh tuyn di y:
o Mt bn tin pht ra t SSP ti mt SSP kt ni trc tip s chn ng Flink trc. Nu F-link khng tn ti, bn tin s chn A-link l tuyn ng
dn cho bn tin.

46
o Mt bn tin t mt SSP ti mt SSP khc c phc v bi mt cp STP
c nh tuyn theo ng A-link ti STP ca vng sau mi c
chuyn tip.
o Mt bn tin ti STP ca vng ch la chn A-link kt ni ti SSP
ch, nu A-link khng tn ti, bn tin theo ng C-link ti STP cng cp
kt ni ti SSP ch.
o Mt bn tin ti STP ca vng ch c th chn E-link ti SSP ch, nu Elink khng tn ti, bn tin c nh tuyn ti STP ca vng ngun theo Blink. La chn tip theo l s dng B-link ti vng ch th hai ca SSP
hoc s dng C-link ti cc vng khc c kt ni ti SSP ch.
o

Mt bn tin t mt SSP ti mt SCP thc hin nh tuyn trn F-link nu Flink tn ti, nu F-link khng tn ti, bn tin s c nh tuyn ti STP
ngun trn ng A-link kt ni ti SCP.
Da trn cc lut trn, mng bo hiu SS7 xy dng mt cu trc d phng

cho php nh tuyn a ng gia hai node SS7. Mt tuyn trong mng SS7 l
mt tp lin kt tun t nh ngha con ng t SSP ngun ti SSP ch, mt tp
hp tuyn gm nhiu tuyn t ngun ti ch c t nht hai tuyn: mt tuyn s cp
v mt tuyn th cp, iu ny cho php cung cp ty chn lun phin ti mi nt.

Hnh 2.9: Trng thng tin lp 3 ca bn tin bo hiu

Vic nh tuyn bn tin bo hiu c da trn chc nng x l bn tin bo hiu
ca mt User no ti im bo hiu ngun c gi n ng User thch hp ti
im bo hiu ch. Chc nng ny c thc hin da vo cc bit trong cc trng
thng tin dch v SIO (Service Information Octet) v nhn nh tuyn trong trng

47
thng tin bo hiu SIF (Signalling Information Field) ca bn tin bo hiu nh ch
ra trn hnh 2.9.
Trng SIO trong n v bo hiu MSU cha d liu ch th dch v SI (Service
Indicatior)) v trng dch v con SSF (Sub Service Field). Ch th dch v SI
thc hin vic phn phi bn tin theo dch v nh sn v trng dch v con SSF
cha cc bit ch th m quc gia, bit d phng phc v cho nh tuyn bn tin.
Nhn nh tuyn tiu chun c di 32 bit v c t u trng thng tin
bo hiu SIF. Nhn cha ton b thng tin cn thit nh tuyn bn tin ti ch
cui cng. M im bo hiu ch DPC (Destination Point Code) xc nh im
ch ca bn tin. M im bo hiu ngun OPC (Original Point Code) xc nh
im xut pht ca bn tin. Cc m ny thun tu dng nh phn. Trng chn
knh bo hiu SLS (Signaling Link Selection) c s dng khi cn thit, thc
hin nhim v chia ti.
Chc nng nh tuyn bn tin ch yu da trn thng tin DPC v SLS cha
trong nhn nh tuyn. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp nh tuyn s dng c
trng SI cho tng dch v. Mi im bo hiu SSP u c bng nh tuyn cho
php SSP xc nh knh bo hiu gi bn tin trn c s DPC v trng SLS.
Nhm chia ti, nh tuyn cho php truyn trn knh khc hay chm knh khc theo
nhiu ng dn khc nhau.
Th tc thit lp cuc gi trong mng PSTN c th chia thnh hai kiu cuc gi:
cuc gi thoi v cuc gi ISDN. Trc khi m t th tc cuc gi, ta xem xt mt
s bn tin thng c s dng. Th tc thit lp bo hiu cho mt cuc gi thng
thng c thc hin qua cc bn tin bo hiu chnh sau:
o Bn tin a ch khi to IAM (Initial Adress Message): IAM l bn tin c
gi trc tin trn hng i trong qu trnh thit lp cuc gi. IAM cha
thng tin a ch v mt s thng tin ph tr lin quan n vic nh tuyn v
x l cuc gi. Trng chc nng SIF cha nhn nh tuyn v cc thng tin
nh: a ch thu bao, ch th bn tin v kiu thu bao...

48
o Bn tin a ch khi to vi thng tin ph tr IAI (Initial address signal with
additional information): Tng t nh bn tin IAM nhng b sung thm cc
thng tin ph tr v thu bao ch gi nh loi thu bao hay phng php tnh
cc.
o Bn tin a ch k tip SAM (Subsequent Address Message): L bn tin
hng i truyn cc con s a ch theo phng thc tng bc. Phng
thc gi trn s ca thu bao c x l bi bn tin IAM hoc IAI.
o Bn tin a ch k tip mt tn hiu a ch SAO (Subsequent Address
Message With One Signal): SAO cho php vic s dng linh ng phng
php truyn nu mi bn tin ch cha theo mt ch s (4 bit).
o Bn tin kt thc nhn a ch ACM (Address Complete Message): ACM l
bn tin tr li xc nhn c s dng trong cc cuc thoi v c cc cuc gi
ISDN. Bn tin ny cha thng tin bo hiu rng tt c cc tn hiu cn thit
nh tuyn cuc gi n thu bao b gi c nhn y .
o Bn tin bo hiu tr li, tnh cc ACN (Answer, Charge): ACN c gi
trn hng v biu th rng cuc gi c tr li v xc nh thi im
tnh cc.
o Bn tin gii phng hng v CBK (Clear - Back): CBK l bn tin hng v
ch th kt thc cuc gi.
o Bn tin gii phng hng i CLF (Clear-forward): CLF l bn tin gi trn
hng i kt thc cuc gi v gii phng knh ang chim dng.
o Bn tin gii phng hon ton (Release Guard): L bn tin tr li ca bn tin
CLF xc nhn knh c dng trc tr v trng thi ri.
Cc bc bo hiu thit lp v gii phng cuc gi thng thng gm:
1) Khi bn ch gi nhc my, tng i nhn c yu cu thit lp cuc gi v
gi m mi quay s.
2) Khi nhn v x l xong s thu bao b gi, tng i s chim dng mt knh
thoi ng ra ng thi gi i bn tin IAM hoc IAI tu theo bn tin gi i c
km theo thng tin ph tr hay khng. ng thi lc bn tin IAM hoc IAI

49
c gi, nu cn kim tra tnh lin tc ca ng thoi (Continuity
Checking) th b phn gi v nhn cc m hiu kim tra c iu khin kt
ni vo.
3) Khi nhn c bn tin IAM hoc IAI, tng i kt cui phi xc nh rng c
cn phi thc hin vic kim tra tnh lin tc ca ng thoi hay khng
bng cch xem xt ni dung thng tin trong bn tin IAM hoc IAI. Tng i
bn b gi bt u phn tch cc ch s a ch nhn c trong bn tin IAM
hay IAI.
4) Kim tra tnh lin tc thnh cng m bo mch thoi tt gm: B phn
gi m hiu kim tra c gii to, v bn tin bo hiu tnh lin tc c gi
i n tng i bn b gi.
5) Khi tng i kt cui cuc gi nhn c bn tin bo hiu tnh lin tc ca
ng truyn (Continuity signal) iu ny biu th rng vic kim tra tnh
lin tc ca ng thng thoi thnh cng. Tng i s gii to vic ni
mch cho vic kim tra ny.
6) Nhn c thm cc con s khi thu bao s dng phng thc quay s
overlap th cc con s tip theo c gi trong bn tin SAM hay SAO.
7) Khi tng i bn b gi hon tt vic phn tch s v thit lp cuc ni th
s gi bn tin ACM thng bo hon thnh vic nhn a ch. Bn tin ACM
cha thng tin v cc (tnh cc, khng tnh cc v dng coin-box) cng
nh trng thi thu bao b gi (ri, cha xc nh).
8) Khi nhn c bn tin ACM, tng i bn ch thc hin ni thng ng
thoi cho tn hiu hi m chung t pha tng i b gi ti thu bao ch gi.
9) Khi thu bao b gi nhc my, bn tin tr li ANM s c gi i km theo
thng tin tnh cc (c, khng).
10) Khi nhn c bn tin ANM, tng i ch gi thc hin vic tnh cc.
11) Khi thu bao b gi t my kt thc cuc gi, bn tin gii to cuc gi theo
hng v (CBK) s c gi ti tng i ch gi.

50
12) Khi nhn c bn tin CBK, tng i ch gi s bo cho thu bao gi bng
m hiu bo gc my. Khi thu bao gi gc my, bn tin gii to cuc gi
theo hng i (CLF) s c gi i.
13) Khi tng i kt cui nhn c bn tin CLF, mch thoi s c gii to v
tr v trng thi ri. Bn tin RLG s c gi n tng i xut pht cuc
gi kt thc.
14) Nhn c bn tin RLG tng i kt thc cuc ni.
Bn cnh cc bn tin s dng thit lp cuc gi tng t nh cho cuc gi
thng thng, cuc gi ISDN c b sung bi mt s bn tin qun l v gii
phng knh gm: Bn tin gii phng cuc ni REL (release) gii phng knh ni
k c kt ni khng thnh cng; bn tin gii phng hon ton REC (realease
complete) xc nhn knh hon ton ri s dng cho cc kt ni khc.
Cc bc th tc chnh trong qu trnh thit lp, qun l v gii phng cuc gi
ISDN ch ra trn hnh 2.16 gm:
1) Khi thu bao ISDN bt u cuc gi, bn tin SETUP c truyn t thit b
u cui n mch DSLC s dng knh D.
2) Tng i xut pht cuc gi chuyn i bn tin SETUP nhn c thnh bn
tin ISUP IAM ri gi ti tng i bn b gi.
3) Khi tng i bn b gi nhn c bn tin IAM, tng i gi bn tin SETUP
ti thit b u cui thu bao b gi.
4) Thit b u cui bn b gi thng bo cho thu bao bn nhu cu lin lc.
ng thi thit b u cui gi bn tin ALERT ti tng i bn bo
rng thu bao ang b gi.
5) Khi tng i bn b gi nhn c bn tin ALERT, tng i gi bn tin ISUP
ACM (a ch hon thnh) cho tng i bn gi.
6) Khi thu bao bn b gi tr li, thit b u cui bn gi bn tin CONN ti
tng i bn b gi m bn tin chuyn i thnh bn tin ANM (tr li)
ri gi ti tng i bn gi.

51
Kt thc cuc gi t pha ch gi hoc b gi. Khi pha ch gi hoc b gi t
my, cuc m thoi kt thc, thit b u cui gi bn tin DISC ti tng i. Khi
tng i nhn c bn tin ny, tng i gi bn tin REL cho tng i bn kia.

Hnh 2.10: Lu bo hiu cho cuc gi ISDN

2.3 B GIAO THC BO HIU H.323

2.3.1 Thnh phn mng bo hiu H.323
H.323 l b giao thc ca ITU-T nh ngha cc dch v truyn thng a
phng tin trn c s mng chuyn mch gi. Phin bn u tin c a ra vo
nm 1996 v gm 5 phin bn. Phin bn 1 v 2 h tr giao thc H.245 trn nn
giao thc iu khin truyn dn TCP (Transmision Control Protocol), Q.931 trn
nn TCP v cc th tc ng k, qun tr v trng thi RAS (Registration,
Admission and Status) trn nn giao thc d liu ngi dng UDP (User Datagram

52
Protocol). Cc phin bn 3 v 4 h tr thm H.245 v Q.931 trn c nn TCP v
UDP. Phin bn 5 h tr cc kin trc bo hiu m bo cht lng dch v.

Gatekeeper

Khi a im

Mng chuyn
mch gi
u cui H.323

Mng
chuyn
Mng
chuyn
mch
knh
mch knh
Gateway

Hnh 2.11: Cc thnh phn mng H.323

Kin trc H.323 c s dng rng ri trn c mng cc b LAN hoc mng
gi din rng WAN. Phin thit lp truyn thng a im trong h thng H.323
c iu khin bi khi iu khin a im H.323. H.323 s dng trong mng
WAN thng qua Gatekeeper hoc cc thit b Gateway. Gatekeeper cn c cc chc
nng bin dch a ch, qun l vng, iu khin bng thng, qun l bng thng,
iu khin cuc gi. Mi kt ni WAN u c x l bng mt hoc nhiu
gateway H.323.V mt k thut, bt k thit b no nm ngoi gateway H.323 u
khng c cp trong khuyn ngh H.323, nhng cc gateway H.323 c th phi
hp hot ng vi cc loi thit b khc nhau trong cc cu trc mng khc nhau.
Cu hnh mng H.323 in hnh bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
(i) u cui H.323
Thit b u cui H.323 gn lin vi vi ngi s dng thc hin truyn
thng chiu a phng tin. Cc u cui H.323 cn phi h tr cc chun bo hiu
v th tc kt ni sau:
o Chun H.225 cho qu trnh bo hiu v thit lp cuc gi.

53
o Chun H.245 cho vic trao i kh nng ca u cui v to cc knh
thng tin.
o RAS cho vic ng k v iu khin cc hot ng qun l khc vi GK
o RTP/RTCP c s dng cho vic truyn cc gi tin a phng tin.
o Cc chun m ho thoi.
(ii) Gateway
Gateway thc hin chc nng chuyn i bo hiu v d liu gia mng IP v
cc mng khc. Lm cu ni cho php cc mng hot ng da trn cc giao thc
khc nhau c th phi hp vi nhau. Cu trc ca Gateway bao gm b iu khin
cng a phng tin MGC (Media Gateway controller), cng a phng tin MG
(Media Gateway) v cng bo hiu SG (Signalling Gateway) c minh ha trong
hnh 2.12.

Hnh 2.12: Cu to ca Gateway.

Cc c tnh c bn ca mt Gateway trong giao thc H.323 gm c:
o Mt Gateway phi h tr cc giao thc bo hiu hot ng trong mng
H.323 v mng s dng chuyn mch knh.
o V pha H.323, Gateway phi h tr bo hiu iu khin H.245 cho qu
trnh trao i kh nng hot ng ca u cui cng nh ca Gateway,
bo hiu cuc gi H.225, bo hiu RAS. V pha mng chuyn mch
knh, Gateway phi h tr cc giao thc hot ng trong mng chuyn
mch knh (nh SS7 s dng trong PSTN).

54
(iii) Gatekeeper
Mt Gatekeeper c xem l khi trung tm iu khin cuc gi trong mng s
dng H.323. Mc d l thnh phn tu chn, nhng Gatekeeper cung cp cc dch
v quan trng nh bin dch a ch, s phn quyn v nhn thc cho thit b u
cui v Gateway, qun l bng thng, thu thp s liu v tnh cc. Cc chc nng
ny c m t trong hnh 2.13.
Gatekeeper
Dch v tnh
cc
H.225.0
RAS
(server)

H.225.0
Bo hiu
cuc gi

H.245
Bo hiu
iu khin

Dch v th
mc
Dch v
bo mt

Cc giao thc truyn ti v giao din

mng

Qun l
cuc gi/
chnh sch

Hnh 2.13: Chc nng ca mt Gatekeeper

(iv) Khi iu khin a im MCU
MCU l thnh phn h tr dch v hi ngh im a im nu phin lm vic c
s tham gia ca t 2 u cui H.323 tr ln. Mi u cui tham gia vo hi ngh
u phi thit lp mt kt ni vi MCU. MCU gm hai chc nng c bn: iu
khin a im v nhn, x l cc lung d liu cho phin a im.

2.3.2 Cc giao thc bo hiu cuc gi trong H.323

Tiu chun H.323 c tham chiu n mt tiu chun khc ca ITU-T l H.225.
H.225 thc hin bo hiu cho vic iu khin cuc gi. H.225 c quyn ging nh
H.323 xc nh mt tp hp cc kh nng bo hiu cuc gi cho lung a
phng tin. H.225 s dng cc bn tin c nh ngha theo chun bo hiu iu
khin H.245 thit lp v gii phng cc knh d liu a phng tin.

55

Hnh 2.14: M hnh kt ni bo hiu trong H.323

Cc th tc H.225 cho php chuyn cc bn tin bo hiu t thit b gi ti thit b
nhn. Yu cu thit lp cuc gi c thc hin trn cc knh H.225 l ng k,
qun l v bo hiu RAS (Register, Administrator and Signalling). RAS c nh
ngha nh mt ti nguyn mng v s dng UDP nh mt phng thc truyn ti.
Knh RAS gip cc thit b c th gim st c tn hiu khi to ca cc cuc kt
ni.
Khi cc yu cu c truyn trn RAS ti Gatekeeper, Gatekeeper tr li cc
thng tin v pha ch gi cc thng tin bao gm a ch IP v s cng TCP ca thit
b bn b gi, cho php ngi gi thit lp mt kt ni TCP.
xem xt cc lung thng tin bo hiu trong H.323, ta xem xt mt m hnh
kt ni n gin nh trn hnh 2.14. Cc thng tin bo hiu iu khin cuc gi
c thc hin trn cc kt ni t thit b u cui ti Gatekeeper v gateway.
Cc bn tin ca Q.931 c s dng tip theo sau khi qu trnh bt tay thnh
cng qua RAS. Nu h thng khng c Gatekeeper th khng cn n RAS v
Q.931 l giao thc s c s dng thit lp cuc thoi gia cc u cui. Q.931
thc hin vic trao i trc tip cc thng bo gia 2 u cui vi mc ch thit
lp cuc gi v chm dt cuc gi khi mt trong cc bn kt thc hi thoi.
Khi hai bn ng tham gia cuc gi sau qu trnh bt tay qua Q.931 th bc
tip theo l hai bn thng nht mt cch thc hi thoi ph hp bao gm cc cng
vic sau: tha thun v b CODEC c s dng, m hai cng UDP k nhau cho
cc knh logic truyn v iu khin dng thng tin a phng tin, qun l knh

56
logic thng qua vic xc lp my ch/my khch, iu khin tc truyn dng bit.
Cc cng vic trn c thc hin qua H.245.

2.3.3 Nguyn tc hot ng ca th tc bo hiu cuc gi

Trong qu trnh thit lp cuc gi qua H.323 gm 5 giai on theo v d ch trn
hnh 2.15 trn y gm:
Giai on 1: Giai on thit lp cuc gi. Trong qu trnh ny, u cui ch gi
thng bo cho bn b gi yu cu m mt knh audio. Giai on ny cng xc nh
bn tin vi mc ch thng bo cho ch gi l bn b gi nhn c thng bo v
cuc gi. chnh xc ca tn hiu thit lp cuc gi tu thuc vo cu hnh mng,
c th l s tn ti v v tr ca cc Gatekeeper. Trong mi trng hp, u cui ch
gi s bt u mt kt ni c cha a ch IP knh iu khin H245 vi mc ch
thit lp knh truyn thng bng bn tin H.245.

Hnh 2.15: Tin trnh x l bo hiu mt cuc gi n gin trong H.323

Giai on 2: Giai on truyn thng v thit lp kh nng trao i. Khi hon thnh
giai on thit lp cuc gi, c 2 u cui s bc sang giai on 2. Giai on ny

57
lin quan n thit lp knh iu khin H.245 thng qua vic trao i thng tin c
lin quan n kh nng ca tng im trong cuc gi. Trong trng hp ny l kh
nng lin quan n kiu loi knh truyn thng c h tr. V d cc gateway
H.323 phi h tr cho cc knh audio.
Giai on 3: Giai on thit lp v truyn thng audio. Trong giai on ny, cc u
cui s trao i thit lp cc knh logic s truyn ti cc lung thng tin. i vi
thng tin audio, mi u cui cuc gi s m mt knh duy nht bi v s khng c
mt yu cu no c cng m hoc tc bit c s dng theo c hai hng.
Giai on 4: Giai on xc lp tham s cuc gi. Tham s cuc gi l nhng thay
i cc tham s c tho thun trong 3 giai on trn. Cc tham s ny gm c
vic iu chnh bng tn m cuc gi i hi, b sung hoc loi b cc thnh phn
tham gia cuc gi hoc trao i trng thi gi tham s gia gateway v u cui.
Giai on 5: Gii phng cuc gi: Thit b mun gii phng cuc gi H.323 c th
tin hnh n gin bng cch cho php chuyn cc bn tin xo cuc gi ging nh
chuyn cc bn tin thit lp cuc gi c s dng lc bt u cuc gi. Cng
ging nh khi thit lp, cc th tc gii phng cuc gi khc nhau tu thuc vo vai
tr ca Gatekeeper trong cuc gi.
Nh vy, qua m t mt cuc gi in hnh trn y cho thy cc giao thc
nguyn thu s dng iu khin cuc gi trong H.323 l cc giao thc H.225 v
H.245. Ngoi ra, giao thc bo hiu t u cui ti u cui c h tr bi Q.931.

2.4 GIAO THC KHI TO PHIN SIP

Theo nh ngha ca IETF, Giao thc khi to phin SIP (Session Initiation
Protocol) l giao thc bo hiu lp ng dng m t vic khi to, thay i v gii
phng cc phin kt ni tng tc a phng tin gia nhng ngi s dng.
SIP da trn tng v cu trc ca HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) l
giao thc trao i thng tin ca World Wide Web. SIP c nh ngha nh mt
giao thc ch/t (Client/Server), trong cc yu cu c ch gi (Client) a ra

58
v bn b gi (Server) tr li. SIP s dng mt s kiu bn tin v cc trng mo
u ca HTTP, xc nh ni dung lung thng tin theo mo u thc th (m t ni
dung - kiu loi) v cho php xc nhn cc phng php s dng ging nhau c
s dng trn Web.
SIP nh ngha cc bn tin INVITE v ACK ging nh bn tin Setup v Connect
trong H.225, trong c hai u nh ngha qu trnh m mt knh ng tin cy m
thng qua cuc gi c th i qua. Tuy nhin khc vi H.225, tin cy ca knh
ny khng ph thuc vo TCP m c th tch hp vo lp ng dng nhm nng cao
kh nng ti u ha. SIP da vo giao thc m t phin SDP (Session Description
Protocol) thc hin s sp xp tng t theo c cu chuyn i dung lng ca
H.245. SDP c dng nhn dng m thit b chuyn mch v can thip vo giao
thc bo hiu lung thi gian thc RTSP (Real Time Stream Protocol) sp xp
cc tham s v khun dng d liu chung cho nhiu loi thng tin khi chuyn trong
SIP.
SIP l mt giao thc iu khin lp ng dng m c th thit lp, sa i v kt
thc cc phin truyn thng a phng tin. SIP c th mi cc thnh vin tham gia
vo cc phin truyn thng n hng hoc a hng. SIP h tr vic nh x tn v
cc dch v chuyn tip mt cch trong sut, v th cho php thc hin cc dch v
thu bao in thoi ca mng thng minh v mng ISDN. SIP h tr 5 kha cnh
ca vic thit lp v kt thc cc truyn thng a phng tin sau:
o nh v ngi dng (User location): xc nh h thng u cui c s
dng trong truyn thng.
o Cc kh nng ngi dng (User capabilities): xc nh phng tin v cc
thng s phng tin c s dng.
o Tnh kh dng ngi dng (User Availability): xc nh s sn sng ca
bn c gi tin hnh truyn thng.
o Thit lp cuc gi (Call setup): thit lp cc thng s ca cuc gi ti c
hai pha b gi v ch gi.

59
o X l cuc gi (Call handling): bao gm truyn ti v kt thc cuc gi.

2.4.1 Thnh phn mng bo hiu SIP

Cc thnh phn chnh ca mt h thng SIP bao gm cc thnh phn sau: u
cui SIP (UAC/UAS); Proxy server; Location server; Redirect server; Registrar
server.

Hnh 2.16: Cu trc ca h thng SIP

User Agent l thit b u cui trong mng SIP, n c th l mt my in thoi
SIP hay mt my tnh chy phn mm u cui SIP. UA c th khi to, thay i
hay gii phng cuc gi. Trong phn bit hai loi UA: UAC (User Agent Client)
v UAS (User Agent Server). UAC l mt thc th thc hin vic khi to mt cuc
gi cn UAS l mt thc th thc hin vic nhn cuc gi. Nhng c UAC v UAS
u c th gii phng cuc gi.
Proxy Server l phn mm trung gian hot ng c nh Server v c nh Client
thc hin cc yu cu thay th cho cc u cui khc. Tt c cc yu cu c
x l ti ch bi Proxy Server (nu c th) hoc n chuyn n cho cc my ch
khc. Trong trng hp Proxy Server khng trc tip p ng cc yu cu ny th
Proxy Server s thc hin khu chuyn i hoc dch sang khun dng thch hp
trc khi chuyn i.

60
Location Server l phn mm nh v thu bao, cung cp thng tin v nhng v tr
c th ca pha b gi cho cc phn mm Proxy Server v Redirect Server.
Redirect Server l phn mm nhn yu cu SIP v chuyn i a ch SIP sang
mt s a ch khc v gi li nhng a ch ny cho u cui. Khng ging nh
Proxy Server, Redirect Server khng bao gi hot ng nh mt u cui, tc l
khng gi i bt c mt yu cu no. Redirect Server cng khng thc hin vic
chp nhn hay hu cuc gi.
Registrar Server l phn mm nhn cc yu cu ng k Register. Trong nhiu
trng hp Registrar Server m nhim lun mt s chc nng an ninh nh xc
nhn ngi s dng. Thng thng Registrar Server c ci t cng vi Proxy
hoc Redirect Server hoc cung cp dch v nh v thu bao. Mi ln u cui
c bt ln (th d my in thoi hoc phn mm SIP) th u cui li ng k
vi Server. Nu u cui cn thng bo vi Server v a im ca mnh th bn tin
Register c gi i. Ni chung cc u cui u thc hin vic ng k li mt
cch nh k.

2.4.2 Kin trc chc nng

SIP l mt giao thc phn lp cho php nhiu module khc nhau thc hin chc
nng c lp vi s kt ni lng gia mi lp. Cu trc ca SIP trong qu trnh gi
yu cu v nhn p ng c phn lp nh trn hnh 2.17.

Hnh 2.17: Cc lp giao thc SIP

Lp u tin trong giao thc l lp c php v m ha. Lp ny s dng vn
phm ABNF (Augmented Backus-Naur Form) a ra cc nguyn tc m ha v

61
khun dng c php cho bn tin SIP. Khun dng ny c m t chi tit trong
RFC2234.
Lp th hai trong cu trc SIP l lp truyn ti. y l lp ch th cho client gi
yu cu v nhn cc p ng v server nhn yu cu v gi cc p ng nh th
no. Lp truyn ti gn ging vi lp socket ca mt thc th SIP.
Lp th ba trong cu trc SIP l lp giao dch. Mt giao dch trong cc thut ng
SIP l mt yu cu c gi bi mt client ti mt server, cng vi tt c cc p
ng cho yu cu c c gi t server v client. Lp giao dch x l vic
tng thch p ng cho yu cu. Thi gian ht hn ca qu trnh pht li v giao
dch ca lp ng dng cng c x l trong lp ny v ph thuc vo giao thc
truyn ti c s dng. Cc giao dch s dng lp truyn ti gi v nhn yu
cu v p ng.
Lp th t l lp giao dch cha bn c ch trng thi giao dch. Mi c ch
trng thi giao dch c cc tham s nh thi, nguyn tc pht li v nguyn tc kt
cui ring bit.

2.4.3 Bn tin SIP v giao thc SDP

SIP l giao thc dng vn bn, s dng b k t ISO 10646 trong m ho UTF-8
trong RFC 2279. iu ny to cho SIP tnh linh hot, m rng v d thc thi cc
ngn ng lp trnh cp cao nh Java, Tol, Perl. C php ca SIP gn ging vi giao
thc HTTP, n cho php dng li m v n gin ha s lin kt ca cc my phc
v SIP vi cc my phc v Web. Tuy nhin, SIP khng phi l mt dng m rng
ca HTTP v c th s dng vi giao thc UDP. Cc dng bn tin ca SIP nh sau:
INVITE - Bt u thit lp cuc gi bng cch gi bn tin mi u cui khc
tham gia
ACK - Bn tin ny khng nh client nhn c bn tin tr li bn tin INVITE
BYE - Bt u kt thc cuc gi
CANCEL - Hu yu cu ang nm trong hng i
REGISTER - u cui SIP s dng bn tin ny ng k vi Registrar Server
OPTIONS - S dng xc nh nng lc ca server

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INFO - S dng ti cc thng tin nh tone DTMF
Giao thc SIP c nhiu im trng hp vi giao thc HTTP. Cc bn tin tr li
cc bn tin SIP nu trn gm c:
1xx - Cc bn tin chung
2xx - Thnh cng
3xx - Chuyn a ch
4xx - Yu cu khng c p ng
5xx - S c ca server
6xx - S c ton mng.
Cu trc bn tin SIP
C hai loi bn tin trn u s dng chung mt nh dng c bn c quy nh
trong RFC 2822 vi cu trc gm mt dng khi u (start line), mt s trng
tiu v mt phn thn bn tin tu chn (hnh 2.18).

Hnh 2.18: Cu trc bn tin SIP

Trong , dng bt u, cc dng tiu hay cc dng trng phi c kt thc
bng mt k t xung dng (CRLF) v phi lu rng dng trng vn phi c
ngn cch phn tiu v phn thn ca bn tin ngay c khi phn thn bn tin l
rng.
Start line: Mi bn tin SIP c bt u vi mt Start Line, Start Line vn chuyn
loi bn tin (phng thc trong cc Request, v m p ng trong cc bn tin p
ng) v phin bn ca giao thc. Start line c th l Request-Line (trong cc yu
cu) hoc l Status-Line (trong cc p ng).
Headers: Cc trng Hearder ca SIP c s dng vn chuyn cc thuc tnh
ca bn tin v thay i ngha ca bn tin. Chng tng t nh cc trng tiu

63
ca bn tin HTTP theo c c php v ng ngha. Tiu bn tin bao gm bn
loi: tiu chung, tiu yu cu, tiu p ng v tiu thc th.
Body: Thn bn tin c s dng m t phin c khi to (v d: trong mt
phin multimedia phn ny s mang loi m ha audio v video, tc ly mu ),
hoc n c th c s dng mang d liu di dng text hoc nh phn (khng
c dch) m lin quan n phin . Phn thn bn tin c th xut hin trong c
bn tin yu cu v p ng. Cc loi Body bao gm: giao thc m t phin SDP,
m rng th in t internet a mc ch MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extentions) v cc phn nh ngha trong IETF.
SDP l mt giao thc lp ng dng c IETF thit k m t cc phin a
phng tin v l giao thc da trn vn bn. SDP mang thng tin v cc lung
phng tin cc bn tham gia phin a phng tin c th bit c thng tin
thit lp tng ng. SDP ch c mc ch m t phin ch khng phi m phn
cc phng thc m ho phng tin. N khng cha bt k giao thc chuyn ti
no. V th thng thng SDP c cha trong phn ti tin ca cc giao thc khc.
Chng hn phn ti tin trong bn tin INVITE c th cha SDP nu c ch th v n
trong tiu content-type v content-application. Mt bn tin SDP bao gm cc
mc thng tin sau:
o M t mc phin. Mc ny bao gm nhn dng phin v cc thng s mc
phin khc nh a ch IP, ch , thng tin giao tip v b to v/hay phin.
o M t mc nh thi. Thi gian bt u v kt thc, thi gian lp li, mt hay
nhiu m t mc phng tin.
o Khun dng v loi phng tin. Giao thc truyn ti v s cng, cc thng
s mc phng tin khc.

2.4.4 Th tc trao i thng tin ca SIP

Trong mt cuc hi thoi SIP, mi bn tham gia c gn mt a ch SIP (SIP
URL), a ch ny do ngi dng ng k vi SIP Server. to mt cuc gi SIP,
pha ch gi nh v ti my phc v thch ng v sau gi mt yu cu SIP. Hot

64
ng SIP thng xuyn nht l li mi cc thnh vin tham gia hi thoi. Thnh
phn Register ng vai tr tip nhn cc yu cu ng k t UA v lu tr cc
thng tin ny ti mt dch v phi SIP (Non-SIP). Mt a ch SIP c dng
user@host. Phn user l mt tn ca ngi s dng hay tn ca mt my in thoi.
Phn host c th l mt tn min hoc mt a ch mng. SIP URL c dng trong
cc bn tin SIP thng bo v ni gi (From), ch hin thi (Request URI) v ni
nhn cui cng (To) ca mt yu cu SIP v ch r a ch gin tip. Mt SIP URL
c th gn vo mt trang Web hoc nhng siu lin kt (Hyperlink) khc thng
bo rng ngi dng hoc dch v c th gi thng qua SIP.
Qu trnh nh v ti my ch SIP
Khi mt Client mun gi i mt yu cu, Client s gi bn tin yu cu ti SIP
my ch Proxy, hoc ti a ch IP v cng tng ng trong a ch ca yu cu SIP
(Request-URI). Trng hp u, yu cu c gi ti my ch Proxy khng ph
thuc vo a ch ca yu cu. Vi trng hp sau, Client phi xc nh giao thc,
cng v a ch IP ca Server m yu cu c gi n.
Mt Client thc hin cc bc tip theo c c nhng thng tin ny. Client
c gng lin lc vi Server theo s cng c ch ra trong a ch yu cu SIP
(Request-URI). Nu khng c s cng no ch ra trong Request-URI, Client s s
dng a ch cng mc nh l 5060. Nu Request-URI ch r l s dng giao thc
TCP hay UDP, Client s lm vic vi Server theo giao thc . Nu khng c giao
thc no c ch ra th Client c gng dng giao thc UDP (nu khng h tr
TCP) hoc s dng giao thc TCP cho hot ng ca mnh (ch c h tr TCP
m khng c h tr UDP).
Client c gng tm mt hay nhiu a ch cho SIP Server bng vic truy vn DNS
(Domain Name System) theo cc th tc sau:
Nu a ch Host trong a ch Request-URI l mt a ch IP th Client lm vic
vi Server bng a ch c a ra. Nu khng phi l mt a ch IP, Client
thc hin bc tip theo.

65
Client a ra cu hi ti DNS Server v bn ghi a ch cho a ch Host trong
a ch Request-URI. DSN s tr v mt bn ghi danh sch cc a ch. Lc vic
la chn mt trong cc a ch ny l ty . Cn nu DNS Server khng a ra bn
ghi a ch, Client s kt thc hot ng, c ngha n khng thc hin c vic
nh v my ch. Nh bn ghi a ch, s la chn tip theo cho giao thc mng ca
Client c nhiu kh nng thnh cng hn. Mt qu trnh thc hin thnh cng l qu
trnh c mt bn ghi cha trong phn tr li v Server lm vic mt trong nhng
a ch cha trong tr li .
Giao dch SIP
Khi c a ch IP ca SIP Server th yu cu s c gi i theo tng vn chuyn
giao thc TDP hay UDP. Client gi mt hoc nhiu yu cu SIP n my ch v
nhn li mt hoc nhiu cc phc p t my ch. Mt yu cu cng vi cc phc
p c to ra bi yu cu to thnh mt giao dch SIP. Tt c cc phc p
cho mt yu cu mang cng cc gi tr trong cc trng: Call ID, Cseq, To, v
From. Yu cu ACK xc nh s nhn mt phc p INVITE khng l mt phn
ca giao dch v n c th di chuyn gia mt tp cc host khc nhau. Mi cuc gi
trong SIP c nh danh bi mt trng nh danh cuc gi (Call-ID).
Mt yu cu phi cn c thng tin gi i t u (From) v ti u (To). Trng
From v To u c cu trc theo khun dng SIP-URL. Trng CSeq lu tr thng
tin v phng thc s dng trong phin, trng CSeq c dng: CSeq = CSeq:
DIGIT Method. Trong DIGIT l s nguyn khng du 32 bit.
Nu mt giao thc iu khin lung tin cy c s dng, yu cu v cc phc
p trong mt giao dch n l c mang trn cng kt ni. Mt vi yu cu SIP t
cng my khch n cng my ch c th s dng cng kt ni hoc c th s dng
mt kt ni mi cho mi yu cu.
Nu mt client gi yu cu thng qua mt giao thc datagram n hng nh
UDP th cc UA thu s nh hng phc p theo thng tin cha trong cc trng

66
mo u Via. Mi proxy server trong tuyn chuyn tip ca yu cu chuyn tip
phc p s dng cc trng mo u Via ny.
Li mi SIP
Mt li mi SIP thnh cng gm hai yu cu INVITE v ACK. Yu cu INVITE
thc hin li mi mt thnh vin tham gia hi thoi. Khi pha b gi ng tham
gia, pha ch gi xc nhn nhn mt bn tin p ng bng cch gi i mt yu
cu ACK. Nu pha ch gi khng mun mi thnh vin tham gia cuc gi na n
s gi yu cu BYE thay cho ACK.
Thng ip INVITE cha thnh phn m t phin ca giao thc SDP v phng
thc tin hnh trao i ng vi phin . Vi cc phin a hng, phn m t phin
lit k kiu v khun dng ca cc d liu a phng tin phn phi cho phin
hi thoi. Vi mt phin n hng, phn m t phin lit k kiu v khun dng
ca cc phng tin m pha ch gi mun s dng v ni nhng d liu mun gi
i.
nh v ngi dng
Mt i tng b gi c th di chuyn gia mt s cc h thng u cui khc
nhau theo thi gian. Mt my ch nh v cng c th s dng mt hay nhiu giao
thc khc nhau xc nh h thng u cui m ti mt ngi s dng c th
lin lc. Mt my ch nh v c th a ra mt vi v tr v ngi s dng c
ng nhp vo ti mt vi host ng thi hoc bi v my ch nh v li. My ch
SIP kt hp cc kt qu a ra mt danh sch cc v tr.
i vi tng kiu SIP Server th hot ng sau khi nhn c danh sch cc v
tr khc nhau l khc nhau. Mt SIP Redirect Server s tr li danh sch a ch cho
Client vi cc mo u Contact. Mt SIP proxy server c th th ln lt hoc song
song cc a ch cho n khi cuc gi thnh cng (phc p 2xx) hoc bn b gi t
chi cuc gi (phc p 6xx).

67
Nu mt proxy server chuyn tip mt yu cu SIP, n phi b sung a ch ca
n vo v tr bt u ca danh sch cc trm chuyn tip c ghi trong cc mo
u Via. Du vt Via m bo rng cc tr li c th i theo cng tuyn theo
hng ngc li, vic m bo hot ng chnh xc nh tun theo cc tng la v
trnh lp li yu cu. hng phc p, mi host phi xo b Via ca n, do
thng tin nh tuyn ni b c che khut i vi pha b gi v cc mng bn
ngoi.
Thay i mt phin hin ti
Trong mt vi trng hp, cn phi thay i cc thng s ca phin hi thoi
hin ti. Vic c thc hin bi vic pht li cc yu cu INVITE. Cc yu cu
INVITE c cng trng Call-ID nhng c trng mo u v trng bn tin
khc vi yu cu ban u mang thng tin mi. Cc bn tin INVITE phi c
ch s CSeq cao hn cc yu cu trc. V d: c hai thnh vin ang hi thoi v
mun c thm mt ngi th ba tham gia. Mt trong hai thnh vin s mi thnh
vin th ba tham gia vi mt a ch a hng (Multicast) mi v ng thi gi mt
bn tin INVITE n thnh vin th hai vi trng miu t phin a hng nhng c
trng Call-ID c.

2.5 GIAO THC IU KHIN CNG PHNG TIN MEGACO

2.5.1 Kin trc chc nng bo hiu Megaco/H.248
Megaco/H.248 l giao thc c ra i trn s k tha v pht huy cc tnh nng
ca giao thc iu khin cng a phng tin MGCP (Media Gateway Control
Protocol). y l giao thc c xy dng theo s hp tc ca hai t chc ITU v
IETF. So vi MGCP th Megaco c nhng ci tin sau:
o Cung cp dch v a phng tin v dch v hi ngh a im.
o Cho php la chn giao thc truyn ti TCP hoc UDP.
o Ci tin c php lnh vic x l bn tin hiu qu hn.
o Cho php m ho c di dng text v nh phn.

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o D dng ci thin v nng cp cc chc nng.
o a ra khi nim mi Context nhm h tr kt ni a dch v, a im .
Giao thc MEGACO/H.248 nh ngha giao din iu khin ca MGC i vi
MG tng t v s thay th MGCP. MEGACO/H.248 cung cp cc chc nng sau:
o iu khin cc loi MG khc nhau.
o H tr m phn quyt nh cc thuc tnh cuc gi.
o C kh nng x l cuc gi a ngi dng.
o H tr QoS v o lng lu lng (cc thng tin thng k sau mi kt ni).
o Thng bo li giao thc, li mng hay cc thuc tnh cuc gi.
Cc bn tin MEGACO/H.248 c th c truyn dn qua lp UDP/IP hoc
TCP/IP. Cc MG v MGC s c gn cc a ch IP. Cc lung lu lng i v
n s qua cc cng UDP hay TCP c ch ra. V d nh cng dnh cho lnh
Service Change request l 2944 khi s dng m ha vn bn v 2945 khi s dng
m ha nh phn (i vi c UDP v TCP).

Hnh 2.17: Kin trc iu khin ca MEGACO

Kin trc giao thc MEGACO c ch ra trn hnh 2.17 gm cc thnh phn:
Lp MGC cha tt c cc phn mm iu khin, x l cuc gi. Lp ny thc
hin cc tnh nng thuc mc cuc gi nh pht trin cuc gi, chuyn cuc gi, hi
thoi hay gi my. Lp MGC cng thc hin giao tip vi cc MGC khc cng

69
nh cc thc th ngang cp hay cp di. MGC qun l mi thuc tnh trong qu
trnh giao tip.
Lp MG thc hin kt ni lu lng i v ti cc mng khc, tng tc vi cc
lung lu lng ny qua ng dng bo hiu v s kin. Lp MG cng iu khin
cc thuc tnh thit b ca cng phng tin (v d nh giao din vi ngi dng).
Lp ny khng quan tm ti vic iu khin cc thuc tnh cuc gi v hot ng
theo s iu khin ca lp MGC. Lp iu khin giao thc MEGACO/H248 quy
nh cch thc m lp MGC iu khin lp MG.
V tr ca giao thc MEGACO trong m hnh OSI nh ch ra trong hnh 2.18.
Giao thc MEGACO thc hin chc nng ca mnh 3 lp trn cng trong m
hnh OSI: lp ng dng, lp trnh din v lp phin.

Hnh 2.18: Giao thc MEGACO trong m hnh OSI

2.5.2 Cc lnh v th tc trao i thng tin

Giao thc MEGACO s dng 8 lnh c bn trong giao din iu khin gia
MGC v MG. Bao gm:
o Add: c s dng thm mt termination vo context, cng c th to
mt context (nu l termination u tin trong context ny).
o Modify: S dng thay i thuc tnh, s kin hay cc bo hiu mt
termination.
o Subtract: S dng xo mt termination khi context, cng c th l xo
lun c context (nu l termination cui cng trong context ny).

70
o Move: Chuyn mt termination t mt context ny sang mt context khc.
o Audit Value: Tr li trng thi hin ti ca termination (bo hiu, s kin,
thuc tnh, s liu thng k).
o Audit Capability: Tr li tt c cc gi tr c th c ca termination (bo hiu,
s kin, thuc tnh, s liu thng k).
Cc bn tin MEGACO c th c m ho bng hai cch: m ho nh phn
(binary encoding) v m ho vn bn (text encoding).
Trong phng php m ho nh phn, tiu chun ISO/ITU ASN.1 c s dng.
ASN.1 l ngn ng nh ngha cch gi d liu gia cc h thng khc nhau. N
nh ngha cc h thng theo cng mt c php d liu (trong cc giao thc tng
ng dng). ASN.1 c vit bng cc ngn ng khc nhau trong tng h thng sao
cho ph hp. Khi mt h thng mun gi d liu, h thng s m ho d liu cn
gi theo ASN.1, sau gi i. H thng nhn s tin hnh gii m theo chun nh
sn ASN.1. Cc lut m ho theo chun ASN.1 bao gm : BER(Basic Encoding
Rule), CER (Canonial Encoding Rule), PER (Package Encoding Rule), DER
(Distinguished Encoding Rule). Vic s dng lut m ho no l tu ngi thit k.
Trong phng php m ho vn bn, chun ABNF c s dng (RFC2234). C
th s dng 2 khun dng : rt gn (compact text) v y (pretty text). C hai
format u c u v nhc im ca mnh. Khun dng rt gn cho bn tin c kch
thc nh hn, thi gian m ho ngn hn tuy nhin tin cy khng cao bng
khun dng y .
Thit lp cuc gi thng qua giao thc MEGACO/H248
Khi mt u cui no nhc my v nh thc hin cuc gi, s kin off-hook
ny s c pht hin bi MG qun l. MG s thng bo s kin ny ti MGC m
n trc thuc. MGC s ch nh MG bng mt lnh gi m bo mi quay s ti
u cui , ng thi bn cc con s cng c MG ny cp nht t MGC,
phc v cho vic thu cc ch s v gi ton b s c quay v MGC. Gi s u

71
cui b gi thuc mt MG khc nhng cng c qun l bi MGC nh trn hnh
2.19. Qu trnh thit lp lin kt c tin hnh theo 3 bc c bn sau:
MGC yu cu MG th nht thit lp mt kt ni ti im kt cui th nht. MG
ny s phn b ti nguyn cho kt ni yu cu v p ng li bng bn tin tr li.
Bn tin tr li s cha cc thng tin cn thit MG th hai c th gi cc bn tin
mt cch tin cy ti lin kt va thit lp. Cc thng tin ny c th l: a ch IP, tn
cng UDP, TCP hay cc thng tin ng gi bn tin.
Tng t, MGC cng yu cu MG th hai thit lp mt lin kt im kt cui
th hai. MG ny phn b ti nguyn cho kt ni ny trn c s cc thng tin trong
bn tin p ng ca MG th nht. MG th hai cng p ng li bng bn tin cha
cc thng tin cn thit nhm m bo MG th nht c th gi cc bn tin mt cch
tin cy ti lin kt va thit lp bi MG th hai.
Cc thng tin trong bn tin p ng ca MG th hai s c gi ti MG th nht.
Khi ny lin kt c thit lp, qu trnh truyn thng c th din ra theo hai
chiu. Lu lng c truyn ti nh cc giao thc RTP hay RTCP.

Hnh 2.19: M t cuc gi MEGACO

Trong trng hp hai MG c qun l bi 2 MGC khc nhau, cc MGC ny s
trao i cc thng tin bo hiu thng qua mt giao thc bo hiu t MGC ny ti
MGC kia (c th l SIP hay H323) m bo ng b trong thit lp kt ni ti
hai im kt cui.

72
Khi lin kt c thit lp, cc tham s ca n c gim st bi MGC v c
th c thay i di cc lnh ca MGC (v d nh thm mt kt cui vo lin
kt).
Cc bc x l chi tit c th hin thng qua lu x l cuc gi trn hnh
2.20. Gi s c hai u cui ngi s dng c kt ni vi hai RGW. Trong ,
hai RGW ny c qun l bi cng mt MGC. Qu trnh MGC iu khin cc
RGW din ra nh sau:
Bc 1: Ban u MGC gi lnh Modify ti tt c cc RGW pht hin s kin
offhook.
Bc 2: Cc RGW ln lt tr li lnh trn ca MGC bng cc reply
Bc 3: Gi s ngi dng A thuc RGW1 offhook, s kin ny s c RGW1
bo co ti MGC bng lnh Notify.
Bc 4: MGC gi reply ca lnh ny cho RGW1.
Bc 5: MGC s gi lnh Modify ti RGW1, lnh ny gm 3 c t (descriptor):
signal descriptor c s dng gi m mi quay s ti ngi dng A, digitmap
descriptor cha m hnh mu cc s c th quay theo k hoch nh s, event
descriptor lit k cc gi DTMF, gi tin hon thnh quay s v gi tin gim st
trng thi onhook ca u cui.
Bc 6: RGW1 tr li MGC bng mt reply.
RGW1 tin hnh x l cc descriptor theo th t signal, digitmap, event
descriptor. u tin m mi quay s s c gi ti termination A, sau digitmap
s c cp nht vo c s d liu ca RGW1, digitmap c kch hot khi RGW1
thu c s kin hon thnh quay s. Termination A sau khi nhn c m mi
quay s s tin hnh quay s.
Bc 7: Khi cc con s c RGW1 thu y v hp l, chng s c gi ti
MGC bng lnh Notify.

73
Bc 8: MGC xc nhn lnh trn bng reply gi ti RGW1.
MGC sau khi nhn lnh trn s phn tch s b gi v bit u cui termination B
thuc RGW2 (gi s u cui ny ri v sn sng nhn cuc gi). MGC tip tc
iu khin RGW1.

Hnh 2.20: Lu cc bn tin x l cuc gi qua giao thc MEGACO/H248

74
Bc 9: MGC s gi cho RGW1 hai lnh. Lnh Add to mt context v thm
ngay termination A vo . MGC bit rng termination B ri,n s gi hi m
chung cho termination A. Lnh th 2 to mt u cui logic A v thm u
cui ny vo context va to ra.
Bc 10: RGW1 s gi reply cho MGC bao gm contextID(1), a ch IP v s
cng dnh cho lu lng.
Bc 11: MGC s gi ti RGW2 2 lnh. Lnh 1 to mt context v Add
termination B vo context ny. Bo hiu chung cng c gi ti termination B
nh signal descriptor. Lnh th hai s to mt u cui logic B v thm u cui
ny vo context va to ra. Cc thng tin a ch IP, s cng ca termination A cng
c gi ti RGW2.
Bc 12:RGW2 sau khi nhn lnh s thc hin lnh v gi kt qu thc hin ti
MGC, bao gm contextID(2), a ch IP v s cng dnh cho lu lng. MGC i
cho termination B offhook.
Bc 13: Khi termination B offhook, RGW2 s bo co vi MGC bng lnh Notify.
Bc 14: MGC p ng bng mt reply.
Bc 15: MGC gi lnh Modify chuyn 2 termination RGW2 sang ch gi
v nhn . Signal descriptor cng ngt bo hiu chung termination B. Event
descriptor chun b s kin onhook ch.
Bc 16: RGW2 tr li bng reply.
Bc 17: MGC gi lnh Modify ti RGW1 chuyn ch ca 2 termination
sang ch gi v nhn, ngt hi m chung termination A, thng bo cc thng
tin v a ch IP, s cng cho u cui logic A.
Bc 18: RGW1 sau khi thc hin cc lnh trn s gi reply cho MGC. Lc ny hai
u cui c th trao i lu lng theo cc giao thc RTP/RTCP. Gi s ngi
dng A t my, s kin ny c RGW1 pht hin v bo co vi MGC qua lnh
Notify.

75
Bc 19: RGW1 gi lnh Notify cho MGC bo co ngi dng A offhook.
Bc 20: MGC gi reply cho RGW1.
Bc 21: MGC gi lnh Modify ti RGW2 yu cu chuyn hai u cui context 2
sang ch ch nhn v gi m bo bn ti u cui ngi dng A.
Bc 22: RGW2 thc hin lnh v gi reply cho MGC.
Bc 23: MGC gi lnh Subtract ti RGW1 yu cu xo 2 termination trong
context 1, ng thi xo lun context 1. Cc s liu thng k m MGC yu cu
c ch ra trong Audit descriptor.
Bc 24: RGW1 thc hin lnh v gi reply cho MGC bao gm cc thng tin thng
k v lin kt va thit lp.
Bc 25: Tng t bc 23, nhng thc hin vi RGW2.
Bc 26:Tng t bc 24, nhng thc hin vi RGW2.
Nh vy, trn mi quan h iu khin Client/Server cc giao thc iu khin nh
MGCP v Megaco/H.248 ng vai tr lm b th tc cho cc lnh iu khin, cc
bn tin bo hiu, ch nh vng ti nguyn cho cc kt ni. Tnh n gin v hng
ti m bo cht lng dch v l hai mc tiu chnh ca cc h thng giao thc.

2.6 GIAO THC IU KHIN CUC GI C LP KNH MANG

BICC
p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca lu lng thoi mt s nh cung cp
ngh gii quyt vn bng cch tch bit chc nng iu khin cuc gi v
chc nng iu khin knh mang trong mng PSTN/ISDN. Giao thc ISUP ng
nht nh hin nay trong bo hiu s 7 s c sa i theo quan im trn. Kt qu
l xut hin mt giao thc mi giao thc iu khin cuc gi c lp knh mang
BICC.
Giao thc iu khin c lp knh mang c pht trin bi nhm lm vic 11
ca ITU-T (ITU-T SG11). BICC cho php cc nh iu hnh pht trin mng PSTN

76
hin c trn cng ngh chuyn mch knh ti cc cu trc mng mi trn nn cng
ngh chuyn mch gi nhng vn duy tr ton b cc dch v thoi truyn thng vi
nhng nh hng nh nht ti cng vic khai thc hin thi. BICC c gii hn
cht ch nh sau:
o Giao thc BICC c xy dng trn giao thc bo hiu s 7 phn ISUP
tng thch hon ton vi cc dch v hin co trn mng PSTN/IDSN.
o BICC hot ng c lp vi cc cng ngh thit lp ng truyn (c lp
knh mang).
o C kh nng phi hp vi cc giao thc bo hiu hin c.
im khi u ca BICC l cc cuc gi phi vo/ra cc thnh phn mng mi
thng qua cc im dch v giao tip (ISN- Interface serving nodes). Nt phc v l
mt im trong mng cung cp chc nng cho cc dch v PSTN/ISDN hin ti.
ISN cung cp mt giao din bo hiu gia ISUP bng hp v cc ISN ngang cp
nhau nh trn hnh 2.21.

Hnh 2.21: Kin trc giao thc BICC

Trong mt kch bn khc, cc im phc v lm vic bin ca mng PSTN
cho php kt ni hai mng BICC vi nhau. Theo quy c gi tn trong PSTN, cp
nt ny c gi l im phc v cng (GSN Gateway Serving node). Kch bn
minh ha cho giao thc BICC c trnh by di y.
Nu nh hai nh iu hnh mng BICC c th kt ni vi nhau qua PSTN/ISDN
th tng nh iu hnh cng c th cung cp cc dch v PSTN/ISDN ngay ti cc

77
nt trong mng ca mnh. Cc nt lm vic c vai tr nh mt vai tr chuyn
tip nn c gi l im phc v chuyn tip (TSN- Transit Serving Node).

Hnh 2.22: Cu trc cc nt mng BICC

Theo yu cu BICC phi lm vic vi mi cng ngh mng chuyn mch gi,
nn vi mng chuyn mch gi ATM trong kin trc mng BICC s c thm cc
nt BRN (Bearer Relay Node), c ATM s dng nh nhng chuyn mch trung
gian dnh cho bo hiu.
Kin trc BICC dc phn tch theo 4 gc : M hnh hot ng, m hnh chc
nng ca tng nt mng, m hnh tham chiu y v m hnh giao thc. Tuy
nhin, mc ny s trnh by hai kha cnh c bn nht l m hnh chc nng v m
hnh giao thc ca BICC.
(i) M hnh chc nng
Trn quan im v m hnh mng BICC, cc nt mng c phn chia thnh hai
loi chnh. Loi th nht, nt dch v (SN), l nt c bao gm c chc nng iu
khin cuc gi (CSF) v chc nng iu khin knh mang (BCF). Loi th hai, nt
dn xp cuc gi (CMN) l cc nt ch c chc nng ca CSS m khng bao gm
chc nng ca BCF. Hnh 2.23 v 2.24 tng ng l hai m hnh chc nng ca hai
loi nt mng ny.

78
Trong nt SN, cc thc th thc hin chc nng dch v cuc gi (CSF) v chc
nng iu khin knh mang (BCF) c th xy dng tch bit. Bo hiu iu khin
knh mang cuc gi CBC c quy nh trong ITU-T Q.1950.

Hnh 2.23: Cu trc chc nng nt dch v

Vic lin lc gia cc SN iu khin knh mang c thc hin bi giao thc
bo hiu iu khin knh mang (BCS). Bo hiu iu khin knh mang c th c
trin khai trn mt phng thc truyn ti tch bit hoc c th c truyn ti theo
c ch ng hm theo phng nm ngang trong giao thc BICC gia hai CSF
ng cp v theo phng nm dc gia CSF v BCF. Giao thc ng hm iu
khin knh mang (BCTP) c miu t trong Q.1990.

Hnh 2.24: Cu trc chc nng nt dn xp dch v

C SN v CMN c m hnh ha k bng thut Half Call. Mi kch bn x l
cuc gi c chia thnh mt th tc bo hiu u vo v mt th tc bo hiu u
ra trong phm vi ca Q.1902, t nht mt trong hai th tc ny l BICC.

79
(ii) M hnh giao thc
Hnh 2.25 ch ra m hnh giao thc ca BICC cha cc phn t chc nng trong
hnh 2.23 v 2.24 bao gm:
o Khi cc chu trnh BICC bao gm cc chc nng ca thnh phn CSF trong
m hnh chc nng.
o Cc chc nng giao thc ca thnh phn BCF ca m hnh chc nng c
phn tn gia cc khi chc nng nh x v iu khin vt mang. Cc chc
nng khc c cha trong thnh phn BCF.
o V tr m t BICC cp ti cc s kin bo hiu vt mang thu nhn/gi t/i
BCF, n lin quan ti s s dng giao din chung cho khi chc nng nh x
trong hnh 2.25.

Hnh 2.25: M hnh giao thc ca BICC

o V tr m t BICC lin quan ti cc bn tin BICC ang gi/nhn lin quan ti
s dng giao din chung cho khi chuyn i truyn dn bo hiu, xem ITUT Q.2150.0.

2.7 KT LUN CHNG

Ni dung chng 2 a ra cc vn bo hiu trong mng c nh theo hng
tip cn my ch cuc gi tin ti mng th h k tip. H thng bo hiu s 7 trong

80
mng in thoi cng cng truyn thng l thnh phn then cht chung cho c mng
di ng cng cng mt t. S hi t mng IP v mng PSTN c ITU a ra
cu trc h thng bo hiu v iu khin mi bao gm cc giao thc trong chng
giao thc H.323 v cc giao thc ph tr. Trong chng cng khi qut giao
thc bo hiu kt ni s dng ph bin hin nay khng ch cho xu hng hi t
mng internet v PSTN m cn vi cc mng di ng th h sau (SIP). Cc giao
thc iu khin cng kt ni v bo hiu iu khin ngang cp gia cc thnh phn
iu khin mng cng c trnh by di kha cnh kin trc chc nng, bn tin v
m hnh hot ng.
Cc ni dung n tp chnh trong chng

Kin trc mng hi t tin ti mng th h k tip;

Kin trc chc nng v hot ng ca h thng bo hiu s 7;

Kin trc chc nng, cc giao thc bo hiu trong H.323;

c im hot ng ca giao thc khi to phin SIP;

Kin trc v hot ng ca giao thc iu khin cng a phng tin.

81

CHNG 3: BO HIU TRONG MNG THNG TIN DI

NG
Tm tt: Ni dung ca chng tp trung vo cc m hnh bo hiu trong mng
thng tin di ng bao gm cc mng di ng th h hai v th h ba. Cc th tc
bo hiu c phn chia thnh cc vng mng truy nhp v tuyn v vng mng li
cng vi cc kt ni bo hiu ti cc h tng mng khc.

3.1 BO HIU TRONG MNG DI NG T BO

3.1.1 Cc th h pht trin mng di ng t bo
T cui nhng nm 1970, vi s ra i ca cc cng ngh, cc mng v tuyn di
ng t bo c pht trin rt nhanh chng. Thp k 1980 chng kin s ra i
ca mt s h thng v tuyn t bo tng t, thng c gi l cc mng v
tuyn di ng mt t cng cng PLMR (Public Land Mobile Radio). Cc h thng
loi ny c gi l h thng v tuyn di ng t bo th h th nht 1G (1st
Generation), tiu biu l H thng cc dch v in thoi di ng tin tin AMPS
(Advanced Mobile Phone Service) ca M cng tc trn di tn 800 MHz v H
thng in thoi di ng Bc u NMT 450 (Nordic Mobile Telephony) cng tc
trn di tn 450 MHz, ri sau trn c di 900 MHz (NMT 900). Lm vic di
UHF, cc mng ny cho thy mt s thay i vt bc v phc tp ca cc h
thng thng tin lin lc dn s. Chng cho php nhng ngi s dng c c cc
cuc m thoi trong khi di ng vi nhau hay vi bt k i tng no c ni ti
cc mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng PSTN hoc cc mng thng tin s a
dch v tch hp ISDN.
Trong nhng nm 1990 c nhng bc tin hn na vi vic p dng cc h
thng thng tin di ng t bo s (digital cellular system). Cc h thng mi ny
c gi l cc h thng v tuyn di ng th h th hai 2G (2nd Generation), tiu
biu l H thng thng tin di ng ton cu GSM (Global System for Mobile
communications) ca Chu u cng tc trn di tn 900 MHz v 1800 MHz, cc h

82
thng ca M IS-136 lm vic trn hai di 800 MHz v 1900 MHz hay IS-95 cng
tc trn di 800 MHz v cc h thng vin thng khng dy s (digital cordless
telecommunication system) nh H thng vin thng khng dy s ca Chu u
DECT (Digital European Cordless Telecommunications). Trong s cc h thng 2G
k trn, h thng GSM c xem l h thng thnh cng nht. Ngoi cc dch v
in thoi truyn thng, cc h thng v tuyn di ng s th h th hai cung cp
mt mng cc dch v mi khc nh th thoi (voice-mail), truyn s liu tc
thp, truyn fax, cc tin ngn (short message)...
Cc h thng thng tin di ng th h th hai ch yu vn nhm vo phc v
dch v thoi. Dch v s liu m chng p ng c ch yu l dch v truyn s
liu chuyn mch knh tc thp (di 10 kb/s), khng p ng c cc nhu cu
truyn s liu ngy cng tng. Chnh s pht trin nhanh chng v nhu cu i vi
cc dch v d liu, nht l i vi Internet, thc y mnh m cng nghip v
tuyn v l ng lc chnh i vi s pht trin cc h thng thng tin di ng th
h th ba 3G (3rd Generation) a dch v. Cc n lc pht trin thng tin di ng
3G c pht ng trc tin ti Chu u. Vo nm 1988, d n RACE 1043
c hnh thnh vi mc ch n nh cng ngh v dch v cho h thng 3G gi l
H

thng

vin

thng

di

ng

vn

nng

(UMTS: Universal

Mobile

Telecommunications System). Song song vi d n RACE 1043, Lin minh vin

thng quc t ITU (International Telecommunication Union) cng thnh lp ban
TG8/1, ban u t di s bo tr ca CCIR (U ban t vn quc t v v tuyn),
nhm phi hp hot ng nghin cu pht trin h thng 3G vi tn gi H thng
vin thng di ng mt t cng cng tng lai (FPLMTS: Future Public Land
Mobile Telecommunications System), mc ch ban u l xy dng mt tiu chun
3G chung cho ton th gii. Sau ny TG8/1 b tn gi FPLMTS, thay bng Vin
thng di ng quc t cho nm 2000 (IMT-2000: International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000) v chp nhn mt h cc tiu chun cho 3G. D n
IMT-2000 xy dng cc yu cu chung nht cho cc h thng thng tin di ng

83
3G nhm phc v nhiu loi hnh dch v, vi tc ti a ln ti 2 Mb/s. Cc yu
cu c bn i vi cc h thng thng tin di ng 3G, mt cch vn tt, bao gm:
+ C kh nng truyn thng a phng tin vi cc tc : a) 384 kb/s (i b) v
144 kb/s (trn xe) i vi mi trng ngoi tri (out-door) c vng ph sng tng
i rng; b) ti 2 Mb/s i vi mi trng trong nh (in-door) c vng ph sng
hp;
+ C kh nng cung cp a dch v nh thoi, hi ngh truyn hnh (video
conferencing), d liu gi. H tr c cc dch v chuyn mch knh ln chuyn
mch gi v truyn d liu khng i xng (tc bt cao trn ng xung v tc
bt thp trn ng ln);
+ C kh nng lu ng v chuyn vng quc gia ln quc t;
+ C kh nng tng thch, cng tn ti v lin kt vi v tinh vin thng;
+ C cu tnh cc theo dung lng truyn ch khng theo thi gian kt ni;
c ti mi su xut tiu chun cho cc h thng 3G, trong mi cho
cc mng 3G mt t v su cho cc h thng di ng v tinh MSS (Mobile Satellite
Systems). a s cc xut u ng h chn CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access-a truy nhp theo m) lm phng thc a truy nhp v ITU chp thun cc
tiu chun trong IMT-2000 s bao gm nm cng ngh sau:
+ IMT DS (Direct Sequence): Cng ngh ny c gi rng ri l UTRA FDD
v W-CDMA, trong UTRA l Truy nhp v tuyn mt t cho UMTS (UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access), FDD l song cng phn chia theo tn s (Frequency
Division Duplex), cn W trong W-CDMA l bng rng (Wideband);
+ IMT MC (MultiCarrier): H thng ny (cn c gi l cdma2000) l phin
bn 3G ca IS-95 (nay c gi l cdmaOne), s dng a sng mang;
+ IMT TC (Time Code): y l UTRA TDD, tc l kiu UTRA s dng song
cng phn chia theo thi gian (Time Division Duplex);

84
+ IMT SC (Single Carrier): IMT n sng mang, nguyn thu l mt dng ca
GSM pha 2+ gi l EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution);
+ IMT FT (Frequency Time): IMT tn s-thi gian, l h thng vin thng khng
dy tng cng DECT (Digitally Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications).
Hin nay, ITU thc hin vic phn loi cc mng di ng quc t thnh 3 loi h
thng gm: cc h thng IMT-2000 l cc h thng 3G (UMTS, CDMA2000); h
thng enhanced IMT-2000 (th h sau 3G) v IMT-Advance l h thng 4G.
tin ti 4G, LTE c coi l con ng chnh hin nay cho s pht trin cng ngh
v c pht trin bi 3GPP.

Hnh 3.1: L trnh pht trin cc th h mng di ng

3GPP-LTE l cng ngh hng ti h thng di ng tc cao v tch hp vi
cc chun ng dng dch v khc. Do , ngi dng c th d dng thc hin cuc
gi hoc truyn d liu gia LTE v cc mng GSM/GPRS hoc UMTS trn nn
WCDMA. 3GPP-LTE h tr c ch cp pht ph tn linh ng v cc dch v a
phng tin tc cao khi thit b di chuyn.

85

3.1.2 Kin trc bo hiu cho h thng GSM

Kin trc h thng GSM c chia lm 3 phn: phn h trm gc BSS, phn h
chuyn mch v mng NSS, phn h vn hnh v bo dng OSS. Mi phn h c
cc nhim v ring v c cu trc bi cc thc th chc nng. BSS gm c b
thu pht gc BTS v b iu khin trm gc BSC. BSS cung cp v qun tr tuyn
thng tin gia thu bao di ng MS v NSS. NSS l b no ca ton b mng GSM,
n bao gm trung tm chuyn mch cho di ng MSC v 4 nt mng thng minh l
ng k thu bao nh HLR, ng k thu bao khch VLR, ng k nhn dng thit
b EIR v trung tm nhn thc AuC. OSS cung cp phng tin cc nh cung
cp dch v c th iu khin v qun tr mng. N gm cc trung tm vn hnh v
bo dng OMC lm nhim v khai thc, qun l, bo dng.

Hnh 3.2: Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng GSM

Nguyn thy th phn h OSS thuc quyn s hu ca mng v khng lin quan
n bo hiu. Cn ng v mt thut ng ca lp vt l th mi trng khng kh
trn giao din MS-BTS truyn dn sng v tuyn v dng LAP-D l giao thc
lp 2. MSC khng kt ni trc tip vi BTS m thng qua BSC, c coi nh l
giao din gia phn v tuyn v phn chuyn mch. Kt ni gia BTS v BSC

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thng qua giao din Abis. Giao din A-bis l ng lin kt s 64 kbps, s dng 3
giao thc truyn ti thng tin bo hiu n MSC:
o Th tc truy nhp ng trn knh D (LAPD)
o Qun tr trm thu pht gc (BTSM)
o Bo dng v vn hnh A-bis (ABOM)
o Phn ng dng truyn ti trc tip (DTAP)
Giao thc LAPD c dng nh giao thc lp 2, cung cp kh nng trao i
thng tin cn thit t nt - nt gi cc gi tin qua mng. Giao thc BTSM dng
qun l cc thit b v tuyn ca trm gc v giao din gia trm gc vi MSC.
D liu v cc thng tin bo hiu khc c gi t trm gc thng qua mt giao
thc ca SS7 - phn DTAP.

Hnh 3.3: Phn lp chc nng ca SS7 trong mng GSM

Cc giao thc SS7 c s dng trong mng di ng cung cp thng tin bo
hiu cho vic thit lp v gii phng cc kt ni cng nh chia s nhng thng tin
trong c s d liu cho cc thc th ca mng. Ngn xp ca SS7 s dng cho
mng di ng c th hin trn hnh 3.3.
MSC kt ni vi mng c nh thng qua giao thc ISUP hoc TUP. Cng vi
MTP v SCCP, cn c thm mt s cc giao thc khc MSC giao tip vi cc
thc th khc trong h thng GSM. l cc giao thc:
o Phn ng dng di ng MAP

87
o Phn ng dng di ng phn h trm gc BSSMAP
o Phn ng dng truyn ti trc tip DTAP
o Phn ng dng kh nng phin dch TCAP
Trn giao din A gia phn h BSS v MSC s dng phn ng dng h thng
trm gc BSSAP. BSSAP c th c chia thnh phn ng dng qun tr h thng
trm gc BSSMAP v phn ng dng truyn ti trc tip DTAP.
BSSAP c s dng trao i cc bn tin gia BSC v MSC m BSC thc s
phi x l v d nh bn tin qun tr ti nguyn v tuyn RR. Cn DTAP bao gm
nhng bn tin m phn h NSS v my di ng MS trao i vi nhau. Nhng bn
tin ny (v d bn tin qun tr kt ni CM, bn tin qun tr di ng MM) l trong
sut i vi BSC. BSC ch lm chc nng chuyn tip bn tin m khng x l n.
Phn ng dng di ng MAP l giao thc ca SS7 h tr cho mng di ng. N
nh ngha nhng hot ng gia cc thnh phn mng nh MSC, HLR, VLR, EIR
v mng c nh. Cc lp truyn ti, phin v trnh din khng s dng trong SS7,
cc chc nng ny c nhm trong lp ng dng s dng ISUP v TUP. Cc giao
thc MAP c thit k l MAP/B v MAP/H tu thuc vo chc nng ca giao
tip. Cc giao din v giao thc ca GSM c trnh by trong bng 3.1 v hnh
di y.
Bng 3.1: Cc giao din v giao thc c bn ca h thng GSM
Giao din

Lin kt

M t

Um

MS-BSS

Giao tip mi trng c s dng trao i

thng tin gia MS-BSS. LAPDm l th tc sa i t
LAPD d cho bo hiu.

Abis

BSC-BTS

Giao din ni b ca BSS s dng lin kt gia

BSC v BTS. Abis cho php iu khin thit b v
tuyn v ch nh tn s trong BTS.

BSS-MSC

Qun l ngun ti nguyn v tnh di ng ca MS.

MSC-VRL

X l bo hiu gia MSC v VRL. Giao tip B s

88
dng giao thc MAP/B.
C

GMSCHRL
SMSGHRL

S dng iu khin cc cuc gi t trong vng

GSM ra ngoi v ngc li. Giao thc MAP/C s
dng cho thng tin nh tuyn v tnh cc qua cc
gateway.

HRL-VRL

Giao thc MAP/D s dng trao i d liu lin

quan ti v tr ca MS v cc s liu ph ca thu
bao.

MSC-MSC

Giao thc MAP/E s dng trao i thng tin

chuyn vng gia cc MSC.

MSC-EIR

Giao thc MAP/F s dng xc nhn trng thi

IMEI ca MS.

VRL-VRL

Giao thc MAP/G s dng chuyn cc thng

tin thu bao trong cc th tc cp nht v tr vng.

H
I

MSCSMSG
MSC-MS

Giao thc MAP/H h tr truyn bn tin nhn tin

ngn SMS.
Giao din I l giao din gia MSC v MS. Cc bn
tin trao i qua giao din I qua BSS l trong sut.

Hnh 3.4: V tr cc giao din trong h thng GSM

89
Cc hot ng iu hnh ca MAP c th chia thnh 5 phn chnh nh sau: qun
l di ng; vn hnh v bo dng; x l cuc gi; h tr dch v b sung; dch v
bn tin ngn SMS.
Qun l di ng
Cc tc v qun l di ng gm mt s cc ni dung sau: Qun l v tr, tm kim
v tr ca MS, qun l truy nhp, chuyn giao vng, qun l nhn thc, qun l bo
mt, qun l IMEI, qun l thu bao, nhn dng thu bao v khi phc li.
hn ch cc thng tin trao i gia HRL, cc HRL ch cha cc thng tin v
MSC/VRL qun l thu bao hin thi. Vic qun l v tr gm mt s tc v nh:
Cp nht vng, loi b vng, gi nhn dng, xc nh MS.
Chuyn vng gia cc MSC c thc hin bi mt chui cc th tc bo hiu
gm: Chun b chuyn vng, gi tn hiu ti kt cui, x l bo hiu truy nhp,
chuyn bo hiu truy nhp v chuyn vng. Cc th tc c bn c th hin qua v
d trn hnh 3.5 di y. Cc th tc c thc hin qua giao thc MAP/E, cp
nht v tr mi ca MS c thc hin qua MAP/D khng th hin trong hnh v.

Hnh 3.5: Cc th tc chuyn vng qua MAP/E

90
Vn hnh v bo dng
Vn hnh v bo dng c chia thnh hai vng chnh: Gim st thu bao v
nhim v hn hp. Gim st thu bao gm hai trng thi kch hot v khng kch
hot, trng thi kch hot gim st thu bao c khi to t HRL yu cu VRL
kim tra trng thi ca thu bao v gi v MSC gim st MS. Nhim v hn hp
s dng trong mng GSM hin nay ch thc hin nhim v trao i thng tin v
thu bao gia HRL v VRL.
X l cuc gi
Cc th tc x l cuc gi ch yu da trn cc thng tin nh tuyn, khi cc
thu bao tm kim v xc nhn cc a ch MSC ch, cc th tc do MAP khng
cn cn thit. Ring vic x l cuc gi qua gateway ca trung tm chuyn mch di
ng GMSC th vn phi s dng cc giao thc MAP/C.

Hnh 3.6: Cc iu hnh ca MAP trong trng hp cuc gi t mng PSTN

Trong trng hp mt thu bao t mng c nh PSTN gi sang mng di ng,
cc bn tin khi to ISUP IAM c gi ti gateway cha thng tin s b gi. Da
trn cc con s ny, mng PSTN nh tuyn cuc gi ti GMSC thch hp. GMSC
cha nhn dng thu bao di ng trong c s d liu s s dng iu hnh MAP ti
HRL tim kim MS. Nu thu bao ang trong trng thi chuyn vng, cc thng
tin trao i gia HRL v VRL c thc thi m bo qu trnh nh tuyn thnh

91
cng. Hnh v 3.6 ch ra th tc ca MAP trong trng hp cuc gi t mng
PSTN.
H tr dch v b sung
Cc dch v b sung c thc thi qua cc iu hnh MAP gm c mt s tc v
nh: ng k dch v b sung, xo dch v b sung, kch hot dch v b sung, hu
b kch hot dch v b sung, lin kt iu hnh dch v b sung, ng k mt khu
v ly mt khu.
Dch v bn tin ngn SMS
Dch v bn tin ngn SMS l mt trong cc dch v c bn ca h thng di ng
GSM, cc iu hnh dch v bn tin ngn SMS gm c mt s tc v: Chuyn bn
tin ngn, gi thng tin nh tuyn cho bn tin ngn, bo co trng thi bn tin, cnh
bo t trung tm nhn tin v thng tin ca trung tm dch v. Cc thng tin trao i
gia MSC c thc hin qua giao thc MAP/E c ch ra trn hnh v 3.7 di
y.

Hnh 3.7: iu hnh MAP lin quan ti dch v bn tin ngn SMS

3.1.3 Mng thng minh

Mng thng minh (IN Intelligent Network) l mng vin thng tch ri dch
v, ngha l s thng minh c ly ra t thit b chuyn mch v trong cc my
tnh phn b trn mng. Mng thng minh cung cp ti ngi vn hnh mng

92
phng tin pht trin v iu khin cc dch v mt cch linh hot v hiu qu
hn. IN cung cp nng lc mng tho mn nhu cu thay i thng xuyn ca
khch hng, tnh thng minh ca mng tr nn phn tn vi phc tp ngy cng
tng nhanh. IN/1 th hin m hnh thc hin dch v bn ngoi cc h thng
chuyn mch, t trong nhng c s d liu gi l nhng im iu khin dch v
(SCP Service Controll Points). Hai dch v cn n IN/1 l dch v 800 (hay in
thoi min ph) v xc minh th cuc gi (hay dch v thc hin ha n lun phin
[ABS]). giao tip vi nguyn tc thc hin dch v gi tr gia tng, phn mm
phi c trin khai trong nhng h thng chuyn mch. Phn mm h thng
chuyn mch ny cho php tha nhn h thng chuyn mch khi n cn thit
giao tip vi mt SCP thng qua mng SS7. Sau khi IN/1 xut hin th cc nh cung
cp lin tc a ra cc dch v mi, nhng c 1 iu khng i l : mng thng
minh IN l mng vin thng c lp dch v. Mng IN cho php cc h thng
chuyn mch v cc h thng iu khin dch v xut x t cc nh cung cp khc
nhau lm vic vi nhau mt cch c lp v trn tru. iu ny cung cp cho cc nh
iu hnh mng cc phng tin pht trin v iu khin dch v hiu qu hn.
Cc dch v mi c th c gii thiu mt cch nhanh chng trong mng v d
dng c thit lp ph hp vi nhu cu ca khch hng m khng phi thay i
cu trc ca cc nt chuyn mch trong mng.
M hnh mang tnh khi nim v mng thng minh bao gm 4 mt phng. Mi
mt phng tng trng cho mt quan im tru tng khc nhau v cc kh nng
c mng cu trc theo kiu IN. Cc quan im ny ln lt nhm vo cc kha
cnh dch v, tnh nng tng th, tnh nng phn phi v cc kha cnh vt l ca
mng IN.
Mt phng dch v: Mt phng dch v minh ho cho cc dch v cung cp bi
mng IN (Chng hn dch v Prepaid, Freephone ,Tevoting). Mt dch v bao
gm nhiu c tnh dch v SF (Service Feature) v c th c tng cng vo cc
c tnh dch v khc. SF c 2 loi: li dch v v ty chn dch v. Mt c tnh
dch v SF l phn t nh nht ca mt dch v m ngi s dng dch v c th

93
nhn thc c. Nhng SF ng vai tr trong vic c t v thit k cc dch v
mi phc tp hn, mun to ra mt dch v ch cn to ra SF phn li v khi mun
nng cp dch v th ch cn kt hp thm cc SF ty chn. Nh vy m cc dch v
trong mng IN s c cung cp mt cch nhanh chng v a dng hn.

Hnh 3.8: M hnh khi nim mng IN

Mt phng chc nng tng th GFP (Global Function Plane): GFP to ra m hnh
chc nng mng t quan im tng th. V vy mng c cu trc IN c nhn nhn
nh l mt thc th n trong GFP. Trong mt phng ny, dch v v cc SF c
nh ngha li v mt chc nng mng rng, nhng chc nng ny khng phi l
dch v hay c tnh dch v ring bit na m c tham chiu nh l cc khi xy
dng dch v c lp. Khi xy dng dch v c lp x l cuc gi c s v
chng trnh Logic - dch v tng th GSL (Global Service Logic). GSL m t cc
khi xy dng dch v c lp kt hp vi nhau nh th no c s dng m t
c tnh dch v SF.
Mt phng chc nng phn phi DFP (Distributed Functional Plane): DFP gm
cc thc th chc nng FE (Functional Entity). Mt chng trnh logic dch v
(SLP) trong GFP c i din bi mt nhm cc SIB phn phi ti cc FE. c
bit, mi SIB c thc hin trong DFP bi mt chui cc hot ng ca thc th
chc nng c th FEA (Functional Entity Action) c thc hin trong cc FE. Mt

94
s trong cc FEA ny to ra lung thng tin gia cc FE; c ngha trao i bn tin
gia cc FE s thng qua FEA.
Mt phng vt l: Mt phng vt l ca m hnh mng thng minh bao gm cc
thc th vt l PE khc nhau v s tng tc gia chng. Mi PE gm mt hoc
nhiu FE xc nh chc nng trong mng IN. C th t mt hoc nhiu thc th
chc nng FE trong mt PE. Ngoi ra mt FE khng th c tch ra gia hai PE,
mt FE c nh x hon ton trong mt PE. Cui cng, trng hp bn sao ca
mt FE c th c nh x n cc PE khc mc d khng cng PE.

3.2 BO HIU TI MNG TRUY NHP

Nhm tm hiu bo hiu trong mng thng tin di ng hin nay, mc ny s phn
tch cc giao din bo hiu trong mng truy nhp ca h thng UMTS. UMTS l s
pht trin ln 3G ca h cng ngh GSM (GSM, GPRS & EDGE), l cng ngh
duy nht c cc nc chu u cng nhn cho mng 3G. GSM v UMTS cng l
dng cng ngh chim th phn ln nht trn th trng thng tin di ng.
Cc thnh phn thit b chnh v cc giao din ca UMTS c ch ra trn hnh
3.9.

Hnh 3.9: Cu trc ca UMTS

UE (User Equipment): Thit b ngi s dng thc hin chc nng giao tip ngi
s dng vi h thng. UE gm hai phn:

95
o Thit b di ng (ME : Mobile Equipment) : L u cui v tuyn c s dng
cho thng tin v tuyn trn giao din Uu.
o Module nhn dng thu bao UMTS (USIM) : L mt th thng minh cha thng
tin nhn dng ca thu bao, n thc hin cc thut ton nhn thc, lu gi cc
kha nhn thc v mt s thng tin ca thu bao cn thit.
UTRAN (UMTS Terestrial Radio Access Network): Mng truy nhp v tuyn c
nhim v thc hin cc chc nng lin quan n truy nhp v tuyn. UTRAN gm
hai phn t:
o Nt B: Thc hin chuyn i dng s liu gia cc giao din Iub v Uu. N
cng tham gia qun l ti nguyn v tuyn.
o B iu khin mng v tuyn RNC: C chc nng s hu v iu khin cc ti
nguyn v tuyn trong vng (cc nt B c kt ni vi n). RNC cn l im
truy cp tt c cc dch v do UTRAN cung cp cho mng li CN.
CN (Core Network): Mng li gm cc thnh phn sau.
o HLR (Home Location Register): L thanh ghi nh v thng tr lu gi thng
tin chnh v l lch dch v ca ngi s dng. Cc thng tin ny bao gm:
Thng tin v cc dch v c php, cc vng khng c chuyn mng v cc
thng tin v dch v b sung nh: trng thi chuyn hng cuc gi, s ln
chuyn hng cuc gi.
o MSC/VLR (Mobile Services Switching Center/Visitor Location Register): L
tng i (MSC) v c s d liu (VLR) cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch
knh cho UE ti v tr ca n. MSC c chc nng s dng cc giao dch chuyn
mch knh. VLR c chc nng lu gi bn sao v l lch ngi s dng cng
nh v tr chnh xc ca UE trong h thng ang phc v.
o GMSC (Gateway MSC): Chuyn mch kt ni vi mng ngoi.
o SGSN (Serving GPRS): C chc nng nh MSC/VLR nhng c s dng cho
cc dch v chuyn mch gi (PS).

96
o GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node): C chc nng nh GMSC nhng ch
phc v cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi.
Cc mng ngoi: Bao gm mng chuyn mch knh v mng chuyn mch gi.
o Mng CS : Mng kt ni cho cc dch v chuyn mch knh.
o Mng PS : Mng kt ni cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi.
Cc giao din v tuyn: gm mt s giao din sau.
o Giao din Cu: L giao din gia th thng minh USIM v ME. Giao din ny
tun theo mt khun dng chung cho cc th thng minh.
o Giao din Uu: L giao din m qua UE truy cp cc phn t c nh ca h
thng v v th m n l giao din m quan trng nht ca UMTS.
o Giao din Iu: Giao din ny ni UTRAN vi CN, n cung cp cho cc nh khai
thc kh nng trang b UTRAN v CN t cc nh sn xut khc nhau.
o Giao din Iur: Cho php chuyn giao mm gia cc RNC t cc nh sn xut
khc nhau.
o Giao din Iub: Giao din cho php kt ni mt nt B vi mt RNC.

3.2.1 X l cuc gi ti giao din Iub

Giao din Iub nm gia RNC v mt node B. RNC iu khin node B thng qua
Iub mt s tc v nh: tha thun ti nguyn v tuyn, b sung hoc loi b cc t
bo khi node B, h tr cc kiu truyn thng khc nhau v cc lin kt iu khin.
Giao din Iub cho php truyn dn lin tc chia s gia giao din Abis/GSM v
giao din Iub, ti thiu s lng ty chn c sn trong phn chc nng gia RNC v
node B. Bn cnh chc nng iu khin cc , thm hoc loi b cc lin kt v
tuyn trong cc thuc qun l ca cc node B, Iub h tr chc nng O&M ca
node B. Iub cho php chuyn mch gia cc kiu knh khc nhau nhm duy tr kt
ni. Cc chc nng chi tit ca Iub nh sau:

97
o Ti nh v b iu khin mng dch v v tuyn SRNC (Serving Radio
Network Controller): Chuyn chc nng SRNC cng nh cc ngun ti
nguyn lin quan ti Iu t mt RNC ny ti mt RNC khc.
o Qun l knh mang truy nhp v tuyn RAB (Radio Access Bearer): bao gm
thit lp, qun l v gii phng knh mang truy nhp v tuyn.
o Yu cu gii phng RAB: gi yu cu gii php knh mang truy nhp v
tuyn ti mng li CN.
o Gii phng cc ti nguyn kt ni Iu: gii phng ton b ti nguyn lin quan
ti mt kt ni Iu. Gi yu cu gii phng ton b kt ni Iu ti mng li CN.
o Qun l cc ti nguyn truyn ti Iub: qun l lin kt Iub, qun l cu hnh ,
o hiu nng mng v tuyn, qun l s kin ti nguyn, qun l knh truyn
ti chung, qun l ti nguyn v tuyn, sp xp cu hnh mng v tuyn.
o Qun l thng tin h thng v lu lng cc knh chung: iu khin chp
nhn, qun l cng sut, truyn d liu.
o Qun l lu lng ca cc knh c nh: Qun l v gim st lin kt v
tuyn, ch nh v gii ta knh, bo co thng tin o kim, qun l knh
truyn ti dnh ring, truyn d liu.
o Qun l lu lng cc knh chia s: Ch nh v gii ta knh, qun l cng
sut, qun l knh truyn ti, truyn d liu.
o Qun l ng b v nh thi: ng b knh truyn ti, ng b khung, ng
b gia node B v RNC, ng b gia cc node B.
hiu r chc nng x l cuc gi ti giao din Iub, ta xem xt mt tin trnh
thc hin cuc gi theo cc bc nh sau (hnh minh ha 3.10). Cc bc tin hnh
x l cuc gi gm:
Bc 1: Mt yu cu kt ni iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn RRC (Radio
Resource Controller) c gi t UE ti RNC.
Bc 2: Ngun ti nguyn v tuyn cn cung cp cho qu trnh thit lp mt
knh truyn ti c nh DCH (Dedicated Channel) mang cc knh iu khin

98
logic dnh ring DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel), cc DCCH c s dng
truyn cc bn tin ca RRC v NAS (NonAccess Stratum).
Bc 3: Khi DCH v DCCH khng kh dng, cc bn tin bo hiu thit lp
kt ni cho RRC c truyn nh RACH (Random Access Channel) hng i v
FACH (Forward Access Channel) hng v.

Hnh 3.10: Th tc trao i thng tin bo hiu qua Iub

Bc 4: Th tc m ha/ nhn thc c yu cu t mng c s dng kim
tra ln hai nhn dng UE v chuyn m gia RNC v UE nu cn.
Bc 5: Thit lp cuc gi thoi bt u bi bn tin SETUP trong lp
MM/SM/CC. Bn tin Setup gm con s thit b b gi v chuyn ti RNC ti min
mng chuyn mch knh.
Bc 6: Vng mng chuyn mch knh nh ngha QoS cho cuc gi thoi. Cc
gi tr QoS l cc tham s trong knh mang truy nhp v tuyn RAB. RAB gn th
tc tng thch vi thit lp knh mang trong mng SS7. RAB cung cp mt knh
cho thoi gi gia thit b u cui v thit b chuyn mch trong vng mng
chuyn mch knh.
Bc 7: Ti cu hnh lin kt v tuyn cung cp ngun ti nguyn thit lp
knh mang v tuyn trong bc tip theo.

99
Bc 8: Bn cnh vic tha thun tham s trong th tc gn RAB, mt knh v
tuyn mi c thit lp mang cc knh lu lng dnh ring DTCH. Nu s
dng m AMR m ha thoi, ba knh DTCH c thit lp gm: Lp A, Lp B
v Lp C.
Bc 9: Gii phng cuc gi thoi c thc hin ngay sau khi RRC c gii
phng nu khng cn dch v no c kch hot. C hai knh iu khin v lu
lng dnh ring c gii phng. Cui cng, RNC gii phng ti nguyn v tuyn
b kha cho c hai knh dnh cho cc cuc gi khc.

3.2.2 Bo hiu ti giao din Iur v Iu

xem xt cc th tc bo hiu lin quan ti giao din Iur v Iu, ta xem xt
chng giao thc mng UMTS di kha cnh mt bng iu khin nh trn hnh
3.11.

Hnh 3.11: Kin trc giao thc mng UMTS

Mt kin trc giao thc mng UMTS c chia thnh ba lp: Lp mng truyn
ti gm cc giao thc truyn ti v cc chc nng cung cp ngun ti nguyn
AAL2 cho php trao i thng tin gia UTRAN v mng chuyn mch knh; Lp
mng v tuyn gm cc giao thc v chc nng qun l giao din v tuyn v
truyn thng gia cc thnh phn ca UTRAN hay gia UTRAN v UE; Lp mng
h thng gm cc giao thc truy nhp mng truyn thng gia mng chuyn
mch knh v UE. Mi mt lp c chia thnh mt bng iu khin truyn cc

100
thng tin bo hiu v mt bng ngi dng truyn lu lng d liu ngi s
dng.
a, Mt bng iu khin/ ngi dng Iur
Giao din Iur gia cc RNC ch ra hai gii php trn lp truyn ti gm: SCCP
v cc bn tin RNSAP chy trn nn ca SSCOP hoc SCCP trn nn M3UA nu
lp truyn ti l lp IP.

Hnh 3.12: Mt bng d liu/ iu khin ca Iur

Cc giao thc s dng trong mt bng iu khin/ d liu ca Iur m nhim cc
chc nng sau:
IP: cung cp cc dch v phi kt ni gia cc mng v gm cc tnh nng nh
a ch, xc lp kiu dch v, phn mnh v ghp gi tin v h tr bo mt.
SCTP: giao thc truyn dn iu khin lung SCTP (Sream Control
Transmission Protocol) cung cp chc nng xc nhn li cho lung d liu. Cc vn
ngt d liu, tn tht d liu hay trng lp c xc nh bi s th t v trng
kim tra tng. SCTP cho php truyn li nu pht hin ra li gy ngt lung d liu.
MTP3-B: Phn chuyn bn tin mc 3 dng cho mng bng rng cung cp nhn
dng v chuyn cc bn tin mc cao, ng thi cung cp chc nng nh tuyn v
chia ti.
M3UA: Lp tng thch ngi dng MTP mc 3 tng ng cc chc nng
ca MTP3. M3UA c m rng truy nhp ti cc dch v MTP3 cho cc ng
dng iu khin t xa da trn IP.

101
SCCP: Cung cp dch v truyn bn tin gia hai im bo hiu bt k trong cng
mt mng.
RNSAP: Phn ng dng phn h mng v tuyn RNSAP (Radio Network
Subsystem Application Part) gm cc giao thc truyn thng s dng trn giao din
Iur v s dng lut m ha gi PER (Packet Encoding Rule).
b, Mt bng iu khin/ ngi dng Iu-CS
Chng giao thc iu khin/ ngi dng Iu-CS bao gm mt s giao thc.
AMR: M ha a tc thch ng AMR (Adaptive Multirate Codec) cung cp
mt min tc rng cho d liu v s dng cho m ha tc thp cho giao din
v tuyn.
TAF: Chc nng tng thch u cui (Terminal Adaptation Function) l giao
thc h tr bin i nhiu kiu thit b u cui khc nhau vo mng.
RLP: giao thc lin kt v tuyn (Radio Link Protocol) iu khin truyn dn d
liu gia mng GSM v UMTS.

Hnh 3.13: Mt bng d liu/ iu khin ca Iu-CS

Vng chuyn mch knh lin quan ti mt tp cc thc th x l lu lng ngi
s dng cng nh cc bo hiu lin quan. Ti y gm cc thnh phn MSC,
GMSC, VRL v chc nng lin kt lin mng IWF ti mng PSTN.
c, Mt bng iu khin/ ngi dng Iu-PS
Vng chuyn mch gi gm cc thc th lin quan ti truyn dn gi, SGSN,
GGSN v cng bin.

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Hnh 3.14: Mt bng d liu/ iu khin ca Iu-PS

Lu lng IP c truyn ti trn AAL5 ca ATM. V vy khng tn ti lp
ALCAP trong mt bng iu khin thit lp v xa b cc kt ni o chuyn
mch ca lp AAL2.

3.3 TH TC BO HIU TRONG MNG LI

3.3.1 Thit lp cuc gi vi ISUP/BICC
Trn giao din gia cc MSC, ISUP c s dng thit lp v gii phng cc
cuc gi qua min mng chuyn mch knh. Mt chc nng tng t trn giao din
Nc l BICC c nh ngha trong 3GPP rel 4. BICC tng thch mt phn vi
ISUP khi phn ln cc bn tin bo hiu u cng tn nhng khng th hot ng
ngang hng. Phn khc bit chnh l ISUP s dng ch mt khe thi gian trong
lung E1 hoc T1 vi tc khng i (64kbps hoc 56 kbps). Trong khi BICC c
kh nng cung cp v iu khin bt k mt mc cht lng dch v no cho cc
kt ni t u cui ti u cui. Cc dch v kh thi cung cp cho thu bao 3G trong
Rel 4 c th a ra t cc kt ni knh hp ti cc lung a phng tin thi gian
thc.
C t nht hai giao thc cung cp dch v truyn ti cho bn tin ISUP v BICC
gm bn tin SS7 MTP v M3UA. Cc a ch c tm thy trong nhn nh tuyn.
Mi mng SS7 trao i a ch ca nt gi bng m im bo hiu SPC. Nhn nh
tuyn thuc n v bo hiu bn tin MTP mc 2 trong trng hp da trn lung
E1, T1 hoc nm mt phn trn MTP3-B nu s dng h thng truyn ti ATM.
Pha gi bn tin MSU hoc MTP3-B c gi l m im i OPC v pha nhn l

103
m im n DPC. Tham s SLS a thng tin v lin kt bo hiu s 7 s thuc
nhm lin kt no s dng gi bn tin. di ca SPC ph thuc vo cng a
l. Trong trng hp s dng bo hiu M3UA, a ch IP c s dng nhn
dng my ch MSC.

Hnh 3.15: Tin trnh cuc gi ISUP

Mt cuc gi v d trn hnh 3.15 ch ra cc th tc cn thit cho mt cuc gi
ISUP thnh cng. Cc bn tin ISUP c trao i gia hai MSC v c kt ni bi
STP vi nhim v duy nht l nh tuyn bn tin bo hiu. STP khng thit lp hoc
gii phng cuc gi nhng ng vai tr quan trng ca cc dch v mng thng
minh.
Trn hnh 3.15 cho thy cc th tc thit lp cuc gi BICC trn giao din E.
BICC s dng dch v truyn ti MTP trao i bn tin bo hiu qua lin kt
ATM. Dch v mang c iu khin bi BICC l thoi qua ATM s dng knh o
chuyn mch AAL2 trn giao din E.

Hnh 3.16: Cc giao thc trn giao din E

104
r cc th tc thit lp v gii phng mt cuc gi s dng BICC, ta xem xt
cc lu trn hnh 3.17. Mi nt mng c nhn dng bi SPC SS7 l mt phn
ca nhn nh tuyn MTP. Cc bn tin trn giao din IuCS c lc bi giao thc
SCCP. Trn giao din E, tt c cc bn tin BICC u c cng OPC hoc DPC tng
ng vi nhn in thoi MTP v c thm gi tr CIC ca BICC nu cng mt
cuc gi. Cc bn tin trao i gia NAS v gn RAB c thc hin trn IuCS bao
gm c chc nng nhn thc v bo mt (hnh 3.18).

Hnh 3.17: Lu cuc gi BICC (1/5)

Hnh 3.18: Lu cuc gi BICC (2/5)

Nh ch ra trn hnh 3.19, sau khi thit lp RAB thnh cng, bn tin IAM BICC
c gi trn giao din E ti gateway MSC. IAM ca BICC cha m cuc gi hin
thi CIC=1 (Call Instance Code) s dng cho cc bn tin BICC khc trong cng

105
mt cuc gi. Thm vo , s thu bao b gi c th t ng b sung hoc bt s 0
i vi cc cuc gi quc t.

Hnh 3.19: Lu cuc gi BICC (3/5)

S ch nh vng l a ch E.164 to ra cc thng tin nhn dng a l ca ch
gi. Nhn dng ng cnh ng dng ch ra phn t dch v ng dng truyn ti lin
kt knh mang trn thc th BICC ti gateway MSC. Phn t ny s c gn vo
cc ngun ti nguyn cn thit thit lp knh lu lng trn giao din E. a ch
IP ca MSC c gi i trn bn tin IAM cc mng truyn ti SS7 lin kt vi
cc mng da trn nn IP hoc ATM.

Hnh 3.20: Lu cuc gi BICC (4/5)

Sau khi nhn c IAM, GMSC tr li bng mt bn tin truyn ti ng dng
APM (Application Transport Mechanism) ngc li ti MSC. Bn tin ny cha cc

106
tham s v knh mang c thit lp, gi tr nhn dng biding nu knh mang s
dng knh o chuyn mch AAL2.

Hnh 3.21: Lu cuc gi BICC (5/5)

Cc bn tin phn nh hnh vi ca hai thu bao A, B cng chc nng nh trong
cuc gi ISUP. Trigger gii phng cuc gi BICC thc hin gii phng c knh
mang truy nhp v tuyn RAB v cc knh mang thc hin bi RANAP (IuCS) v
cc th tc ALCAP.

3.3.2 Bo hiu trn giao din Gn

Giao din Gn xc nh kt ni gia cc nt h tr GPRS (GPRS Support
Nodes- GSNs) khc nhau. Chng c th l nt h tr GPRS phc v (Serving
GPRS Nodes-SGSNs) nu chng c mt kt ni ti UTRAN s dng giao din
IuPS v/hoc kt ni ti GERAN s dng giao din Gb, hoc nt h tr GPRS
Gateway (Gateway GPRS Support Nodes-GGSNs) nu chng c mt kt ni ti
mt mng d liu gi (Packet Data Network-PDN, y l mng Internet cng
cng) s dng giao din Gi hoc ti mng PLMN khc (Public Land Mobile
Network- mng di ng mt t cng cng) s dng giao din Gp. Giao din Gn
cng s dng kt ni tt c cc SGSNs vi nhau.
Trong c giao din Gp v Gn giao thc ng hm GPRS (GPRS Tunneling
Protocol-GTP) u c s dng. Mng giao vn pha di mt bng iu khin l
MTP (cho tin nhn bo hiu GTP-C) v mt bng ngi dng GTP (cho IP payload)

107
c da trn IP chy trn Ethernet hoc lin kt ATM. cung cp mt dch v
giao vn nhanh gia cc thc th GTP ngang hng, giao thc UDP c s dng.
TCP vi mc tin cy cao hn UDP c nh ngha trong cc ti liu tiu chun
nh mt s thay th, nhng khng c s dng bi ngi iu hnh mng v cc
nh sn xut v n s lm gim thng lng d liu trong min PS.

Hnh 3.22: Giao din Gn cho ng hm IP

Nh trong hnh 3.22, mc ch chnh ca giao din Gn l ng gi v to ng
hm cho cc gi tin IP. To ng hm d liu ngha l dn d liu mt cch thng
sut qua mng li. Gia cc GSNs, mt ng hm GTP-U (GTP User Plane) c
to cho mi ng cnh PDP ca mt ngi ng k GPRS. Qua ng hm ny, tt
c cc gi tin IP trong ng ln v ng xung c dn trc tip. Mt tp cc
tin nhn bo hiu GTP c s dng to, iu chnh v xo ng hm. Nhng
tin nhn GTP-C ny c trao i bng mt ng hm c lp gia cc GSNs.
Cc thng s ca ng hm nh tc thng lng, c xc nh trc tip t
tho thun v cht lng dch v QoS trong PDP context. V lp giao vn IP mang
cc gi tin d liu GTP, bao gm d liu mt bng ngi s dng IP nn vic ng
gi IP-trong-IP c th c theo di trn giao din Gn do a ch ca lp IP thp
hn lp giao vn thuc SGSN v GGSN v ch lin quan ti giao din Gn. a ch
IP trong cc gi tin IP ng hm (c vn chuyn bi GTP T-PDU) l a ch IP
ca ngi ng k GPRS v my ch IP (IP Server).
Kin trc ca GTP gm c ba mt bng: mt bng iu khin (GTP-C); mt bng
ngi s dng (GTP-U) v GTP tnh cc.

108
Hnh 3.23 cho thy nhng chc nng ny c th tm thy gia nhng nt no
ca kin trc mng.

Hnh 3.23: Cc chc nng ca GTP trong UMTS

GTP-C qun l thit lp v gii phng cc ng hm ngi dng c th gia cc
GSNs trao i thng tin bo hiu GTP. Sau , n c s dng to, sa i
v xo cc ng hm mt bng ngi dng gia cc GSNs. Nhim v th ba ca
GTP-C l h tr, qun l di ng v qun l ch nh vng tu chn.
GTP-U c dng truyn ti cc gi tin IP n v i t mng chuyn mch gi
ging nh Internet. N c s dng trong c giao din IuPS v giao din Gn. Tuy
nhin, cc ng hm trn giao din IuPS c iu khin bi bo hiu RANAP.
GTP c dng gia GSNs v chc nng cng tnh cc (CGF) truyn cc bn
tin chi tit cc.

3.3.3 Bo hiu x l chuyn vng

Bo hiu x l chuyn vng cho UMTS gm hai kiu chnh: chuyn giao gia
cc MSC trong cng mng 3G v chuyn giao gia mng 2G-3G. Mc ny tp
trung vo cc ni dung lin quan ti bo hiu chuyn vng trong ni mng 3G. Nh
bit, giao thc ng dng di ng MAP khng ch s dng cho truyn thng gia
cc c s d liu m cn iu hnh thng tin trao i gia cc MSC cng nh h
tr chc nng truyn ti cho cc giao thc truy nhp mng v tuyn RAN lp 3
khc nhau. MAP c th mang cc bn tin RANAP c trao i gia cc RNC kt
ni ti cc MSC khc nhau. Khi RANAP h tr mt phn chc nng truyn ti cho
giao thc RRC, cc bn tin RANAP mang thng tin RRC MSC trn giao din E

109
trong vng mng 3G, c nhng trong cc hot ng ca MAP. Cc RNC ca
cng mt UTRAN c th kt ni qua giao din Iur nhng khng c giao din Iur
cho cc RNC khc UTRAN.
Hnh 3.23 ch ra hai UTRAN khc nhau kt ni qua giao din E ca vng CS v
giao din Gn ca vng PS. Nu c mt tnh hung chuyn vng ca mt UE thuc
hai UTRAN, CRNC ca cc ny cn thng tin ti cc CRNC khc m bo
chuyn giao khng gy li.

Hnh 3.24: Cc giao din UMTS gia hai UTRAN

Vn trao i thng tin gia UE v mng c bt u bng vic thit lp mt
kt ni RRC. RNC1 iu khin kt ni RRC ny v kt cui trn cc giao din Iu
c gi l RNC phc v (SRNC). Nu UE di chuyn, n cn lin h vi mt ca
mt RNC khc. Hai RNC ny thuc cng mt UTRAN v kt ni vi nhau qua giao
din Iur. Nu hai hot ng trn cng tn s th chuyn giao mm c th din ra.
Nu UE mt lin h vi cc c iu khin bi RNC ban u th ch cn RNC
pha sau cung cp ti nguyn v tuyn cho kt ni. Tuy nhin nu UE tip tc di
chuyn khi cuc gi vn ang c hot ha th c th c mt ca mt Node B
khc cn tt hn. iu ny dn ti vic chuyn giao cng gia RNC th 2 v RNC
mi th 3 ny. Trong trng hp chuyn vng cng cc tham s ca kt ni RRC

110
c chuyn tip n SRNC mi v kt ni gia cc RNC c thc hin thng
qua giao din E ca min li CS. Cc bc x l chuyn vng ni mng 3G c
tm tt theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Th tc chuyn giao ni 3G-MSC c khi pht bi bo co o RRC khi
mt thit b mi hot ng cng tn s vi mt thit b c. (hnh 3.25).
Bc 2: Khi SRNC (RNC 1) nhn c bn tin bo co RRC, quyt nh thc hin
chuyn giao sang RNC 2. Khi khng tn ti giao thc Iur gia cc RNC, th tc
chuyn giao buc phi l chuyn giao cng cng vi ti ch nh li SRNS ti cng
thi im. Tin trnh ny c x l bi SRNC c, l thnh phn gi bn tin yu
cu ti nh v RANAP ti MSC ca n.
Bc 3: Da trn bng nh tuyn ca MSC phc v, RNC 2 c xc nh c kt
ni ti mt MSC khc nh trn hnh 3.24. V vy, MSC cn gi bn tin yu cu ti
nh v RANAP ti MSC khc ti RNC 2. Do knh lu lng ca cuc gi cn
chuyn ti MSC mi, MSC phc v gi bn tin chun b chuyn vng MAP cha
RANAP ti MSC mi.

Hnh 3.25: Chuyn giao ni 3G-MSC

Bc 4: MSC mi chuyn bn tin yu cu ti nh v RANAP ti RNC 2.

111
Bc 5: RNC 2 ch nh tt c cc ngun ti nguyn v tuyn chun b cho kt
ni UE. c bit, cc chc nng lp lch v iu khin qun tr c kim tra v
tnh ton tng thch vi cc tp tham s ca RNC 1. Ty thuc vo kt qu tnh
ton m chuyn giao c c thc hin hay khng qua bn tin RRC c gi i t
RNC 2. Nu yu cu QoS thay i, bn tin ti cu hnh knh mang v tuyn c
gi i, trn v d cho thy bn tin ti cu hnh knh vt l c gi.
Bc 6: RNC 2 gi bn tin xc nhn ti nh v RANAP ti RNC 2 p li bn
tin ti cu hnh knh vt l RRC.
Bc 7: Tr li bn tin tin chuyn giao MAP c gi bi MSC mi ti MSC
phc v c. Bn tin ny cha xc nhn ti nh v RANAP gm thng tin ti cu
hnh knh vt l RRC.
Bc 8: MSC c gi lnh ti nh v RANAP ti RNC 1. Khi bn tin ti cu hnh
knh vt l c a ra bi RNC 2 nhng trong bn tin ny mt ln na. bn tin
lnh ti nh v ra lnh cho RNC 1 kt thc cc lut hin p dng cho kt ni.
Bc 9: Bn tin ti cu hnh knh vt l c chuyn bi RNC 2 qua Iub c v giao
din Uu ti UE.
Bc 10: Da trn cc thng tin thu c t bn tin yu cu ti cu hnh knh vt l
RRC, chuyn giao c thc hin v bn tin hon tt ti cu hnh knh vt l c
gi i trn giao din Iub mi ti RNC 2.

3.4 KT LUN CHNG

Ni dung chng 3 tp trung vo cc ni dung lin quan ti kin trc, cc giao
thc bo hiu v iu khin kt ni trong mng di ng. Kin trc bo hiu cho h
thng GSM (2G) c thc hin ch yu trn h thng bo hiu s 7 vi s h tr
ca mng thng minh. Trong mng UMTS, cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin
c chia tch thnh hai phn chnh gm bo hiu trn mng truy nhp UTRAN v
bo hiu ti mng li. Cc th tc bo hiu c bn c trnh by thng qua cc v
d c th mang tnh cht in hnh.

112
Cc ni dung n tp chnh trong chng
-

Kin trc v cc im tham chiu bo hiu ca h thng GSM;

c tnh chc nng mt bng iu khin ca cc giao din Iub, Iu, Iur;
X l bo hiu vi ISUP/BICC ti mng li;
Th tc bo hiu x l chuyn vng ni mng 3G.

113

CHNG 4: BO HIU TRONG PHN H A PHNG

TIN IP IMS
Tm tt: Tip cn phn h a phng tin IP ng vai tr then cht trong qu
trnh hi t gia mng c nh v di ng v internet hin nay. Nhm sng t cc
vn lin quan ti bo hiu v iu khin trong IMS, ni dung chng ny s
trnh by cc kha cnh lin quan ca IMS nh cu trc chc nng, thnh phn v
cc giao thc bo hiu lin quan. Bn cnh bo hiu v iu khin cuc gi a
phng tin qua giao thc SIP, cc giao thc h tr nhn thc, tnh cc hay thit
lp chnh sch cho cc cuc gi cng s c trnh by.

4.1 KIN TRC PHN H A PHNG TIN IP

Hin nay, s pht trin mnh m ca cc thit b u cui di ng v mng x hi
v ang em li hng lot tin ch mi cho ngi s dng. Nhu cu pht trin
mt phn h tch hp cc dch v internet vo di ng nhm to ra mt mng di
ng th h k tip c xc nh bng gii php cng ngh IMS.

Hnh 4.1: V tr v mi quan h ca IMS

Hnh 4.1 th hin mt cu trc hi t mng vi tm im l IMS h tr c min
chuyn mch gi v min chuyn mch knh. Vic pht trin ca IMS l s n lc
hp tc gia t chc tiu chun ng u cho mng di ng 3GPP v t chc ng
u cho mng Internet l IETF. IETF cung cp c t cc giao thc v cng ngh
nn tng trong khi 3GPP pht trin kin trc khung lm vic, tch hp cc giao thc
cn thit cung cp cho h thng di ng cc kh nng nh chuyn vng gia cc

114
nh iu hnh, phn bit cht lng dch v v tnh cc. Cc yu cu c bn v
cu trc ca mt h thng IMS c t ra gm: h tr cc phin truyn thng
a phng tin IP; kt ni IP cho cc thit b di ng trn c vng mng nh v
mng khch; m bo cht lng thng tin cho cc phin a phng tin; h tr cc
chnh sch s dng ng ti nguyn yu cu; m bo an ton thng tin trong cc
mi trng kt ni; h tr chnh sch tnh cc; thc hin chuyn vng linh hot;
phi hp kt ni vi cc mng khc; ng dng c ch iu khin dch v linh hot;
phn lp cu trc v a dng hnh thc truy nhp.

4.1.1 M hnh kin trc IMS

Mc tiu ca kin trc IMS l cung cp nhiu gi tr gia tng hn cho nh cung
cp mng, ngi pht trin ng dng, ngi cung cp dch v cng nh ngi s
dng cc thit b u cui. Kin trc IMS gip cc dch v mi c trin khai mt
cch nhanh chng vi chi ph thp. Vi IMS, nh cung cp mng s khng ch lm
cng tc chuyn ti thng tin mt cch n thun m tr thnh tm im trong vic
phn phi dung lng thng tin trong mng, ng vai tr quan trng trong vic m
bo cht lng dch v cng nh kp thi thay i p ng cc tnh hung khc
nhau ca khch hng. Mt mng IMS c nh ngha trong mt kin trc mt
phng ngang gm 3 lp chc nng.

Hnh 4.2: Truy nhp vi IMS

Lp u tin l lp mang. Lp ny truyn ti dung lng bo hiu v cc lung lu
lng a phng tin. Lp ny bao gm cc thit b phn cng nh thit b chuyn

115
mch, b nh tuyn v cc thc th x l phng tin nh cng a phng tin hay
my ch phng tin. IMS ng vai tr nh mt lp truy nhp khng ph thuc
mng kt ni n nhiu loi mng khc nhau hin c (hnh 4.2).
Lp th hai trong kin trc IMS l lp iu khin. Bao gm cc phn t ca
mng bo hiu nh CSCF, HSS, MGCF h tr iu khin phin chung, iu
khin phng tin v chc nng iu khin truy nhp qua cc giao thc bo hiu
nh SIP, Diameter, H248. Lp iu khin l chc nng ct li ca IMS truyn
thng bo hiu v cc yu cu iu khin ti cc thnh phn thit b trong phin.
Lp th 3 trong kin trc IMS l lp dch v. Lp ny bao gm cc Server ng
dng nh server ng dng SIP, Server truy nhp dch v m bn th 3 v cc im
iu khin dch v m k tha t cc h thng truyn thng. IMS a ra cc iu
khin dch v thng qua mng thu bao nh, cc thnh phn ca mng bo hiu
c phn phi trong lp dch v v lp iu khin. Cu trc phn lp c th
hin trn hnh 4.3.

AS

Lp ng
Dng

AS

AS

BGCF
CSCF

Lp iu
Khin
HSS

MRFC

MGCF

SGW

MRFP

Lp Truyn
ti
SGSN

RAN

GGSN

Cc
mng IP
m rng

SEG

IMS_MGW

Lu lng bo hiu
Lu lng ngi dng

PSTN/ cc
mng CS
m rng

WLAN,
ADSL,Cp

Hnh 4.3: Kin trc phn lp ca phn h IMS

Mt trong cc yu t to nn tnh u vit ca h thng IMS trong mc tiu
kt ni l cc c ch bo hiu v iu khin. C th l thng qua hai giao thc
bo hiu l SIP v giao thc Diameter. Giao thc SIP c s dng thit lp,
duy tr v kt thc cc phin a phng tin. Cn giao thc Diameter c s

116
dng cho nhn thc trao quyn v thanh ton (AAA) i vi cc dch v ca
ngi s dng. Nu so snh vi giao thc bo hiu SS7 truyn thng, giao thc
c s dng trong mng chuyn mch knh cung cp dch v thoi, chc nng
giao thc SIP tng t nh ISUP cn giao thc Diameter v cc ng dng ca
n tng ng vi giao thc da trn TCAP. truyn ti giao thc bo hiu
trong IMS, giao thc truyn ti iu khin lung SCTP v giao thc iu khin
truyn ti TCP chy trn nn IPv4/IPv6 c s dng.

4.1.2 Cc thnh phn chc nng

Mc ny phn tch cc thc th IMS v cc chc nng c bn. Cc thc th chc
nng trong IMS c th chia thnh 6 loi c bn: nhm qun l phin v nh tuyn
(CSCF); c s d liu (HSS, SLF); dch v (my ch ng dng, MRFC, MRFP);
cc phn t chc nng lin mng (BGCF, MGCF, IMS-MGW, SGW); cc b phn
chc nng h tr (PDF, SEG, THIG); tnh cc. Di y s phn tch cc chc
nng c bn theo cc thc th trong IMS.
a, Thc th chc nng iu khin phin cuc gi (CSCF)
Thc th chc nng iu khin phin cuc gi (CSCF) thc cht l mt my ch
SIP v ng vai tr trung tm ca IMS. CSCF c nhim v x l bo hiu SIP trong
IMS. C ba loi chc nng iu khin phin khc nhau: CSCF u quyn (ProxyCSCF: P-CSCF); CSCF phc v (Serving-CSCF: S-CSCF) v CSCF tham vn
(Interrogating-CSCF: I-CSCF). Mi CSCF c nhim v ring. Thng th tt c cc
CSCF tham gia trong sut qu trnh ng k thit lp phin v nh hnh c ch
nh tuyn SIP. Ngoi ra, tt c cc chc nng u c kh nng gi s liu tnh cc
ti b chc nng tnh cc offline. C vi chc nng thng thng m P-CSCF v
S-CSCF c th thc hin. Cc thc th c kh nng gii phng phin thay cho thu
bao (v d khi S-CSCF pht hin ra mt phin ang treo - khng s dng, hoc PCSCF nhn c thng bo knh mang truyn thng b mt) v c kh nng kim
tra ni dung ca giao thc m t phin (SDP) hoc kim tra cc loi hoc cc m
truyn thng trong giao thc ny. Khi SDP ang s dng khng ph hp vi chnh

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sch ca nh khai thc, CSCF t chi yu cu v gi bn tin thng bo li SIP ti
UE.
CSCF i din (y quyn)
P-CSCF l im kt ni, giao tip u tin ca cc thu bao trong h thng IMS.
C ngha l tt c lu lng bo hiu SIP t UE s c gi ti P-CSCF. Ngc li,
tt c cc kt cui bo hiu SIP t mng c gi t P-CSCF ti UE. Bn chc
nng c bn ca P-CSCF bao gm: nn SIP, kt hp bo mt IP (IPSec), tng tc
vi chc nng quyt nh chnh sch (PDF) v xc nh phin khn cp. C th c
mt hoc nhiu P-CSCF trong mt mng. P-CSCF thc hin cc chc nng sau:
o Chuyn tip cc yu cu SIP REGISTER ti CSCF truy vn (I-CSCF) da trn
tn min do UE cung cp.
o Chuyn tip cc yu cu v p ng SIP ca UE ti CSCF phc v (S-CSCF).
o Chuyn tip cc yu cu v p ng SIP ti UE.
o Pht hin cc yu cu thit lp phin.
o To thng tin tnh cc gi cho nt tnh cc CCF.
o Bo v ton vn bo hiu SIP v duy tr lin kt bo mt gia UE v P-CSCF.
Chc nng ny c cung cp bi giao thc bo mt IPsec v ti tin bo mt
ng gi ESP.
o Nn v gii nn cc bn tin SIP t UE. P-CSCF h tr nn bn tin da trn ba
RFC: [RFC3320], [RFC3485] v [RFC3486].
o Chc nng kim tra phng tin. P-CSCF c th kim tra ni dung ti tin giao
thc m t phin (SDP) v kim tra xem n cha cc loi phng tin hay
codec. Khi SDP khng ph hp vi chnh sch ca nh khai thc th P-CSCF s
loi b yu cu v gi bn tin bo li SIP ti UE.
o Duy tr b nh thi phin. Cc b nh thi phin cho php P-CSCF pht hin
v gii phng ti nguyn do cc phin ang b treo chim dng.

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o Tng tc vi chc nng quyt nh chnh sch (PDF). PDF chu trch nhim
trin khai chnh sch vng theo dch v (SBLP). Trong Release 5, PDF l mt
thc th logic ca P-CSCF, cn trong Release 6 PDF ng ring mt mnh.
Thng thng mt mng IMS s c nhiu P-CSCF ty thuc vo quy m v
d ca mng. Mi P-CSCF ch phc v mt s lng cc u cui IMS nht nh.
CSCF truy vn
CSCF truy vn (I-CSCF) l mt SIP Proxy nm ti bin gii ca vng qun l.
a ch ca cc I-CSCF trong mt min s c lit k trong cc bn ghi DNS ca
min . Khi mun xc nh bc nhy tip theo cho mt bn tin no ca th tc
SIP th my ch SIP phi bit c a ch ca t nht l mt I-CSCF ca min m
bn tin cn n. C th c nhiu I-CSCF bn trong mt mng. I-CSCF thc hin
cc chc nng sau:
o Lin lc vi HSS thu c tn ca S-CSCF ang phc v khch hng.
o ng k (gn) mt S-CSCF da trn dung lng nhn c t HSS.
o To v gi thng tin tnh cc ti nt tnh cc CCF.
o Cung cp chc nng che giu. I-CSCF c cha mt tnh nng gi l THIG
cng lin mng che giu cu hnh. THIG c s dng che cu hnh v dung
lng ca mng t pha bn ngoi mng ca nh khai thc.
S lng I-CSCF trong mt mng ty thuc vo quy m v d ca mng .
CSCF phc v
CSCF phc v (S-CSCF) l mt my ch SIP ng vai tr trung tm ca mt
bng bo hiu vi chc nng ch yu l iu khin phin. Ngoi t cch l mt my
ch th S-CSCF cn hot ng nh mt b ng k SIP, c ngha n cha mt rng
buc gia v tr khch hng (l a ch IP ca thit b u cui ni khch hng ng
nhp) v a ch SIP ca bn ghi thuc v khch hng (cn gi l nhn dng
chung cho khch hng). C th c nhiu S-CSCF bn trong mng. S-CSCF thc
hin cc chc nng sau:

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o iu khin cc yu cu ng k nh mt register. S-CSCF nhn bit c a
ch IP ca UE v P-CSCF no ang c UE s dng nh mt im truy cp
IMS.
o Nhn thc ngi dng bng c ch nhn thc v ng thun kho IMS (AKA)
gia UE v mng nh.
o Ti thng tin ngi dng v d liu lin quan n dch v t HSS trong sut qu
trnh ng k hoc khi x l mt yu cu ti ngi dng khng c ng k.
o nh tuyn lu lng u cui di ng ti P-CSCF v nh tuyn lu lng
khi xng t di ng ti I-CSCF, thc th chc nng iu khin cng thot
BGCF) hay my ch ng dng (AS).
o Thc hin chc nng iu khin phin. S-CSCF c th hot ng ging nh mt
my ch i din.
o Tng tc vi cc nn tng dch v.
o Phin dch s E.164 ti URI dng nhn dng ti nguyn hp nht s dng c
ch phin dch h thng tn min (DNS). Chc nng ny l cn thit do vic
nh tuyn cho mt bn tin SIP trong IMS ch s dng cc SIP URI, ngha l
trong trng hp mt khch hng quay mt s in thoi thay v s dng SIP
URI th S-CSCF phi s dng cc dch v phin dch s.
o Gim st b nh thi ng k v c th ng k li khi cn.
o Thc hin kim tra phng tin. S-CSCF c th kim tra ni dung ti tin SDP v
kim tra xem n cha cc loi phng tin hay codec. Khi SDP khng ph hp
vi chnh sch ca nh iu hnh hoc yu cu dch v ca khch hng th SCSCF s loi b yu cu v gi i bn tin bo li SIP.
o Duy tr b inh thi phin. N cho php S-CSCF pht hin v gii phng cc ti
nguyn do cc phin ang chim dng.
o To v gi thng tin tnh cc ti nt tnh cc CCF tnh cc offline v ti
h thng OCS tnh cc online.

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S lng S-CSCF trong mt mng ph thuc vo quy m v d ca mng
. Mi S-CSCF ch phc v cho mt s lng thit b u cui IMS nht nh.
Khc vi P-CSCF v I-CSCF, S-CSCF lun nm mng nh.
b, C s d liu HSS/HLR
V kha cnh k thut, my ch thu bao mng nh HSS l s ci tin t HLR.
Trong IMS, HSS l trung tm lu tr thng tin ca khch hng, bao gm tt c d
liu lin quan n vic x l cc phin a phng tin cho khch hng . Nhng
d liu ny l thng tin nh v, thng tin an ninh (gm thng tin nhn thc v thng
tin trao quyn), thng tin h s khch hng (cc dch v m khch hng ng k) v
thng tin v S-CSCF c gn cho mi khch hng.
Chc nng HLR c s dng h tr cho cc thc th min PS nh SGSN v
GGSN. N cho php thu bao truy nhp ti cc dch v min PS. HLR cng h tr
cho cc thc th min CS nh MSC hay cc server MSC. N cho php thu bao
truy nhp ti cc dch v min CS v h tr roaming ti cc mng min CS
GSM/UMTS.
Trong mt mng c th c nhiu HSS ty vo s lng thu bao. Tuy nhin, tt
c d liu ca mt khch hng phi c lu tr trong mt HSS duy nht. Cc
mng c t hai HSS tr ln th phi b sung thm mt SLF (c chc nng nh x
a ch khch hng n HSS). Khi mt nt gi truy vn n SLF trong c cha
a ch ca khch hng th n s c HSS tr li ton b thng tin c lin quan n
khch hng .
c, My ch ng dng (AS)
Cc server ng dng khng hon ton l cc thc th IMS, chng l cc chc
nng pha trn IMS. Tuy nhin cc AS y c m t nh mt phn chc nng
IMS do thc th ny cung cp cc dch v a phng tin gi tr thng d trong
IMS. AS c th nm ti mng nh hay mng ca nh cung cp dch v th ba, trong
ngi iu hnh mng nh tha thun v vn cung cp dch v vi nh

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cung cp th ba ny. AS s khng giao tip vi HSS khi n khng nm trn mng
nh. Cc chc nng chnh ca AS bao gm:
o Kh nng x l v tc ng ti phin SIP thu c.
o Kh nng to ra cc yu cu SIP.
o Kh nng gi thng tin thanh ton ti b phn tnh cc.
d, Thc th chc nng qun l ti nguyn v phng tin MRF
Thc th chc nng qun l ti nguyn v phng tin (MRF) c chc nng
cung cp ti nguyn a phng tin trong mng nh, cc lung phng tin hn
hp, chuyn m gia cc b codec, thu nhn thng tin thng k v phn tch cc
loi phng tin.
MRF c chia thnh nt nm trn mt bng bo hiu (MRFC) v nt nm trn
mt bng phng tin (MRFP). MRFC hot ng nh mt tc nhn khch hng
SIP, n giao tip vi S-CSCF thng qua giao thc SIP v c chc nng iu khin
ti nguyn trong MRFP thng qua giao din H.248.
MRFP thc hin tt c cc chc nng lin quan n phng tin, v d nh th
hin (playing) v trn ln (mixing) phng tin. MRF lun lun nm mng nh.
e, Thc th chc nng iu khin cng phng tin (MGCF)
MGCF l thc th cho php giao tip gia IMS v ngi dng CS. N thc hin
cc chc nng sau:
o iu khin nhng phn ca trng thi cuc gi gn lin vi iu khin kt ni
cho cc knh phng tin trong mt IMS-MGW.
o Truyn thng vi cc thc th CSCF, BGCF, v PSTN.
o Quyt nh trm tip theo ph thuc vo s nh tuyn cho nhng cuc gi vo
t cc mng truyn thng.
o Thc hin chuyn i giao thc gia nhng giao thc iu khin cuc gi
ISUP/TCAP v phn h IMS .
o Thng tin ngoi bng nhn c trong MGCF c y ti CSCF/IMS-MGW.

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o Gi thng tin tnh cc ti CCF.
f, Thc th chc nng iu khin cng (BGCF)
BGCF chu trch nhim la chn li thot n min CS. Qu trnh ny c th
la chn ra li thot trong chnh mng cp pht BGCF hoc li thot ti mng khc.
Trong trng hp th nht, BGCF s la chn mt thc th chc nng MGCF
x l phin. Trng hp th hai, BGCF s chuyn tip phin ti BGCF khc trong
mng c la chn. Ngoi ra, BGCF cng c chc nng gi thng tin tnh cc ti
CCF.

4.1.3 Cc giao thc ca IMS

Khi pht trin IMS, 3GPP thc hin phn tch cc ni dung ETSI thc hin
khi chun ha cc giao thc cho GSM thit k b sung cc giao thc cho IMS.
Phn ln cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin trong IMS u mang tnh k tha v
n gin trong tch hp h thng.
Giao thc iu khin phin: Cc giao thc iu khin phin ng mt vai tr then
cht vi bt k mt cu trc mng truyn thng do lin quan trc tip ti hiu nng
h thng mng. 3GPP la chn giao thc SIP thit lp v qun l cc phin a
phng tin truyn trn mng IP v trong IMS.
Giao thc nhn thc, cp quyn v tnh cc AAA: Ngoi cc giao thc iu
khin phin k trn th giao thc AAA cng c vai tr quan trng khng km.
Trong IMS, giao thc AAA c s dng l Diameter. Diameter (RFC 3588) l
giao thc pht trin t RADIUS (RFC 2865) (l mt giao thc c s dng rng
ri trn Internet thc hin AAA. V d, khi mt khch hng quay s n mt nh
cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) th Server ca mng truy nhp s s dng giao thc
RADIUS nhn thc v trao quyn cho khch hng truy nhp vo mng). Giao
thc Diameter c chia thnh cc ng dng Diameter. Diameter c IMS s
dng mt s giao din, nhng khng phi tt c giao din u s dng chung mt

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ng dng Diameter. V d hai ng dng Diameter dng tng tc vi SIP trong
qu trnh khi to phin v tnh cc s phi khc nhau.
Cc giao thc h tr khc: Ngoi SIP v Diameter th IMS vn cn s dng nhiu
giao thc khc, v d nh: COPS (Common Open Policy Service, RFC 2748) l
giao thc c chc nng truyn cc chnh sch gia cc im quyt nh chnh sch
PDP v cc thc hin chnh sch PEP; MEGACO/H.248 c s dng iu
khin cc node trong mt bng phng tin; RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol,
RFC 3550) v RTCP (RTP Control Protocol, RFC 3550) c dng truyn cc
phng tin thi gian thc nh hnh nh v m thanh.

4.2 HOT NG CA SIP TRONG IMS

Giao thc khi to phin c thit k h tr vic thit lp cc phin a
phng tin gia cc ngi s dng trn mng IP. Cng vi vic iu khin cuc
gi, SIP cng h tr cc chc nng nh di ng ca ngi s dng v chuyn
hng cuc gi trong IMS gm:
o Bo hiu SIP u cui u cui gia cc ngi s dng IP di ng v c nh.
o Cc Internet IP c th cung cp cc dch v gi tr ra tng cho ngi s dng di
ng.
o SIP c thit k nh mt giao thc IP v th n thch hp tt vi cc giao thc
IP v cc dch v khc.
o SIP n gin v tng i d thc hin.

4.2.1 c tnh k thut

Khi trin khai SIP trong IMS cc nh pht trin nhn ra rng c s khc bit so
vi phin bn SIP cho Internet. Mt s cc m rng c nh ngha trong cc RFC
b sung thm cc tnh nng mi v lm cho SIP tr thnh giao thc bo hiu kh
phc tp. Vic s dng SIP cho vic thit lp phin trn nhng lin kt bng thng
hn ch nh cc giao din v tuyn hoc cc lin kt ni tip tc thp dn n
thi gian thit lp cuc gi di. khc phc yu im c ch nn bo hiu gi

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l SigComp c pht trin bi t chc IETF. Tiu ring P-Header (RFC
3329) nh P-preferred-identity, th P-access-network-info, P-asserted-identity, Pcalledparty- id c b sung thm cho mng IMS cung cp cc dch v ring
bit. Cc tiu ny c nh ngha thm chuyn cc thng tin xc ng vo
mng nhng n cha pht trin cc phn t chun mc trong IMS. Cc chun
m rng khc nh chun tha thun bo mt (RFC 3329), xc thc phng tin
(RFC 3313), dnh trc ti nguyn trong IMS (RFC 3312), SDP m rng c
xut h tr thm cho SIP trong IMS. So snh vi SIP ca trong IETF m ch
gi s dng SIP yu cu mt con ng c th trong tiu Route. Trong IMS, PCSCF loi b con ng ny v m bo tun theo vic nh tuyn SIP IMS. Cc
yu cu SIP lun c nh tuyn n S-CSCF mng nh c mng khi tao v
kt cui. S-CSCF s dng c s d liu ngi dng (download xung trong qu
trnh ng k) lin kt vi cc AS SIP x l cc yu cu SIP. Cc tiu ch lc
khi to lc u IFC (The Initial Filter Criteria) trong c s d liu thu bao cung
cp mt logic n gin quyt nh s lin kt vi AS no. Cc lut ny mang tnh
n nh tc l n khng thay i trong mt chu k.

4.2.2 Cc th tc bo hiu SIP trong IMS

nm c hot ng ca SIP trong IMS ta xem xt cc th tc bo hiu thng
qua cc v d tng ng vi mt s kch bn c th xy ra.
(i) ng k v thit lp phin: v d th nht ch ra mt th tc khi to ng k,
cho rng ngi dng chuyn mng sang mng khch. Th tc ny bt u vi
yu cu ng k SIP ngi dng c gi t P-CSCF ca mng khch. V bng
thng v tuyn hn ch, bn tin c nn trc khi gi i bi ngi dng v
c gii nn P-CSCF. Nu c nhiu S-CSCF tn ti trong mng nh ca
ngi s dng, mt I-CSCF cn thit trin khai la chn mt S-CSCF phc
v phin ca ngi dng . Trong trng hp ny P-CSCF quyt nh mt a
ch ca I-CSCF mng nh ca ngi dng bng cch s dng tn min mng nh
ngi dng v chuyn bn tin REGISTER ti I-CSCF. Sau khi I-CSCF gi p

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ng nhn thc ngi dng (UAR) ti HSS, HSS tr li a ch ca kh thi ca SCSCF. I-CSCF la chn mt S-CSCF v chuyn bn tin ng k.

Hnh 4.4: Lung bn tin bo hiu ng k

Trong lc xc nhn ng k, S-CSCF ly li vector nhn dng t HSS qua
giao thc Diameter p ng nhn thc a phng tin MAR v tr li ngi
dng bn tin SIP 401 khng c nhn thc m c th mang s liu hi p nhn
thc. Sau khi tnh ton p ng nhn thc, ngi dng gi n S-CSCF mt bn
tin ng k khc c mang bi p ng hi p. S-CSCF xc nhn li p ng
v nu p ng ng, n ti xung thuc tnh thu bao t HSS qua mt p ng
yu cu ch nh my ch SAR Diameter. S-CSCF c th lin lc vi mt Server
ng dng iu khin dch v nh trong thuc tnh ca thu bao. trc khi tr
li bn tin 200 OK ti ngi s dng.
Trong v d th hai ch ra lung bo hiu mt thit lp phin gia hai ngi
dng IMS, cho rng c nhiu S-CSCF c trin khai. Mt th tc thit lp
phin l mt qu trnh ca vic tm ra cc phn t mng v cc thnh phn bo
hiu. Khi nh tuyn bn tin ng k, I-CSCF ca ngi b gi truy vn HSS ca

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ngi b gi tm a ch ca mt S-CSCF c ch nh qua bn tin Diameter
yu cu thng tin v tr LIR. HSS p ng li bng bn tin Diameter tr li thng
tin v tr LIA.

Hnh 4.5: Lung bn tin bo hiu thit lp phin

Trc khi gi bn tin ng k, S-CSCF ca ch gi v ngi b gi c th
lin lc vi Server ng dng iu khin dch v v tnh cc cho dch v ti
xung trong khi ng k ngi dng. K thut phn gii a ch v nh tuyn
bn tin SIP chun c s dng nh tuyn bn tin ng k t ch gi ti UE
b gi trn tt cc cc con ng. Cc con ng nhn c l UE ch gi, PCSCF mng khch ch gi, S-CSCF mng khch ch gi, I-CSCF b gi, SCSCF b gi, P-CSCF mng khch b gi v UE b gi. Bn tin tr li t UE b
gi i theo ng ngc li. Th tc tho thun mt phin cung cp tr li c
bn cng c kim sot trong thi im ny. iu ny c hon thnh qua
giao thc m t phin SDP c mang bi thn ca bn tin SIP (v d bn tin
ng k vi mt mi gi v bn tin 200 OK vi mt tr li).

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Phn phi dch v IMS: Kin trc phn phi dch v IMS bao gm S-CSCF,
Server ng dng AS, chc nng iu khin ti nguyn a phng tin MRF v
HSS. Trong S-CSCF ng vai tr nh mt im iu khin phin trung tm,
cc server ng dng v MRF l cc im thi hnh dch v. thi hnh iu
khin logic dch v cho mt thu bao, S-CSCF kim tra yu cu SIP nhn c.
Thng tin c kim tra bao gm kiu bo hiu SIP, tiu , URI yu cu v m
t phin. Nu im cht ph hp, S-CSCF s la chn mt Server ng dng v
nh tuyn yu cu SIP ti AS trong dch v c thc thi.
Server ng dng SIP (SIP AS), c tr trong mng nh v cung cp dch v
da trn giao thc SIP. Trong mt v d c minh ho trong hnh di y ch
ra lung bn tin cho th tc lin quan n server c mt, ni ngi dng A ly
thng tin hin din ca ngi dng B, v dch v hin din ng vai tr nh mt
UA.

Hnh 4.6: Lung bn tin ngi dng A ly thng tin hin din ngi dng B
Cc bc trong th tc ny nh sau: 1-2: A ly thng tin hin din ca ngi dng
B; 3-4: Sever hin din thng bo cho A v hiu lc hin ti ca B; 5-6: B thay i
trang thi hiu lc ca mnh; 7-8: Server hin din thng bo cho A bn cp nhn hiu
lc ca B.

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4.3 CC GIAO THC BO HIU KHC TRONG IMS

4.3.1 Giao thc Diameter
Diameter l mt giao thc ngang hng, c client v server u c th gi hoc nhn
yu cu v p ng. Giao thc Diameter c dng cho qu trnh nhn thc, xc
thc, ti khon. Diameter s dng c TCP v SCTP cho vic truyn ti; s dng
IPsec v TLS cho vic bo mt.
Diameter gm hai phn chnh: giao thc Diameter nn tng v ng dng
Diameter. Giao thc Diameter nn tng cn thit cho vic phn phi cc n v d
liu Diameter, tha thun cc kh nng, iu khin li v cung cp s m rng. Cn
ng dng Diameter nh ngha cc n v d liu v chc nng ng dng ring.
Diameter nn tng giao thc l c s cho cc Diameter ng dng. Diameter nh
ngha mt s thnh phn sau:
Diamerter client: mt thc th chc nng, thng thng t ti bin mng, s
dng iu khin truy nhp
Diameter server: thc th chc nng x l cc yu cu nhn thc, xc thc v
kim ton cho mt vng ring.
Proxy: chc nng chuyn tip cc bn tin Diameter, to cc quyt nh chnh
sch da trn cch s dng ti nguyn v d liu. Mt proxy c th thay i cc
bn tin thit lp cc quyt nh chnh sch nh iu khin cch s dng ti
nguyn, cung cp iu khin qun tr, v d liu.
Relay: chuyn tip bn tin Diameter da trn thng tin nh tuyn lin quan v
cc thc th trong bng nh tuyn vng. N ch c th can thip vo thng tin
nh tuyn m khng th can thip vo cc d liu khc.
Redirect agent: ch dn t client n server v cho php chng truyn thng vi
nhau.
Translation agent: cho php chuyn i giao thc gia Diameter v cc giao
thc AAA khc nh l RADIUS.
Trong IMS, Diameter c s dng ti cc giao din Cx, Dx giao tip gia ICSCF, S-CSCF vi HSS, SLF v Sh, Dh gia cc AS vi SLF, HSS. Mc ch l
ly thng tin xc thc, cp quyn ngi dng hoc cp nht thng tin ngi
dng. Ngoi ra cn dng cho giao din Ro phc v cho vic tnh cc. Ngoi nhng

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c im chung nh nu trn v mt giao thc. Vi mi giao din c mt s c
im ring.
(i) Vi cc giao din Cx, Dx
Trng hp ny, I-CSCF v S-CSCF ng vai tr l Diameter client; HSS l
Diameter server v SLF c vai tr chuyn hng (Redirect agent). Giao din Cx
cha ba loi th tc chnh: qun l v tr, x l s liu thu bao v nhn thc thu
bao. ng dng Diameter trn Cx v Dx l nh nhau. Tuy nhin, Dx ch c trch
nhim chuyn tip bn tin.

Hnh 4.9: V tr ca cc giao din trong IMS

Mc ch s dng Diameter trong giao din Cx, Dx gm:
o Ch nh mt S-CSCF c ch nh cho mt ngi dng.
o Ti xung cc hng xc thc ngi dng. Cc hng ny c lu trong
HSS.
o Nhn thc khi ngi dng chuyn vng trong mt mng khch.
o Lu tr trong HSS a ch ca cc S-CSCF c ch nh cho ngi dng.
o
o
o
o

thng bo cho HSS v trng thi ng k ca nhn dng ngi dng.

Ti xung t HSS lc s ngi dng bao gm cc tiu chun la chn.
y lc s ngi dng t HSS ti S-CSCF khi lc s ngi dng thay i.
Cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho I-CSCF khi cn la chn S-CSCF.

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(ii) Vi giao din Sh
Mt AS (SIP AS hay OSA SCS) c th cn s liu thu bao hoc cn xc nh
S-CSCF no gi yu cu SIP n . Loi thng tin ny c lu tr ti HSS. V
th, cn im tham chiu gia HSS v AS. im tham chiu Sh dng giao thc
Diameter. Cc th tc c chia thnh hai loi chnh: x l s liu v khai bo/thu
dng s liu. Giao din ny nh ngha mt s loi d liu ngi dng nh sau:
o Repository data: AS s dng HSS lu tr d liu trong sut. D liu ny
ch c th hiu c bi my ch dch v thit lp dch v. D liu ny khc
nhau ty tng ngi dng v ty tng dch v
o Public identifiers : danh sch cc nhn dng cng cng ca ngi dng
o IMS user state: trng thi ng k ca ngi dng trong IMS. c th l:
ng k, cha ng k, ch i trong qu trnh chng thc hoc cha ng k
nhng S-CSCF ch nh ti ngi dng .
o S-CSCF name: cha a ch ca S-CSCF c ch nh cho ngi dng
o Initial filter criteria: cha thng tin kch hot cho mt dch v.
o Location information: cha v tr ca ngi dng trong min chuyn mch
knh v min chuyn mch gi
o User state: cha trng thi ca ngi dng trong min chuyn mch knh v
min chuyn mch gi.
o Charging information: cha a ch ca chc nng tnh cc.

4.3.2 Giao thc COPS

COPS l giao thc c IETF chun ha nhm thc hin vic qun l, cu hnh
v p t chnh sch. Giao thc ny hot ng theo m hnh Client/Server. N nh
ngha mt giao thc yu cu v p ng mt cch n gin trong vic trao i thng
tin chnh sch gia server quyt nh chnh sch v client ca n. Trong im
thc thi chnh sch (PEP) c xem l client v server l im quyt nh chnh
sch (PDP). COPS iu khin chnh sch theo hai m hnh chnh: (i) Outsourcing
v (ii) Configuration. Trong (i) PEP ch nh mt PDP bn ngoi chu trch nhim
x l nhng s kin gi ra t PEP. M hnh ny cho thy s tng quan mt mt
gia nhng s kin PEP v nhng quyt nh t mt PDP. (ii) Khng ging nh
m hnh trc l khng c s nh x trc tip nhng s kin ti PEP v nhng

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quyt nh t PDP. PDP c th cu hnh nhng s kin bn ngoi c khi to bi
mt PEP bt k v s kin gi t PEP c th c x l bi PDP cng khi vi n
hoc PDP thuc khi khc. Xt v mt thi gian th m hnh ny linh ng hn m
hnh outsourcing.
COPS s dng TCP truyn nhng bn tin ng tin cy gia PEP v PDP.
Khng ging nh giao thc client/server khc, cp bn tin yu cu/p ng ny phi
ph hp vi cp bn tin yu cu/p ng khc. y server c th p t chnh
sch cho client v xa nhng chnh sch trn client nu chnh sch khng cn gi
tr na. PEP khi to kt ni TCP n PDP. PEP gi yu cu v nhn nhng quyt
nh chnh sch t PDP v lin lc gia PEP v PDP l s trao i yu cu / p
ng. Tuy nhin PDP/PEP c th gi i nhng bn tin c lp. V d PDP gi nhng
quyt nh ti PEP buc PEP thay i nhng chnh sch c PDP chp nhn trc
v PEP c th gi nhng bn tin bo co v trng thi cho PDP
COPS c s dng trong lin lc gia khi PDF v GGSN to s kt ni gia
IMS v mng GPRS. Thng qua COPS cc chnh sch nh bng thng, tiu ch iu
khin chp nhn, QoS c PDF iu khin thit lp trn nn tng truyn ti ca
mng hi t nhm cung cp cc loi hnh dch v cho khch hng.

4.3.3 Nn bo hiu trong IMS

Nhm tng thch vi tc truyn d liu thp ca cc ng lin kt v tuyn,
IMS b sung c ch nn bo hiu nhm tng hiu qu ca qu trnh truyn thng
bo hiu v c thc hin thng qua SigComp. SigComp l mt c ch m cc
giao thc lp ng dng dng nn bn tin trc khi gi vo mng. N khng ch
cung cp phng thc gim thiu kch thc bn tin SIP m cn c nhng chc
nng gii nn cho mt phm vi rng ln cc thut ton nn. C ch nn SigComp
c xem nh mt lp nm gia SIP v giao thc lp truyn ti. V mt kin trc
SigComp c chia lm nm thc th:
o B iu phi nn: y l giao din gia ng dng v h thng SigComp. N
s yu cu mt b nn c ch th bi ng dng thng qua mt nhn dng

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nhm. B iu phi nn s gi tr li cc bn tin c nn n ch ca
chng.
o B iu phi gii nn: L giao din gia h thng SigComp v ng dng
tng ng. N yu cu UDVM thc hin gii nn bn tin. Sau n gi bn
tin c gii nn n phn ng dng. Nu ng dng yu cu b gii
nn duy tr trng thi bn tin n s gi tr li mt nhn dng tng ng.
o B nn: y l thc th thc hin nn bn tin ng dng. N s dng mt
nhn dng nhm tng ng. Cc bn tin c nn c gi n b iu
phi nn.

Hnh 4.7: Kin trc SigComp

o UDVM: l thit b o gii nn tng th (vn nng)UDVM (Universal
Decompressor Virtual Machine). N cung cp cc chc nng gii nn. Khi
thu nhn mt bn tin SigComp, bn tin ny c lu trong b nh gii nn.
Cc m byte v t in nn c lu ti thc th gii nn s c np cho
UDVM UDVM thc hin gii nn. Sau khi bn tin c gii nn, thng
tin m n lu tr c s dng cp nht t in v lu li thnh mt trng
thi mi.
o B x l trng thi: Lu tr thng tin v trng thi cc bn tin SigComp.
ng dng SIP c th nhm cc bn tin c lin quan vi nhau li. V d cc bn
tin thuc cng hi thoi hoc c cng a ch node k tip. ng dng SIP s nh v

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b nn cho mi mt nhm v lu li thng tin trng thi tng ng. N cng xc
nh khi no th mt nhm ny c to ra hoc loi b. Mt nhm bn tin c
xc nh bi mt nhn dng nhm tng ng. ng dng cng chu trch nhim xc
nh nhn dng cho b gii nn. Khi n thu nhn c mt bn tin c gii nn
n s xc nh nhn dng nhm tng ng cho bn tin v cung cp cho h thng
SigComp.
Trong IMS thc th thc hin nn v gii nn bn tin n v i t u cui l PCSCF. Bn tin SIP c nn bi SigComp trong UE gi qua giao din v tuyn,
trm gc BS, b iu khin mng v tuyn RNC ca mng truy nhp v tuyn mt
t UTRAN. T UTRAN n s c gi qua node SGSN v GGSN ti P-CSCF
l ni m cc bn tin SigComp c gii nn. T P-CSCF bn tin SIP c gi i
khng cn nn. Trong pha ng k thit b ngi dng v chc nng P-CSCF thng
bo cho nhau mong mun thc hin nn bn tin v kh nng ca mnh nh kch
thc b nh, nng lc x l, trng thi v cc lnh nn. Khi UE hoc P-CSCF
mun gi mt bn tin SIP c nn n phi gi bn tin n b iu phi nn. B
iu phi nn gi bn tin n b nn, tm trng thi nn cn thit, nhn dng nhm
v s dng mt thut ton nn m ha bn tin. Cui cng b iu phi nn gi
bn tin c nn n lp truyn ti phn phi n P-CSCF. Ti P-CSCF khi
b iu phi gii nn nhn c mt bn tin, n kim tra tin t ca bn tin v
xc nh bn tin c nn v gi n UDVM. UDVM truy vn b qun l trng
thi nhn ly trng thi tng ng cho gii nn bn tin. Sau khi gii nn UDVM
s gi tr bn tin li b iu phi gi n phn ng dng.

4.4 KT LUN CHNG

Ni dung chng tp trung vo cc kha cnh lin quan ti bo hiu trong IMS.
Kin trc chc nng v cc im tham chiu ca IMS c trnh by nhm ch r
cc chc nng v giao thc phi hp hot ng trong IMS. c tnh hot ng ca
giao thc SIP c trnh by trong chng ny c khi qut bi cc im khc
bit nht nh vi mi trng mng IP thun. Bn cnh , cc giao thc h tr cho

134
kt ni a phng tin cng c trnh by trn cc kha cnh chc nng nhn thc,
xc lp chnh sch hay nn thng tin cng c trnh by.
Cc ni dung n tp chnh trong chng
-

Kin trc, thnh phn chc nng v cc im tham chiu IMS;

Cc th tc SIP ng dng trong IMS;
c tnh ca giao thc Diameter, COPS;
C ch nn bo hiu trong SigComp.

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CHNG 5: BO HIU V IU KHIN KT NI LIN

MNG
Tm tt: Vn kt ni lin iu hnh v m bo cc phin kt ni truyn thng
t mt h tng mng ny sang h tng mng khc lun c t ra trong n lc hi
t mng. Chng ny ch ra cc vn c bn ca iu khin chp nhn kt ni,
kin trc iu khin phn tn v cc giao thc, th tc bo hiu cho kt ni lin
mng.

5.1 XU HNG PHT TRIN KIN TRC MNG

5.1.1 Hi t mng c nh v di ng
Nh trong chng 2 trnh by s lc v xu hng hi t h tng mng truyn
thng trong nhng nm gn y. Bn cnh hng tip cn my ch cuc gi, tp
trung vo mc tiu gn kt gia h tng mng c nh vi mng internet, tip cn
IMS c coi l gii php tim nng hin nay cho mc tiu hi t mng di ng v
mng c nh v c gi l FMC (Fixed Mobile Convergence). Mng hi t c
nh/di ng cho php thu bao di ng c th chuyn vng ra ngoi vng phc v
ca mng di ng m vn c kh nng truy nhp cc dch v cung cp trong mng
thng tr. S pht trin ca cng ngh mng li theo hng da trn mng IP l
gii php lu di tch hp cc cng ngh mng khc nhau v tch hp cc mng
c nh v di ng. Mng hi t FMC to c hi cho php m rng phm vi v
vng phc v ca cc dch v m cc mng trc khng th thc hin c.
Tip cn ny hon ton c th tng bc thay th cho tip cn chuyn mch mm
trong tng lai. Khi nim FMC lin quan n vn hi t mng c nh v mng
di ng. Do vy, nhng nghin cu v FMC xoay quanh hai mng: c nh v di
ng. i vi mng di ng, cc cng ngh mng sau y c th c s dng
thc hin vic hi t vi mng c nh:
o Min IMS: lin quan n vic s dng min IMS ca 3GPP cung cp cc
dch v da trn SIP.

136
o PLMN-CS: min chuyn mch knh cung cp dch v thoi (khng c iu
khin bi IMS).
o PLMN-PS: min chuyn mch gi cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch gi
(khng c iu khin bi IMS).
Mng c nh c th c phn thnh 3 loi cng ngh truy nhp c nh sau
y, c th thc hin hi t vi mng di ng:
o Mng v tuyn: Thit b u cui truy nhp vi mng c nh qua giao din
v tuyn (v d: cc chun IEEE 802.11, 802.15 v 802.16). Thu bao c th
s dng cng mt loi u cui truy nhp c mng di ng v mng v
tuyn c nh (s dng u cui hai ch ). Chc nng iu khin i vi
mng ny bao gm IMS v UMA.
o Truy nhp c nh bng rng: Thit b u cui truy nhp mng c nh qua
kt ni hu tuyn. Thu bao khng th s dng cng mt loi thit b truy
nhp c mng di ng v mng c nh. Chc nng iu khin ca mng ny
l IMS.
o Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN: Thit b u cui l in
thoi c nh truyn thng. Thu bao khng th s dng cng mt u cui
truy nhp ti c mng di ng v mng c nh. Chc nng iu khin ca
mng c nh ny l: PES kt hp vi IMS;UMA-J:POTS c kt ni vi
min PLMN-CS s dng cng kt ni; thit b chuyn mch PSTN; PES kt
hp vi chuyn mch mm.

5.1.2 Cu trc FMC da trn IMS

Cu trc FMC da trn IMS th hin trn hnh 5.1. Cu trc ny c xy dng
vi gi thit rng: mt nn tng dch v IMS chung c thc hin cung cp cc
dch v c mng c nh v di ng. Nn tng IMS hi t ny c th c s dng
chuyn cc dch v gia cc thit b u cui kt ni vi cc mng khc nhau
da trn kh nng kt ni (reachability), s thch ca thu bao hoc yu cu r rng
ca thu bao. Cu trc ny cng c th c s dng chuyn cc dch v t mt

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h thng truy nhp ny sang mt h thng truy nhp khc h tr tnh lin tc
dch v cho cc thit b u cui a ch ; nhng thit b ny c th kt ni n
ng thi cc im truy nhp v tuyn c nh v mng di ng.
PS/CS
Convergence
IMS Convergence

FMC
appl.

IMS

mobile CS core
PS Core Convergence

fixed

fixed PS AN

mobile

IWF

mobile PS AN

mobile CS AN

service transfer

Hnh 5.1: Cu trc hi t FMC trn nn IMS

Cch s dng thay th cho chuyn giao mc dch v l phng thc chuyn giao
lp truyn ti bng cch s dng cc giao thc qun l di ng ph hp. Loi
chuyn giao ny yu cu mt li chuyn mch gi chung trong thng tin nhn
thc v thng tin QoS ca phn truy nhp mng c th c chuyn gia cc phn
h truy nhp khc nhau.
Trong vn hi t c nh di ng, cu trc h tr tnh lin tc dch v gia
mng chuyn mch gi iu khin bi IMS vi cc mng di ng chuyn mch
knh l im mu cht ca vn m bo QoS. Cu trc ny yu cu cc chc
nng hi t PS/CS in hnh kt ni gia mng iu khin bi IMS vi mng
CS. Nhng chc nng ny c th hin trn hnh 5.1 bao gm: lp dch v FMC
app v IWF lp truyn ti. Nhng chc nng ny s c trong mng IMS tn
dng cc giao din CS. Cu trc phng to PSTN/ISDN da trn IMS c th c
coi l cu trc FMC da trn IMS do cu trc IMS hi t c th cung cp cc dch
v ng thi cho thu bao di ng v u cui PSTN/ISDN.

5.1.3 M hnh tham chiu IMS trong FMC

Mc tiu lu di ca FMC l cung cp cho thu bao cc dch v khng hn ch
trong mi trng truy nhp mng c nh v di ng. Hnh 5.2 m t cc min

138
mng cho c mng c nh v di ng th hin cc mc hi t khc nhau c th
t c vi cu trc ny.

Hnh 5.2: M hnh tham chiu cu trc FMC da trn IMS

Min truyn ti truy nhp (Access Transport) h tr kt ni gia min thit b
u cui thu bao (User Equipment Domain) vi min truyn ti li (Core
Transport Domain) c lp vi cng ngh truy nhp. Bn trong min truyn ti truy
nhp, chng ta phn bit gia khi min truy nhp hu tuyn/ khng dy
(Radio/Wired Access Domain, bao gm phn h truy nhp DSLAM, trm gc v b
iu khin trm gc 3G, im truy nhp WLAN) vi min tch hp truy nhp
(Access Aggregation Domain, thc hin chc nng tp hp lu lng t nhiu min
truy nhp hu tuyn/ khng dy chuyn ti nt bin). Cu trc mng GPRS (mt
phn mng truy nhp kt ni IP 3GPP) l v d c trng cho min tch hp truy
nhp. Tng t nh vy, mng kt ni DSLAM ti cc thit b bin BRAS/IP cng
l mt v d in hnh ca min tch hp truy nhp. Mt min tch hp truy nhp di
ng phi cha cc chc nng qun l di ng.
Min truyn ti li cng phi cha chc nng qun l di ng h tr tnh di
ng gia cc min truy nhp khc nhau (vd nh: chc nng qun l di ng ca
my ch thng tr MIP). Min truyn ti li kt ni vi cc min truy nhp trong
cng mt mng v vi cc min truyn ti li ca cc mng khc h tr chc
nng x l a phng tin khi cn. Chc nng truy nhp mng, chc nng iu

139
khin truy nhp v qun l ti nguyn u c thc hin cc min truy nhp v
min truyn ti li.
Truyn ti IP trong mng li ti mt phng truyn ti cho php ghp ni gia cc
cng ngh truy nhp c nh v di ng. Tuy vy, kh nng lm vic lin mng gia
cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau ti lp truyn ti khng h tr tnh
di ng ton cu trong mi trng hn tp nh vy; lp iu khin thc hin cc
cng vic nh: cc c ch nhn thc v nhn dng thu bao, cc chc nng xc thc
v iu khin truy nhp, qun l v phn b a ch IP, qun l mi trng thu bao
(VHE), qun l thng tin v thu bao v kh nng truy nhp ti s liu thu bao
m bo hi t ton phn gia cc cng ngh truy nhp v gia cc mng khc
nhau.
iu khin phin kt ni gia thit b u cui thu bao vi cc mng khc c
h tr bi min iu khin phin (Section Control Domain) min ny cha cc
chc nng h tr dch v v tr v dch v hin th. Min iu khin phin giao din
vi min truyn ti li truyn cc yu cu ti nguyn truyn ti v thng tin NAT
binding nu cn. Min ny cng giao tip vi min truyn ti truy nhp ( truyn
thng tin v tr trong trng hp min truy nhp hu tuyn).
Cui cng, min dch v ng dng (Application Service Domain) cha cc chc
nng h tr cc dch v thng tin v nhn tin c xy dng bn trn cc dch v
iu khin phin.
Cu trc FMC s dng min iu khin phin v min dch v chung cho c thu
bao c nh v di ng. Min iu khin phin l phn ct yu ca tiu chun IMS
ca 3GPP. Hi t dch v bao gm mt s tnh nng dch v FMC c bn c th
c m t di y s dng cc min dng chung v cc im tham chiu chung
cho c u cui c nh v di ng:
o Truy nhp cng dch v t cc u cui khc nhau vi cc s nhn dng cng
cng khc nhau (mt thit b u cui thu bao c th cha nhiu s nhn
dng cng cng).

140
o Truy nhp cng dch v t cc thit b u cui khc nhau s dng cng mt
s nhn dng thu bao cng cng. Tnh nng ny cho php thu bao la chn
dch v no c chuyn tip n u cui no v theo trnh t no, trong
khi bn gi ch cn bit mt s nhn dng thu bao duy nht.
o Tnh lin tc dch v trn mt thit b u cui a ch khi di chuyn gia
mi trng mng c nh nh hoc c quan v mi trng mng di ng
(Vd: my di ng hoc PDA hai ch UTRAN v WLAN/Bluetooth c th
kt ni hoc ti UTRAN BS hoc ti im truy nhp WLAN/Bluetooth).
Chc nng FMC c th c coi l mt phn t mng iu khin im hi t.
Cc im hi t mng c th khc nhau ty theo tng nh khai thc, ph thuc vo
trng thi ca mng hin ti (mng di ng, mng c nh, mng CS, mng PS).
Hnh 5.3 th hin im hi t ti cc lp mng khc nhau. Trong , min truy nhp
ca cc dch v c nh v di ng l khc nhau, mc d mt s phn t chung c
th c chia s gia cc mng c nh v di ng. Tng t, min truyn ti li
ca cc mng c nh v di ng cng khc nhau.
3rd Party
Applications

3rd Party
Applications

3rd Party
Applications

application
application FMC
service
service function
domain
domain

application
application
service
service
domain
domain

session
session
control
control
domain
domain

session
session
control
control
domain
domain
core
core
FMC
transport
transport function
domain
domain

application
application
service
service
domain
domain

FMC
function

session
session
control
control
domain
domain

IWF

session
session
control
control
domain
domain

IWF

core
core
transport
transport
domain
domain

core
core
transport
transport
domain
domain

core
core
transport
transport
domain
domain

core
core
transport
transport
domain
domain

access
access
transport
transport
domain
domain

access
access
transport
transport
domain
domain

access
access
transport
transport
domain
domain

access
access
transport
transport
domain
domain

access
access
transport
transport
domain
domain

access
access
transport
transport
domain
domain

user
user
equipment
equipment
domain
domain

user
user
equipment
equipment
domain
domain

user
user
equipment
equipment
domain
domain

user
user
equipment
equipment
domain
domain

user
user
equipment
equipment
domain
domain

user
user
equipment
equipment
domain
domain

PS

CS

PS

PS

PS

transport level convergence

PS

service level convergence

CS/PS convergence

Hnh 5.3: im hi t v chc nng FMC

Trn hnh 5.3, phn trung tm th hin cu trc hi t lp dch v. Cu trc ny
h tr tnh lin tc dch v i vi cc u cui a ch nu cc u cui, cc
min ng dng v min iu khin phin c cc tnh nng ph hp. thc hin

141
chuyn giao lp dch v, yu cu cc thit b u cui phi h tr c hai giao din
v tuyn v min iu khin phin phi h tr ng k ng thi cng mt s nhn
dng ring. h tr chuyn giao lp dch v cho mt u cui a ch , chc
nng FMC c thc hin min ng dng c th la chn gia cc phin. im
hi t ny c cc nh cung cp dch v chp nhn. Nhng nh cung cp ny vn
hnh c mng truy nhp v mng li c nh da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi
PS v mng truy nhp v mng li di ng cng da trn PS.
Cch th hai h tr tnh lin tc dch v cho cc thit b u cui a ch
l s dng chc nng FMC min truyn ti li. i vi trng hp ny, chc
nng FMC iu khin chuyn giao gia cc min truy nhp v gia cc ch QoS
v cc truy nhp mng kt hp vi ch . Nu min truy nhp dch c th h tr
cng mt ch QoS vi min truy nhp ang phc v th min iu khin phin
khng cn tham gia qu trnh chuyn giao. Nu min truy nhp ch h tr QoS
thp hn so vi min truy nhp gc th min iu khin phin cn tham gia vo vic
quyt nh chuyn giao. Nu mng ch c kh nng tng QoS ca mt phin th
min iu khin phin cn c thng bo iu ny bi v c th n s tng QoS
ca phin u cui n u cui ty theo cc tnh nng ca mng truy nhp v ca
thit b u cui u bn kia.
Chc nng FMC ti lp truyn ti c th c kt hp vi chc nng FMC ti
lp dch v. Trn thc t, cn thit phi kt hp chuyn giao lp dch v ca mt
thit b u cui a ch vi tnh nng truyn ti dch v (v d dch v video) t
thit b ti mt u cui khc c kh nng hin th tt hn.
Hi t lp dch v v truyn ti gi thit rng tt c cc dch v c ti trn
min truyn ti li v min truy nhp chuyn mch gi. Vic chuyn i tt c cc
mng di ng t chuyn mch knh sang dch v thoi chuyn mch gi s rt mt
thi gian. Do , ngi ta quan tm n kh nng h tr tnh lin tc dch v i
vi cc cuc gi thoi gia min truy nhp c nh PS v min truy nhp di ng
CS. Kh nng lm vic lin mng gia min PS v CS c h tr bi cc cng

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phng tin v cng bo hiu. Nhng chc nng ny khng c trng cho FMC bi
v d sao i na th cc thit b u cui ca hai mng ny phi c kh nng lin lc
vi nhau. Chc nng FMC min dch v bn trn c kh nng h tr hai mng
ny (min CS v min PS) v s la chn min phc v l ty theo yu cu ca
thu bao hoc nh khai thc. Cu hnh ny c chp nhn bi nhiu nh cung cp
dch v vn hnh c mng di ng CS v mng c nh PS.
Vic kt hp gia 3 m hnh hi t trn c th c s dng cho php thc hin
chuyn vng gia cc min PS v CS hoc kt hp tnh nng truyn ti dch v v
chuyn giao vi tnh nng Enhanced VPN gia min CS v PS. Tm li, cu trc
FMC da trn IMS c thc hin theo cc nguyn tc sau:
o Cu trc h tr cc dch v trn nn IMS trn bt k thit b u cui no c
h tr tnh nng IMS.
o Thit b u cui thu bao c th kt ni vi bt k min truyn ti truy nhp
chuyn mch gi no vi cc giao din tng thch c kh nng truyn ti
giao thc gia thit b thu bao vi mng IMS mt cch trong sut.
o Cc min truyn ti truy nhp c th kt ni n mt min truyn ti li
khng ph thuc vo cng ngh truy nhp. iu c ngha l cc giao din
gia min truy nhp v li ging nhau khng ph thuc vo cng ngh truy
nhp.
o Cc giao din gia min truyn ti li v nn tng dch v IMS cn da trn
cc tnh nng yu cu h tr cc tnh nng v dch v trn nn IMS; khng
loi tr vic s dng cc nn tng dch v khc h tr giao din ny.
o Cc giao din cn h tr vic chia s phng tin gia min truyn ti li v
min truy nhp s dng nhiu nh cung cp nn tng dch v khc nhau.
Nh vy, c th thy rng xu hng hi t mng gia mng c nh v internet cn
thit c cc giao thc iu khin lin mng gia cc MGC v thc hin chuyn i
thng tin bo hiu gia SS7 v mng IP. Trong khi , bo hiu iu khin lin
mng ca kin trc FMC da trn IMS c thc hin thng qua giao thc SIP.

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Mc tip theo s gii thiu v giao thc truyn ti bo hiu SIGTRAN v m hnh
kt ni chuyn vng

5.2 GIAO THC TRUYN TI BO HIU SIGTRAN

Vn lin kt bo hiu gia cc mng PSTN vi mng IP da trn giao thc
truyn ti bo hiu SIGTRAN (Signalling Transport). SIGTRAN l mt nhm lm
vic trc thuc IETF, c hnh thnh vo nm 1999 vi nhim v thit lp mt
kin trc dng truyn ti cc d liu bo hiu thi gian thc qua mng IP. Nhim
v ch yu khng ch v mt kin trc m cn bao gm c vic nh ngha mt b
giao thc dng cho vic truyn ti cc bn tin bo hiu SS7 v ISDN qua mng
chuyn mch gi. Nhm lm vic a ra m hnh kin trc ca giao thc
SIGTRAN, gm ba thnh phn sau:

Hnh 5.4: Kin trc giao thc SIGTRAN

o Giao thc Internet chun ho bao gm cc giao thc tiu chun trong b giao
thc TCP/IP.
o Giao thc truyn ti bo hiu chung: Giao thc ny h tr mt tp hp chung
ca cc chc nng truyn ti bo hiu tin cy. c bit trong phi k n giao
thc truyn ti iu khin lung SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)
l mt giao thc truyn ti mi c nh ngha bi IETF ti RFC 2960.
o Giao thc tng thch: H tr cc hm nguyn thu c th chng hn nh cc
ch th qun l yu cu bi mt giao thc bo hiu ng dng c bit. Cc giao
thc lp con tng thch mi c nh ngha bi IETF RFC 2960 gm: M2PA

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(MTP2-User peer-to-peer adaptation), M2UA (MTP2-User adaptation), M3UA
(MTP3-User adaptation), SUA (SCCP-User adaptation) v IUA (ISDN User
adaptation). Ch rng ti mt thi im ch c duy nht mt giao thc c
thc hin.
Nh vy b giao thc ny c hnh thnh t mt lp truyn ti mi - giao thc
truyn ti iu khin lung SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) v mt
tp hp ca cc lp tng thch UA (User Adaptation), cc lp tng thch ny
cung cp cc dch v ging nh cc tng thp ca mng SS7 v ISDN. Hnh 5.5
minh ho chi tit hn v cc giao thc ca SIGTRAN.

Hnh 5.5 : B giao thc SIGTRAN

Vng xm m chnh l cc giao thc mi ca SIGTRAN, trong khi cc vng
nht hn l cc giao thc ang tn ti. Cc lp UA c t tn theo dch v m
chng thay th ch khng cn c vo i tng s dng dch v . V d M3UA
tng thch vi SCTP cung cp nhiu dch v ca lp MTP3 ch khng phi ch
cung cp mt dch v cho MTP3. Tt c cc lp thch ng SIGTRAN u phc v
cho mt s mt s mc ch chung sau:
o Dng vn chuyn cc giao thc bo hiu lp cao hn thng qua c ch truyn
ti tin cy da trn nn IP.
o Cung cp lp dch v tng t ti giao din ca mng PSTN tng ng. Chng
hn, t nht th M3UA phi khin cho ngi dng ca n nhn nhn n ging

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nh MTP3 v mt dch v (M3UA khng thc s thay th cc tnh nng v hot
ng ca MTP3).
o Cc lp thch ng hon ton trong sut i vi ngi dng. Ngi s dng dch
v s khng nhn thy rng lp thch ng c thay th giao thc ban u.
o Loi b cc lp SS7 mc thp cng nhiu cng tt.
SIGTRAN hin thi a ra su lp thch ng sau:
o M2UA: cung cp cc dch v ca MTP2 trong m hnh client-server,
chng hn nh SG - to - MG. i tng s dng ca n s l MTP3.
o M2PA: cung cp cc dch v ca MTP2 theo m hnh peer-to-peer, v d
nh cc kt ni SG - to - SG. i tng s dng ca n l MTP3.
o M3UA: cung cp cc dch v ca MTP3 trong c hai kiu kin trc:
client-server (SG - to - MGC) v peer-to-peer. i tng s dng ca n
s l SCCP v/ hoc ISUP.
o SUA: cung cc cc dch v ca SCCP trong kin trc peer-to-peer, v d
SG - to - IP SCP. i tng s dng ca n l TCAP hoc phn ng
dng da trn kh nng trao i khc.
o IUA: cung cp cc dch v ca lp lin kt d liu ISDN (LAPD). Ngi
dng ca n l mt thc th ISDN mc 3.
o V5UA: cung cp cc dch v ca giao thc V.5.2
Khung lm vic ca b giao thc SIGTRAN l kh mm do, do cho php
chng ta c th thm vo cc lp mi khi cn. xc nh r hn cc c tnh
truyn ti bo hiu ca giao thc SIGTRAN ta xem xt mt s lp thch ng c bn
sau:
(i) Lp tng thch ngi dng MTP2 (M2UA): Giao thc thch ng ngi dng
phn chuyn giao bn tin mc 2 (M2UA -MTP2 user adaptation) c s dng
chuyn giao cc bn tin bo hiu s 7 phn ngi dng MTP2 (v d cc bn tin
MTP3) qua mng IP s dng cc dch v ca SCTP. C th M2UA truyn d liu
ca ngi dng MTP2 gia mt lp MTP2 t ti SG v mt lp MTP3 t ti

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MGC. Nh vy n hot ng ging nh m hnh Client - Server trong MGC l
Client v SG l Server. M2UA h tr:
o Ranh gii giao din gia MTP2/MTP3: Giao din SS7 gia MTP3/MTP2
(MTP2-User) vn c gi li ti im u cui trong mng IP, do lp
giao thc M2UA c yu cu cung cp cho cc User ca n tp cc dch
v tng ng vi cc dch v m MTP2 cung cp cho MTP3.
o Giao tip gia cc module qun l lp t ti SG v MGC: M2UA cung
cp mt s bn tin nhm h tr cho giao tip gia cc module qun l lp
t ti SG v MGC din ra thun li hn.
o H tr qun l cc lin kt ang hot ng gia SG v MGC: Lp M2UA
SG c nhim v gi trng thi ca cc x l my ch ng dng ASP
(Application Server Process) c cu hnh. Mt tp cc hm nguyn
thu gia M2UA v module qun l lp c nh ngha nhm gip cho
module ny qun l lin kt gia SG v MGC. Lp M2UA c th da vo
ch dn ca module qun l lp thit lp mt lin kt SCTP vi mt
node M2UA ngang cp.
V tr chc nng ca M2UA c ch ra trn hnh 5.6 di y. Chc nng lin
kt node l chc nng x l bo hiu mc cao tip nhn v x l cc thng tin hot
ho v loi b lin kt, s th t cc bn tin, th tc m v truyn li bn tin.

Hnh 5.6: V tr chc nng v hot ng ca M2UA

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(ii) Lp thch ng ngang cp ngi dng M2PA. Giao thc thch ng ngang cp
ngi dng s dng cc dch v ca SCTP h tr vic truyn cc bn tin bo
hiu MTP3 ca h thng SS7 qua mng IP. M2PA c kh nng x l y bn tin
MTP3 v qun l mng gia bt k hai nt SS7 no giao tip vi nhau qua mng IP.
M2PA h tr:
o iu khin lin tc hot ng ca cc giao thc MTP3 ngang cp qua mt
kt ni vi mng IP.
o Ranh gii giao din gia MTP2 v MTP3, qun l cc lin kt truyn ti
SCTP v lu lng thay cho cc lin kt ca MTP2.
o Bo co kp thi cc thay i v trng thi n phn qun l.

Hnh 5.7: V tr chc nng v hot ng ca M2PA

M2PA l phng tin gip cho cc lp MTP3 cng cp cc SG c th giao tip
trc tip vi nhau. Thc cht n l s m rng ca h thng SS7 thng qua mng
IP. M hnh kin trc s dng M2PA c ch ra trn hnh 5.8.
Kin trc ny p dng cho kt ni SG - to - SG, n ng vai tr nh chic cu
ni gia hai mng SS7.Trong trng hp ny mi SG c th kt ni vi nhiu SG
khc v chng khng cn bit v lp bn trn m chng ang h tr. MTP3 c mt
ti mi SG tham gia vo vic nh tuyn v qun l cc lin kt ca
MTP2/M2PA. Do c s hin din ca MTP3 nn mi SG s cn phi c m im
ca ring n.

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Vic thay th cc lin kt ca MTP2 vi M2UA nhm phn bit vi trng
hp truy cp IP SCP t SG (dch v ny c cung cp bi SUA). trng hp ca
SUA, n c bit lp trn ca n l TCAP (hoc cc phn ng dng khc), trong
khi th M2PA hon ton khng bit g v cc lp SS7 bn trn ca n.
S khc nhau quan trng v mt chc nng ca M2PA so vi M2UA l M2PA
bn thn n thc s cung cp dch v ging nh MTP2. Cn M2UA ch cung cp
mt giao din cho dch v ca MTP2 pha u xa.
(iii) Lp thch ng ngi dng MTP3 (M3UA). Lp thch ng ngi dng phn
chuyn giao bn tin mc 3 (M3UA - MTP3 user adaptation) nh ngha mt giao
thc h tr cho vic truyn ti cc bn tin bo hiu ca ngi dng MTP3 (v d
cc bn tin ISUP/SCCP) qua mng IP s dng cc dch v ca SCTP. Giao thc ny
s c s dng gia mt SG v mt MGC hoc mt c s d liu thng tr IP.
M3UA thch hp cho vic truyn cc bn tin ca bt c phn ngi dng MTP3
no. Danh sch cc lp giao thc ny bao gm ISUP, SCCP, v phn ngi dng
in thoi TUP. Cc bn tin ca giao thc ng dng cc kh nng trao i (TCAP)
v giao thc ng dng mng truy cp v tuyn (RANAP - Radio Access Network
Application Protocol) c truyn ti trong sut bi M3UA ging nh ti ca
SCCP bi v chng l cc giao thc ca ngi dng SCCP.
Thc cht M3UA tng t nh M2UA v n hot ng theo m hnh Client Server nhm cung cp cho lp bc cao ca h thng SS7 mt giao thc truy cp
t xa n cc lp thp hn. Nh c M3UA m dch v ca MTP3 c th c cung
cp ti MGC (chng hn nh vic hu kt ni ISUP MGC). y cng c th coi
l s m rng ca h thng SS7 trong mng IP.
Hnh 5.9 di y minh ho kin trc m M3UA c s dng. Kin trc
ny thch hp cho cc trng hp sau:
o Mt ca cc lin kt SS7 ln khin cho mt cng SG ng c
lp c th thng qua.
o Cc lin kt SS7 c th truy cp vt l ti mt im n no .

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Hnh 5.8: V tr chc nng v hot ng ca M3UA

Lp M3UA c nhim v duy tr giao din gia MTP3 - ISUP qua kt ni SCTP.
Cc lnh v yu cu truyn d liu xung tng bn di ca ISUP MGC c
mang bi M3UA v c a n giao din cao hn ca MTP3 SG. Cn cc ch
th v cc bn tin d liu n c chuyn ln pha trn t MTP3 SG v c
mang bi M3UA (qua SCTP) n giao din thp hn ca ISUP MGC.
(iv) Giao thc thch ng ngi dng SUA. Giao thc thch ng ngi dng SCCP
(SUA - SCCP user adaptation) c dng truyn ti bt k bn tin bo hiu ca
ngi dng SCCP (v d TCAP, RANAP v.v) qua mng IP s dng cc dch v
ca SCTP. Giao thc ny c thit k theo kiu module v c tnh i xng do
cho php n hot ng trong cc kin trc a dng chng hn nh kin trc SG ti
im cui bo hiu IP cng nh kin trc im kt cui bo hiu IP ngang cp .
SUA h tr:
o Trao i cc bn tin ca phn ngi dng SCCP (cc bn tin TCAP,
RANAP)
o Dch v SCCP phi kt ni
o Dch v SCCP hng kt ni
o Qun l cc lin kt truyn ti SCTP gia mt node SG v mt hoc nhiu
node bo hiu da trn nn IP

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o Phn phi cc node bo hiu IP
o Bo co kp thi cc thay i v trng thi cho phn qun l
SUA cung cp phng tin nh phn ng dng (chng hn nh TCAP)
mt im iu khin dch v IP SCP c th c thc hin thng qua SG. Kin trc
mng gn vi SUA cho php c hng lot cc im iu khin dch v IP SCP
thng qua mt SG n. Cc IP SCP ny khng c lp MTP3 ni ht v do chng
khng cn m im SS7. Sau y l m hnh kin trc SUA c s dng gia
SG v IP SCP.

Hnh 5.9: V tr chc nng v hot ng ca SUA

Chc nng ca SUA c th c cung cp bi MTP2 hoc cc lp thch ng
MTP2. Tuy nhin SUA c mt chc nng quan trng l chuyn i gia a ch
SCCP v a ch IP (ti SG). Nu khng c chc nng ny th SCCP s phi c mt
tt c cc im IP SCP v mng SS7 m rng s cn n thng tin ca cc SCCP
ny. SUA c th bit c s hin din ca tng im IP SCP bng cch cung cp
mt a ch SCCP bao ph tt c cc node.
Dch v ca cc c s d liu c nhn c nh a ch thng qua s phn h
SSN (Subsystem Number). SUA cung cp dch v khng ging nh dch v bin
dch tiu ton cu (GTT - Global Title Translation) sp xp cc SSN vo

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trong kt ni SCCP (c dng nh tuyn cc bn tin ca phn ng dng n
im iu khin dch v IP SCP thch hp).
SUA cng l mt giao thc kh mm do, n h tr cc phn ng dng ang
chy gia hai node trong ton b mng IP. iu ny c bit thch hp i vi cc
mng mi ra i. i vi cc mng ny th mt mng bo hiu SS7 truyn thng
chy pha di c th khng cn thit. Trong trng hp ny ngn xp IP SCP s
ging nhau c hai node (da trn IP). Ngoi ra SUA cn cho php truy cp n
cc c s d liu dch v trong mng SS7 t mng IP.

5.3 KT NI LIN MNG IMS-CS

Trong mng hin ti, dch v thoi chuyn mch knh truyn thng vn tn ti
cng vi dch v a phng tin chuyn mch gi. Do tn ti mt kt ni lin
mng gia IMS vi CS cung cp dch v thoi v phn h IMS cung cp mt
kin trc chuyn mch mm phn tn nh hnh 5.10.

Hnh 5.10: Kin trc kt ni lin mng IMS-CS

Cng bo hiu SGW c s dng kt ni cc mng bo hiu khc nhau, nh
cc mng bo hiu da trn SCTP/IP v cc mng bo hiu SS7. SGW thc hin
chuyn i bo hiu (c hai chiu) ti mc truyn ti gia truyn ti bo hiu da
trn SS7 v da trn IP (SCTP/IP, SS7MTP). MGCF h tr thng tin gia cc
ngi s dng IMS v min CS. Chc nng iu khin cng phng tin MGCF v
cng phng tin IM (IM MGW) chu trch nhim cho bo hiu v chuyn i cc

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phng tin gia min mng PS v cc mng chuyn mch knh. MGCF giao tip
vi S-CSCF (hoc BGCF) qua giao thc SIP. Bo hiu cuc gi (SS7/ISUP) c
chuyn t cng bo hiu ca mng CS n MGCF qua giao thc SIGTRAN. MGCF
phi phin dch cc bn tin gia SIP v ISUP m bo tng tc gia hai giao
thc ny. Tt c cc bo hiu iu khin cuc gi t ngi dng s dng CS u
c a n MGCF chuyn i ISUP (hay BICC) vo cc giao thc SIP, sau
chuyn phin n IMS. Tng t tt c cc bo hiu phin khi ngun t IMS n
cc ngi s dng CS c gi n MGCF. BGCF quyt nh ni kt ni lin
mng khi mt phin c khi to t mt ngi dng IMS. Nu kt ni lin mng
xut hin trong cng mng, BGCF s la chn mt MGCF, trong trng hp ngc
li, n lin lc vi mt BGCF thuc mng ca nh khai thc khc.
Mng nh ca thu bao ch gi v b gi

S-CSCF

BGCF

MGCF

SGW

1. SIP: Yu cu
2. Truy vn
ENUM
3. SIP: Yu cu
4. SIP: 100 Th li
5. H248: iu
khin MGW
8. SIP: 183 Pht
trin phin

6. ISUP/M3UA: IAM

7. ISUP/MTP3: IAM

9. SIP: PRACK
10. SIP: 200 OK

11. ISUP/MTP3: ACM

12. ISUP/M3UA: ACM

13. SIP: 180 Chung

14. SIP: PRACK
15. SIP: 200 OK
17. ISUP/M3UA: ANM

16. ISUP/MTP3: ANM

18. H248: iu
khin MGW
19. SIP: 200 OK
20. SIP: ACK

Hnh 5.11: Bn tin thit lp cuc gi gia ngi dng IMS gi ngi dng CS

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Lung bo hiu thit lp phin gia mt ngi dng IMS gi ngi dng CS
c minh ho trn hnh 5.11. Lu l c ch gi v ngi b gi trong cng mng
nh. Th tc ny bt u khi tc nhn ngi dng IMS gi mt bn tin yu cu SIP
INVITE vi mt yu cu URI ca nh dng TEL-URI. Trong khi xc nhn mt bn
tin INVITE, S-CSCF giao tip vi mt server ch s in t ENUM (Electronic
Number) chuyn i nh dng TEL-URI thnh SIP-URI. Nu TEL-URI khng
c lu tr trong server ENUM (biu th ngi b gi khng phi l mt ngi
dng IMS), S-CSCF s chuyn (qua giao din Mi) bn tin yu cu INVITE ti mt
BGCF m n quyt nh chuyn mng s sy ra trong cng mt mng nh trn v
d. BGCF la chn mt MGCF v chuyn bn tin INVITE qua giao din Mj. u
tin MGCF ph thuc vo IM-MGW phn chia ti nguyn cho ngi dng IMS
v sau gi mt bn tin IAM ca phn ngi dng ISDN tng ng ti SGW s
dng M3UA truyn ti. Mt bn tin tng t c gi ti mng SS7 t SGW
nhng s dng MTP 3 truyn ti. Sau khi bn tin IAM c pht ra ti mng
SS7, bn tin ACM v ANM thng tng tr li ti MGCF, khi gi ti ngi dng
bn tin tng ng chung 180 v bn tin 200 OK. Ch khi ngi dng IMS nhn
mt p ng tm thi (v d SIP 180 hoc 183) ngi dng s gi li bn tin SIP
PRACK xc nhn p ng.

5.4 KT LUN CHNG

Ni dung chng 5 hng trc tip vo tip cn hi t mng c nh/ di ng l
xu hng hi t mng truyn thng hin nay. Kin trc IMS ng vai tr quan trong
trong vn kt ni v iu khin lin mng gia min chuyn mch knh, min
mng di ng v min mng chuyn mch gi trn nn IP. Trong chng cp
chi tit ti giao thc truyn ti bo hiu c s dng kt ni lin mng theo
hng chuyn mch mm v m hnh kt ni lin mng cho mt cuc gi t min
CS sang min IMS.
Cc ni dung n tp chnh trong chng

Kin trc hi t FMC da trn IMS;

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-

M hnh tham chiu IMS trong FMC;

Kin trc chc nng v lung bo hiu trong SIGTRAN;

M hnh v kin trc bo hiu kt ni lin mng IMS-CS.

155

TI LIU THAM KHO

Ting Anh
[1] Popovskij, Vladimir, Barkalov, Alexander, Titarenko, Larysa, Control and
Adaptation in Telecommunication Systems, Springer, 2011.
[2] John G. van Bosse, Fabrizio U. Devetak, Signaling in Telecommunication
Networks, second edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.
[3] Travis Russell, THE IP MULTIMEDIA SUBSYSTEM (IMS): Session Control and
Other Network Operations, The McGraw-Hill, 2008.
[4] Ralf Kreher, Torsten Ruedebusch, UMTS Signaling: UMTS Interfaces, Protocols,
Message Flows and Procedures Analyzed and Explained, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
2012.
[5] Miikka Poikselka,Georg Mayer, Hisham Khartabil and Aki Niemi, THE IMS IP
Multimedia Concepts and Services in the Mobile Domain, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
2004.
[6] Harry G. Perros, Connection-oriented Networks SONET/SDH, ATM, MPLS and
Optical Networks, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.
[7] Frank Ohrtman, Softswitch : Architecture for VoIP, McGraw-Hill Professional,
2002.

Ting Vit
[8] Hong Trng Minh, Nguyn Thanh Tr, C s k thut chuyn mch, bi ging,
Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 2009.