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uG,fðyoGm;rnf r[kwfyg? ol@tvkyftwGuf ol@ordkif;u aESmif;vlrsm; a&S@arSmufwGif oufao =uD;awG a&Smifz,fch=J uw,f? vGefchaJ om (3) ESpfu
xGufqdkaernf qdkonfudk ,HkrSm; oHo,&SdzG,frvdkay?xdk@a=umifh twdwfu &cdkifvlawmf}uD;rsm; pGu J dkif xd k i f ; rS m a&m*gumuG , f a &;ES i f h uk o a&;ud k
cJ=h uo!fh pdwaf umif;pdwjf rwf/ tusi@f aumif; tusi@f jrwfrsm;udk u|Eykf w f @kd aESmif;vlrsm;u vuf qifu h rf; t"du=udK;pm;cJh=u&w,f? ckawmh ARV aq;u
o,faqmifum vlrsdK;. *k%fudk jrSifhwif=u&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? !H@olrsm;. pHerlrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;I wpfvtwGufpm;&ef bwfaiG (1300) eJ@ vdkav
aumif;aom jrwfaom pHerlrsm;udk twk,lum rdrdwdk@.tusdK;/ vlrsdK;.tusdK;/ EdkifiH.tusdK;udk ao;r&S d a tmif &&S d a ewma=umif h ( HIV)
o,fydk;aqmif&Guf tm;xkwfoifh vSygonf?xdkodk@r[kwfbJ tjypf&Sm &efjzpfwwf&kHavmufudk a0'emonfawG a&&Snf&yfwnf Edkifa&;udk =udK;pm;
t}u;D tus,f tvkyv f yk af eonf[k rdru d ,
kd uf kd txif}u;D aev#iaf wmh vlrsm;u atmh ESv;kH em=urnfrmS ae=u&jyD;? “rpPwmuGef'kH;y&kd*sufuae a&m*g
ajr}uD;vufcwf rvGyJ g? onfawGtwGuf acs;aiGxkwfay;wm (90) &mcdkif;
odk@ygI &ckdiftrsdK;om; owif;pm taejzifh xdkokd@&efjzpf&rS a=ueyfwwfolrsm; trsdK;om;a&; E_ef;avmuf atmifjrifw,fvkd@ajymvdk@&ygw,f”
[laom pum;vkH;}uD;rsm;udk yg;pyfESifh rqHhatmif ajymum trsm;wum tvnfwGif rdrdvlrsdK;.
*k%fudk !d_;EGrf;atmif vkyfaeolrsm;udk &yfwef;u&yfI bHk&efoludk wdkufyGJ0if&mwGif &efol udk qdik u
f ,fp;D vl&rf;um;rsm; "g;jzif0h ikd ;f ckwf
tm;ay;&ma&mufaom tcsif;csif;aoG;uGJr_rsm; aoG;cGJr_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm; apvdkygonf? ,ae@ w,fvpD ukwf
u|Eykf wf @kd !zhH si;f oGm;=uo!fh ta=umif;&if;onf tcsi;f csi;f aoG;pnf; nD!w G &f r!ft h pm; Zmwfwo l m; 27/ 5/ 2007/ ae@ n(10;25)em&DtcsdefwGif
pm;wwfo!fh tusiq hf ;kd rsm;udk rodroma&m odoo d momyg usio hf ;kH ae=uI jzpfygonf? ðcHI qd&k v#if usKaH z:yg;eef;&Sd befaumufb%fteD;wGif qdik u f ,f
u|Efkyfwdk@wu,fr!Hh=uygbl;[k oufaojycsifv#if vl}uD;a&m vli,fyg aumif;aom tusifh (3) pD; vl(5)OD;rSjrefrma&vkyfom; armifjrifha&$
aumif;aomt}uHwdk@udk vufudkifðyI rSefuefaom vrf;a=umif;udk av#mufvSrf;bdk@ vdktyfyga=umif; touf (32) ES p f t m; qd k i f u ,f a y:wG i f
wifjyvdu k &f ayonf? toifhygvmaom "g;&Snfjzifh ckwfowfvdkufojzifh
b,fausmjyif vufv_yfwGif (1)xGmcef@&Snfaom
jy&Syf'g%f&m wcsufESifh b,fbuf eHapmif;wGif
xdk;oGif;'g%f&m wcsuf&&SdjyD; um;wpfpD;a&muf
vmI xdkif;vlrdkufrsm;xGufajy;a=umif;od&SdcJh jyD;
aemuf owdvpfoGm;cJhonf?
30/5/2007/ ae@wGif owdjyefvnf&&SdcJhjyD;
rnfolu usKHaz:aq;&Hk;odk@ ydk@aqmifcJhonf udk
rod&SdchJyg[k armifjrifha&$ uajymonf? 9 /6 /2007/
ae@wG i f a q;&H k ; rS q if ; cJ h & jyD ; pum;aumif ; pG m
rajymEdkifao;ay? tvkyfvnf;rvkyfEdkifawmhojzifh
tvkyo f rm;ta&;ukd woD;yk*v ~ ulnaD qmif&u
G f
aeoludka&$armif.ay;urf; au|;arG;r_udkcH,lae
etz tusKd ;tjrwfrsm;twGuf a'ocHrsm;rS v,f,majrrsm; udk
aZmfaX;Ekdif twif;t"rR odr;f qnf;r_
ausmufawmfjrdK@e,fwGif trSwf (374/ 375/
376/539 ) ponfh ajcjrefwyf&if; 4 ck&Sdonf?
4if;wyf&if; 4 ck udk jrdK@ ESifhteD;ywf0ef;usifwGif
wnf a qmuf x m;jcif ; yif j zpf a vonf ? 539
wyf&if;udk,cifu o&uftkyfaus;&GmteD;wGif
ae&mcscJhjyD; ,cktcgrSm uefapmufaus;&GmteD;Y
ANN um;wpfpD;vkH;aysmufae jynfolrsm;xHrS v,f,majrrsm;udk odrf;qnf;um
17/ 6/ 2007/ we*FaEGae@ wGif aumhaomif;rS zefylvDodk@ tvkyform; (10)OD;wifaqmifvmaom wyfe,fajropftjzpfae&mcsxm;jcif;jzpfavonf?
um;wpD;tm; eDpGef@ *dwfta&mufwGif ppfwyfrS &yfem;cdkifpOf xGufajy;ojzifh vdkufvHypfcwfr_a=umifh o&uftkyfr_vwef;ausmif;tkyfq&m.
um;armif;ol tygt0if vl (11) OD;aoqHk;oGm;cJhonf? ajymjycsuft& T (539)wyf&if; wpfckwnf;
vlyGpJ m; OD;&efukefESifh odu|rf;aom roufcsKdpHkprf;r_a=umifh aoolrsm;teufrS aqGrsKd;awmfpyfol od r f ; qnf ; v,f a jr{u 72 {u &S d a ejyD [ k
odef;rif;0if; twGuf u,f&Dc bwfaiG (7000)udk yGpJ m;rS jyefay;cJhonf? odef;rif;0if;onf touf(23) ESpf qdkavonf? 4if;tjyif 374 wyf&if;onfvnf;
xm;0,fjrdK@ &rf;EG,pf ;l rS jzpfjyD;/ 4if;wGif weoFm&Dwikd ;f o&ufacsmifjrdK@e,f odru
f |r&f mG wGi;f ZeD; rlvwef;jy ausmuf a wmf j rd K @. wbuf u rf ; anmif y if v S
q&mr rrd=uD;rSm udk,f0ef ae@aph vaphjzifh usef&pfcJha=umifh odef;rif;0if; ESifh aqG;rsKd; awmfpyfol aus;&G m wG i f pcef ; csxm;jcif ; jzpf j yD ; wd k ; csJ w yf
roufcsKdrS&cdkiftrsKd;om; owif;pmodk@ ajymygonf? e,fajrtjzpf ukvm;wefjrpfvufwuf yDacsmif;&Sd
July: 2007
[kxkdif;trsKd;orD; okawoDrpPbrf;u ajym=um;
oGm;onf?
okawoD rpPwm Sandy ujrefrmrD'D,m
awGudkavhvm=unfhawmh jynfwGif; rSm ra&;Edkif
wmawGukd tm;aumif;aumif;eJ@ a&;Edik =f uwmawG@
&ygw,f? owif;tcsuftvuf &,l&ef cufchrJ S_udk
e,f p yf j zwf o ef ; ausmf o l a wG u wqif h } ud K ;pm;
&,lr_awG[m tm;&p&myg? HIV eJ@ ywfowfjyD;
pum;vHk; toHk;tE_ef;aumif;wm awG@&ygw,f?
NGO eJ@qufpyfyufowfjy;D vkyif ef;pOfawGa&;oifh
ygw,f[kajym=um;oGm;onf?
trnfraz:vdkol jynfwGif;rS q&m0efwOD;u
jynfwiG ;f rSm a&m*g&mS azGa&;twGuf tcsed rf ay;Edik /f
"gwfcGJcef; rjynfhpHk/ aq;0g;rsm; r&&SdEdkifI txl;
pdk;&drfae=u&a=umif; jynfyrSm rD'D,morm;awG
trsm;pk[m wdik &f if;om;awG rsm;wma=umifh pmay
ta&;om;udk pHE_ef;wpfck xm;=uapvdka=umif;/
jynfwGif;rS xkwfaom pmtkyf pmapmifrsm;udk
&&S d a tmif zwf = uapvd k a =umif ; jynf w G i f ; rS m
az: jyvdkaom tcsuftvufudk &otjzpfom
zefwD;I jynfwGif;rSm rvkyfEdkifaom udpP&yfrsm;udk
jynf y pme,f Z if ; rsm;u vk y f = uapvd k a =umif ;
ajym=um;oGm;ygonf?
owif;Xme toD;oD;wdk@rS tawG@t=uHKrsm;
ud k tjyef t vS e f ES D ; aES m wd k i f y if = ujyD ;
,QKuJo h @kd rtm;vyfonf=h um;u ar#mrf eS ;f onfxuf
vlpHkwufpHk =uGa&mufvm=uaom owif;Xmersm;
ESifhpmapmif t,f'Dwmowif;axmufwdk@tm; t
xl;aus;Zl; wif&Sdyga=umif;ESifhaemifvnf; awG@qHk
Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifha=umifh tcef;tem;udk
OD;aqmifusif;yol rJacgify&dk*suf t=uHay;t&m&Sd
udkpdk;pdk;u E_wfqufpum;qdkonf?
EdkifiHjcm; owifpmq&mESifh okawoDwdk@ajym
aom t*Fvdyfbmompum;tm; csif;rdkiftajcpdkuf
BBC owif;axmuf udka&mfe,f atmifEdkifu
tptqHk; bmom jyefay;oGm;onf?
ukdarmifjrihfa&$
&a=umif; oluajymonf?
befaumufb%fvrf;=um;odk@ ta&mufwGif
qd k i f u ,f p D ; vl r d k u f r sm;u bwf a iG (1500)
awmif ; cH & m ryg&S d a =umif ; ajymojzif h " g;eJ @ ck w f
owf c H & a=umif ; ol u quf I ajymonf ?
armifjrifha&$onf &cdkifjynfe,f/ausmufjzLjrdK@e,f/
ief;u|ef;/ ausmufil&GmrS jzpfonf?
pyg;qdyfaus;&Gm teD;wGifa'ocHjynfolrsm;xHrS
O,SOjf cH 3 jcH ESihf v,f 12 {uudk etz tusKd ;tjrwf
twGuf odr;f qnf;xm;onf[pk yg;qdyaf us;&Gm
rS wGJbuftv,fwef;jyq&m wpfOD;rS ajymqdk
xm;jcif;jzpfavonf?
1998 ckESpf ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;.
trdef@xkwfjyefcsuft& e,fajrcHwyf&if;rsm;tm;
&duQmcGJwrf; axmufyhHr_&yfqdkif;vdkufa=umif;udk
a=ujimvd k u f a vonf ? Tod k @ trd e f @ csrS w f
xkwjf yefvu kd af omfjim;vnf; 2000 ckEpS f aemufyikd ;f
rS,ae@wikd af tmif&cdik jf ynfe,f&adS e&mtoD;oD;wd@k wiG f
quf v uf I r&S d q if ; &J v ,f o rm;rsm;xH r S
v,f,majrrsm;udk odrf;ydkufaeqJ jzpfa=umif;
ajymjyvdu k &f ygonf?
3
July: 2007
EkdifiHawmfr[kwfaom pkpnf;r+/ jynfolvlxktzJG@tpnf;rsm;
ckdif"l0H
1?? Concepts of Civil society and
Practice
(jynf o l vl x k t zG J @ tpnf ; rsm; .t"d y ` g ,f ES i f h
vufawG@e,fy,f )
pma&;ol . tjrif t & jynf o l v l x k
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (civil society) qdkonfrSm
Edik if aH wmf (state)ESihf woD; yk*v ~ (individuals)
wkd@t}um;wGif v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;&Sdonfh
uG e f , uf t zG @ J t pnf ; rsm;( n e t w o r k i n g
organizations)/ tkyfpkrsm;/ tpnf;t&kH;rsm;/
toif;tzG@J rsm;/ azgiaf ';&Si;f rsm;/ tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk
qdkvdkonf? civil society . xif & S m ;aom
vuQ%mrSm EdkifiHawmfESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_/
EdkifiHawmfrSulnDaxmufyhHr_rsm; &SdEdkifaomf vnf;
EdkifiHawmf. xdef;csKyfr_atmuf (odk@ ) n$ef}um;r_
atmufY &Sdraejcif;yif jzpfonf?
jyD;aemuf woD;yk*~vrsm;tm; tkyfpk
tjzpf pka0;}u&efESifh trsm;twGuf pkaygif;wm0ef
,l}u&ef axmufcH tm;ay;onf? tpGef;a&muf w
oD ; yk * ~ v t,l 0 g'(extreme indivi-
dualism) udk tm;ray;aomfvnf; tkypf w k ckc. k
rdrdwdk@ udk,fydkif tusdK;pD;yGm;&SmazGr_ (odk@ ) umuG,f
r_ w d k @ ud k qef @ usif j cif ; rjyKacs[k pma&;q&m
tedwf(cf)avmifxrf;xwf. a&;om;csufrsm;udk
udk;um;I wifjytyfayonf//
ol.a&;om;&Sif;jycsufrsm;ESifh tawG;ac:.
wpdwfwydkif;tm; rdrdwdk@ &cdkifvlr_@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
twGif;vnf;aumif; wjcm;jrefrm jynfolvlxkvl
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf woD;yk8v ~ rsm;tm; tenf;i,f
r#a0Edkif&ef &nf&G,fI a&;om;wif jytyfayonf/
EdkifiHawmf/ (civil society)rsm;ESifh woD;yk*~v
wk@d onf tcsi;f csi;f qufE, G f ywfouf Edik }f u onf/
uGv J EJG ikd }f uonf?wcsed w f nf;rSmyif pkpnf;nDnw G pf mG
vufwaGJ qmif&u G =f uonf?xk@d a=umifah vhvmr_rsm;
wGiu f sG r;f usio f yl nm&Sirf sm;u“tusK;d wlp;D yGm;tkyf
pkrsm;”“vlwef;pm;tv$mrsm;” ESifh“vlr_a&;ydkif;
qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;” tygt0if tkyfpktoD;oD;wdk@
tm; (civil society)rsm;tjzpf pkpnf;jcif;udk
tav;ay;onf ? xd k o d k h j yK&mwG i f Ed k i f i H a wmf .
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tay:xm;&Sdaom tm%m/
wm0efESifh tcef;u¾wkd@tm; av#mhcs &ef [lonfh
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh OD;wnfv_yf&Sm; oGm;&rnfjzpfjyD;
Edik if aH wmfxrH S tcGit hf a&;/ tusKd ;aus;Zl; rsm;udo k m
tjydKiftqdkifvk,lvdkaom (civil society) rsm;
r[kwfay? aus;vufa'orsm; twGif; vlr_todkif;
t0ef;(community) (okd@ )toD;oD;aomtkyfpk
rsm;tm; wnf a qmuf jcif ; wd k @ onf ( civil
society) oabmw&m;. ta&;}uD ; aom
udpP&yfyif jzpfonf?
odk@&mwGif jrdKhjyESifh zG@HjzdK;wdk;wufr_wdkhonf
vlr_@todkif;t0ef; (community)ESihf (civil
society) wnf aqmufjcif; wd@k wiG f t[ef@twm;
rsm;tjzpf tpOfwnf&rdS aeacs? jrdK@jyjzpfwnfr_ (ok@d )
acwfrSDwdk;wufr_ odk@ csDwufjcif;onf yxr ydkif;Y
vlrsm;udk rl&if;"avhxkH;pHrsm;rS uGswfxGuf apjyD;
tjcm;olrsm; (odk@ ) trsm;tusdK;twGuf pmem
axmufxm;jcif;r&Sdaom vGwfvyfonfh woD;
yk*~vrsm;tjzpfodk@ OD;wnfaponf?
odk@&mwGif tcsdefumvwcktm; jzwfoef;
jyD ; aomtcg jrd K h j yay:&S d vl r sm;onf (civil
society) rsm;. tzG@J 0if rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJ yg0if
&ef pdw0f ifpm;vm}urnfjzpfonf? q&m tedw(f cf)
pma&;ol . (civil society) [l a om
tawG;tac:wGifydkI vufawG@usus avhvma&;
om;csufrsm;udk qufvufwifjyygrnf (Civil
Society) Edik if aH wmf r[kwaf ompkpnf;r_ jynfo@l
vl@xktzGJhtpnf;rsm;. Oyrmrsm;rSm —
(1) rsufESmpdrf;
(2) rdrdwdk@ oabmESifh vma&mufpkpnf;}ur_
(3) tkyfpkrsm;twGif; tvkyfvkyfudkif aqmif&Guf
&mwGif wef;wlnrD #rt _ oifth wif&h rdS _ ponft h csuf
rsm;rS aygufzGm; vmaom tkyfpk (odk@ ) tzG@J tpnf;
rsm;udk t"dutav;ay;onf? txufygtcsuf (3)
csuf. tao;pdwf t"dy`g,f rSmtb,fenf;/
1-1? rsufESmpdrf; [lonf-rdom;pkwckwnf;.
tzG J h 0 if r sm; (ok d @ ) aqG r sd K ;om;csif ; rsm;rS
4
(Civil Society)
tEdi_ ;f rJh ay;qyfol
“Civil Society” [lonf tkyfpktm; ckdifrmawmifhwif;atmif Ù jref r mjynf vG w f v yf a yr,f h
vk y f a qmif o nf h a e&mwG i f v l r sm;ok d @ tk y f p k t wG i f ; ok d @ twif ; tusyf EdkifiHom;awG rvGwfvyfjcif;[m
0if a pjcif ; ES i f h Ek w f x G u f & ef wm;jrpf y d w f y if j cif ; ES i f h rvk d t yf v #if vGwfvyfjcif; tppfr[kwf
xkwfy,fjcif;rsm;onf uGsEkfyfwkd@ ((civil society) wnfaqmufjcif;. 'DwkdufyJG[m
ESvkH;om; (vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;) r[kwfacs? Civil society [lonf “ 'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJ”G vdk@
vG w f v yf r _ E S i f h qEN t & oabmwl n D r _ t ay:wG i f t av;ay;onf ? ur`nf;wyf
a':pk&J@“rSefuefwJh trSefw&m;”
uJ ......
b,foljiif;rvJ ?
ayguf z G m ;vmaom tzG J h t pnf ; rsm; rjzpf & / wG i f y g0if v d k a om/ Ek d i f i H a wmf . trsd K ;rsd K ;aom
tkyt fpkzaJG@&mwG
v ; aiyf ;rdord.nrdwf ? faqGoli,fcsif;rsm; (odkh) vkyfief;rsm;wGif vufawG@yg0if aqmif&Gufvdkaom Ù 'Duae@ owfrSwf{&d,m
eD;pyfolrsm;udkom yxrOD;pm;ay; qGJac:onf tawmftoifh tpm;xdk;0ifa&muf aqmif&GufEdkif wdk@EdkifiHxJrSmav .....
r[kwfbJ rsufESmpdrf;rsm;/ &yfa0;rS tjcm;olrsm;udk aomol r sm;jzpf & rnf ? Ed k i f i H o m;jzpf r _ q d k i f & m jrefrmawGom ru
tzGJh0ifrsm;tjzpfwwfEdkifor# rsm;rsm;yg0ifap& tawG;tac:tm; tzefwvJvJ jyefausmjh cif;onf oD;jcm;wnf&SdcJhwJh
rnf [k qdkvdkonf? jynfolrsm;tm; EdkifiHa&;Edk;}um;r_&Sdap&ef wGef;tm; wdkif;jynfawGeJ@ pkaygif;
1-2? tzGJh0ifrsm;u rdrdwdk@oabmESihf vma&muf ay;aprnfjzpfjyD; trsm;. jy\emrsm;tm; trsm; acgif;aqmifyDocJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf&J@aoG;
pkpnf;}ur_? ES i h f yl ; aygif ; ajz&S i f ; vd k a prnf h t jyif (civil =unfhprf; .......
tk y f p k t m; cd k i f r mawmif h w if ; atmif society) twGi;f od@k vnf; qGaJ c:Edik rf nfjzpfonf? waoG;xJ wom;xJ
vkyaf qmifonfah e&mwGif vlrsm;tm; tkypf k twGi;f xd k h a emuf (civil society) tm; wa&G;om;rS rav#mh
od@k twif;tusy0f ifapjcif;ESihf E_wx f u
G &f ef wm;jrpf EdkifiHawmfESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ (odk@ ) trsm;. tonf;xJ t&dk;xJrSmxd vufcH
ydwfyifjcif;rsm;onf uGsEfkyfwdk@ (civil society) jy\em tcuftcJrsm; ajz&Sif;&m wGif EdkifiHawmf jrefrmEdkifiH&J@ tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfwJh
wnfaqmufr_. ESvkH;om; (vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;) ud, k pf m; 0if a&mufvyk af qmif ay;Edik rf _ vrf;a}umif; “'kwd, yifvHkac:&r,f” wJh .....
r[kwfacs? (civil society)onf vGwfvyfr_ESifh ay:odk@ OD;wnfoGm;ap rnfjzpfonf? a':pk&J@ ,Hk=unfcsuf
qENt& oabmwlnrD r_ sm;tay: tav;ay;onf? 3? t*Fvyd w f @kd . A[k0g' (English pluralist a[h .......
1-3? tkyfpkrsm;twGif;&Sd vlrsm;. qufqHa&;rSm StateTheory) b,foljiif;rvJ ?
wef;wlnDr#r_ toifhtwifh&Sdoifhonf qdkjcif;rSm TtawG;tac:. &_jrifcsufrSm 'Drdku&ufwpf
uGyfun J Gef}um;r_ vkH;0r&Sdoifh[k qkdvdkonf r[kwf EkdifiHrsm; tygt0if acmwfopf EkdifiHawmfrsm;onf Ù Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;xkwfjyef
ay?tb,fha}umifhqdkaomf tzGJ@tpnf; zHG@jzdK;}uD; tkyfcsKyfr_ tm%mtm; tjyD;owf pGJudkifxm;um a=ujimcsuf
xGm;avav topf0ifa&muf ywfoufvm aom vlr_a&; ydkif;qdkif&m tzJG@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vl@todkif; CRPP udk zGJ@pnf;wdkufyGJac:
tzG @ J 0 if r sm;t}um; quf q H r _ r S m ted r f h t jrif h t0ef;rsm;rS tkyfpk rsm;tm; tm%mcGJa0 ay;&ef a':pk&J@ ESvHk;om;atmfoH[m
oabm&S d avjzpf o nf ? ta&;}uD ; onf r S m jiif;qef}uonf? vlrsdK;aygif;pHk yGufavmnH
tcsif ; csif ; t}um; t}uD ; ES i f h ti,f (od k @ ) acmwfopf EdkifiHawmfrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDrsm; axmufcH
tk y f c sKyf o l E S i f h tk y f c sKyf c H u J h o d k @ oabmxm;jyD ; umvtvd k u f w d k ; wuf z G H @ jzd K ; vmonf E S i f h t r# wurBmvHk;&J@ vufckyfoH
qufqHjcif;r&Sdap&ef yifjzpfonf? pma&;ol. 4if ; wd k @ onf vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; / tod k i f ; t0ef ; / b0*fnH
tawG; tac:ydkif;wGif vpfb&,f t,l0g'ESifh rdom;pkrsm;rSwm0ef/ tm%mESifh trsm;jynfow l @kd . tvHrvJ wdkufyGJ0if
'D r d k u a&pD t ,l r sm;omru tjcm;aom tusdK;pD;yGm; pDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;tm; vk,loGm;onf[k r[mpdwf&SdolawGu oabmrus
tawG;tac:rsm;vnf; a&maESmyg&Sdonf? qifjcifrdaomtcg tm%m &Sifjzpfr_rsm;vnf; tusOf;cs .......
4if;wdk@rSm — wdk;yGm;vmonf? (English pluralist State xyfcs .......
1-4? Ed k i f i H a &;ud p P r S m trsm;tusd K ;twG u f Theory) onf EdkifiHawmf. t&G,ftpm;/ tcef; olr&J@ e&odeftusOf;om;b0[m
vkyfief;aqmifwmjzpfonf[laomoabmw&m; u¾ES i f h wm0ef r sm;tm; av#mh cs&ef E S i f h jrefrmjynf rvGwfvyfjcif;&J@
rSm trsm;tusKd ;twGuf usi0hf wf&jdS cif; (politics trsm;jynf o l w d k h . tm%mES i h f t&if ; tjrpf “oauFw” vdk@
=civicvirtue)yifjzpfonf? pma&;ol. (civil (resources) rsm;tm; (civil society) wurBmvHk;u [pfatmf
society)rsm;tm;avhvmr_wGif rdrdwdk@ tusdK; rsm;xH o d k @ jyef v nf w d k ; jrS i f h t yf E S i f ; oG m ;&ef uJ .......
udkom OD;pm;ay;aom tzGJ@rsm;udk jidKjiifjcif;r&Sd vdv k m;onf? b,foljiif;rvJ ....... ?
aomfvnf; rdrdwdk@tusdK;tm; trsm;tusdK;twGuf 4? uGJvGJr_rsm;&Sdaom tzGJhrsm;tm; jyefvnf
}unfh&_aom rsufpdjzifh }unfh&_apvdkonf? qdkvdk oifhjrwfatmif vkyfaqmifaom tawG;tac: Ù trSefw&m;bufrSm
onfrSm tkyfpkrsm;onf rdrdwdkh. tusdK;twGuf (The project of Reconciliation) rSefuefpGm &yfwnf&if;
om ar#mf } unf h o nf h tawG ; ES i h f vk y f & yf r sm; (civil society)tzGhJtpnf;rsm;onf woD; b0udk cif;
(enlightened self-interest) xuf y d k r d k yk*v ~ rsm; tm; 4if;wd@k .tzG@J twGi;f od@k tzG@J 0iftjzpf tEd_if;rJhay;qyf
}uD;rm;I a0;vHaom trsm;tusKd ;twGuf ar#mu f ;kd twif; tusyf0ifa&mufapjcif;rjyKonfomru xufjrufpl;&SwJh cH,lcsufawGeJ@
onfh EdkifiHom; usifh0wfrsm; (civic virtue) 4if;wdk@tzGJ@0iftjzpfrS E_wfxGufvkdygu [ef@wm; rwkef rv_yf
xm;&Sd apvdk ayonf? jcif;r&Sad poifah y? tzJ@G tpnf;rsm; taejzifh tzG@J 0if 'l;rwkyfbJ
2? Edik if o H m;jzpfr_ (citizenship) oabm w&m; rsm;jzpfaom woD;yk*~vwdk@. tusdK;jyK tawG; &J&ifh jywfom;wJh
vGefchJaom a&S;acmwfu jynfolrsm;tm;vkH; vdkvdk tac:rsm;ESihf uGJjym;jcm;em;r_rsm;tm; xdcdkufjcif; a':atmifqef;pk=unf [m
wdk@onf tkyfcsKyfcH (odk@ ) uGsefrsm;om jzpf}u onf? r&Sad pbJ pnf;vk;H awmifw h if;atmifvyk af qmif&rnf? Armjzpfayr,fh .....
acmwfopfEdkifiHa&;u jynfolrsm;tm; vGwfvyfjyD; yk*Kd~ vftoD;oD;/ tkypf t k oD;oD;wd@k . tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk trSefw&m;udk
Oya't& wef;wlnDr#r_ &Sdaom yk*~dKvfrsm;tjzpfodkh xnfhrwGufbJ trsm;tusdK;twGufom a&S;&_ jrwfEdk;olwa,muftaeeJ@
ajymif;vJapcJhjyD; jynfolvlxk (people) [k rnfqdkygu (odk@r[kwf) trsm;tusdK;udk xnfhoGif; ig .....
ac:qdo k nf? pOf;pm;jcif; rjyKbJ yk*~dKvfa&;rsm;twGufom }unfh tEd_if;rJhpGm t}udrf}udrfav;pm;
jynfolvlxkrsm; qdkonfrSm EdkifiHawmftm; rnfqdkygu (civil society) r[kwfawmhacs? tEd_if;rJhpGm wefzdk;xm; *k%fjyKw,f?
tcGefay;aqmif&jyD; EdkifiHawmf. Oya'pnf;rsOf; Edik if aH wmfEiS hf (civil society)wd@k . qufqaH &;rSm
wcgw&HwGif EkdifiHawmfu (civil society) cdkifvif;(arC0wD)
rsm;tm; trsm;enf;wl vkdufemusifhokH;&jcif;[k
t"d y ` g ,f & onf ? taemuf E d k i f i H r sm;wG i f rsm;tm;OD;aqmifaomfvnf; tcgaygif; ajrmufrsm; rS w f c suf ? ?(16/6/2007)ae@wG i f
'Drdkua&pDpepfodkh ajymif;vJ&mwGif jynfolvlxk pGmwGifrl (civil society) rsm;u EdkifiHawmftm; tar&duefEdkifiHe,l;a,mh(cf)jynfe,f,lwDum
(people) rsm;tm; Ed k i f i H o m; (citizens) OD;aqmifonf? jrd K @wG i f u sif ; yaoma':atmif q ef ; pk = unf E S i f h
rsm;tjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJjcif;yif jzpfonf? tjcm; tcgaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmwGifrl (civil wuG E d k i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;rsm;vG w f a jrmuf
jynfolvlxkrsm;onf EdkifiHawmfrScsrSwfaom society) rsm;u trsm;tusdK;twGuf (odkh) a&;(bmomaygif ; pH k ) pk a ygif ; 0wf j yKqk a wmif ;
Oya'rsm; ay:vpDrsm;ESifh aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk jynfol rsm;. tusKd ;twGuf Edik if aH wmfEiS hf vufwI JG yG J t crf ; tem;wG i f ck d i f v if ; &G u f q d k c J h a om
vufcH vkdufem aombufjzpfonf? okd@&mwGif yl; aygif; aqmif&Guf}uonf rsm;vnf;&Sdonf//
uAsmjzpfonf ? ?
Edik if oH m;rsm;onf rdrw d @kd . qENrsm;ESifh udu k nf aD om Todk@ qdkv#if u|Ekfyfwk@d &cdkifvlr_ todkif;todkif;
Oya'rsm;/ ay:vpDrsm;ESihf aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk t0dkif;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD t0dkif;t0ef;rsm;tm;vHk;.
Ed k i f i H a wmf o d k h pwif x d k ; ppf q if awmif ; qd k o nf h uGJjym;jcm;em; aomtjrif/ ,Ofaus;r_/ "avhxHkpH/ ua&pD t0dkif;t0ef;rsm; tm; vHk;twl vufwGJ
wuf}uGaom EdkifiHom;rsm;jzpf Edkifonf? paom xk x nf rsm; ud k Ed k i f i H a wmf . Tcef ; Ed_if=uygap[k qEN jzifh -
xdk@a}umifh EdkifiHom;aumif;rsm;onf ysif;&d u¾wGif wcgwav OD;aqmif ay;r_rsm;wGif vnf; TuJGjym;jcm; em;aom tjrifrsm;tm; jyefvnf
jidrfoufpGm&Sdrae&bJ wuf}uGaom/ xdk;ppf qif aumif;/ tcgaygi;f rsm;pGm yl;aygi;f yg0ifciG hf rsm; tm; &ihf=um;ap&ef vkyf aqmif onfh enf;vrf;wcsdK@udk
onf h b uf r sm; jzpf & rnf ? trsm;tusd K ; rnfodk@ pOfpm;Edkif=u rnf enf;//jidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdk aemifvmrnf tywf wGifwifjyygrnf// ?

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Jails )tppf jzpfzkd@awmhaocsmoGm; +yD xifw,f
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Tel: +66(02-266-5353)
Mobile: +66(086 5529581)
pdww f idk ;f us vkyaf y;aeygonf?
5
July: 2007

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6
 July: 2007

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7
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