The Internal Combustion

Engine
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The Internal Combustion Engine is not to be

confused with the eternal engine

Eternal
Combustion
engine
Source: funnyjunk

What is an Internal Combustion Engine?

Any engine where the burning of fuel occurs within
the engine.
Different than steam engine, where coal is burned
outside the engine.
Can refer to continuous combustion engines like jet
engines.

Cutaway of a six-cylinder engine

Source: Wikipedia

History
1509: Leonardo da Vinci Described a compressionless engine
1823: Samuel Brown patented the first internal combustion engine for industrial
use.
1870: In Vienna, Siegfried Marcus, put the first mobile gasoline engine on a
handcart.
1892: Rudolf Diesel receives patent for diesel engine.

How they work

1.
2.
3.
4.

The cylinder is filled with a fuel/air

mixture.
The mixture is then compressed by the
piston.
The mixture is ignited forcing the
piston down.
The piston then forces the exhaust out
of the cylinder.
The Four-Stroke Engine
New World Encylcopedia

Two-Stroke Engine
Two-Stroke engines use the same idea
as four-stroke engines.
The Intake and compression strokes are
put into one stroke
The power and exhaust strokes are
combined as well
Two-stroke Engine cycle
http://www.mpoweruk.
com/images/two_stroke.gif

Applications
Cars-Most use a 4-stroke engine
Train-Diesel
Boats-outboard motors
Plane-jet engine
Small machinery
Lawnmowers, tillers, etc-usually use 2-stroke engines

Suzuki three-cylinder outboard motor

http://cdn4.explainthatstuff.
com/outboard-motor-cutaway-

Different Configurations
V-configuration
Inline configuration
Rotary
Boxer
Radial
W-configuration
Jet Engine

Rotary Gif
http://25.media.tumblr.
com/668bc0eaf65cae6ed7d1f748ada4994f/t
umblr_mfcbj4x0tq1rgbdxqo1_250.gif

V Configuration
Smaller surface area=more room in engine bay
Tend to have more balanced torque-horsepower ratio
V-Twin: small displacement engine: Used in Motorcycles and Morgan 3-Wheelers
V-6: Most common in commuter vehicles. Used in 2016 Ford GT and Nissan GT-R
V-8: Most common performance engine. Used in Chevrolet Corvette and Ferrari
458
V-10: Common in middle-tier supercars. Used in Lamborghini Huracan and Lexus
LFA
V-12: Common in supercars and hypercars:

Inline Configurations
High torque ratings
awkward placement in small engine bays
common in FWD cars
I-3: Very small engines. Incredible Fuel Economy. Used in
EUDM Ford Fiesta
I-4: Very common in commuter cars. Used in Honda Civics
and Dodge Neons
I-6: Common performance engine. Used in Nissan Skyline
and Toyota Supra
I-8: Engine used in 40s and 50s. Common in Buicks of the
time.

Quad-Turbo 2JZ
http://noriyaro.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/01/noriyarocaroline-racing-quad-turbo-s14silvia__03.jpg

Rotaries
Rotaries are very good for high horsepower from small displacement
Downsides include high oil usage and low torque figures
R-2: Most common of rotary engines. Used in Mazda RX-series
R-3: common rotary swap.
R-4: Used in high-performance Drifting. Mike Whiddetts Mazda Miata uses an R-4
R-6: Custom examples made for unknown reasons

Boxer
Most balanced engine due to low
center of gravity
H-4: most common Boxer engine.
Used in classic Volkswagens and
modern Subarus
H-6: High-performance boxer. Used
in Porsche 911s.

Boxer Engine Motion Gif

https://d2t1xqejof9utc.cloudfront.
net/screenshots/pics/f9e999ceb5e4b56b16c62
79ef5c765c9/medium.gif

Radial
Radial engines are used for
military and cargo applications
Common in early tanks and
propellor aircraft
Common configurations are 3, 5,
and 7 piston radials.
Radial Engine Motion
Wikipedia

W-Configuration
W-configurations are not widely used
Very High torque figures
Handles boost very well
W-8: Limited use. Used in VW Passat W8
W-12: Most used W-engine. Used in VW Touareg
W12 and Spyker C12 Zagato
W-16: Largest Production w-engine. Used in
Bugatti Veyron 16.4

W16 Gif
https://media.giphy.
com/media/fHsAGmXuAn4
e4/giphy.gif

Jet Engine
Sir Isaac Newton First theorized the possibility of a jet engines.
FIrst developed in 1930 by Frank Whittle
Mainly used for aircraft, but is used on some land and sea vehicles
Air is sucked in the front of the engine using a fan. Air is then compressed and fuel
is added to the compressed air. Once ignited, the air/fuel mix creates an immense
amount of force.

Jet Engine cont.

TurbojetTurbopropUses a propeller to force air into the engine
TurbofanUses fins to bring air into the engine
Ramjets and ScramjetsUses forward momentum to compress the air
Must already be at high speeds to work

A Jet Engine Diagram

NASA

Diesel Engines
Named after Rudolf Diesel for his design patent in
1893.
Diesel engines do not use spark plugs. Instead they
use the high temperatures created by the glow plugs
during compression to ignite the fuel.
Has the highest engine efficiency of any practical
internal combustion engine.
First designed by Herbert Akroyd Stuart in 1885, built
in 1891.
First engine to use pressurized fuel injection instead of
a carburetor.

Twin-turbo Cummins Swap

http://i1030.photobucket.
com/albums/y366/eric28miller/Cu
mmins%20swap/IMG_4409.jpg

Diesel vs. Gas

The diesel vs Gasoline debate is a prominent in todays battle for the best fuel
economy.
Diesel engines typically have higher torque figures and better fuel economy
Diesel is typically more expensive
Gasoline engine parts are more readily available.
Larger Aftermarket

Fuels
Petroleum- Coal
Gas-Octane ratings
Diesel-Compression
Biofuels
Oils-Peanut, Vegetable
Hydrogen- Spacecraft
Research for uses in cars
Racing Nitromethane
http://vpfuelsquebec.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/11/nitro.
jpg

Engines in Motorsports
Motorsports are known for having extreme engines
Top Fuel/Funny Car: 10,000hp 500ci big block
HEMI
Formula 1: Turbocharged 1.6L V-6, 15,000rpm.
900hp
Kart racing: Generally use 125cc 2-stroke engines
that produce roughly 30hp
MotoGP: Motorcycles with 1.0L I-4 engines
producing approximately 240hp

DR 1409 MOTOR
http://www.dragracermag.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/06/DR-1409MOTOR-02-e1403201449978.jpg

Performance Boosters
Common additions to racing engines include
turbochargers, superchargers and nitrous
Turbochargers: uses exhaust to spool a turbine
and force air into the intake
Superchargers: runs off of crankshaft in order
to force air into the intake manifold
Nitrous Oxide: sprays excess N2O into intake
which splits into Nitrogen and Oxygen which
creates more horsepower (Highly Illegal)

Turbochargers vs Superchargers
http://www.turbosmartusa.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/10/7385.jpeg

ICE in Airplanes
All airplanes use internal combustion
engines, jet or otherwise.
Airplanes with propellers use similar
engines to those in cars, but normally with
more cylinders.
Airplanes that do not have propellers either
do not fly or have jet engines.

Propeller Planes engine

Wikipedia

Non-conventional applications for Engines

There are innumerable applications for ICEs.
Some are not as common as others
Lawn-Mowers: People commonly swap mower engines for small V8s
Watercraft: Boaters commonly equip their boats with high-powered V8s
Bicycles: people often mount small 50cc engines to their bicycles
Dining room tables: A small group of friends attached a V8 to a dining room table
and drag raced it

Dining Room Table Racing

The Worlds quickest and Fastest Dinner Table

www.dragzine.com

Artifact

Replica Inline-4 Cylinder engine

William Walker Jr

Summary
An internal combustion engine burns fuel within the engine to power the engine.
ICEs compress fuel and ignite it to produce force
Have innumerable applications including: cars, boats, planes, tanks, and trains
Different configurations include: V-configuration, Inline configuration, Rotary,
Boxer, Radial, W-configuration, and Jet Engine.

Citations
1.

Infoplease. Infoplease, 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.

2.

"Internal Combustion Engine." - New World Encyclopedia. 18 Apr. 2014.

Web. 30 Nov. 2015.

3.

"Internal Combustion Engine Basics." Energy.gov. N.p., 13 Nov. 2013. Web.

30 Nov. 2015.

4.

"Jet Engines." Engines. Nasa, 12 June 2014. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. <https:
//www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/engines.html>.

5.

Matheson, Stirling. "10 Types of Motorsport That You Can Compete In - Time
Attack/Time Trials." Complex. N.p., 21 Dec. 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.

Citations
1.

Morgan, Lee. "Six Types of Fuels Used in Today's Vehicles." EHow. Demand
Media, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.

2.

Nice, Karim. "How Diesel Locomotives Work." HowStuffWorks.

HowStuffWorks.com, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.

3.

Proctor, Charles, II. "Diesel Engines." Encyclopedia Britannica. Web.

4.

Woodford, Chris. "How Turbochargers Work." How Do Turbochargers Work?

N.p., 21 Nov. 2015. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.

5.

Woodford, Chris. "Jet Engines." How Do Jet Engines Work? N.p., 12 May
2015. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.