Chapter 5

Diode Rectifiers

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-1

Diode Rectifier Block Diagram

Uncontrolled utility interface (ac to dc)

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-2

A Simple Circuit

Resistive load
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-3

A Simple Circuit (R-L Load)

Current continues to flows for a while even after the input

voltage has gone negative
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-4

A Simple Circuit (Load has a dc back-emf)

Current begins to flow when the input voltage exceeds the dc back-emf
Current continues to flows for a while even after the input voltage has
gone below the dc back-emf
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-5

Single-Phase Diode Rectifier Bridge

Large capacitor at the dc output for filtering and energy

storage
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-6

Diode-Rectifier Bridge Analysis

Two simple (idealized) cases to begin with

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-7

Redrawing Diode-Rectifier Bridge

Two groups, each with two diodes

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-8

Waveforms with a
purely resistive load
and a purely dc current
at the output

In both cases, the dc-side

voltage waveform is the same

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-9

Diode-Rectifier Bridge Input Current

Idealized case with a purely dc output current

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-10

Diode-Rectifier Bridge Analysis with ACSide Inductance

Output current is assumed to be purely dc

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-11

Understanding Current Commutation

Assuming inductance in this circuit to be zero

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-12

Understanding Current Commutation (cont.)

Inductance in this circuit is included

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-13

Current Commutation Waveforms

Shows the volt-seconds needed to commutate current

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-14

Current Commutation in Full-Bridge Rectifier

Shows the necessary volt-seconds

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-15

Understanding Current Commutation

Note the current loops for analysis

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-16

Rectifier with a dcside voltage

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-17

DC-Side Voltage and Current Relationship

Zero current corresponds to dc voltage equal to the peak of

the input ac voltage
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-18

Effect of DC-Side Current on

THD, PF and DPF

Very high THD at low current values

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-19

Crest Factor versus the Current Loading

The Crest Factor is very high at low values of current

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-20

Diode-Rectifier with a Capacitor Filter

Power electronics load is represented by an equivalent load

resistance
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-21

Diode Rectifier Bridge

Equivalent circuit for analysis on one-half cycle basis

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-22

Diode-Bridge Rectifier: Waveforms

Analysis using MATLAB

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-23

Diode-Bridge Rectifier: Waveforms

Analysis using PSpice

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-24

Input Line-Current Distortion

Analysis using PSpice

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-25

Line-Voltage Distortion

PCC is the point of common coupling

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-26

Line-Voltage Distortion

Distortion in voltage supplied to other loads

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-27

Voltage Doubler Rectifier

In 115-V position, one capacitor at-a-time is charged from the

input.
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-28

A Three-Phase, Four-Wire System

A common neutral wire is assumed

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-29

Current in A Three-Phase, Four-Wire

System

The current in the neutral wire can be very high

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-30

Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier

Commonly used
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-31

Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier: Redrawn

Two groups with three diodes each

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-32

Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier Waveforms

Output current is
assumed to be dc

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-33

Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier: Input

Line-Current

Assuming output current to be purely dc and zero ac-side

inductance
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-34

Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier

Including the ac-side inductance

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-35

3-Phase Rectifier: Current Commutation

output
current is
assumed to be
purely dc

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-36

Rectifier with a Large Filter Capacitor

Output voltage is assumed to be purely dc

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-37

Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier

THD, PF and DPF as functions of load current

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-38

Crest Factor versus the Current Loading

The Crest Factor is very high at low values of current

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-39

Three-Phase Rectifier Waveforms

PSpice-based analysis
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode

Rectifiers

5-40