Chapter 18.1-18.2
Outline
Viral structure
Viral reproduction
Retroviruses
Viruses can introduce genetic variation in hosts
Viral Structure
Three parts to
a virus:
Genetic
information
Protein coat
= capsid
Lipid
membrane
(only
sometimes)
Viral Reproduction
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.
What does this even mean?
Viral Reproduction
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.
What does this even mean?
Viruses cannot carry out their life cycle
Viral Reproduction
Viruses replicate via a component assembly model,
2.
3.
Mutant receptor
sites no longer
enable phages to
enter cell.
Restriction
enzymes cut up
foreign DNA.
Lysogenic cycle
(coexistence)
host.
Steps:
1. Phage binds to surface of host cell and injects its genetic
material.
2. Phage DNA is incorporated by crossing over into a specific
site on the host cells chromosome.
3. Host cells copy their DNA and divide many times, creating a
large population of cells with phage DNA hiding in their
genome.
4. Environmental signals (radiation, chemicals) can trigger the
phage DNA to leave the hosts genome and initiate the lytic
cycle.
Lysogenic Details
Temperate phages can use both modes of viral
reproduction.
a phage is a virus that specifically infects bacteria.
Viral DNA codes for a protein that will prevent the
Animal Viruses
Symptoms of viral infection can come from a range of
sources
damage or death by release of enzymes from
lysosomes inside the cell
cause cells to produce toxins
toxic envelope proteins (or other molecular
components)
death by busting of cell
Classification
We classify animal viruses by the nature of their genome
transcriptase.
Reverse transcriptase transcribes the viral RNA
template into DNA. That DNA is then incorporated
into the host genome.
RNA viruses lack replication error checking
The Problem:
Eventually the gene for GP120 protein is altered
Antigenic drift:
Viral genome gets mutation
which alters the cell surface
protein (antigen) structure
Antigenic shift:
Two or more different strains of a virus
combine to form a new strain. This
happens when a cell is infected with
multiple versions of a virus at the same
time.
Antibodies produced by a
previous infection with the
ancestor strain cannot
effectively fight the
mutated virus, and
disease results.
This is why one HIV
vaccine just wont fix the
problem.
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/130201_flu
http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccination/effectiveness-studies.htm
Notecards
Lysogenic Cycle
Temperate Phages
Retroviruses (reverse transcriptase)
Structure of HIV
Mechanism of HIV reproduction (generalized)
9 steps in detail (look at pg.342)
antigenic drift
vaccinations (pg.343)
Viroids (pg.345)
Prions- infectious proteins (pg.345)