SEKOLAH TOEFL
HANDBOOK
Written Expression
Week 3 and 4
* Diadopsi dari buku Deborah Phillips
eek 3
Parallel Structure
Skills 24 -26
Dari skill 24 sampai 26, kita akan membahas parallel structure dalam tata bahasa
(grammar) bahasa Inggris.
Parallel structure berarti struktur dalam kalimat sejajar.
Bila tidak sejajar atau mengikuti aturan sejajarnya, kalimat dianggap salah.
Perhatikan, kata yang digarisbawahi adalah bentuk kata benda yang sturkturnya setara
sebelum dan sesuah coordinate conjunction.
Setara disini berarti sama-sama kata benda yang muncul.
Kalau yang muncul kata sifat atau yang lainnya setelah atau sebelum conjunction, maka
kalimat tidak setara.
Perhatikan, kata yang digaris bawahi adalah verbs. Kata yang muncul sebelum dan
sesudah coordinate conjunction setara; satu fungsi, yaitu verb.
Kata yang digaris bawahi adalah adjective, dimana setara sebelum dan setelah coordinate
conjunction.
Kata yang digaris bawahi adalah frasa; sebelum dan sesudah coordinate conjunction,
frasa yang muncul memiliki pola yang sama.
Kata-kata yang digaris bawahi adalah berupa klausa; sebelum dan sesudah coordinate
conjunction muncul dengan pola yang sama.
Catatan:
Ingat pola dibawah ini yang menjadi susunan sebuah parallel structure:
1. Muncul dua pola atau fungsi yang sama:
.(same structure).. (and, or, but).. (same structure)
2. Muncul tiga pola atau fungsi yang sama:
..(same structure), .(same structure), .(and, but, or) (same structure)
Kerjakan Exercise 24, lalu siapkan saat Temu Online dengan Mentor.
Note: Maksimal salah 2. Jika lebih dari 2, ulangi baca materi kemudian kerjakan kembali latihan.
and
either..
or
nither..
nor
not only
but also
Kata-kata yang muncul setelah konjungsi pertama harus memiliki parallel structure
dengan kata-kata yang muncul setelah konjungsi setelahnya. Ini yang disebut dengan
parallel structure di konjungsi yang dipasangkan.
Contoh:
Perhatikan pola kata-kata yang muncul setelah konjungsi di atas yang digaris bawahi.
Semua kata-kata itu memiliki pola struktur yang sama. Di contoh pertama, setelah
both muncul noun clause, setelah and juga muncul pola noun clause. Di contoh
kedua, setelah either muncul nama orang, setelah or juga muncul nama orang, dan
seterusnya.
Ingat, di skill ini:
Pola struktur harus parallel yang muncul setelah konjungsi pertama dan kedua. Nila tidak,
kalimat salah.
Gunakan bentuk penggabungan di skill 24 sebagai panduan dalam membuat atau
menentukan sebuah parallel structure.
Kerjakan Exercise 25, lalu siapkan saat Temu Online dengan Mentor.
Note: Maksimal salah 2. Jika lebih dari 2, ulangi baca materi kemudian kerjakan kembali latihan.
Dalam kalimat perbandingan, baik yang menunjukkan kesetaraan, lebih atau pun paling,
structure yang muncul sebelum dan sesudah penghubung yang digunakan haruslah
parallel memiliki pola struktur kalimat yang sama.
Berikut ilustrasi penghubung yang digunakan dalam kalimat perbandingan dan bagian
struktur yang harus sama.
Contoh:
Dari contoh-contoh diatas, dapat dilihat bahwa kata-kata yang muncul sebelum konjungsi
dalam kalimat perbandingan memiliki pola struktur yang sama setelah konjungsi tersebut.
Penting untuk diingat bila pola kalimat menggunakan more atau er:
Ada tiga pola yang muncul bila menggunakan pola era tau more:
1. My sister spends more hours in the office than John.
2. My sister spends more hours in the office than John does.
3. My sister spends more hours in the office than does John.
Perhatikan pola kata-kata yang digaris bawahi. Ketiga pola ini benar.
Hanya kuncinya, jika kalimat menggunakan pola kedua dan ketiga, auxiliary verb yang
digunakan bergantung dengan jenis verb atau to be yang digunakan oleh kalimat sebelum
konjungi.
Contoh:
My sister is more beautiful that she is. Atau bisa ditulis than is she.
To be di kalimat ini bergantung dengan subject yang muncul setelah than. Kalau misalnya
subjectnya they, maka menjadi: than they are atau than are they.
Tobe
Kerjakan Exercise 26, lalu siapkan saat Temu Online dengan Mentor.
Note: Maksimal salah 2. Jika lebih dari 2, ulangi baca materi kemudian kerjakan kembali latihan.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
16. Sea turtles date back 100 million year and are the only ancient sea reptiles to survive the present
Day.
17. At a first, the scientific method may appear to be a narrow and restrictive way of gaining
understanding.
18. Since prehistoric times, artists have portrayed subjects that representative their culture.
19. The Appalachian Trail, extending approximately 2,020 miles from Maine to Georgia, is the longer
continuous marked footpath in the world.
20. Mammals lose body heat to them environment in cold weather more quickly than in hot weather.
21. Mahogany is often considered the finest cabinet wood because they has most of the qualities desired
for furniture making.
22. The situation comedy has proved to a remarkably durable commercial television format.
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23. Calcium, the most abundantly mineral in the body works with phosphorus in maintaining bones and
teeth.
24. Soil science begun with the formulation of the theory of humus in1808.
25. Scholars tend to cite 1831 as the started of the United States abolitionist movement.
26. Mary McDowell shared Jane Addams interest in social work also was a loyal supprter of the League
of Nations.
27. In adolescence, a young person may experience some stress emotional due to conflicting and
confusing social demands.
28. Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, is a prosperous
trading and distribute center.
29. A hologram is a pattern usually made on film in that can create a three-dimensional image of a scene.
30. The general sales tax has been a major source of income for state governments, much of which
derive more than half of their budgets from it.
31. Principal known for his dictionary, Noah Webster was also the first epidimiologist in the United States.
32. Liquid lubricants contrast widely in weighing, thickness, and boiling point.
33. Interest with major social events led to a period of growth in journalism after 1945.
34. Saint Elmos fire is a luminous blue discharge of electricity sometimes seen when a thunderstorm.
35. Almanacs in simple form have been known from the invention of writing.
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36. If laid out in straight line, the human digestive tract would measure approximately thirty foot in length.
37. The relationship of Latin American music to Black music in the United States is clearly evident in the
unaccented beats that are common to either.
38. Today it is generally recognized as the primary function of the Federal Reserve System is to foster the
flow of credit and money that will eventually facilitate a balance in international payments.
39. Pure flint is too hard and even-grained that it chips in smooth curved flakes.
40. The typical Georgian-style house is rectangular in shape, at less two stories high, and designed
around a central stairway.
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eek 4
Latihan review skills
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9.
10.
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16. The methods of spectrum analysis vary according to the wavelength region were studied.
17. Hurricanes are severe cyclones with winds over seventy-five miles an hour who originate over tropical
ocean waters.
18. A great proportion of the seeds of desert flora they possess germination-inhibiting substances.
19. Window treatment, furniture arrangement and color combine all contribute to the overall impression of
a room.
20. Harvesting of grains is affected by annual changes in temperature or in the amount of moisture, but
both.
21. Due to its excellent tensile strength, acetate rayon is an important material for products so as
balloons, parachutes, fire hoses, and webbing.
22. It has not been determined how years sea turtles can live in their natural environment, but they will
reach a very old age if left undisturbed by humans.
23. A footnote is characteristically employed to give information that is too long or too detailed be included
in the body of a text.
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25. In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or relating those
objects.
26. Alike most fruit trees, the quince is normally propagated from shoots or cuttings.
27. A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time.
28. In 1981 the fossil jaw of a previously unknown small mammal was found onto a Navaho reservation in
Arizona.
29. The wild carrot, knew as Queen Annes lace, gave rise to the cultivated carrot in its domesticated
form.
31. The Earths magnetic poles are not stationary, but slowly shift its position.
33. The elbows are joints that connected peoples up arms with their forearms.
34. Ants have an elaborate structure social, and enjoy a longevity far greater than that of most insects.
35. Municipal planners deal chiefly for the physical layout of communities.
36. A musician with multiply talents, Aretha Franklin is able to write songs that are unusually consistent in
style and content.
37. Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a question of
physiology and of culture.
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38. One of the most distinction dialects of North American English, Gullah is spoken by many people in
the South Carolina area.
39. The novels of John Cheever belongs to a literary tradition that is concerned primarily with manners.
40. Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has.
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