IndusValleyCivilization

Discoveredin1921
Belongedtothebronzeage
Anareaofabout1.3mnsqkm
Existedbetween33001600BCinthreephases:early,matureandlatephases
Sites
Early(preHarappan)
Mature(Harappan)
Latephase(posturban)
Harappa
Mohenjodaro
Chanhudaro
Lothal
Kalibangan
Kalibangan
Banawali
Banawali(Hissar)
Sutkagendor(Pakistan)
Sukotada(Gujarat)
Dholavira(Kutch)
Dholavira
Dholavira
Rakhigarhi(Ghaggar)
Rakhigarhi
Rakhigarhi
Bhagwanpura
Manda(Jammu);Chandigarh,
Shangol(Punjab);Daulatpur,
Mitthal(Haryana);Alamgirpur.
Hulas(WestUP)

Site
SutkagendorSurkotada
Mohenjodaro

Kalibangan

RemarkableFeature
Markedbyacitadel
GreatBath;
Largegranary
Impressivedrainagesystem
Pieceofwovencotton
MotherGoddess
Sealofpashupati
Grainandplough

Townplanning
Gridsystem
TheInduspeopleweretheearliesttoproducecotton

Aryans
Maledominated
Pastoral
Horsewasasignificantanimal
RigvedaConsistsof10mandalas(books):Book1and10arerelativelynew
EarliestspecimenofIndoEuropeanlanguage:2200BCinscriptioninIran.LaterintheHittite

inscriptionsinAnatolia
1500BCcametoIndia
Sindhuistheriverparexcellenceforthem
SaraswatiisthebestoftheriversinRigVeda
PanchajanafivetribesintowhichAryansweredivided
Usedploughshare
Landdidnotformawellestablishedtypeofprivateproperty
Metalworkingwasknown
Rajanking
Samiti,sabha,vidatha,ganatribalassembly

Jainism
24tirthankaras.
First:RishabDev
23rd:Parshavnath
Mahavir(599BC527BC)or(540BC468BC)
InKundagramanearVaishali
FatherSiddartha(Jnatrikaclan)
MotherTrishala(sisterofLichchhavichiefChetaka)
DiedatPavapurinearRajgir
Fivedoctrines:Donotviolence,steal,lie,acquirepropertyanddoobservebrahmacharya
Didnotcondemnthevarnasystem
Triratna:rightknowledge,rightfaith,rightaction
SpreadtoKalingainfirstcenturyBC.KingKharavela
UsedPrakritlanguage.LiteraturewritteninArdhamagadhi
PreparedthegrammarofApabhramsha
ContributedtothegrowthofKannada

Buddhism
563483BCLumbini,Kapilavastu,Nepal.Shakyafamily.
SuddhodanandMahamaya
Death:Kushinagar(KasiainDeoriadisttofUP)
Eightfoldpath(forendofmisery)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Donot

Rightobservation
Rightdetermination
Rightspeech
Rightaction
Rightlivelihood
Rightexercise
Rightmemory
Rightmeditation

1. Covetothersproperty
2. Commitviolence
3. Lie
4. Useintoxicants
5. Indulgeincorruptpractices
Nogodoratmanexists
UsedPali
MainelementsofBuddhism:Buddha,Sangha,Dhamma
BrahamanarulerPashyamitraShungapersecutedtheBuddhists
Mihirakula(Hunaking)killedBuddhists
Buddhisttext:Suttanipata
GandharaArt
Firsthumanstatuesworshipped
Barabarhills:Cavesformonks

Territorial States
KingdomsandCapitals
Kingdom
Kapilavastu
Lichchhavis
Mahajanpadas
Anga
Kashi
Koshala
Mallas
Vatsa/Vamsa
Avanti
Magadha
Chedi/Cheti
Kuru
Panchala
Matsya
Surasena
Ashmaka
Gandhara
Kamboja
Vriji/Vajji

Capital
Piprahwa
Vaishali

Satvanahanas
Pandya
Chola
Chalyukyas
Pallavas
Kadambas
Gangas

Paithan
Madurai
Puhar(kaveripattanam)
Badami(Bijapur)
Kanchi
Vijayanti
Kolar

Champa
Varanasi
Shravasti
Kushinara
Kaushambi
Ujjain(North)/Mahishamati(South)
Rajgir(Girivraja)

Mathura

Mithila

FirstMagadhanEmpire
Dyansty
Haryanka

Shishunagas
Nandas(mostpowerfulrulers
ofMagadha)

Mauryas(Patliputra)

Ruler
Bimbisara
Ajatsatru
Udayin

MahapadmaNanda

Remark
ContemporaryofBuddha
Builtfortontheconfluenceof
GangaandSonatPatna
DestroyedthepowerofAvanti

Mauryashadaveryelaborate
bureaucracy

ChandraguptaMaurya
Bindusara
Ashoka

Megasthenesvisitedduringhis
time
LinkswithGreekprinces
Buddhism

Shunga
PushyamitraShunga

DestroyedtheMauryan
empire.KilledMauryaking
Brihadratha

BalisadhakataxcollectorsduringthetimesofNandas
Shaulkikiorshulkadhyakshaswerealsotollcollectors
ShakyasandLichchhaviswererepublics

Literature
Book
DighaNikaya

Author/Language
Pali

Remark
Buddhisttext

North-West India
Menander(Milinda)wasthemostfamousIndoGreekruler.
HiscapitalatSakala(Sialkot)
ConvertedtoBuddhismbyNagasena(Nagarjuna)
Shakas

SucceededtheGreeksinNorthWest
RudradamanI:mostfamousruler
HeissuedfirsteverlonginscriptioninchasteSanskrit
Parthians

FollowedShakas
Famousking:Gondophernes
St.Thomascameduringhisreign
Kushans

AkaYuechisorTocharians
Kadphiseswasthefirstking
Kanishkaisthemostfamousruler
StartedtheShakaerain78AD
HeldtheBuddhistcouncilinKashmirwherethedoctrinesofMahayanaformwere
finalized
PatronizedAshvaghosa
KushaninscriptionsandcoinsfoundatToprakKalainKhorezm

Kushanaswerethefirstrulerstoissuegoldcoinsonalargescale
IntroducedtheSatrapsystemofgovernment
TheycontrolledtheSilkRoute
WorshippedbothShivaandBuddha.SomeworshippedVishnutoo.
KanishkabuiltalargenumberofStupas

GreekambassadorHeliodorussetupapillerinhonorofVasudevanearVidisa.
Appointedgovernorscalledstrategos

Deccan
Satavahanas

SucceededMauryasinDeccan
Brahmanarulers
GautamiputraSatkarni(AD106130)
VashishthiputraPulimayi:CapitalatPaithan
StartedthepracticeofgrantingtaxfreevillagestoBrahmanasandBuddhistMonks
YajnaSriSatakarni
Chaityas(Buddhisttemples)andViharas(monastaries)wereconstructedduringtheirtimes
MostfamousChaityaatKarleinDeccan
Showtraceofmatrilinealsocialstructure
Administration
Aharadistrict
Officialsamatyasormahamatras
Gaulmikaheadofasmallmilitaryregimentandlookafteradministrationinrural
areas
Threegradesoffeudatories:raja,mahabhoja,senapati
Language:Prakrit

South
Pandya
SentembassiestotheRomanemperorAugustus
Chola
ElaraconqueredSriLanka
KarikalafoundedPuharakaKaveripatnamwhichwastheircapital
Cheras
KeralaandpartsofTN
Senguttavanisthegreatestking
Romaninfluence:Muziris.AlsobuiltatempleofAugustus
Vellalasrichpeasants

Arasarrulingclass
Pariyarsagriculturallabourers
Shrentartisanguilds
Chalukyas
Badami(Bijapur)
PulakesinIIwastheimportantruler
CourtpoetRavikirtiwrotehiseulogyintheAiholeinscription
Pallavas

TheysucceededtheIkshvakus
Kanchipuramwastheircapital
Cameinconflictwithkadambas
MayurasharmanhadfoundedtheKadambakingdom(Capital:Vijayanti/Banavasi)
NasrimhavarmanoccupiedtheChalukyacapitalVatapiin642AD
AssumedthetitleofVatapikonda
Constructedanumberoftemples
RathatemplesatMahabsbuiltbyNarsimhavarmanwhofoundedMahabs
Pattadakal:PapanathatempleandVirupakshatemple
KailashnathtempleatKanchi
OneofthemajorrevoltinthesouthwastheKalabhrasrevolt.Itwassowidespreadthatitcouldbe
putdownonlythroughthejointeffortsofthePandyas,thePallavasandtheChalukyas
Threetypesofvillages:Ur(commoners),Sabha(Brahmans),Nagaram(tradersetc)

Foreign Invasions

Majorevents
326325BC

Alexandersinvasion

Literature
Book
Mudrarakshasa(play)
Indika
MilindPanho
Buddhacharita
Saundarananda(Sanskritkavya)
Mahavastu(BuddhisthybridSanskrit)

Author
Vishakhadatta
Megasthenes
BuddhistliteratureofquestionsofManenderto
Nagarjuna
Ashvaghosha
Ashvaghosha

Divyavandan(BuddhisthybridSanskrit)
Vatsyayana
Kamsutra
Charaka
Charaksamhita
Hala(Satavahanaking)
Gathasaptasatti(Prakritbook)
Tolkkappiyam(dealswithgrammarandpoetics)
<IlangoAdigal?(silappadikaram)>
SilappadikaramandManimekalaiareTamilepics
Pliny(Romanwriter)
NaturalHistory(Latin)
Shudraka
Mrichchhakatika
Kalidasa
Abhijnanashakuntalam
Amarasimha
Amarakosha
RomakaSidhanta(Astronomy)
Banabhatta
Harshacharita
Harshavardhana
Priyadarshika;Ratnavali;andNagananda(plays)
Panini
Astadhyayi
Patanjali
Mahabhashika
Atreatiseonastronomy.Authorshipdisputed.
Suryasiddhanta
Varahmira(5thCE)
Brihatsamhita
Sushrut(2ndCE)
Sushrutsamhita
Charak(2ndCE)
Charaksamhita

Travelers
Traveler
Megasthenes(ambassadorof
Seleucus)
FaHein
HsuanTsang

PlinywroteNaturalisHistoria
Philosophy
Sixschools

Duringtimeof
ChandraguptaMaurya
ChandraguptaVikramaditya
Harshavardhana

Work
Indika

School
Samkhaya

Yoga
Nyaya

Vaisheshika

Mimansa

Vedanta

Lokayata

Philosophy
Materialistic.Nogod.Later
turnedspiritualistic.Prakriti
Purusha.Salvationthrough
knowledgeacquiredthrough
pratyaksha,anumana,shabda
Slavationthroughmeditation
andphysicalapplication
Systemoflogic.Salvation
throughacquisitionof
knowledge.
Discussionofmaterialelements
ordravya.Atomtheory.
(beginningofphysics).Beliefin
god.
Vedascontaintheeternaltruth.
Reasoningprovidedforvedic
rituals.Performvedicritesfor
salvation.
Brahmasutra.Brahmaisthe
reality.Atmaisidenticalwith
Brahma.

Majorproponent
Kapila

Materialisticphilosophy.

Charavaka

Shankara(Advaita)bornin
Kerala
Ramanuja(Vishistadvaita)
Shuddhadvaita(Vallabha)

Mauryan officers
RajukasaclassofofficersappointedbyAshokaforadministrationofjustice
DhammamahamatrasofficersofAshokaforpropagatingdharmaamongvarioussocialgroups
Tirthasimportantfunctionaries
Samahartahighestofficerfortaxassessment
Sannidhatachiefcustodianofthestatetreasury
Sangamliterature

SangamwasanassemblyofTamilpoetsheldunderroyalpatronageinMadurai
Compiledaround300600AD
Canbedividedintotwogroups:narrativeanddidactic
Narrative:Melkanakku(orEighteenMajorWorks)
Didactic:Kilkanakku(Eighteenminorworks)
SilappadikaramandManimekalaiareTamilepics

Misc

ShatakawasaspecialtypeofclothmadeatMathura
Artisanguildswerecalledshrents
Uttarapathawasasearoutemostfrequentlyinuse
Gomatwealthyperson

Guptas

AfterthefallofKushansandSatvahanasinmid3rdcenturyAD
PerhapsofVaishyaorigin
Chandragupta1SamudraguptaChandraguptaIIKumarguptaSkandagupta
Capital:Patliputra
ChandraguptaI
StartedtheGuptaerainAD31920
Samudragupta(akaNapoleonofIndia)
Delightedinviolenceandconquest
Courtpoet:Harishena
ChandraguptaII(Vikramaditya)[375415AD]
ExercisedindirectinfluenceovertheCentralIndiankingdomofPrabhavatithrough
hisdaughter
Ujjainwashissecondcapital
Navratnas
Kalidasa,VarahmiraandAmarsimhawereathiscourt
FahsienvisitedIndia
Royalseal:Garuda
Declineinlongdistancetrade
Emergenceofpriestlylandlords
Positionofshudrasimproved
Subordinationofwomen
Buddhismdidnotreceiveroyalpatronage
GoldenageofancientIndia
AjantaPaintings<notbyGuptasbutmostlyduringtheirperiod>
Nalandauniversityflourished
13playswrittenbyBhasa
MrichchhakatikaShudraka
Kalidasa
Playsweremostlycomic
RamayanaandMahabharatacompiled
DevelopmentofSanskritGrammar
AryabhatiyaAryabhatta
RomakaSidhantabookonastronomy
Waspoorinarchitecture
Hunainvasionmadetheempireweak
Vishtiforcedlabourbypeasantsforthearmyofficials

Harshavardhana

AfterthefallofGuptas
Capital:Kanauj
Banabhatta:courtpoet(wroteHarshacharita)
RantheadministrationonsimilarlinesasGuptas
Lawandorder:notwellmaintained
NalandaflourishedasacentreofBuddhistlearning
BecameagreatpartonofBuddhism(wasaShaivaearlier)
ConvenedagrandassemblyasKanaujtowidelypublicisethedoctrinesofMahayana
Authoredthreedramas:Priyadarshika,RatnavaliandNagananda