INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

(SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT OF THE

COURSE OF B.TECH.)

UNDERTAKEN AT

Haridwar

SUBMITTED BY:
Anurag Chand
10607032
Electronics & Instrumentation
 TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Introduction
BHEL
Captive Power plants

2. Operation
Operation of Power Plant

3. Control & Instrumentation

Instrumentation
Controls

4. Industrial Automation
PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers)
SCADA
Introduction
BHEL is the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise in India
in the energy-related/infrastructure sector, today. BHEL was
established more than 40 years ago, ushering in the indigenous
Heavy Electrical Equipment industry in India - a dream that has been
more than realized with a well-recognized track record of
performance. The company has been earning profits continuously
since 1971-72 and paying dividends since 1976-77.

Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL) Haridwar has two

manufacturing plants and one captive power plant. I was assigned to do
my training in the captive power plant.

What are captive power plants?

Ø Captive Power Plant is a generating unit(s) with aggregate

capacity not exceeding 166 MW which produces power for
captive consumption of its owners

Ø Capacity-23.6 MW.

Ø It is coal fired.
 Operation

ELECTRICITY FROM COAL

Coal from the coal wagons is unloaded with the help of wagon tipplers in the C.H.P. this
coal is taken to the raw coal bunkers with the help of conveyor belts. Coal is then
transported to bowl mills by coal feeders where it is pulverized and ground in the
powered form.

This crushed coal is taken away to the furnace through coal pipes with the help of hot and
cold mixture P.A fan. This fan takes atmospheric air, a part of which is sent to pre heaters
while a part goes to the mill for temperature control. Atmospheric air from F.D fan in the
air heaters and sent to the furnace as combustion air.

Water from boiler feed pump passes through economizer and reaches the boiler drum .
Water from the drum passes through the down comers and goes to the bottom ring
header. Water from the bottom ring header is divided to all the four sides of the furnace.
Due to heat density difference the water rises up in the water wall tubes. This steam and
water mixture is again taken to the boiler drum where the steam is sent to super heaters
for super heating. The super heaters are located inside the furnace and the steam is super
heated (540 degree Celsius) and finally it goes to the turbine.

Fuel gases from the furnace are extracted from the induced draft fan, which maintains
balance draft in the furnace with F.D fan. These fuel gases heat energy to the various
super heaters and finally through air pre heaters and goes to electrostatic precipitators
where the ash particles are extracted. This ash is mixed with the water to from slurry is
pumped to ash period.

The steam from boiler is conveyed to turbine through the steam pipes and through stop
valve and control valve that automatically regulate the supply of steam to the turbine.
Stop valves and controls valves are located in steam chest and governor driven from main
turbine shaft operates the control valves the amount used.
Steam from controlled valves enter high pressure cylinder of turbines, where it passes
through the ring of blades fixed to the cylinder wall. These act as nozzles and direct the
steam into a second ring of moving blades mounted on the disc secured in the turbine
shaft. The second ring turns the shaft as a result of force of steam. The stationary and
moving blades together.

THERMAL POWER PLANT

A Thermal Power Station comprises all of the equipment and a subsystem required to
produce electricity by using a steam generating boiler fired with fossil fuels or befouls to
drive an electrical generator. Some prefer to use the term ENERGY CENTER because
such facilities convert forms of energy, like nuclear energy, gravitational potential energy
or heat energy (derived from the combustion of fuel) into electrical energy. However,
POWER PLANT is the most common term in the united state; While POWER STATION
prevails in many Commonwealth countries and especially in the United Kingdom.
Such power stations are most usually constructed on a very large scale and designed for
continuous operation. Typical diagram of a coal fired thermal power
station

Cooling water pump

Three-phase transmission line
Step up transformer
Electrical Generator
Low pressure steam
Boiler feed water pump
Surface condenser
Intermediate pressure steam turbine
Steam control valve
High pressure steam turbine
Deaerator Feed water heater
Coal conveyor
Coal hopper
Coal pulverizer
Boiler steam drum
Bottom ash hoper
Super heater
Forced draught fan
 Reheater
Combustion air intake
Economizer
Air preheater
Precipitator
Induced draught(draft) fan
Fuel gas stack

The description of some of the components written above is described as follows:

Cooling towers

Cooling Towers are evaporative coolers used for cooling water or other working medium
to near the ambivalent web-bulb air temperature. Cooling tower use evaporation of water
to reject heat from processes such as cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries,
Chemical plants, power plants and building cooling, for example. The tower vary in size
from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures that can be up to 200
meters tall and 100 meters in diameter, or rectangular structure that can be over 40 meters
tall and 80 meters long. Smaller towers are normally factory built, while larger ones are
constructed on site.
The primary use of large , industrial cooling tower system is to remove the heat absorbed
in the circulating cooling water systems used in power plants , petroleum refineries,
petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas processing plants and other industrial
facilities . The absorbed heat is rejected to the atmosphere by the evaporation of some of
the cooling water in mechanical forced-draft or induced draft towers or in natural draft
hyperbolic shaped cooling towers as seen at most nuclear power plants.

Three phase transmission line

Three phase electric power is a common method of electric power transmission. It is a
type of polyphase system mainly used to power motors and many other devices. A Three
phase system uses less conductor material to transmit electric power than equivalent
single phase, two phase, or direct current system at the same voltage. In a three phase
system, three circuits reach their instantaneous peak values at different times. Taking one
conductor as the reference, the other two current are delayed in time by one-third and
two-third of one cycle of the electrical current. This delay between “phases” has the
effect of giving constant power transfer over each cycle of the current and also makes it
possible to produce a rotating magnetic field in an electric motor.
At the power station, an electric generator converts mechanical power into a set of
electric currents, one from each electromagnetic coil or winding of the generator. The
current are sinusoidal functions of time, all at the same frequency but offset in time to
give different phases. In a three phase system the phases are spaced equally, giving a
phase separation of one-third one cycle. Generators output at a voltage that ranges from
hundreds of volts to 30,000 volts. At the power station, transformers: step-up” this
voltage to one more suitable for transmission.
After numerous further conversions in the transmission and distribution network the
power is finally transformed to the standard mains voltage (i.e. the “household” voltage).
The power may already have been split into single phase at this point or it may still be
three phase. Where the step-down is 3 phase, the output of this transformer is usually star
connected with the standard mains voltage being the phase-neutral voltage. Another
system commonly seen in North America is to have a delta connected secondary with a
center tap on one of the windings supplying the ground and neutral. This allows for 240
V three phase as well as three different single phase voltages( 120 V between two of the
phases and neutral , 208 V between the third phase ( known as a wild leg) and neutral and
240 V between any two phase) to be available from the same supply.

Electrical generator

An Electrical generator is a device that converts kinetic energy to electrical energy,

generally using electromagnetic induction. The task of converting the electrical energy
into mechanical energy is accomplished by using a motor. The source of mechanical
energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, , water falling through the turbine
are made in a variety of sizes ranging from small 1 hp (0.75 kW) units (rare) used as
mechanical drives for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment , to
2,000,000 hp(1,500,000 kW) turbines used to generate electricity. There are several
classifications for modern steam turbines.
Steam turbines are used in all of our major coal fired power stations to drive the
generators or alternators, which produce electricity. The turbines themselves are driven
by steam generated in ‘Boilers’ or ‘steam generators’ as they are sometimes called.
Electrical power station use large stem turbines driving electric generators to produce
most (about 86%) of the world’s electricity. These centralized stations are of two types:
fossil fuel power plants and nuclear power plants. The turbines used for electric power
generation are most often directly coupled to their-generators .As the generators must
rotate at constant synchronous speeds according to the frequency of the electric power
system, the most common speeds are 3000 r/min for 50 Hz systems, and 3600 r/min for
60 Hz systems. Most large nuclear sets rotate at half those speeds, and have a 4-pole
generator rather than the more common 2-pole one.

Energy in the steam after it leaves the boiler is converted into rotational energy as it
passes through the turbine. The turbine normally consists of several stage with each
stages consisting of a stationary blade (or nozzle) and a rotating blade. Stationary blades
convert the potential energy of the steam into kinetic energy into forces, caused by
pressure drop, which results in the rotation of the turbine shaft. The turbine shaft is
connected to a generator, which produces the electrical energy.

Boiler feed water pump

A Boiler feed water pump is a specific type of pump used to pump water into a steam
boiler. The water may be freshly supplied or retuning condensation of the steam produced
by the boiler. These pumps are normally high pressure units that use suction from a
condensate return system and can be of the centrifugal pump type or positive
displacement type.

Construction and operation

Feed water pumps range in size up to many horsepower and the electric motor is usually
separated from the pump body by some form of mechanical coupling. Large industrial
condensate pumps may also serve as the feed water pump. In either case, to force the
water into the boiler; the pump must generate sufficient pressure to overcome the steam
pressure developed by the boiler. This is usually accomplished through the use of a
centrifugal pump.
Feed water pumps usually run intermittently and are controlled by a float switch or other
similar level-sensing device energizing the pump when it detects a lowered liquid level in
the boiler is substantially increased. Some pumps contain a two-stage switch. As liquid
lowers to the trigger point of the first stage, the pump is activated. I f the liquid continues
to drop (perhaps because the pump has failed, its supply has been cut off or exhausted, or
its discharge is blocked); the second stage will be triggered. This stage may switch off the
boiler equipment (preventing the boiler from running dry and overheating), trigger an
alarm, or both.

Steam-powered pumps
Steam locomotives and the steam engines used on ships and stationary applications such
as power plants also required feed water pumps. In this situation, though, the pump was
often powered using a small steam engine that ran using the steam produced by the
boiler. A means had to be provided, of course, to put the initial charge of water into the
boiler(before steam power was available to operate the steam-powered feed water
pump).the pump was often a positive displacement pump that had steam valves and
cylinders at one end and feed water cylinders at the other end; no crankshaft was
required.

In thermal plants, the primary purpose of surface condenser is to condense the exhaust
steam from a steam turbine to obtain maximum efficiency and also to convert the turbine
exhaust steam into pure water so that it may be reused in the steam generator or boiler as
boiler feed water. By condensing the exhaust steam of a turbine at a pressure below
atmospheric pressure, the steam pressure drop between the inlet and exhaust of the
turbine is increased, which increases the amount heat available for conversion to
mechanical power. Most of the heat liberated due to condensation of the exhaust steam is
carried away by the cooling medium (water or air) used by the surface condenser.

Control valves
Control valves are valves used within industrial plants and elsewhere to control operating
conditions such as temperature,pressure,flow,and liquid Level by fully partially opening
or closing in response to signals received from controllers that compares a “set point” to a
“process variable” whose value is provided by sensors that monitor changes in such
conditions. The opening or closing of control valves is done by means of electrical,
hydraulic or pneumatic systems

Deaerator

A Dearator is a device for air removal and used to remove dissolved gases (an alternate
would be the use of water treatment chemicals) from boiler feed water to make it non-
corrosive. A dearator typically includes a vertical domed deaeration section as the
deaeration boiler feed water tank. A Steam generating boiler requires that the circulating
steam, condensate, and feed water should be devoid of dissolved gases, particularly
corrosive ones and dissolved or suspended solids. The gases will give rise to corrosion of
the metal. The solids will deposit on the heating surfaces giving rise to localized heating
and tube ruptures due to overheating. Under some conditions it may give to stress
corrosion cracking.
Deaerator level and pressure must be controlled by adjusting control valves- the level by
regulating condensate flow and the pressure by regulating steam flow. If operated
properly, most deaerator vendors will guarantee that oxygen in the deaerated water will
not exceed 7 ppb by weight (0.005 cm3/L)
 MAIN GENERATOR

Maximum continuous KVA rating 24700KVA

Maximum continuous KW 210000KW
Rated terminal voltage 15750V
Rated Stator current 9050 A
Rated Power Factor 0.85 lag
Excitation current at MCR Condition 2600 A
Slip-ring Voltage at MCR Condition 310 V
Rated Speed 3000 rpm
Rated Frequency 50 Hz
Short circuit ratio 0.49
Efficiency at MCR Condition 98.4%
Direction of rotation viewed Anti Clockwise
Phase Connection Double Star
Number of terminals brought out 9( 6 neutral and 3
phase)
CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION
Temperature
The hotness or coldness of a piece of plastic, wood, metal, or other material
depends upon the molecular activity of the material. Kinetic energy is a
measure of the activity of the atoms which make up the molecules of any
material. Therefore, temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of the
material in question.

1. RTD

• The resistance of an RTD varies directly with temperature:

- As temperature increases, resistance increases.
- As temperature decreases, resistance decreases.
• RTDs are constructed using a fine, pure, metallic, spring-like wire
surrounded by an insulator and enclosed in a metal sheath.
• A change in temperature will cause an RTD to heat or cool,
producing aproportional change in resistance. The change in
resistance is measured by a precision device that is calibrated to
give the proper temperature reading.

2. THERMOCOUPLES

Thermocouples will cause an electric current to flow in the attached

circuit when subjected to changes in temperature.The amount of current
that will be produced is dependent on the temperature difference between
the measurement and reference junction; the characteristics of the two
metals used; and the characteristics of the attached circuit.
Heating the measuring junction of the thermocouple produces a voltage
which is greater than the voltage across the reference junction. The
difference between the two voltages is proportional to the difference in
temperature and can be measured on the voltmeter (in mill volts). For
ease of operator use, some voltmeters are set up to read out directly in
temperature through use of electronic circuitry.

Pressure Transducers

Bellows-Type Detectors
The need for a pressure sensing element that was extremely sensitive to
low pressures and provided power for activating recording and indicating
mechanisms resulted in the development of the metallic bellows pressure
sensing element. The metallic bellows is most accurate when measuring
pressures from 0.5 to 75 psig. However, when used in conjunction with a
heavy range spring, some bellows can be used to measure pressures of
over 1000 psig.
Bourdon tube

The bourdon tube consists of a thin-walled tube that is flattened

diametrically on opposite sides to produce a cross-sectional area elliptical
in shape, having two long flat sides and two short round sides. The tube
is bent lengthwise into an arc of a circle of 270 to 300 degrees. Pressure
applied to the inside of the tube causes distention of the flat sections and
tends to restore its original round cross-section.
This change in cross-section causes the tube to straighten slightly. Since
the tube is permanently fastened at one end, the tip of the tube traces a
curve that is the result of the change in angular position with respect to
the center. Within limits, the movement of the tip of the tube can then be
used to position a pointer or to develop an equivalent electrical signal to
indicate value of the applied internal pressure.
Level Measurement

Ball Float
The operation of the ball float is simple. The ball floats on top of the
liquid in the tank. If the liquid level changes, the float will follow and
change the position of the pointer attached to the rotating shaft.

Pressure head method

The differential pressure (∆P) detector method of liquid level

measurement uses a ∆P detector connected to the bottom of the tank
being monitored. The higher pressure, caused by the fluid in the tank, is
compared to a lower reference pressure (usually atmospheric). This
comparison takes place in the ∆P detector. Figure illustrates a typical
differential pressure detector attached to an open tank.

Flow meters
 Differential Flow Transmitter

Orifice plates
• Flat plates 1/16 to 1/4 in. thick
• Mounted between a pair of flanges
• Installed in a straight run of smooth pipe to avoid disturbance of flow patterns
due to fittings and valves

Venturi tube
• Converging conical inlet, a cylindrical throat, and a diverging recovery cone
• No projections into the fluid, no sharp corners, and no sudden changes in
contour

Dall flow tube

• Consists of a short, straight inlet section followed by an abrupt decrease in the
inside diameter of the tube
• Inlet shoulder followed by the converging inlet cone and a diverging exit cone
• Two cones separated by a slot or gap between the two cones

Electromagnetic flow meter

The electromagnetic flow meter is similar in principle to the generator. The rotor of the
generator is replaced by a pipe placed between the poles of a magnet so that the flow of
the fluid in the pipe is normal to the magnetic field. As the fluid flows through this
magnetic field, an electromotive force is induced in it that will be mutually normal
(perpendicular) to both the magnetic field and the motion of the fluid. This electromotive
force may be measured with the aid of electrodes attached to the pipe and connected to a
galvanometer or an equivalent. For a given magnetic field, the induced voltage will be
proportional to the average velocity of the fluid. However, the fluid should have some
degree of electrical conductivity.

Power plant Controls

Drum Level Control

1. Single element water level control

Only single sensor i.e. level sensor is used to control the level

2. Double Element water level control

This uses two sensors level and flow sensors. It is better and precise than single
element control.

Other Temperature, Flow and Pressure control is done by

Feedback loop-

This uses a single feedback loop which finds out error from the set point
and finds out controller output

Cascaded Feedback loop control

This uses two controller:
1. Master
2. Slave
The set point of slave controller is decided by the controller
output of the master

Feed Forward Control

Here the disturbance is eliminated even before it enters the process.The
sensor senses the disturbance and feedforward controller nullifies the
disturbance

Ratio Control
Ratio control is used to ensure that two flows are kept at the same ratio
even if the flows are changing. E.g. Air-Fuel Ratio where the proper
ratio between air and fuel i.e. pulverized coal has to be
maintained.

Controller feed is adjusted according to the ratio of wild feed. The implementation is
shown above.
Automation of Processes
The main purpose of automation is to minimize human intervention to
reduce the errors. Large processes like power plant has large scope for
errors.

The automation of industrial processes is carried by PLCs and SCADA.

The above figure shows the hierarchy setup of industrial automation.

The field devices are connected to the PLC and all the PLCs are
connected to the SCADA server based in control room.
The SCADA server is connected via LAN to ERP (Enterprise Resource
Planning) and the data can be accessed from any where on internet.
PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)
Digital electronic device that uses a programmable memory to store
instructions and to implement specific functions such as logic ,
sequencing , timing etc to control machine and processes.

Salient features

• Cost effective for controlling complex systems.

• Flexible and can be reapplied to control other systems quickly and
easily.
• Computational abilities allow more sophisticated control.
• Trouble shooting aids make programming easier and reduce downtime.
• Reliable components make these likely to operate for years before
failure.

PLC HARDWARE

Many PLC configurations are available, even from a single vendor. But,
in each of these there are common components and concepts. The most
essential components are:

Power Supply - This can be built into the PLC or be an external unit.
Common voltage levels required by the PLC (with and without the power
supply) are 24Vdc, 120Vac,
220Vac.

CPU (Central Processing Unit) - This is a computer where ladder logic is

stored and processed.

I/O (Input/Output) - A number of input/output terminals must be

provided so that the PLC can monitor the process and initiate actions.

Indicator lights - These indicate the status of the PLC including power
on, program running, and a fault. These are essential when diagnosing
problems.
The configuration of the PLC refers to the packaging of the components.

Rack - A rack is often large (up to 18” by 30” by 10”) and can hold
multiple cards.
When necessary, multiple racks can be connected together. These tend to
be the highest cost, but also the most flexible and easy to maintain.

INPUTS AND OUTPUTS

Inputs to, and outputs from, a PLC are necessary to monitor and control a
process. Both inputs and outputs can be categorized into two basic types:
logical or continuous.
Consider the example of a light bulb. If it can only be turned on or off, it
is logical control. If the light can be dimmed to different levels, it is
continuous. Continuous values seem more intuitive, but logical values are
preferred because they allow more certainty, and simplify control. As a
result most controls applications (and PLCs) use logical inputs and
outputs for most applications. Hence, we will discuss logical I/O and
leave continuous I/O for later.

Outputs to actuators allow a PLC to cause something to happen in a

process. A short list of popular actuators is given below in order of
relative popularity.

· Solenoid Valves - logical outputs that can switch a hydraulic or

pneumatic flow.
· Lights - logical outputs that can often be powered directly from PLC
output boards.
· Motor Starters - motors often draw a large amount of current when
started, so they require motor starters, which are basically large relays.
· Servo Motors - a continuous output from the PLC can command a
variable speed or position.

Outputs from PLCs are often relays, but they can also be solid state
electronics such as transistors for DC outputs or Triacs for AC outputs.
Continuous outputs require special output cards with digital to analog
converters.
Inputs come from sensors that translate physical phenomena into
electrical signals. Typical examples of sensors are listed below in
relative order of popularity.

· Proximity Switches - use inductance, capacitance or light to detect an

object logically.
· Switches - mechanical mechanisms will open or close electrical contacts
for a logical signal.
· Potentiometer - measures angular positions continuously, using
resistance.
· LVDT (linear variable differential transformer) - measures linear
displacement
Step 1-CHECK INPUT STATUS-First the PLC takes a look at each
input to determine if it is on or off. In other words, is the sensor
connected to the first input on? How about the second input? How about
the third... It records this data into its memory to be used during the next
step.
Step 2-EXECUTE PROGRAM-Next the PLC executes your program one
instruction at a time. Maybe your program said that if the first input was
on then it should turn on the first output. Since it already knows which
inputs are on/off from the previous step it will be able to decide whether
the first output should be turned on based on the state of the first input. It
will store the execution results for use later during the next step.
Step 3-UPDATE OUTPUT STATUS-Finally the PLC updates the status
of the outputs. It updates the outputs based on which inputs were on
during the first step and the results of executing your program during the
second step. Based on the example in step 2 it would now turn on the first
output because the first input was on and your program said to turn on the
first output when this condition is true.
Drawing the ladder logic for flowchart
The flowchart is the most encountered problems in industrial processes

Ladder Logic is:

Deadman Switch

A motor will be controlled by two switches. The Go switch will start the
motor and the Stop switch will stop it. If the Stop switch was used to stop
the motor, the Go switch must be thrown twice to start the motor. When
the motor is active a light should be turned on. The Stop switch will be
wired as normally closed.
SCADA

It stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. It generally

refers to an industrial control system: a computer system monitoring and
controlling a process.

Features of SCADA

1. Supervisory Control-Generally speaking, a SCADA system usually

refers to a system that coordinates, but does not control processes in
real time. The discussion on real-time control is muddied somewhat
by newer telecommunications technology, enabling reliable, low
latency, high speed communications over wide areas.

2. Redundancy-When any device turns out to faulty the SCADA

software will automatically transfer the control to the redundant
systems

3. Historical and Real Time Trends

4. Alarm-Alarms can set when a particular hi or low value is breached.

5. LAN Connectivity-It should have good LAN connectivity as it is

necessary for connecting to the ERP.

6. Dynamic Process Graphic-This has brought about revolution in

automation as previously people would not what was going in the
system VISUALLY. But with SCADA software which has large
library of symbols the whole process can be modeled accurately. And
the process can be monitored by sitting in the control room.
The software used in the SCADA was WONDERWARE INTOUCH.The
previous diagram shows the SCADA Screen of Boiler. The important
parameters are shown in model itself making it possible to monitor the
process from the control room itself