Hasanuddin Z. Abidin
13th Cent
1907
1912
1930s
1940s
1960s
1970s
1980s
2000s
:
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Magnetic Compass
Gyrocompass
Radio Direction Finding
Radar dan INS (Inertial Nav. System)
Loran-A
Omega and Doppler Satellites
Loran-C
GPS and then GLONASS
GNSS (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo)
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004
CAKUPAN
GLOBAL
KONTINYU
DIMENSI POSISI
KETELITIAN POSISI
ABSOLUT (RMS)
Loran-C
Tidak
Ya
2-D
250 m
Omega
Ya
Ya
2-D
2000-4000 m
Transit
Ya
Tidak
2-D
25 m
GPS
Ya
Ya
3-D + Waktu
H:5m
V : 7.5 m
KEMAMPUAN GPS
Ketelitian posisi
beberapa mm sampai
beberapa meteran
Ketelitian kecepatan
beberapa cm/detik
Ketelitian waktu
beberapa nanodetik
2005:
Segments
of GPS
SATELITTES
. 21 + 3 satellites
. Orbital period : 12 hr
. Altitude : 20200 km
USERS
. Observe GPS signals
. Compute position, velocity,
time information,
or other parameters
CONTROL SYSTEM
. Time synchronization
. Orbit prediction
. Data injection
. Satellite health monitoring
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1998
160o
40 o
55o
325.7
25.7
85.7
280o
240o
1
1
1
205.7
265.7
Right
Ascension
of Ascending
Node (deg)
4
4
200o
145.7
3
3
80 o
320o
120o
Equator 0o
F3
4
4
E4
BLOCK I
BLOCK - II
BLOCK IIA
BLOCK - IIR
BLOCK IIR
BLOCK - IIF
:
:
:
:
:
:
GPS
Satellites
01 satellites
15 satellites
12 satellites
02 satellites
Ref : http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gpscurr.html
Satelit GPS
GPS
Satellite
satellite position
distance to satellite
time information
satellite health
other information
GPS Signal
Observer
4
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2003
Satelit GPS
Blok - I
Waktu
Peluncuran
Satelit GPS
Blok-I
Mulai
Operasional
Berhenti
Operasional
Lama
NAVSTAR SVN PRN
Operasional
(bulan)
22-Feb-78
29-Mar-78
25-Jan-80
21.9
I-1
01
04
03-Mei-78
14-Jul-78
30-Jul-80
25.5
I-2
02
07
06-Okt-78
09-Nov-78
19-Apr-92
161.3
I-3
03
06
11-Des-78
08-Jan-79
27-Okt-86
93.6
I-4
04
08
09-Feb-80
27-Feb-80
28-Nov-83
45
I-5
05
05
26-Apr-80
16-Mei-80
10-Des-90
126.8
I-6
06
09
18-Des-81
0
I-7
07
Gagal pada saat peluncuran
14-Jul-83
10-Aug-83
04-Mei-93
116.8
I-8
08
11
13-Jun-84
19-Jul-84
28-Feb-94
115.2
I-9
09
13
08-Sep-84
03-Okt-84
18-Nov-95
133.5
I - 10
10
12
09-Okt-85
30-Okt-85
27-Feb-94
99.9
I - 11
11
03
SVN = Satellite Vehicle Number, PRN = Pseudo Random noise Number
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1999
Satelit GPS
Blok II/IIA
Blok-II : SVN 13 s/d 21.
Blok-IIA : SVN 22 s/d 40.
Blok II adalah satelit GPS
Satelit GPS
Blok - IIR
Satelit : SVN 41 sampai SVN 62,
Dibangun oleh Lockheed Martin
Mulai diluncurkan Jan. 1997.
Rencana hidup dari Block II/IIA
adalah 10 tahun.
Setiap satelit membawa 3 jam
atom Rubidium (Rb).
Mempunyai kemampuan Selective
Availabity (SA) dan Anti-Spoof (A-S).
Karakteristik yang spesifik dari satelit Blok-IIR ini adalah kemampuannya
- melakukan pengukuran jarak antar satelit (crosslink ranges) dan
- menghitung ephemeris satelit on-board.
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004
AutoNav
Data Storage :
Ephemeris/Clock
(hari)
Periode dairi
URE di akhir
Pengelolaan
Autonomous
periode AO
Momentum Operation, AO (hari)
(m)
II
Tidak
14
OCS
14
161.1
II-A
Tidak
180
Onboard
180
< 10.000
II-R
Ya
210
Onboard
180
7.4
Jumlah
Peluncuran pertama
Berat satelit (kg)
Daya/Solar Panel (W)
Unit cost
Blok II/IIA
Blok IIR
Blok IIF
28
1989
900
1100
$43M
21
1997
1100
1700
$30M
12
2005 *
1700 *
2900 *
$28M *
* Estimates
http://gps.faa.gov/gpsbasics/controlsegment.htm
United
Kingdom
Austin, TX
Korea
Cape Canaveral
Bahrain
Kwajalein
Ecuador
Diego Garcia
Ascension
Tahiti
Argentina
South Africa
Australia
New Zealand
Monitor
Station
Monitor
Station
Monitor
Station
Uploading
(S-band)
One of Ground
Antenna Stations
satellite position
distance to satellite
time information
satellite health
other information
Mapping type
Geodetic type
Navigation type
(hand-held)
4
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2003
Antenna and
Pre-amplifier
Signal
Processor
Precision
Oscillator
Navigation
Solution
User
Communication
Data Logger,
External
Communication
Power Supply
Navigation
POSITIONING
Mapping
Geodetic
GPS
RECEIVERS
Military
Single-Frequency
Dual-Frequency
TIMING
Timing Receiver
Jenis
Tipe
Ukuran
Ketelitian
Kecanggihan
Harga
Merek
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Lebih user-oriented
Dapat diintegrasikan dengan sistem
lainnya seperti GIS, Video, Kamera, dll.
GPS Card semakin populer
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1996
ANTENA GPS
Komponen yang penting dari suatu receiver GPS.
Antena GPS berfungsi mendeteksi dan menerima gelombang
elektromagnetik yang datang dari satelit GPS, serta merubahnya
menjadi arus listrik. Arus listrik ini setelah diperkuat akan
dikirimkan ke komponen elektronik dari receiver untuk diproses
lebih lanjut.
Antena GPS harus mempunyai polarisasi lingkaran (right-hand)
untuk dapat mengamati sinyal GPS.
Antena GPS harus mempunyai sensitivitas yang tinggi untuk dapat
mendeteksi sinyal GPS yang relatif lemah.
Antena GPS harus dapat mengamati sinyal GPS yang datang dari
semua arah dan ketinggian dengan baik.
Antena GPS untuk keperluan survai dan pemetaan sebaiknya juga
mempunyai stabilitas pusat fase yang tinggi serta daya tolak
yang baik terhadap multipath.
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1996
ANTENA GPS
Ada beberapa jenis antena GPS yang dikenal, yaitu :
monopole atau dipole, quadrifilar helix (juga dinamakan
volute), spiral helix, microstrip (juga dinamakan patch),
dan choke ring.
Monopole
Helix
Spiral Helix
Microstrip
Choke Ring
eTrex
$125.99
eTrex Legend
$199.99
sumber : www.navtechgps.com
eTrex Summit
$219.99
eTrex Vista
$299.99
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004
Navigation-type
GPS Receivers (Military)
PLGR GPS Receiver
The Manpack was replaced in 1993 by the
hand-held Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver
(PLGR), popularly known as the "Plugger."
These units are similar to civilian receivers,
but they can use higher-precision GPS signals
http://www.nasm.si.edu/
galleries/gps/
getting closer
Mapping-type
Geodetic-type (1F)
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2006
15 30 K
10 15 K
5-10 m
Geodetic (2F)
Geodetic (1F)
Mapping
5 10 K
Navigation
(Military)
Navigation
(Civilian)
Price
(USD)
mm-cm cm-dm
dm-m
?
150 - 300
Positioning Accuracy
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2007
KARAKTERISTIK SPESIFIK
PENERBANGAN
(AVIATION)
LAUT (MARINE)
LUAR ANGKASA
(SPACEBORNE)
GPS CARD
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1997
GPS Cards
Evolusi Teknologi UE
(User Equipment) GPS
Card
Box
Software
Code
Modules
(Multi-Chip)
Chip
Perangkat pengguna
(user equipment) GPS
mengalami evolusi
teknologi yang cukup
dramatis; dari perangkat
berukuran besar, berat,
dan memerlukan catu
daya yang relatif besar
(umumnya dalam bentuk
box) menjadi perangkat
yang relatif kecil, ringan,
efisien dalam konsumsi
catu daya, dan secara
fungsional lebih efektif.
PARAMETERS
THAT COULD
BE DERIVED
USING GPS
GPS Products
Position
Velocity
Primary
Time
Acceleration
Frequency
Attitude parameters
TEC (Total Electron Content)
WVC (Water Vapour Content)
Polar motion parameters
Orthometric Height
Should be combined
Geoidal Undulation
with other external
information
Deflection of Vertical
Various Applications
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004
GPS Coverage
GPS
satellite
20.200 km
GPS coverage
is relatively wide
GPS
satellites
A point
behind
mountain
GPS Coverage
GPS
Orbit
27o
20.000 km
Bumi
GPS
Satellite
Mask Angle
0o
5o
10o
15o
152o
142o
132o
122o
Earth circumference
40.000 km
= 360o
Topography and (natural or man-made)
objects would reduce GPS coverage !!
GPS Satellite
13.9
GPS
Mai
n
GPS Main Beam Limit
Orbit
Earth
Bea
mL
imi
t
GPS Main
Beam Signal
GPS Signal
Shadowed
by the Earth
GPS Main
Beam Signal
40
30
INS
TRANSIT
Doppler
20
Terrestrial
GPS
10
SLR
VLBI
10
100
Distance (km)
1000
10000
SLR = Satellite Laser Ranging, VLBI = Very Long Baseline Interferometry, INS = Inertial Navigation System
Datum posisi yang diberikan oleh GPS, dalam hal ini WGS-84,
ditentukan oleh pemilik dan pengelola sistem. Pemakai yang
menggunakan datum yang lain harus memikirkan sendiri cara
pentransformasian koordinat dari WGS-84 ke datumnya masingmasing.
GPS Limitations
GPS can not be used in the places where GPS signal can not reach
the antenna, as inside the room, inside the tunnel, or underneath
the water.
Although the accuracy provided by GPS is relatively high,
its system integrity is relatively low. To increase its system
reliability, GPS should be strengthened with other external
systems and a reliable integrity monitoring method.
In term of vertical component, GPS can only directly provide
the ellipsoidal height, and not the orthometric height which is
used in practice.
GPS signals are not free from errors and biases, ostructions, and
interferences.
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2003
Orbital errors
affect both
the code
and phase
IONOSPHERE
altitude 50-2000 km
Mutipath affects
both the code
and phase
TROPOSPHERE
up to 9-16 km
Clock and antenna errors affect
Both the code and phase
GPS Satellites
Clear
signal
Signal
Signal
that
that
can pass
Signal blocked
by the building
Signal obstructed
by tree canopy
Signal that
can pass
GPS Receiver
GPS Applications
MILITARY APPLICATIONS
SURVEYING AND MAPPING (Land, Sea)
CONSTRUCTION AND MINING
GEODINAMICS, AND DEFORMATION STUDIES
NAVIGATION & TRANSPORTATION (Land, Air, Sea)
TROPOSPHERIC & IONOSPHERIC STUDIES
CADASTRAL, AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY
PHOTOGRAMMETRY & REMOTE SENSING
GIS (Geographic Information System)
OCEANOGRAPHIC STUDIES (Current, Wave, Tides)
SPORT AND RECREATIVE APPLICATIONS
Scientific
& Surveying
(13%)
Maritime
(15%)
Aviation
(12%)
Timing
(12%)
Recreation (16%)
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1996
Commercial Applications
Dominate the GPS Market
Car Navigation
35%
2%
2%
5%
Consumer
Tracking/Machine
Control
Original Equipment
Manufacturing
16%
Survey/Mapping
22%
5%
13%
Aviation
Marine
Military
1995
2000
2005
US$ Billion
10
8
6
4
2
0
Aviation
Maritime
Surveying
Land
Recreation
& Scientific Transport.
Timing
GPS SALES
1998
Jepang (47%)
1998
USA (32%)
2003
Lainnya (1%)
Eropa (18%)
Asia (2%)
Jepang (44%)
Lainnya (1%)
2003
USA (30%)
Eropa (23%)
Asia (2%)
GPS Modernization
Service for
Space Users
Increased
Radiated Power
Improved User
Equipment
Augmentations,
Improved Timing
Pseudolite
Services
Setiap satelit GPS Blok II/IIA yang beroperasi saat ini membawa
4 jam atom, 2 Cesium (Cs) dan 2 Rubidum (Rb); dan satelit Blok IIR
membawa 3 jam atom Rubidium (Rb).
=
=
GPS + 19.s000,
UTC + (1. s000).n
GLONASS
First GLONASS satellite was launched, and at the present (Jan. 2007)
there are 9 usable satellites and 7 satellites
are temporarily switched off
GLONASS Satellite
http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/
GPS
Constellation
Number of satellites
Number of orbital planes
Orbital inclination (deg)
Orbital radius (km)
Period (hr:min)
Ground track repeat
Signal Characteristics
Carrier signal (MHz)
Code
Code frequency (MHz)
Reference Standards
Coordinate System
Time
24
6
55
26,560
11:58
sidereal day
GLONASS
24
3
65.8
25,510
11:16
8 sidereal days
CDMA
C/A code on L1
P code on L1 and L2
C/A code: 1.023
P code: 10.23
WGS84
UTC(USNO)
SGS85
UTC(SU)
L1: 1575.42
L2: 1227.60
WGS 84
dX
1
dY (1 ds). RZ
dZ
RY
RZ
1
RX
RY X
RX .Y
1 Z
PZ -90
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
- 1.08 0.21 m
- 0.27 0.21 m
- 0.90 0.33 m
- 0.12 0.06 ppm
0
0
- 0.16 + 0.01
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1999
Inclination 56 degrees
Ref : http://www.esa.int/esaNA/galileo.html
30 satellites
3 orbital planes of MEO
(Medium Earth Orbit)
Orbital altitude : 23616 km
Orbit inclination : 56 degrees
Orbit period : 14 hr 4 min
Repeat ground track : 10 days
One satellite in each plane will be
a spare, on stand-by should any
operational satellite fail.
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2007
Satelit GALILEO
No apogee-engine
Attitude & Orbit Control System (AOCS) is able to shift the
satellite position within the orbit plane (spare S/C)
Ref : ESA (2002)
DEPLOYMENT
OPERATIONS
PSDR
CDR
SQR
PHASE CD
In-Orbit Validation (IOV)
IOVR
Full Deployment
Operations
Local Elements
User Receiver / Applications
Technology Developments
PDR: Preliminary Design Review
GLOBAL POSITIONING
SYSTEM: Theory &
Applications
by B.W. Parkinson
and J. Spilker
GPS SATELLITE
SURVEYING
by Alfred Leick
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM:
Theory and Practice
by B. Hofman-Wellenhof
http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gps.html
http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps/default.htm
http://gps.losangeles.af.mil/
http://gps.faa.gov/index.htm
http://www.gps.gov/
http://gauss.gge.unb.ca/GPS.INTERNET.SERVICES.HTML
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/CORS-Proxy/ionosphere/
http://gauss.gge.unb.ca/Guide_to_GPS_Positioning.html
http://www.trimble.com/gps/index.shtml
http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pubs/default.htm
http://edu-observatory.org/gps/tutorials.html
http://www.garmin.com/aboutGPS/
http://www.satorione.com/GPStutorial.htm
http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/
http://www.esa.int/esaNA/galileo.html
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2007
TUGAS GPS - 1
Jumlah : 20 websites.