BIOGEOS
Feb. 27- March 03, 2015
12/27/15
Introduction [1]
Information
It is possible to have a great deal of data (facts collected
from observations or measurements) and at the same time
lack of information (meaningful interpretation and
correlation of data that allows one to make decisions.)
Data
Value addition
Information
Introduction [2]
Information Type
Uncertain information: Information for which it is not
possible to determine whether it is true or false. Ex: a person
is possibly 30 years old
Introduction [3]
Knowledge
Knowledge is information at a higher level of
abstraction.
Ex: Ali is 10 years old (fact)
Ali is not old (knowledge)
Database
Introduction [4]
Complexity
Large amount of information with large amount of
uncertainty lead to complexity.
Awareness of knowledge (what we know and what
we do not know) and complexity goes together.
Ex: Driving a car is complex, driving in an iced road
is more complex, since more knowledge is needed
for driving in an iced road.
Introduction [5]
UNCERTAINTY
(Uncertainty-based information)
COMPLEXITY
CREDIBILITY
(Description-algorithmic infor.)
USEFULNESS
(knowledge)
Introduction [6]
Dealing with uncertainty
Introduction [7]
Ad Hoc Dealing with uncertainty
Examples:
Travel directions: try to do it in mm terms (or turn the wheel % 23
left, etc.), which is very precise and complex but not very useful. So
replace mm information with city blocks, which is not as precise but
more meaningful (and/or useful) information.
Parking a car: doing it in mm terms, which is very precise and
complex but difficult and very costly and not very useful. So replace
mm information with approximate terms (between two lines), which
is not as precise but more meaningful (or useful) information and
can be done in less cost.
Describing wheather of a day: try to do it in % cloud cover, which is
very precise and complex but not very useful. So replace % cloud
information with vague terms (very cloudy, sunny etc.), which is not
as precise but more meaningful (or useful) information.
Introduction [8]
Fuzzy Logic: Concept
Fuzzy logic provides a systematic basis for
representation
of
uncertainty,
imprecision,
vagueness, and/or incompleteness.
Fuzzy logic is based on the idea that all things
admit of degrees. Temperature, height, speed,
distance, beauty all come on a sliding scale.
The concrete material has very high strength
Expressway is very congested
Introduction [9]
Fuzzy Logic: Motivation
First, it aims to alleviate difficulties in developing and analyzing
utilize concepts and knowledge that do not have well defined, sharp
boundaries (i.e., vague concepts). This motivation enables fuzzy
logic to have a descriptive and qualitative form. This is related to AI.
Introduction [10]
Fuzzy Logic: Definition
Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a multivalued logic, that allows
intermediate values to be defined between
conventional evaluations like true/false, yes/no,
high/low, etc.
0 1
0 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 1
Introduction [11]
Fuzzy Logic: Usage
Fuzzy logic has been used for two different senses:
In a narrow sense: refers to logical system generalizing
crisp logic for reasoning uncertainty.
In a broad sense: refers to all of the theories and
technologies that employ fuzzy sets, which are classes
with imprecise boundaries.
The broad sense of fuzzy logic includes the narrow
sense of fuzzy logic as a branch.
Other areas include fuzzy control, fuzzy pattern
recongnition, fuzzy arithmetic, fuzzy probability theory,
fuzzy decision analysis, fuzzy databases, fuzzy expert
systems, fuzzy computer SW and HW, etc.
Introduction [11]
Fuzzy Logic: Utility
Ease of describing human knowledge involving vague
concepts
Enhanced ability to develop a cost-effective solution to
real-world
Introduction [12]
Fuzzy Logic Vs Probability
Fuzziness is deterministic uncertainty probability
is nondeterministic.
Probabilistic uncertainty dissipates with increasing
number of occurrences fuzziness does not.
Fuzziness describes event ambiguity probability
describes event occurrence. Whether an event
occurs is random. The degree to which it occurs is
fuzzy.
Introduction [13]
Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy Operators
Fuzzy Rules
Fuzzy Controller
Imbalance compensation
In the event of imbalance, Fuzzy Logic immediately calculates the
maximum possible speed, sets this speed and starts spinning. This
provides optimum utilization of the spinning time at full speed []
Washing without wasting - with automatic water level adjustment
Fuzzy automatic water level adjustment adapts water and energy
consumption to the individual requirements of each wash programme,
depending on the amount of laundry and type of fabric []
Metro trains
Intelligent Transportation System Applications
Cement kilns
Fridges
Crisp Set
A set X of all real numbers between 0 and 10
which we call the universe of discourse.
Define a subset A of X of all real-numbers in the
range between 5 and 8.
A = [5,8], A is a crisp set and 1A is the
characteristic function
Height, cm
Degree of Membership
Crisp
Fuzzy
Ram
Sam
Arun
Raja
Phani
Rajesh
208
205
198
181
179
172
1
1
1
1
0
0
1.00
1.00
0.98
0.82
0.78
0.24
Ajey
Suresh
167
158
0
0
0.15
0.06
Kanu
Rohit
155
152
0
0
0.01
0.00
Crisp Sets
Tall Men
160
170
180
190
200
210
Height, cm
Fuzzy Sets
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
Height, cm
Crisp Sets
Short
0.8
Average
Short
Tall
Tall Men
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
150
160
170
Degree of
Membership
1.0
180
190
200
210
Height, cm
200
210
Fuzzy Sets
0.8
Short
0.6
Tall
Average
0.4
Tall
0.2
0.0
150
160
170
180
190
Fuzzy Subset A
1
0
Crisp Subset A
Fuzziness
Fuzziness
0.8
Short
Tall
Average
0.6
0.4
0.2
Very Short
Very
Very
Tall
Tall
Tall
0.0
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
Height, cm
Mathematical
Expression
A little
[A ( x )]1.3
Slightly
[A ( x )]1.7
Very
[A ( x )]2
Extremely
[A ( x )]3
Graphical Representation
Mathematical
Expression
[A ( x )]4
More or less
A ( x )
Somewhat
A ( x )
2 [A ( x )]2
Indeed
if 0 A 0.5
1 2 [1 A ( x )]2
if 0.5 < A 1
Graphical Representation
Complement
Containment
Union
Intersection
B
A
AA
Complement
Containment
Intersection
AA
Union
(x)
B
A
A
0
1
x
Not A
Complement
(x)
0
Containment
(x)
A
0
1
x
AB
0
Intersection
1
x
AB
Union
for i=1..n
Fuzzy Rules
A fuzzy rule can be defined as a conditional statement
in the form:
IF
THEN
x
y
is A
is B
Degree of
Membership
1.0
Heavy men
0.8
Tall men
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
160
0.0
180
190
200
Height, cm
70
80
100
120
Weight, kg
Degree of
Membership
1.0
Tall men
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
160
180
190
200
Height, cm
Heavy men
70
80
100
120
Weight, kg