Chapter 8: Chemical Bonding

Chemical Bond
Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond
Metallic Bond
Valence Electrons
Lattice Energy
Bond Polarity
Nonpolar Covalent
Bonds
Polar Covalent
Bonds
Electronegativity
Dipole
Dipole Moment
Octet
Bond Enthalpy
Lewis Symbols
Octet Rule

Strong attractive force between atoms or ions

Attraction between oppositely charged ions, formed through
transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals
Sharing of electrons between nonmetals
Bonds between metals where electrons are free to move
throughout
Electrons involved in bonding
The energy required to separate one mole of a solid ionic
compound into its gaseous ions
Describes the distribution of shared electrons in a covalent
bond
Covalent bonds where electrons are shared equally
Covalent bonds where electrons are shared unequally
The ability of an atom to attract electrons
The separation of a charge
In a polar molecule, one side will have a partial positive and
the other will have a partial negative
A full valence shell ( 8 electrons)
The energy required to break a bond
Valence electrons are represented as dots around the
chemical symbol
Atoms gain, lose or share electron to obtain a full outer shell
(octet)

Ionic Bonding
Metals lose electrons, nonmetals gain electrons
Lattice Energy
Lattice energy increases as the charges on the ions increase and as the distance
between them decreases.
Electronegativity
Electronegativity increases to the right and decreases down a group on the periodic
table.
Determining the Type of Bond
The difference in Electronegativity determines whether a bond will be polar or
nonpolar:
0 0.4
0.5 1.9
> 2..0

nonpolar covalent {nonmetals}

polar covalent {nonmetals}
ionic {metal & nonmetals}

Drawing Lewis Structures

1. Count the total # of valence electrons
2. Arrange the atoms and connect with single bonds (usually least EN atom is
the central atom)
3. Complete the octets ( H only has 2 e-)
4. Check:

- Number of valence electrons (if too many, use multiple bonds)

- Each atom has an octet
Exceptions to the Octet Rule:
1. Less than an Octet
2. Odd number of electrons
3. More than an Octet ( central atom is bonded to more than 4 atoms or has
additional lone pairs)
Strength of Covalent Bonds:
- Bond strength increase from single to double to triple
- The greater the bond strength, the greater the enthalpy

Hrxn = Hbonds broken - Hbonds formed

Enthalpy Diagram
Bond Broken

Reactants
Bond formed

Products