Advanced Engineering

Mathematics
Complex Numbers

Complex Numbers

Given by the expression z = a + jb
where
z = complex number
a = real part
jb = imaginary part

j = 1

First used by the Italian mathematician Girolamo
Cardano

The term complex number was first introduced
by Carl Friedrich Gauss

Forms of Complex Numbers

A. Rectangular Form
B. Polar Form

z = a + jb

z = r

or

z = r r

z = rcis

or

z = rcis r

cis = cos + j sin

C. Exponential Form
where r = a 2 + b2
= modulus

z = re

j r

b
= tan
a
= argument
1

The Argand Diagram

Power Series Representation of the

Complex Exponential Form
Considering Maclaurin Series of the following
functions: sin x = x x3! + x5! x7! + L
3

cos x = 1 x2! + x4! x6! + L

2

e = 1+ x +
x

Hence,

e = 1 + j +
j

x2
2!

( j )2
2!

x3
3!

x4
4!

( j )3
3!

x5
5!

( j )4
4!

x6
6!

x7
7!

( j )5
5!

+L
+L

( j )6
6!

( j )7
7!

e j = 1 + j 2! j 3! + 4! + j 5! 6! j 7! + L
2

e = 1

2
2!

4
4!

6
6!

e j = cos + j sin

+L+ j

3
3!

5
5!

7
7!

+L

+L

Powers of j
j = 1

Consider:

j 2 = 1
j 3 = 1 = j
j4 = 1
j5 = j
j 6 = 1
j7 = j
j8 = 1
M

The pattern cycles by the divisibility rule for 4.

Operations
A. Rectangular Form
z = a + jb,
w = c + jd
1. Addition/Subtraction z w = (a c) + j(b d)
2. Multiplication zw = (ac bd) + j(bc + ad)
3. Complex-Conjugate z* = a jb, w* = c jd
since zz* = a2 + b2
ww* = c2 + d2
4. Division z = a + jb c jd
w

c + jd c jd

Operations
B. Polar/Exponential Form

z1 = r11

1. Multiplication
2. Division z1

z2 = r2 2
z1 z2 = r1r2 (1 + 2 )

r1
= (1 2 )
z2 r2

De Moivres Theorem
Given

z = r

Then for any positive integral number n

z = r n
n

Roots of Complex Number

z = r

Given

+ 360k
z = r

or
1

Then

+ 2 k
n
n
z = r

for k = 0,1, 2,..., n 1

1

Euler Identities
Trigonometric Functions
e jx e jx
sin x =
2j

e jx + e jx
cos x =
2

Hyperbolic Functions
e e
sinh x =
2
x

e +e
cosh x =
2
x

Trigonometric Functions of Complex

Numbers
sin ( a + jb ) = sin a cosh b + j cos a sinh b

cos ( a + jb ) = cos a cosh b j sin a sinh b

Hyperbolic Functions of Complex

Numbers
sinh ( a + jb ) = sinh a cos b + j cosh a sin b

cosh ( a + jb ) = cosh a cos b + j sinh a sin b

Exponential Function of Complex

Numbers
Given:

z = a + jb

Then:

e z = e a + jb
e z = e a e jb
e z = e a cisb

Natural Logarithmic Function of

Complex Numbers
Given:

z = re j

Then:

ln z = ln r + j

Complex Raised To A Complex

Given:
then

z = a + jb = re j ,
z = ( a + jb )
w

z =e
w

ln re j

w = c + jd

( c + jd )

)( c + jd )

z w = e( ln r + j )( c + jd )
z =e

( c ln r d ) + j ( c + d ln r )

z =e

( c ln r d )

cis ( c + d ln r )

Inverse Trigonometric Functions of

Complex Numbers
arcsin z = j ln zj + 1 z 2

arccos z = j ln z + z 2 1