Megan Erhardt

NHD sources

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Primary Sources:
1. Broad, William J. "The Shuttle Explodes." New York Times, January 29, 1986.
This article discusses the explosion of the space shuttle the Challenger.
The space shuttle had 6 astronauts and 1 teacher on board and all died.
This article was helpful because it showed the negative effects of space
travel and the doubts of sending the telescope into orbit.
2. Center for History of Physics, a Division of the. "Page from Hubble's Notebook."
Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology. Accessed November 1,
2015. https://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/ideas/larger-image-pages/
pic-island-notebook.htm.
This website contains documents from Edwin Hubble's observation notebook
that show the discovery of the first Cepheid variable star in the spiral
nebulae M31. It shows Hubble's thoughts and theories of this discovery that
he made. This website is very resourceful because it shows Hubble's actual
work of the discovery and his thoughts.
3. CNN. CNN. July 12, 2013. Accessed October 25, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=5im3kr7vhN4.
This video informs the viewers of a new planet that possibly rains glass
that the Hubble telescope discovered. Nasa and the rest of the world
wouldn't have known about this new planet without the use of the telescope.
This video was helpful because it showed a real viewing of a newly
discovered planet in space.
4. "Edwin Powell Hubble Quotes." Accessed December 29, 2015.
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/e/edwin_powell_hubble.html.
This website shows quotes that Hubble said about the telescope
development. The quotes show the effect of the telescope on society. This
website was helpful because it showed what he was feeling throughout the
process
5. "Hubble Telescope Contributions." Last modified March 3, 2004. Accessed December
6, 2015. https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/house-resolution/550/
text.
This website shows how congress appreciates the Hubble
Telescope and all of its discoveries. Congress was very grateful for all
new scientific research and education that it brought the world. This
website helped me because it showed how the telescope influenced the
government and how it changed education and research.
6. "NASA Historical Data Book Volume V." Accessed December 28, 2015.
http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/hubble_space_telescope/Timeline_of_Development.pdf.
This website shows the timeline of the creation of the Hubble Telescope.
It begins in 1940 all the way to December 2, 1993 when the solar panels
were replaced on the telescope. This website was helpful because it
discussed all of the repairs and important dates with the telescope.
7. Noble Wilford, John. "Shuttle Ready to Carry Telescope Aloft Today." New York
Times (CAPE CANAVERAL, FL), April 24, 1990.
This article informs the reader about the launch of the Hubble Telescope
on the Discovery space craft. The Discovery space craft helped
explore space and supported the Hubble Space Telescope on the big launch

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day. The article provides information on the flight and quotes from
the chief of space flight.
8. "V838 Light Echo: The Movie." Video file, 00:54. Accessed December 16, 2015.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93L0IEbUJsk.
This video shows a star in the constellation Monoceros became very bright
and created a light echo. The light echo has never been seen before so it
showed a new dimension with the constellation. This video was helpful
because it showed something new that the world has never seen and
showed something new to the world.
Secondary Sources:
1. 3D Light Spectrum. Image. Accessed December 29, 2015. http://cdn.openculture.com/
wp-content/uploads/2011/05/galaxy-map-3d-hi-res.jpg.
This picture shows a 3D image of the redshift stars in the galaxy. There
aren't as many redshift stars because they are moving away too fast. This
image is important because it shows all of the light given off from the
stars telling astronomers whether it's a blue or red shift.
2. "A Brief History of the Hubble Space Telescope." Accessed December 27, 2015.
http://history.nasa.gov/hubble/.
This website shows how the telescope was developed and how it was made.
Nasa brought the telescope idea to life by supporting Spitzer and his idea
of the telescope. This website was helpful because it discusses the
developing of the telescope and its future.
3. "A Supernova Sheds Light on Dark Energy." Last modified August 3, 2001. Accessed
December 18, 2015. http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/
2001/ast03apr_1/.
This website showed that an interstellar explosion created the concept of
dark energy. Dark energy distances galaxies away from each other at an
increasing speed. This website was helpful because it discusses the idea
that the dark energy is causing the universe's expansion to
accelerate.
4. "Big Bang Theory - The Premise." Accessed December 29, 2015.
http://www.big-bang-theory.com/.
This website shows what the Big Bang is and what evidence supports it. It
starts from Hubble's Law to the abundance of light elements in the
universe. This website was helpful because it showed the evidence that
supported the theory and common mistakes that people make about the theory.
5. Christianson, Gale. Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae. N.p.:
HarperCollinsCanadaLtd, 1995.
This book informs the reader about Hubble's life. Knowing Hubble's life
story makes it easier to understand his thought into creating the Hubble
telescope and his love for space. This book was very resourceful because it
was a biography about Hubble and provided information about his love for
space and his ideas for the telescope.
6. Dickinson, Terrence. Hubble's Universe: Greatest Discoveries and Latest Images.
Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books, 2014.
This book informs the reader about Edwin Hubble's greatest discoveries
with the Hubble telescope. Scientists say that people didn't know anything

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about space until the Hubble telescope and all of the great things in
space. This book helped me because it showed the latest discoveries
that the telescope found in great depth.
"Dark Energy." Accessed December 26, 2015. http://hubblesite.org/
hubble_discoveries/dark_energy/.
This website shows how the universe started with the Big Bang and how it
turned into Dark Energy. Astronomers were surprised to discover that the
universe's expansion was speeding. This website was helpful because it
discussed Dark Energy and astronomers reaction to it.
"Edwin Hubble." Accessed December 6, 2015. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/
entries/bahubb.html.
This website discusses Hubble's first discovery and how his method of
classifying galaxies led to the Big Bang Theory. It shows that his one idea
led to a world of new questions and discoveries. This website if helpful
because it talks about Hubble's first discovery and how he discovered the
Big Bang Theory.
"Edwin Powell Hubble - the Man Who Discovered the Cosmos." spacetelescope.org.
Accessed October 27, 2015. https://www.spacetelescope.org/about/history/
the_man_behind_the_name/.
This website informs the reader about Hubble's contribution to the space
telescope and his life. By knowing Hubble's contribution with the telescope
it helps people to know what he did for the world and how he did it.
This website is informative because it describes Hubble's contribution
to the space telescope and why he is so important.
"How Did the Universe Begin? What Happened During the Big Bang?" Last modified
July 21, 2014. Accessed December 30, 2015. http://www.skyandtelescope.com/
astronomy-resources/how-did-the-universe-begin-happened-big-bang/.
This website shows the different eras during the Big Bang. Some eras
lasted longer than others, but helped create the universe. This website was
helpful because it discussed what astronomers believed happened in each
era.
"How Hubble Space Telescope opened up the universe - BBC News." Video file,
1:08. BBCnews.com. Posted by Jane McCubbin, April 25, 2015. Accessed
October 25, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFW1t95tWAY.
This video informs the viewers of the launch and the discoveries of the
Hubble Telescope. Without the 25 years of the Hubble Telescope, the world
wouldn't know so much about space and all of its inhabitants. This
video was very useful because it shows the different discoveries made by
the Hubble Telescope over the past 25 tears.
"Hubble Celebrates 20 Years of Astonishing Discoveries." Last modified April 23,
2010. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/Hubble20thannyfeature.html.
This website shows how the Hubble Telescope has helped the world the past
20 years. The telescope helped astronomers see into space and answer
centuries of questions. This website was helpful because it discusses how
astronomers felt about the telescope and its discoveries.
"Hubble Essentials: Quick Facts" Hubble Site. Last modified January 1, 2008.
Accessed October 25, 2015. http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/
hubble_essentials/quick_facts.php.

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This website informs the viewer about the measurements of the Hubble
telescope. Astronauts believe that the telescope shouldn't be smaller
because then it won't be able to obtain enough information. This website
was helpful because it displayed the measurements of the important pieces
on the telescope and all of the statistics.
"Hubble Finds First Organic Molecule on an Exoplanet." Last modified March 19,
2008. Accessed December 18, 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/
science/hst_img_20080319.html.
This website showed an organic molecule that was found on another planet
outside our solar system. The new element changed everything that scientist
new about the universe and other galaxies. This website was helpful because
it proved that there may be live on other planets or that people can live
on other planets.
"Hubble Finds First Organic Molecule on an Exoplanet." Video file, 1:47. Posted
March 19, 2008. Accessed December 18, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=3OMDTyaWIKI.
This video shows the planet with methane in its atmosphere. The planet
revolves around its own sun making it semi-subtle for living. This
video shows how scientists feel about life on the planet and how people
could live on the planet.
Hubble's law: Discovery and Explanation of the Red Shift." Accessed December
28, 2015. http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/
hubble-law-discovery-explanation-red-shift.html.
This website shows how Edwin Hubble created the red shift theory and
Hubble's Law. He created this law based on the study of light from the
galaxies. This website was helpful because it discussed how Hubble created
this theory and how it's measured.
"Hubble Space Telescope." National Geographic. Accessed December 16, 2015.
http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/space-exploration/hubble/.
This website shows new discoveries from the telescope and the
research done from the Hubble telescopes discoveries. The telescope helped
determine how old the universe is and the atmospheres of other planets
outside our solar system. This website was helpful because it talked about
more significant discoveries made by the telescope.
"Hubble's Top 5 Discoveries: Photos." Last modified December 12, 2012. Accessed
December 18, 2015. http://news.discovery.com/space/history-of-space/
photos-top-five-hubble-science-discoveries-110921.htm.
This website showed the 5 most significant discoveries that changed the
world. Each discovery changed the world's view of the universe and more
answers about the universe. This website was helpful because it discusses
the most influential discoveries that helped scientists gain more knowledge
about the universe.
"Hubble Uncovers the Fading Cinders of Some of Our Galaxys Earliest
Homesteaders." NASA.org. Last modified November 5, 2015. Accessed December
18, 2015. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/
hubble-uncovers-the-fading-cinders-of-some-of-our-galaxy-s-earliest-homesteaders.
This website shows white dwarfs that now can prove how the galaxy was
built. The dwarf stars are the galaxies foundational structure and contains

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information about previous stars. This website was helpful because it

discusses how the universe might have been built and how long ago with the
newly found white dwarfs.
Jenner, Lynn, ed. "Hubble Space Telescope." Nasa.org. Last modified May 18,
2009. Accessed October 27, 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/
story/the_story.html.
This website informs the reader about Edwin Hubble and about the
engineering of the Hubble telescope. The brief story about Hubble and the
mechanics of the Hubble telescope made it more clear about Hubble's vison.
This website was helpful because it showed the telescopes prior to the
Hubble telescope and how it was placed on the space craft Discovery.
Kerrod, Robin. Hubble: The Mirror on the Universe. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books,
2003.
This book informs the reader of real and vivid pictures of different
discoveries made by the Hubble telescope. No one really knew what real
nebulas looked like until the Hubble telescope. This book was helpful
because it showed actual pictures of the discoveries that the Hubble
telescope made.
"1929: Edwin Hubble Discovers the Universe is Expanding." Accessed December 6,
2015. https://cosmology.carnegiescience.edu/timeline/1929.
This website shows the different discoveries from the telescope and the
biggest discovery made by Hubble. By Hubble discovering that the universe
is expanding opened new doors about space and created numerous new
questions about space. This was very helpful because it talked about one of
Hubble's greatest discoveries and how it changed the world.
Palmer, Roxanne. "25 of the Greatest Hubble Telescope Discoveries From the Past
25 Years." Accessed December 16, 2015. http://www.worldsciencefestival.com/
2015/04/25-greatest-hubble-telescope-discoveries-past-25-years/.
This website the top 25 most significant discoveries made by the
telescope. Each new discovery helped society learn more information about
our galaxy and about other galaxies. This website was helpful because it
discussed the greatest discoveries that changed our society and changed
science forever.
"Red Shift and Hubble's Law." Accessed December 6, 2015.
http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/redshift.html.
This website shows how Hubble came up with Hubble's Law and how to use it.
Hubble's Law demonstrates how far a galaxy is and the faster that's it's
moving away from Earth. This website was helpful because it showed how to
use Hubble's Law and the significance of it.
"Space Exploration: The Hubble Telescope." archives.gov. Accessed December 6,
2015. http://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/
space-centers-programs.html#hubble.
This website shows different pictures and facts about the Hubble
Telescope. The sources show all the news about the telescope, pictures and
the discoveries that it made. This website helped me because it shows daily
updates from the telescope and the best pictures from the telescope.
Tenn, Joe. "Edwin Powell Hubble, 1938 Bruce Medalist." sonoma.edu. Last modified
November 5, 2015. Accessed December 13, 2015.

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http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/brucemedalists/hubble/.
This website shows the award that Edwin Hubble earned through all of his
discoveries throughout the years. He earned this medal by discovering that
our galaxy is not the universe and help create the classification system of
the galaxies. This website was helpful because it discusses why Hubble
earned the Bruce Medal.
27. "What Is a Redshift?" Video file, 02:28. Posted November 27, 2006. Accessed
December 28, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhfnqboacV0.
This video shows what redshift is and how it applies to space. As the
universes move farther away from each other, creating a redshift. This
video was helpful because it further explained what redshift is and why
it's so important.
28. "Zoom into the Hubble Ultra Deep Field." Video file, 00:35. Posted December 31,
2014. Accessed December 27, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=le3ASDvZy_s.
This video shows Hubble's deep field in space. The deep field shown is 5
to 10 billion light years away in space. This video was helpful because it
showed how deep the telescope can see and one of the earliest known
galaxies.
Pictures:
1. A Hubble Cosmic Couple. Photograph. August 21, 2015. Accessed December 26, 2015.
https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/a-hubble-cosmic-couple.
This picture shows star WR 124 and nebula M1-67 pairing. Star WR 124 is in
the center while nebula M1-67 surrounds the star. This picture is important
because it shows that the nebula is young and is very beautiful
with the complementary star.
2. Big Bang. Photograph. Accessed December 29, 2015. http://www.bigbangcentral.com/
theory_page.html.
This picture shows the different stages during the Big Bang. The beginning
stages only lasted for a few seconds or a few minutes while the later
stages lasted for millions of years. This picture was helpful because it
explained the transformation into the next stage through Big Bang.
3. Blurry Galaxy. Photograph. Accessed December 28, 2015.
http://www.scienceclarified.com/scitech/Telescopes/Hubble.html.
This picture shows a blurry photo taken from the telescope after its
launch. The pictures were first blurry due to a problem with the primary
mirror. This picture was helpful because it showed what the photos looked
like before the repair.
4. COSTAR Installation. Photograph. Accessed December 28, 2015.
https://www.spacetelescope.org/about/general/instruments/costar/.
This picture shows the new COSTAR being installed into the telescope. The
new COSTAR would help make the pictures clearer and more detailed then the
ones that NASA was receiving. This picture was important because it showed
a major change to the telescope and how it affected future discoveries.
5. Dark Energy. Photograph. April 23, 2015. Accessed December 19, 2015.
http://news.discovery.com/space/astronomy/
hubble-at-25-science-that-transformed-our-cosmos-150423.htm.

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This picture shows a supernova explosion in galaxy M82. The supernova is

11.5 light years away and is the closest supernova to be seen at the time.
This picture is important because it shows how far the telescope can see to
find these magnificent discoveries.
Dark Energy. Photograph. May 1, 2013. Accessed December 18, 2015.
http://www.space.com/20929-dark-energy.html.
This picture shows the galaxy cluster Abell 1689 bending light called
gravitational lensing. It demonstrates how dark energy shaped the universe.
This picture was helpful because it showed what the dark energy looked like
and how it affects the universe.
Dopper Shift. Image. Accessed December 29, 2015.
http://www.space-exploratorium.com/doppler-shift.htm.
This picture shows the light spectrum of the amount of redshift in each
galaxy. The closer the lines are toward the red side, then it means that
the star is moving away from everything. This picture is important because
it shows the light given off from the galaxies and if the shift is red or
blue.
Edwin Hubble. Image. Edwin Powell Hubble Quotes. Accessed December 13, 2015.
https://quotesgram.com/edwin-powell-hubble-quotes/.
This picture shows one of Hubble's famous quotes. The quote shows that
Hubble used all of his senses and resources to help discover the galaxy.
This quote shows Hubble's determination to use everything to discover the
galaxy.
First Direct Proof of Dark Matter. Photograph. October 28, 2010. Accessed
December 19, 2015. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/04/
photogalleries/hubble-top-discoveries/.
This picture shows the Bullet Cluster light years away. The cluster shows
what happens when large groups of galaxies collide. This picture is helpful
because it shows the beginning of the theory of dark energy in space.
First Organic Molecule on a New Planet. Photograph. March 19, 2008. Accessed
December 18, 2015. http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/cen/Hubble/index.html.
This picture shows the planet that the organic element was found on. The
element was found in the atmosphere of the planet and how there might be
life on it.
George Low. Photograph. November 1970. Accessed December 28, 2015.
http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/ch6.htm.
This picture shows a portrait of George Low when he was NASA's acting
administrator. It shows his dedication toward NASA and its work.
Hubble Sees the Force Awakening in a Newborn Star. Photograph. December 17,
2015. Accessed December 26, 2015. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/
hubble-sees-the-force-awakening-in-a-newborn-star.
This picture shows a new star that is being born in the Milky Way galaxy.
The star was born 1,350 light years away in our galaxy. This picture is
important because it shows how big our solar system is and how far the
telescope can see to discover new things.
Hubble Space Telescope. Photograph. The Verge. April 24, 2015. Accessed December 13,
2015. http://www.theverge.com/2015/4/24/8489083/
hubble-space-telescope-25-years-images-nasa.

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This picture shows what the telescope looks like from space. The telescope
orbits the Earth and helps discover new things about space. This picture
was important because it showed what the telescope looks like in space.
Lyman Spitzer Jr. Image. Accessed December 27, 2015.
http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/mission/241-Lyman-Spitzer-Jr-.
This picture shows a portrait of Lyman Spitzer. It shows him at NASA
thinking about the telescope.
Milky Way's Building Blocks Still Sparkle in the Sky. Photograph. Accessed
December 29, 2015. http://www.redshift-live.com/en/magazine/articles/
Astronomy/21219-Stellar_Evolution-1.html.
This picture shows small galaxies that came from the Milky Way galaxy. The
remains are 150 known global clusters from the galaxy. This picture is
important because it shows some of the global clusters giving off the red
light proving that they are moving farther away from each other.
NASA. Westlunder 2. Photograph. Hubble Space Telescope. April 25, 2015. Accessed
December 13, 2015. https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/archive/top100/.
This picture shows the Westlunder 2 cluster and it's surrounding. The
cluster blends visible light data and near infrared exposures. This picture
was very helpful because it shows one of the telescopes discoveries and
clusters in space.
NASA's Hubble Telescope Finds the "Dark Ages" of the Universe. Photograph.
October 27, 2015. Accessed December 26, 2015. https://cdanews.com/2015/10/
nasas-hubble-telescope-finds-the-dark-ages-of-the-universe/.
This picture shows one of the earliest known galaxies. The cosmos in the
galaxy was created 700 million years after the Big Bang. This picture is
important because it is leading to new ideas about the universe and it's
life in the beginning.
Orion Nebula (M42). Photograph. April 15, 2015. Accessed December 29, 2015.
http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/04/14/hubble-timeline/25760615/.
This picture shows the Orion nebula in an intense star forming region. It
showed astronomers what was happening in a nearby star region. This picture
was helpful because it shows useful information about other stars.
Perkin-Elmer Corporation. Photograph. Accessed December 28, 2015.
https://sites.google.com/site/larrygerstman/the-hubble-space-telescope.
This picture shows Dr. Martin Yellin polishing the mirror for the
telescope. Perkin-Elmer's major job was to create and polish all of the
mirrors needed for the telescope. This picture was helpful because it
showed the significance of the mirror and how giant they are.
Radiation After the Big Bang. Photograph. http://www.space.com/
24054-how-old-is-the-universe.html.
This picture shows the left over radiation in the universe from the Big
Bang. Astronomers determine the age of the universe by studying the objects
in it and how fast they are moving. This picture was helpful because it
showed what the Big Bang left behind after all these years.
STS-109. Photograph. Accessed December 28, 2015. http://www.astronautix.com/
flights/sts109.htm.
This picture shows the STS-109 workers fixing the telescope. The fix was
the most recent job done and it fixed the solar panels and the Advanced

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Camera for Surveys. This picture is important because it shows the most
recent updates on the telescope.
22. Supernova Scrutiny: Astronomers Look Inside The Heart Of A Dying Star For The
First Time. Photograph. February 20, 2014. Accessed December 29, 2015.
http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/
supernova-scrutiny-astronomers-look-inside-the-heart-of-a-dying-star-for-the-firs
t-time-9142192.html.
This picture shows the inside of the heart of an exploding star. The stars
name is Cassiopeia A and is one eighth the size of the sun. This picture
was important because it was the first picture of a stars dying heart that
astronomers got to see.
23. The Butterfly Nebula. Photograph. June 7, 2013. Accessed December 19, 2015.
https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_2526.html.
This picture shows the Butterfly Nebula that the telescope discovered. The nebula is
covers over 3 light years and is light years away. This picture is important because it shows
how powerful the telescope is and how far it can look into the universe .
24. Weisstein, Eric W. Edwin Hubble. Image. Accessed December 13, 2015.
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Hubble.html.
This picture is a portrait of Edwin Hubble. This picture shows what he
looked like when he was a scientist.
25.