Intro to

Thermochemistry
PRESENTER: MR. A

What is thermochemistry?
A branch of chemistry concerned with the
quantities of heat absorbed or released
from chemical reactions

Where is this important?

Calorimetry

This is Gias favorite dessert!

Enthalpy (H)
The total energy stored in a substance in the
form of HEAT
Cannot be measured directly so we often
refer to Changes in Enthalpy, H
Unit: kilojoules (kJ)

Enthalpy Change (H)

The amount of heat absorbed or released
during a chemical or physical change
Also referred to as heat of reaction

Enthalpy of formation (Hf)

The amount of heat absorbed or released
during the formation of a compound from
its elements

Heat of Solution (H)

The amount of energy absorbed or
released when a solute dissolves
completely in a solvent

Heat of Combustion (H)

The amount if energy released when a
substance burns completely

Other forms of Heat (H)

Heat of vaporization
Heat of fusion
Heat of neutralization

Calculating H
Formula
H = Hf products Hf reactants

If H is negative
oReaction is exothermic
oHeat is released

Graphical Representation

Exothermic example
Thermite reaction

If H is positive
oReaction is endothermic
oHeat is absorbed.

Graphical Representation

Worksheet

Take out your homework

Review

Thermochemistry
continued
BUT WITH A LITTLE MORE MATH

How to write H into a chemical

equation
For an exothermic reaction:
Reactants Products
H =
-energy
Reactants Products + energy

How to write H into a chemical

equation
Ex: Forming water:
H2 + O2 H2O H = -286kJ
Or
H2 + O2 H2O + 286kJ

How to write H into a chemical

equation
For an endothermic reaction:
Reactants Products
H =
+energy
Reactants + energy Products

How to write H into a chemical

equation
Ex: Forming hydrogen cyanide:
CH4 + NH3 + 130.5kJ HCN + 3H2
Or
CH4 + NH3 HCN + 3H2
+130.5kJ

H =

Recall: Calculating H
Formula
H = Hf products Hf reactants
Enthalpy of formation (Hf) is the amount of
heat absorbed or released during the
formation of a compound from its elements.

Hf (kJ)

Calculate the change in

enthalpy (H) for the following
reaction:
2CO + O2 2CO2
HR: 2(Hf-CO) + (Hf-O2)
HR: 2(-110.5kJ) + 0kJ
HR: -221.0kJ

Hf (kJ)

Calculate the change in

enthalpy (H) for the following
reaction:
2CO + O2 2CO2
HP: 2(Hf-CO2)
HP: 2(-393.5kJ)
HP: -787.0kJ

Hf (kJ)

Calculate the change in

enthalpy (H) for the following
reaction:
2CO + O2 2CO2

H = (-787.0kJ) (-221.0kJ)
H = -787.0kJ + 221.0kJ
H = -566kJ

How would you sketch the

graph?

Worksheet

Quiz next class (November 25th)

Endothermic Rxns
Exothermic Rxns
Calculating H
Todays class

Thermal Energy

Review - Formula
Q = mcT
Q = amount of heat, in Joules (J)
m = mass of substance, in grams (g)
c = specific heat capacity of substance, in Joules per
gram per degrees Celcius (J/gC)
T = change in temperature (Tf - Ti), in degrees
Celcius (C)

Specific Heat of Different

Substances

Why is this important

Swimming in the day and at night

Why is this important

Sweating During a Fever

Calculate the amount of heat required to raise

the temperature of 240ml of water by 30C

mwater = 240ml
cwater = 4.18 (J/gC)
T = 30C
Q=?
Q = 240g(4.18J/gC)(30C)
Q = 30,096J

Lets make sense of c

If we heat 20g of copper and 20g of granite to
50C,
a) Which of the two will store more thermal
energy?
QCu = 384.5J
QGr = 795.3J

Lets make sense of c

If we heat 20g of copper and 20g of granite to
50C,
b) Which of the two substances will have a more
rapid rise in temperature?
Copper only needs 0.3845J to raise 1 g by T
by 1C

Worksheet

Pickup Homework
Q = mcT

Molar Heat
PRESENTER: MR. _

Not talking about how hot facial

moles are
H

Not talking about how hot

mammalian moles are
H

Im talking about how hot

Avogadro is
H

In other words, how much heat is there in 1

mole of a substance? (6.02x1023 molecules)
H

Molar Heat of a substance

(Hsubstance)
The amount of heat absorbed or released
when one mole of a compound undergoes
a change

How is it usually measured?

BOMB
CALORIMETER

Formula
Qwater
Hsubstance
=
msubstance
Mmsubstance
Qwater = heat of water (J) Be careful with units!!!

msubstance = change in mass of substance (g)

Hsubstance = molar heat of substance (kJ/mol)
Mmsubstance = molar mass (g/mol)

10.0g of CaCO3 are completely burned

and the temperature of 1kg of water
raises from 24.0C to 34.0C
mi CaCO3 = 10.0g
m = mf - mi = -10.0g
mf CaCO3 = 0.0g
MmCaCO3 = 100.09g/mol
mwater = 1kg = 1000g
Ti = 24.0C
T = Tf Ti = 10C
Tf = 34.0C
HCaCO3 = ?

10.0g of CaCO3 are completely burned

and the temperature of 1kg of water
raises from 24.0C to 34.0C
Qwater

Hsubstance

msubstance
Qwater
=
-10.0g
mcT
=
-10.0g

Mmsubstance

?
100.09g/mol

?
100.09g/mol

10.0g of CaCO3 are completely burned

and the temperature of 1kg of water
raises from 24.0C to 34.0C
mcT
=
-10.0g
1000g(4.19J/gC)(10C)

-10.0g

100.09g/mol

41,900J
=
-10.0g

?
100.09g/mol
?
100.09g/mol
?

10.0g of CaCO3 are completely burned

and the temperature of 1kg of water
raises from 24.0C to 34.0C
41.900kJ
=
-10.0g

=
41.900kJ(100.09g/mol)
-10.0g

HCaCO3

?
100.09g/mol
?

Does the sign make sense?

-419.4kJ/mol
=

? =

Past exam question

2 KClO3

(s)

2 KCl(s) + 3O2 (g)

In experiment 1: 6.13g of KClO3 was dissolved in

1.00x102mL of water in a coffee cup calorimeter.
A temperature increase of 10.7C was recorded.
In experiment 2: 1.25 mol of oxygen, O2, was
recorded.
Question: What quantity of heat was released
when 1.25 mol of O2 was produced?

Past exam question

Info from experiment 1:
Info from experiment 2:
nO2 = 1.25mol
mi KClO3 = 6.13g
mf KClO3 = 0.0g
MmKClO3 = 122.55g/mol
mH2O = 100ml = 100g
Remember
T = 10.7C
We are asked for the amount of
cH2O = 4.19J/gC HEAT released for 1.25mol of O

Step 1) Find molar heat of KClO3

Qwater

HKClO3

mKClO3
Qwater
=
-6.13g
mcT
=
-6.13g

MmKClO3

?
122.55g/mol

?
122.55g/mol

Step 1) Find molar heat of KClO3

mcT

-6.13g
122.55g/mol

100g(4.19J/gC)(10.7C)

-6.13g
122.55g/mol

4,483J

Step 1) Find molar heat of KClO3

4.483kJ
=
-6.13g

=
4.483kJ(122.55g/mol)
-6.13g
-89.62kJ/mol
=

?
122.55g/mol
?

Are we done?

? = HKClO3

Step 2) How much heat for 1

mole O2?
2 KClO3

(s)

2 KCl(s) + 3O2 (g)

2 mole KClO3
-89.62kj/mol

3 mole O3

x = -134.43kJ/mol of O2
Are we done?

Step 3) How much heat for 1.25

mol O2?
1 mole O2

-134.43kj/mol
1.25 mol x -134.43kJ/mol
-168.04kJ for 1.25 mol of O2
Are we done?

Step 4) Answer the question!!!

Remember
We are asked for the amount of
HEAT released for 1.25mol of O2
Amount of heat released for 1.25 mol O2:

168.04kJ

Worksheet

Quiz: next class

Heat Transfer
PLEASURE MEETING YOU ALL

Remember conservation of
mass?
Total mass of reactants = total mass of
products

Remember conservation of
energy?
Total energy = potential energy + kinetic
energy

All potential E

Got hit
with all
of the
kinetic E

What does it look like?

Conservation of Energy In the

context of heat
Formula

-Qlost = Qgained
-Qlost = heat lost (J)
Negative sign indicates outwards direction

Qgained = heat gained (J)

Picture where heat is transferred

85C

-Qlost

85C

Qgained

17C
17C

400g of Cu are placed in a bomb calorimeter at

99C. The heat released from is transferred to
2.5L of water initially at 10C. What is Tf?

Note: Cwater = 4.19J/gC ; CCu = 0.39J/gC

Info known for Cu: Info known for H2O:
mCu = 400g
mH2O = 2.5L = 2500g
cCu = 0.39J/gC
cH2O = 4.19J/gC
Ti = 99C
Ti = 10C
Tf = ?
Tf = ?

400g of Cu are placed in a bomb calorimeter at

99C. The heat released from is transferred to
2.5L of water initially at 10C. What is Tf?

Note: Cwater = 4.19J/gC ; CCu = 0.39J/gC

-Qlost = Qgained
-(mCucCuT) = mH2OcH2OT
-[400g x 0.39J/gC (Tf - 99C)] = 2500g x 4.19J/gC
(Tf - 10C)
-[156J/C (Tf - 99C)] = 10,475J/C (Tf - 10C)

400g of Cu are placed in a bomb calorimeter at

99C. The heat released from is transferred to
2.5L of water initially at 10C. What is Tf?
-[156J/C (Tf - 99C)] = 10,475J/C (Tf - 10C)
-[(156J/C)Tf 15,444J] = (10,475J/C)Tf 104,750J
(-156J/C)Tf + 15,444J = (10,475J/C)Tf 104,750J
15,444J + 104,750J = (10,475J/C)Tf + (156J/C)Tf
120,194J = (10,631J/C)Tf
11.3C = Tf
Does this make sense?

Another problem!
You are sick and want to gargle your throat with
warm water. You prepare 0.150L of warm water
and put it in the microwave. You warm the water
to 70C and realize it is too hot. You add 0.100L
of water at 24C. What is the final temperature
of the water you are about to gargle?

Identify what you know/dont

know
Info of hot H2O:
Vhot = 0.150L = 150ml
mhot = 150g
chot = 4.19J/gC
Ti = 70C
Tf = ?

Info of cold H2O:

Vcold = 0.100L = 100mL
mcold = 100g
ccold = 4.19J/gC
Ti = 24C
Tf = ?

Plug and chug!

-Qlost = Qgained
-(mhotchotT) = mcoldccoldT
-[150g (Tf - 70C)] = 100g (Tf - 24C)
-[150g Tf 10,500gC] = 100g Tf 240gC
-150g Tf + 10,500gC = 100g Tf 240gC

Plug and chug!

-150g Tf + 10,500gC = 100g Tf 240gC
10,500gC + 240gC = 100g Tf + 150g Tf
10,740gC = 250g Tf
43C = Tf

Worksheet